An Improved SVPWM Control Technique to
Reduce Winding Losses of 9-Phase Induction Motor
Janaki Ramaiah V
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Sangareddy, India
ee17resch11013@iith.ac.in
Abstract—The improvement in the linear modulation
reduces with increase in the number of phases of the induction
machine (IM) by using the multiphase space vector pulse width
modulation (SVPWM) control technique. For example, for a
nine-phase IM, the linear modulation region is improved by only
1.54% by using nine-phase SVPWM control technique
compared to nine-phase sinusoidal pulse width modulation. On
the other hand, the octadecagonal SVPWM control technique
helps in attaining improved linear modulation region and better
harmonic profile compared to nine phase SVPWM control
technique. However, the phase voltages and currents consists of
lower order dominant harmonics of the order 5th, 7th, 11th, and
13th... In this paper, an improved control technique using vector
space decomposition is presented to limit the lower order
dominant harmonics in the phase voltages and currents. With
the presented control technique, one can choose between the
improvement in the linear modulation region and the
minimization of lower order dominant harmonic components.
To validate the presented concept, experimentation is
performed on laboratory prototype of a 9-phase IM.
Keywords — Nine-phase induction machine, Nine-phase
SVPWM, Octadecagonal SVPWM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Less space harmonic content, better efficiency, reduced
torque ripple, and fault-tolerant are some of the interesting
features of the multiphase induction machines [1] – [2]. Due
to these advantages, multiphase IMs are mostly preferable
over 3-phase IMs in the high-power applications like ship
propulsion, electric aircraft, electric traction and electric
vehicle [3] - [4]. The higher number of phases results in the
less space harmonic content, which further results in less
torque ripple. However, the improvement in the linear
modulation region reduces with increase in the number of
phases by implementing multiphase space vector pulse width
modulation (SVPWM) control technique presented in [5]. For
example, for a 3-phase IM, the linear modulation region is
increased by 15.4% by implementing 3-phase SVPWM
control technique compared to 3-phase sinusoidal pulse width
modulation (SPWM) [6]. For a 9-phase IM, the improvement
in the linear modulation region is reduced to 1.54% with the
implementation of 9-phase SVPWM control technique
compared to 9-phase SPWM control technique [5]. In this
paper, a 9-phase IM is considered as of interest. To improve
the linear modulation region of a 9-phase IM, an
octadecagonal SVPWM control technique is presented in this
paper. In addition, the torque ripple is also reduced with the
implementation of octadecagonal SVPWM control technique.
However, with the implementation of octadecagonal SVPWM
control technique, the individual phase voltages and currents
consists of lower dominant harmonics of the order 5th, 7th, 11th,
and 13th... In order to limit these lower order dominant
harmonics in the phase voltages and currents, a control
technique using vector space decomposition is presented in
978-1-7281-1895-6/19/$31.00 2019
c IEEE
Sivakumar Keerthipati
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Sangareddy, India
ksiva@iith.ac.in
this paper. However, the improvement in the linear
modulation region reduces with the reduction of lower order
harmonics. This results in a conflict between the reduction of
lower order harmonics in the phase voltages and currents and
the improvement in the linear modulation region. The
presented control technique is validated by performing the
experimentation on a laboratory prototype of 9-phase IM.
The paper is organized as follows: the implementation of
octadecagonal SVPWM control technique for a 9-phase IM is
explained in Section-II. The control technique using vector
space decomposition to minimize lower order dominant
harmonics in the phase voltages and currents is presented in
Section-III. Experimental results are presented in Section-IV
to validate the presented control technique. The conclusion is
given in Section-V.
II. OCTADECAGONAL SVPWM CONTROL OPEERATION OF
NINE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE
In this paper, a nine-phase IM with three isolated neutrals
is considered. The nine phase windings of the machine are
distributed over the entire stator periphery with a phase-shift
of 400 [7]. The inverter used for the excitation of nine-phase
IM along with the excitation angles is presented in the Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Nine-leg 2 level inverter structure used to excite nine-phase IM.
In this paper, three isolated neutrals (N1, N2, and N3) are
considered instead of common neutral which can be observed
in Fig. 1. The formation of three isolated neutrals helps in
avoiding the flow of triplen harmonic currents through the
phase windings. With the formation of three isolated neutrals,
the nine phase windings of the nine-phase IM are divided in
to three groups: Group-I (a1, b1, c1), Group-II (a2, b2, c2), and
Group-III (a3, b3, c3). The three winding groups are phase
shifted by 400. The three phase windings in each group are
phase shifted by 1200.
The eight possible switching combinations of each group
consisting of three phase windings forms a hexagonal space
vector structure. The length of the vector will be equal to the
DC link voltage, ‘Vdc’. Similarly, the three groups form three
different hexagonal space vector structures phase shifted by
400 as shown in Fig. 2(a). Further, the switching combinations
of voltage space vectors of three individual hexagons will
2610
result in different voltage space vectors. In total, 512 (=29) control, the maximum phase voltage obtained is (2/9) ×
vector combinations are possible. These locations form a (2.8357Vdc) = 0.6302Vdc. The maximum phase voltage
multilayer octadecagonal space vector structures (18 sided obtained with the conventional SPWM is 0.5Vdc and with the
polygons). In this paper, out of all the possible space vector conventional 3-phase SVPWM is 0.5773Vdc. Hence, with the
locations, the outermost 18 vector combinations forming a octadecagonal SVPWM control, the linear modulation region
octadecagonal space vector structure is considered, as of main is improved by 26.03% compared to conventional SPWM
interest, which results in maximum possible linear modulation control and 9.15% compared to conventional 3-phase
region. The octadecagonal space vector structure is shown in SVPWM control.
Fig. 2(b). The resultant space vector (ܸ௥ ) for the octadecagonal
SVPWM control technique is presented in (1). In Fig. 2(b), ‘Vs’ represents the reference voltage space
௝଴బ ௝ଵଶ଴బ ௝ଶସ଴బ
vector whose circular trajectory reflects as a sinusoidal
ܸ௥ ൌ ൫ܸோభ ݁ ൅ ܸ௒భ ݁ ൅ ܸ஻భ ݁ ൯ excitation for the IM and ‘ ߠ ’ represents the angle (in
௝ସ଴బ ௝ଵ଺଴బ బ
൅ ൫ܸோమ ݁ ൅ ܸ௒మ ݁ ൅ ܸ஻మ ݁ ௝ଶ଼଴ ൯ electrical degree) made by the reference vector with the
బ బ
൅ ൫ܸோయ ݁ ௝଼଴ ൅ ܸ௒య ݁ ௝ଶ଴଴ ൅ ܸ஻య ݁ ௝ଷଶ଴ ൯
బ
starting vector of the sector. The reference space vector, ‘ܸ௦ ’
(1) can be realized by the two adjacent voltage space vectors in a
sector and the zero vector at the center. For an instance, when
ܸ௦ is in sector-1, it can be realized within a sampling period
of Ts, by switching between starting state, V1 of the sector and
ending state, V2 of the sector and the zero vector, V0 for the
time periods T1, T2, and T0 respectively. Each of the possible
zero vectors ((1 1 1) and (0 0 0)) of every group is switched
ܶ
for period of ቀ ଴ൗʹቁ. The equations to determine the time
periods in sector-1 are given in (3).
ܸ௦ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸଵ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ ܶଶ ൅ ܸ଴ ܶ଴
Fig. 2. (a) Individual hexagonal voltage space vector structures of three
phase groups phase shifted by 400; (b) Octadecagonal voltage space vector
ܸ௦ௗ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴ௗ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵௗ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶௗ ܶଶ
structure. ܸ௦௤ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௤ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௤ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௤ ܶଶ
The switching combinations of the outer most space vector
locations are tabulated in Table. I. The ‘1’ and ‘0’ represents ܶ௦ ൌ ܶଵ ൅ ܶଶ ൅ ܶ଴
the turn ON and turn OFF condition, respectively, of the top ሬሬሬԦ௦
ܸ ܶ௦ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͲ଴ െ ߠሻ
switch of the inverter leg. The top and bottom switches in an ܶଵ ൌ ቤ ቤ
inverter leg are complementary. The vector length of the ʹǤͺ͹ͻͶܸௗ௖ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͲ଴ ሻ
outermost octadecagonal space vector structure is given in (2). ሬሬሬԦ
ܸ௦ ܶ௦ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߠሻ
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦᇱ ൅ ‫ܽ݋‬
ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦଵ ൌ ‫ܾ݋‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦᇱ ܶଶ ൌ ቤ ቤ
ܱܸ ଶ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦଵ ൅ ‫ܾ݋‬ ଷ ʹǤͺ͹ͻͶܸௗ௖ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͲ଴ ሻ
ൌ ܸௗ௖ …‘•ሺെʹͲ଴ ሻ ൅ ܸௗ௖ …‘•ሺͲ଴ ሻ ൅ ܸௗ௖ …‘•ሺʹͲ଴ ሻ (3)
ൌ ʹǤͺ͹ͻͶܸௗ௖
(2)

TABLE I. STATES OF VOLTAGE SPACE VECTOR LOCATIONS OF THE

OCTADECAGONAL STRUCTURE
Voltage
Group-I Group-II Group-III
S.No. Space
(a1, b1, c1) (a2, b2, c2) (a3, b3, c3)
Vector
1 V1 100 101 101
2 V2 100 100 101
3 V3 110 100 101
4 V4 110 100 100
5 V5 110 110 100 (a)
6 V6 010 110 100
7 V7 010 110 110
8 V8 010 010 110
9 V9 011 010 110
10 V10 011 010 010
11 V11 011 011 010
12 V12 001 011 010
13 V13 001 011 011
14 V14 001 001 011
15 V15 101 001 011
16 V16 101 001 001
17 V17 101 101 001
18 V18 100 101 001 (b)
Fig. 3. (a) Modulating waveforms and (b) Its harmonic profile obtained
The maximum length of reference space vector realized using octadecagonal SVPWM control technique.
in the linear modulation region of octadecagon is 2.8794Vdc
× cos (100) = 2.8357Vdc. With the octadecagonal SVPWM

2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON 2019) 2611

 The circular trajectory of the reference voltage space Where ‘k’ represents the order of the time harmonics and ߠ ൌ
vector in one cycle results in the modulating waveform as ʹߨȀͻ. From (5), the vectors obtained for the harmonics of the
shown in Fig. 3(a). The harmonic profile of the modulating order, ݇ ൌ ͳͺ݉ േ ͳሺ݉ ൌ Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ ǥ ሻ ==> k = 1, 17, 19, 35,
waveform is shown in Fig. 3(b). From the harmonic profile of 37... are as given in (6). The vectors obtained for the
modulating waveform, the absence of 18m±1 (m=1, 2, 3...) is harmonics of the order, ݇ ൌ ͳͺ݉ േ ͷሺ݉ ൌ Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ ǥ ሻ ==>
observed. The dominating lower order harmonics are 3rd, 5th, k = 5, 13, 23, 31, 41... are as given in (7). The vectors obtained
7th, 11th, and 13th... The harmonics in the modulating for the harmonics of the order, ݇ ൌ ͳͺ݉ േ ͹ሺ݉ ൌ
waveform will reflect in the phase voltages. However, out of
Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ ǥ ሻ ==> k = 7, 11, 25, 29, 43... are as given in (8).
these dominating lower order harmonics, the third order
harmonic components in the phase voltages and currents can The vectors obtained for the harmonics of the order, ݇ ൌ
be avoided by dividing the nine phase windings in to three ͳͺ݉ േ ͵ሺ݉ ൌ Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ ǥ ሻ ==> k = 3, 15, 21, 33, 39... are
groups with the use of isolated neutrals (N1, N2, and N3). as given in (9). The vector obtained for the harmonics of the
Hence, the phase voltages and currents consists of the order, ݇ ൌ ͳͺ݉ േ ͻሺ݉ ൌ Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ ǥ ሻ ==> k = 9, 18, 27, 36,
harmonics of the order 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th... However, in 45... is as given in (10). Hence, the transformation matrix
multiphase machine, the components linking with the air gap formed by the combination of the vectors is as given in (11).
flux are given in (4) [8] - [10].
‫ ݍ‬ൌ ʹܰ݉ േ ͳǢሺ݉ ൌ Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ ǥ ሻ
(4)
Where ‘N’ represents the number of phases and ‘q’
represents the order of the harmonics linking with the air gap
flux. From (4), it can be depicted that the harmonic
components linking with the air gap flux of a nine-phase IM
are 17th, 19th, 35th, and 37th... However, these order of the
harmonics are absent in the phase voltages and currents by
using the octadecagonal SVPWM control technique which (a)
helps in achieving better torque profile. In other words, even
though the phase voltages and currents consists of the
harmonics of the order 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th... but these do not
reflect in the air gap flux. These harmonic orders will also be
absent in the generated back emf of the nine-phase IM. This
results in the increase of magnitude of the harmonic
components (5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th...) in the phase currents. As
a result, the winding losses increases in the nine-phase IM.
This shows the need of limitation of lower order dominating
harmonics in the phase voltages and currents. A control
technique is presented in this paper to limit the dominating (b)
lower order harmonics in the phase voltages and currents.
III. LIMITATION OF LOWER ORDER HARMONICS IN THE PHASE
VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
In general, the control of 3-phase machine in ‘dq’ domain,
due to orthogonality of the reference vectors, is simple
compared to ‘abc’ domain. Similar-wise, the control of the 9-
phase IM would be easier by transforming the system
parameters from (a1-a2-a3-b1-b2-b3-c1-c2-c3) to a new
orthogonal reference frame (d-q-u-v-x-y-z1-z2-o), where ‘d-
q’, ‘u-v’, ‘x-y’, ‘z1-z2’, forms four two-dimensional (c)
Fig. 4. Vector locations of considered switching combinations on (a) d-q
orthogonal planes. The vector space decomposition is made plane, (b) u-v plane, and (c) x-y plane.
feasible with the formation of orthogonal reference system
[11]. The general form to generate the reference vectors is The transformation matrix given in (11), helps in
given in (5). transferring the system parameters of nine-phase IM from the
reference system, (a1-a2-a3-b1-b2-b3-c1-c2-c3) to a new
ܿ‫݇ݏ݋‬ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻ reference system, (d-q-u-v-x-y-z1-z2-o). From (4) and (6), it
‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬
ܿ‫݇ݏ݋‬ሺ‫ ݐݓ‬െ ߠሻ can be inferred that the harmonic components of the order
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫݇ݏ݋ܿێ‬ሺ‫ ݐݓ‬െ ʹߠሻ‫ۑ‬ 18m±1 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...), linking with the air gap flux of the
‫݇ݏ݋ܿێ‬ሺ‫ ݐݓ‬െ ͵ߠሻ‫ۑ‬ nine-phase IM, are mapped in to d-q plane. The remaining
ܵ௞ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻ ൌ ‫݇ݏ݋ܿێ‬ሺ‫ ݐݓ‬െ Ͷߠሻ‫ۑ‬ harmonic order components mapped to the ‘u-v’, ‘x-y’, ‘z1-
‫݇ݏ݋ܿێ‬ሺ‫ ݐݓ‬െ ͷߠሻ‫ۑ‬ z2’ planes have no effect on the air gap flux and can be
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ minimized in order to reduce the winding losses. The voltage
‫݇ݏ݋ܿێ‬ሺ‫ ݐݓ‬െ ͸ߠሻ‫ۑ‬ space vectors corresponding to all the possible 512 (=29)
‫݇ݏ݋ܿێ‬ሺ‫ ݐݓ‬െ ͹ߠሻ‫ۑ‬
‫݇ݏ݋ܿۏ‬ሺ‫ ݐݓ‬െ ͺߠሻ‫ے‬ switching combinations of the nine-leg 2-level can be
(5) projected on to the four orthogonal planes. However, in order
to have a better presentation, only the voltage vectors

2612 2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON 2019)

corresponding to the switching combinations present at the
outermost octadecagonal space vector structure, which are of
main interest, is considered for the analysis. The projections
of these voltage vectors on to the ‘d-q’, ‘u-v’, and ‘x-y’
orthogonal planes are shown in Fig. 4. To limit the harmonic
components, the average volt-sec in its corresponding
orthogonal plane is to be maintained at zero. For example, the
harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) can be
reduced by maintaining the average volt-sec equal to zero in
the ‘u-v’ plane. Similar wise, the harmonics of the order
18m±7 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) can be reduced by maintaining the
average volt-sec equal to zero in the ‘x-y’ plane. However,
the harmonic components of the order 18m±3 (m = 0, 1, 2,
3...) are eliminated in the phase voltages and currents by
using the isolated neutrals.
A. Eliminating harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2,
3...)
The harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) can
be eliminated in the phase voltages and currents by
maintaining the average volt-sec in the ‘u-v’ plane as zero.
For maintaining the average volt-sec as zero in ‘u-v’ plane,
will add two more equations to the ones presented in (3). In
order to obtain a unique and positive solution, a total of five
voltage vectors are considered (four voltage vectors adjacent
to the reference voltage space vector (Vs) and one vector at
the origin). Considering the reference voltage space vector
(Vs) is located in sector-1, the four adjacent vectors to the
reference vector are V1, V2, V17, and V18. The equations to
determine the timings of these voltage vectors are given in
(12).
ܸ௦ௗ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴ௗ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵௗ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶௗ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷௗ ܶଷ ൅ ܸଵ଼ௗ ܶସ
ܸ௦௤ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௤ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௤ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௤ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷ௤ ܶଷ ൅ ܸଵ଼௤ ܶସ
Ͳ ൌ ܸ௦௨ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௨ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௨ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௨ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷ௨ ܶଷ ൅ ܸଵ଼௨ ܶସ
Ͳ ൌ ܸ௦௩ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௩ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௩ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௩ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷ௩ ܶଷ ൅ ܸଵ଼௩ ܶସ
ܶ௦ ൌ ܶ଴ ൅ ܶଵ ൅ ܶଶ ൅ ܶଷ ൅ ܶସ
(12)
With this technique, the obtained modulating waveform
along with its harmonic profile is presented in Fig. 5. The
absence of harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) is
observed in the harmonic profile.

݀ǣ ܵଵ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͺߠሻሿ்

‫ݍ‬ǣ ܵଵ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀగȀଶሻ ൌ ሾͲ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͺߠሻሿ்
(6)
‫ݑ‬ǣ ܵହ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳͲߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹͲߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵Ͳߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶͲߠሻሿ்
Ö ‫ݑ‬ǣ ܵହ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶߠሻሿ்
‫ݒ‬ǣ ܵହ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀగȀଵ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͲ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳͲߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͲߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵Ͳߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶͲߠሻሿ்
Ö ‫ݒ‬ǣ ܵହ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀగȀଵ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͲ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶߠሻሿ்
(7)
‫ݔ‬ǣ ܵ଻ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳͶߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹͳߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹͺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶʹߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶͻߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷ͸ߠሻሿ்
Ö ‫ݔ‬ǣ ܵ଻ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹߠሻሿ்
‫ݕ‬ǣ ܵ଻ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀగȀଵସሻ ൌ ሾͲ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳͶߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͳߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶʹߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶͻߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͷ͸ߠሻሿ்
Ö ‫ݕ‬ǣ ܵ଻ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀగȀଵସሻ ൌ ሾͲ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹߠሻሿ்
(8)
‫ݖ‬ଵ ǣ ܵଷ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͻߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳʹߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳͺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹͳߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹͶߠሻሿ்
Ö ‫ݖ‬ଵ ǣ ܵଷ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻሿ்
‫ݖ‬ଶ ǣ ܵଷ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀగȀ଺ሻ ൌ ሾͲ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͻߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳʹߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳͺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͳߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹͶߠሻሿ்
Ö ‫ݖ‬ଶ ǣ ܵଷ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀగȀ଺ሻ ൌ ሾͲ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ Ͳ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ Ͳ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻሿ்
(9)
ܱǣ ܵଽ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͻߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳͺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹ͹ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵͸ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷͶߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͹ʹߠሻሿ்
Ö ܱǣ ܵଽ ሺ‫ݐݓ‬ሻȁሺ௪௧ୀ଴ሻ ൌ ሾͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳሿ்
(10)

݀ ͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͺߠሻ

‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬
‫ېݍۍ‬ Ͳ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͺߠሻ
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫ͳێ ۑ ێ‬ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶߠሻ‫ۑ‬
‫ݑێ‬‫Ͳێ ۑ ݒ‬
‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶߠሻ ‫ۑ‬
ሾܶሿ ൌ ‫ ۑ ݔ ێ‬ൌ ‫ͳێ‬ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͷߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͺߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͶߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺʹߠሻ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳێ ۑ ݕ ێ‬ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͹ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͷߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͺߠሻ
‫ۑ‬
‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͶߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺʹߠሻ ‫ۑ‬
‫ݖێ‬ଵ ‫ͳێ ۑ‬ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫ۑ‬
‫ݖێ‬ଶ ‫ێ ۑ‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ Ͳ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ Ͳ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͵ߠሻ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ͸ߠሻ ‫ۑ‬
‫ے ܱۏ‬
‫ͳۏ‬ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ‫ے‬
(11)

2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON 2019) 2613

 With this technique, the obtained modulating waveform
along with its harmonic profile is presented in Fig. 6. The
absence of harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...)
and 18m±7 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) is observed in the harmonic
profile.

(a)

(a)

(b)
Fig. 5. (a) Modulating waveforms and (b) Its harmonic profile obtained
using the control technique which eliminates harmonics of the order 18m±5
(m = 0, 1, 2, 3...).

B. Eliminating harmonics of the order 18m±5 and 18±7 (m

= 0, 1, 2, 3...)
(b)
The harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) can Fig. 6. (a) Modulating waveforms and (b) Its harmonic profile obtained
be eliminated in the phase voltages and currents by using the control technique which eliminates harmonics of the order 18m±5
maintaining the average volt-sec in the ‘u-v’ plane as zero. (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) and 18m±7 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...)
The harmonics of the order 18m±7 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) can be
eliminated in the phase voltages and currents by maintaining IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
the average volt-sec in the ‘x-y’ plane as zero. For Experimentation is performed on the laboratory prototype
maintaining the average volt-sec as zero in ‘u-v’ and ‘x-y’ of a 5-hp 9-phase 4-pole IM. The semikron SKM50GB128D
planes, will add four more equations to the ones presented in IGBT modules served the purpose of 2-level inverter legs.
(3). In order to obtain a unique and positive solution, a total The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 7. The gate pulses
of seven voltage vectors are considered (six voltage vectors along with the dead band have been generated by using
adjacent to the reference voltage space vector (Vs) and one VHDL coding on XILINX SPARTAN-6 (XC6SLX9) FPGA
vector at the origin). Considering the reference voltage space hardware platform. The experimentation is performed on the
vector (Vs) is located in sector-1, the six adjacent vectors to nine-phase IM in the open-loop mode with unity modulation
the reference vector are V1, V2, V3, V16, V17, and V18. The index (f = 50Hz). The switching frequency of 2050Hz and
equations to determine the timings of these voltage vectors dead-band of 2us is considered for the experimentation
are given in (13). purpose.
ܸ௦ௗ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴ௗ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵௗ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶௗ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷௗ ܶଷ ൅ ܸସௗ ܶସ ൅ ܸଵ଻ௗ ܶହ
൅ ܸଵ଼ௗ ܶ଺
ܸ௦௤ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௤ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௤ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௤ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷ௤ ܶଷ ൅ ܸସ௤ ܶସ ൅ ܸଵ଻௤ ܶହ
൅ ܸଵ଼௤ ܶ଺
Ͳ ൌ ܸ௦௨ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௨ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௨ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௨ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷ௨ ܶଷ ൅ ܸସ௨ ܶସ
൅ ܸଵ଻௨ ܶହ ൅ ܸଵ଼௨ ܶ଺
Ͳ ൌ ܸ௦௩ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௩ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௩ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௩ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷ௩ ܶଷ ൅ ܸସ௩ ܶସ
൅ ܸଵ଻௩ ܶହ ൅ ܸଵ଼௩ ܶ଺ Fig. 7. Experimental setup used in the laboratory.
Ͳ ൌ ܸ௦௫ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௫ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௫ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௫ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷ௫ ܶଷ ൅ ܸସ௫ ܶସ
൅ ܸଵ଻௫ ܶହ ൅ ܸଵ଼௫ ܶ଺
Ͳ ൌ ܸ௦௬ ܶ௦ ൌ ܸ଴௬ ܶ଴ ൅ ܸଵ௬ ܶଵ ൅ ܸଶ௬ ܶଶ ൅ ܸଷ௬ ܶଷ ൅ ܸସ௬ ܶସ
൅ ܸଵ଻௬ ܶହ ൅ ܸଵ଼௬ ܶ଺
ܶ௦ ൌ ܶ଴ ൅ ܶଵ ൅ ܶଶ ൅ ܶଷ ൅ ܶସ ൅ ܶହ ൅ ܶ଺
(13)
(a)

2614 2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON 2019)


(b) (c)
Fig. 8. Experimental results of nine-phase IM using octadecagonal
SVPWM control technique (a) Y-axis: DC link voltage (ୢୡ , top trace, Scale:
100 V/div), Phase voltage (ୟభ ୬భ , middle trace, Scale: 50 V/div) and Phase
eliminates harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) in
the phase voltages and currents are presented in Fig. 9. The
experimental results corresponding to the technique which
eliminates harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...)
and 18m±7 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) in the phase voltages and
currents are presented in Fig. 10. In Fig. 10, it is observed that
the lower dominant harmonics in the phase currents are
reduced to a great extent compared to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9.
However, the peak value of fundamental voltage is reduced
current (ୟభ , bottom trace, Scale: 1 A/div); and X-axis: Time (scale: 5
ms/div), (b) Harmonic profile of phase voltage, (c) Harmonic profile of phase
current.
(a)
(b) (c)
Fig. 9. Experimental results of nine-phase IM using the control technique
which reduces harmonics of the order 18m±5 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...) (a) Y-axis:
DC link voltage (ୢୡ , top trace, Scale: 100 V/div), Phase voltage (ୟభ ୬భ ,
compared to that of obtained using octadecagonal SVPWM
control technique.
V. CONCLUSION
The linear modulation region is improved with the use of
octadecagonal SVPWM control technique for a nine-phase
IM. However, the phase voltages and currents consists of
dominant lower order harmonics. Even though, these
harmonics do not reflect in the air gap flux, the winding losses
will be more due to flow of harmonic components of currents
through the phase windings. A control technique is presented
in this paper to reduce the dominant lower order harmonics
in the phase voltages and currents. Experimental results are
presented to validate the proposed control technique.
However, the peak value of fundamental phase voltage is
reduced with the presented technique.
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(a)
(b) (c)
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ms/div), (b) Harmonic profile of phase voltage, (c) Harmonic profile of phase
current.
The phase voltage and phase current of the nine-phase IM
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octadecagonal SVPWM technique is presented in Fig. 8. The
experimental results corresponding to the technique which
2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON 2019)
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