PAPER

ENVI
RONMENTALHEALTH

ARRANGED BY:

NABI
LAHPUTRISHOLEHA

Cl
ass:
2B

MENTORLECTURER:
SURAMTOM.
Pd

MI
NISTRYOFHEALTHREPUBLI
COFI
NDONESI
A
POLYTECHNI
CHEALTHOFPALEMBANG
PRODINURSI
NGOFLUBUKLI
NGGAU
2019-
2020

1
 PREFACE

Prai
seauthorprayedt
oAll
ahformercyandi
nay
ahny
asot hatIcancompl
eteapaper
enti
tl
ed"Env i
ronment
alHeal
th"Thi
spaperi
smadet of
ulfi
lli
ndi
vi
dualt
asksEngl
ish
subj
ects.

I
nt hi
spapertheauthor
sexperienceanydif
fi
cul
ti
es.Butthankstothegui
danceand
di
rect
ionoft
hevar
iouspart
iesakhirny
amakal
ahcanberesolv
edproperl
y.

authorreal
i
zesthatthi
spaperissti
llalotofshor
tcomi
ngs.Fort
hesakeofthi
spaper
perf
ectl
yconst
ructi
vecri
tici
sm andsuggesti
onssoIhoped.Endt
heauthor
shopethat
thi
spapercanbeusefulforther
eader.

Lubukl
i
nggau,
nov
ember2019

Aut
hor

2
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

I
NTRODUCTI
ON.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2

TABLEOFCONTENTS.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.3

CHAPTERIPRELI
MINARI
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.4
A.Backgr
ound.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.4

B. For
mul
ati
onoft
hepr
obl
em.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4

C.Goal
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.5

CHAPTERI
IDI
SCUSSI
ON.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
6
A.Def
ini
ti
onofEnv
ironment
alHeal
th.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.6

B.Heal
thyEnv
ironment
alRequi
rement
s..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.8

C.Way
stoMai
ntai
nEnv
ironment
alHeal
th.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9

D.Pur
poseofEnv
ironment
alHeal
thCar
e..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.9

E.Env
ironment
alHeal
thScope.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.10

F.Env
ironment
alHeal
thTar
get
s..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
11

G.Env
ironment
alHeal
thFact
ors.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.12

H.Ef
fect
sofUnheal
thyEnv
ironment
sonI
ndi
vi
dual
s,Fami
l
iesandCommuni
ti
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
13

I
. Di
seasesCausedbyanUnheal
thyEnv
ironment
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
13

J. Ef
for
tst
oOv
ercomeEnv
ironment
alHeal
th.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
14

K.Env
ironment
alHeal
thPr
obl
emsi
nIndonesi
a..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.14

CHAPTERI
IICOVER.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
19
A.Concl
usi
on.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
19

B.Suggest
ion.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
19

REFERENCES.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
20

3
 CHAPTERI

PRELI
MINARI

A.
Backgr
ound

Environmentalheal
thi s an i
mpor t
antf actori n sociallif
e,ev en itis one ofthe
det
ermi ni
ngordetermini
ngelement sinthewel fareoft hepopul ation.Wher eahealt
hy
envi
ronmenti sneedednotonl ytoi mprovet hedegr eeofpubl i
cheal t
h,butalsoto
i
mprov elifeandimpr ov
ewor kandst udyef f
iciency.Ther esultsshowedt heinf
ant
mortali
tyratei
ntheareacausedbybehav i
oralfactors(caredur i
ngpr egnancyandbaby
car
e,aswel lasenvi
ronmentalheal
th)andenv ir
onment al heal
thf actors.

Int hef utur

e,thegov ernmentwi llfocusmor eonthei mplementati
onofsust ai
nable
developmentand t hedev elopmentofenv i
ronmental
l
ysust ai
nablear eas,whil
et he
i
nfrastructure user
s,i nt his case t he people who ar e contacted wit
h better
environment alawareness( know somet hi
ngorknow whatshoul dbe) .Ourfutur
ei s
facedwi ththeuseofsci enceandt echnologyamor eadvancedandmor ecomplexone
thatrequiresbett
erprofessional
ism wi t
hadequatelevel
sofeducation.

Inaddi
ti
on,inthefuturedevel
opmentprocess,
itisnecessaryt ohaveanenvi
ronmental
heal
thtechnol
ogyt hatemphasizesi
tseffor
tswhendet erminingtheheal
thofpoll
uti
on
causedbydevelopment ,t
hisi
ndicat
ormustbeeasy ,inexpensivetobeablet
ochange,
andsensit
ivet
oindicatechangesinenv
ironmentalquali
ty

B.For
mul
ati
onoft
hepr
obl
em

A.Def
ini
ti
onofEnv
ironment
alHeal
th
B.Heal
thyEnv
ironment
alRequi
rement
s
C.Way
stoMai
ntai
nEnv
ironment
alHeal
th
D.Mai
ntenanceObj
ect
ives
E.Env
ironment
alHeal
th

4
 F.Env
ironment
alHeal
thScope

C.GOAL

Student
scanknowt
hepur
pose,r
equi
rement
s,pr
ocedur
esandscopeofenv
ironment
al
healt
h.

5
 CHAPTERI
I
DI
SCUSSI
ON

A.Def
ini
ti
onofEnv
ironment
alHeal
th

Underst
andingHealt
haccordingtotheWor l
dHeal
thOr
ganizat
ion(WHO)in1948
stat
esthatthenotionofheal
thisas"astat
eofphysi
cal
,ment
al,andsoci
alwel
l-
bei
ng
andnotjusttheabsenceofdi
seaseorweakness"
.

Envi
ronmentalheal
thisheal
ththatisv er
yimpor
tantforthesmoot hli
feonear th,
becausetheenvi
ronmenti
saplacewheretheper
sonli
ves.Aheal t
hyenvi
ronmentcan
besaidtobehealt
hyifi
tmeet
stherequi
rement
sofahealthyenv
ironment
.

Envi
ronment
alheal
thisanint
egralpar
tofpubli
chealt
hsciencethatspeci
fi
cal
lydeal
s
wit
h and st
udieshuman rel
ati
onswi t
ht heenvi
ronmentin ecol
ogicalbal
ance.So
envi
ronment
alheal
thi
spartofpubl
ichealt
hsci
ence.

There are 3 def

ini
ti
ons putf orwar
d by exper
ts on env
ironment
alheal
th,each
underst
andi
ngborninanef forttosol
veheal
thprobl
emsaccor di
ngtotheer
aandits
needs.Thethr
eedefi
nit
ionsare:

1.Under st
andingEnv i
ronment alHealthasanef fort
,stat
edbyP.Hal tonPurdon(1971) .
Purdonst atedthat"Env i
ronment alHealthispar tofthebasicsofheal t
hf ormoder n
society,
environmentalhealthisanaspectofpubl i
chealt
hwhi chincludesallaspectsof
humanheal thinrel
ationtot heenv ironment.Theai mistomai ntainandi mprovet he
degree ofpubl i
cheal tht ot he highestlevelbymodi f
ying socialfactors,physical
envi
r onmentalfactors,environment alcharact
erist
icsand behav i
or sthatcan af f
ect
health.

2.Thenot i
onofenv i
ronment alheal t
hasacondi t
ionwasputf orwardbyt heWor l
d
HealthOrgani
zati
on.WHOst atest hatHealthheal t
hr eli
esonecol ogicalbalancet hat
mustexistbemanandhi senv i
ronmenti nordert oensurehisweel being.Envir
onment al
healt
histhereal
izati
onofanecol ogicalbalancebetweenhumansandt heenv i
ronment
thatmustexist
,sot hatpeopl ebecomeheal t
hyandpr osper
ous.Sot hataccor di
ngt o
WHOEnv i
ronmentalHeal t
har e:Thoseaspect sofhumanheal t
handdi seasethatar e
deter
minedbyf actorsintheenv i
ronment .Italsoreferstothet heoryandpr acti
ceof
assessi
ngandcont rol
li
ngf actorsint heenv i
ronmentt hatcanpot enti
all
yaf f
ectheal t
h.
Orifiti
sconcluded" Anecol ogicalbalancet hatmustexi stbetweenhumansandt he
envir
onmentinor dertoguar anteet heheal t
hyst at
eofhumans" .Accor dingtoHAKLI
(Associ
ati
onofI ndonesianEnv ir
onment alHeal thExper t
s)envi
ronment alhealt
hi san

6
envir
onmentalconditi
ont hati
sabletosustai
nady namicecol
ogi
calbalancebetween
humansandt heirenvir
onmentt osupporttheachiev
ementofaheal thyandhappy
quali
tyofhumanl if
e.Inthissensethecent
ralpoi
ntofviewofEnvi
ronmentalHealt
his
thattheachievementofheal t
hobjecti
vesisahealthyandprosperoussociet
yifthe
condit
ionsar
eheal t
hy.

3.Env i
ronment alHeal thi ssci enceandar tinachi evi
ngenv ir
onment alandhuman
balance, scienceandar ti nenv i
ronment almanagementsot hatconditi
onsareachi eved
that ar e cl ean,heal thy,saf e and comf ort
able and av oid disease di sor ders.
Under standingEnv i
ronment alHeal t
hasasci ence,artandt echnologyputf orwar dby
severalexper t
si ncludingt hoseputf orwardbyUmarFahmiAchmadi .Accor dingt o
UmarFahmiAchmadi( 1991),Env i
ronment alHealthisthest udyoft herelationship
between env ironment al qual ity and t he heal t
h condi t
ions of a communi ty.
Environment alHeal th Sci ences st udies t
he dy namics ofi nt
eracti
ver el
at i
onshi ps
betweenpopul ati
ongr oupswi thallkindsofchangesi nenvir
onment alcomponent sthat
poseat hreatorhav et hepot ent
ialtodisruptpubl
ichealth.
Popul ationgr owt handgl obal izati
onhav er esultedi nar api dlychangi ng,hi ghl yi nterconnect ed
world.Humanpopul ati
oni sont r
ackt or each9bi l
li
onby2050,pl aci ngi ncreasi ngdemandson
l
imited r esour ces ( UN 2011) .Humans,ani mal s,and t he env ironmenthav e alway s been
connect ed;y etr ecentpopul at i
onpr essur es,r esourcedepl etion,andhumanmobi l
izationhav e
ampl i
fiedt hest ressongl obalenv ir
onment alsy stemst hatpl ayadet ermi nist i
cr olei nheal th
andwel l-being.Theconsequencesoft hisgl obalchangear ecost l
yf oreconomi es, ecosy st ems,
andheal thsy st ems.Ashi ghlight edbyt heWor ldBank, prot ect i
ngagai nstt henegat ivei mpact s
ofthesechangesi sagl obalpubl icgood( WB2010,2012) .Thecompl exnat ureandbr eadt hof
sucht hr eatsdemandt ransdi scipli
nar ysol utionsthataddr esst heconnect i
onsbet weenhuman
andani malheal th, andt heunder l
yingenv ironment alsy stemsuponwhi chheal thr elies.Ov ert he
pastcent ury,appr oachest oheal thhav ef ocusedonant hropocent rici nter ventions,suchas
pharmacot herapyorv acci nation.OneHeal thof fersanal ternat i
v e,enabl ingmor esy stemi c,
prevent i
v eappr oachest hatappl yanunder standingofsoci alandenv ir onment aldr iver sof
health and di sease ( Zinsst ag etal .2011;Bar r
et tand Osof sky 2013) .One Heal thi sa
coll
abor at ive appr oach i ncr easingly ut ilized by gov ernment s,i nt ergov ernment alagenci es,
academi ci nst i
t ut
ions,and non- prof i
ts.One Heal t h,br oadl y,can be def ined as ‘ ‘the
coll
abor at iveef for t
sofmul tipledi sci plineswor kingl ocal l
y ,nat ional lyandgl obal l
yt oat tain
opti
mal heal thf orpeopl e,ani mal sandourenv i
ronment( AVMA2008) ’’
.Itrepr esent sapar adigm
shif
ti ndev elopingandi mpl ement i
ngheal thi ntervent i
onst hatpr oact ivelyengagedi f ferent
health-relateddi sci pli
nes,suchashumanmedi cine,v eterinar ymedi cine,publ icheal th,and
envi
ronment alheal thsci ences( Osof skyetal .2005a,b,2008;AVMA2008;WHO 2008) .By
i
ntegr atingdi v erseappr oachesandper spect ives,OneHeal thai mst oi mpr ov eheal thf orpeopl e,
domest icani mal s,wi ldlif
e,andecosy stemssi mul taneousl yt ransect ingspat ialandt empor al
dimensi ons.Thi sappr oachconsi dersco- benefitsandco- chal lengessot hatsol utionswi th
multiplebot t
om l i
nescan beachi eved,whet hert heyar ef orhumans,ani mal s,pl ant s,or
ecosy stems.Thesi milaritiesanddi fferences,andpot entialbenef itsofconv ergence,ofOne

7
Heal thandecoheal thhav egar ner edr ecentat t ent i
on( Par kes2012;Zi nsst agetal .2012) .
Ecoheal th‘ ‘strivesf orsust ainabl eheal t
hofpeopl e,ani mal s,andecosy stemsbypr omot ing
discov er yandunder standingt hrought ransdi sci plinar yact i
on- resear ch’’(EcoHeal th2008) ,and
buildsuponknowl edgef rom t henat ural,soci alandheal thsci ences,aswel last hehumani ti
es
(Char ron2012) .Ecoheal thhasl ongi ncor por at edenv i
ronment ali ssues,hav ingemer gedf r
om
resear ch ai med at under standing how ecosy stems, env i
ronment al degr adation, and
unsust ainabl edev elopmenti mpactheal t
h( Char ron2012) .Theor i
ginsofOneHeal t
har er oot ed
i
nt hemanagementandemer genceofzoonot icdi seaset hr eat s,andasdi scussed,hav eal ess
robustf oundat ioni nenv ir
onment alsci ences.Bot hecoheal t handOneHeal thespouseahol i
sti
c
under st andi ngofheal thandchampi ont ransdi sci pli
nar y,sy stemi cappr oaches.Whi l
egr eat
over l
apandbenef i
tf rom col l
abor ationexi st s,wef ocusexpl i
ci tlyi nthi spaperont heOneHeal th
appr oach,whi cht radi t
ionallyhasbeenl acki ngi nef fect i
v eenv ir
onment alr epr esent ation.We
thinkt her ei sgr eatoppor tuni t
yf orecoheal th pr actitioner st o add v aluabl eenv i
ronment al
exper tiset oOneHeal thr esear chandi nt er vent ions.Recent ly ,ther ehav ebeenanumberof
globalOneHeal t
hpol icy-r
elev antact i
onst hathav er aisedt hepr of i
leoft heappr oachand
stimul atedconnect ionst hroughf or aforpr of essi onali ntroduct ionsandr elat ionshi p-bui ldi
ng.
Forexampl e, i
nr ecenty ears, twoI nternat ional OneHeal thCongr esseshav ebeenhel d( Aust rali
a
andThai land) ,wi that hirdpl annedf or2015( theNet her lands) ;theGl obalRi skFor um i ni ti
ated
anannualOneHeal thconf er encei nDav os,Swi tzer land;t woOneHeal thConf er encesi nAf ri
ca
hav ebeenhost ed;theWor l
dBankpubl ishedi t
ssecondv olumeofi tsOneHeal thr epor t,‘
‘Peopl e,
Pat hogens,andOurPl anet,’
’under scor i
ngeconomi ci mpact sandoppor t
uni ti
es( WB2012) ;the
Wor l
dMedi calAssoci ationandWor ldVet erinar yAssoci ationco- signedamemor andum t o
collabor at eonOneHeal th( WMA 2012) ;andt heWor l
dVet eri
nar yAssoci ationr eleaseda
posi t
ionpaper( WVA2014) .Not abl yin2008,t heWor l
dOr gani zat iof orAni malHeal th( OIE),
FoodandAgr icultureOr ganizat i
on( FAO) ,andt heWor l
dHeal thOr gani zation( WHO)r eleaseda
j
ointst r
at egi cconceptnot ei nt ri
-par ti
tepar tner shi paddr essi ngi nfectiousdi seasesatt he
animal –human–ecosy st emsi nterface,suchashi ghlypat hogeni cav i
ani nfluenza( WHO2008;
FAO/ OIE/ WHO2010) .AsOneHeal thgr ows, i
ti si mpor tantt ounder standi tsmat uration;gauge
env ir
onment alr epresent ati
on i n One Heal thi nst i
tutions,or gani zat i
ons,conf erences,and
publ icat ions;andsuggestway st oenhancei ntegr ationofenv ir onment aldr i
v ers,dat a,and
disciplinesi ntot hef uturedev elopmentofOneHeal th.Wi thpol icyandr esear chcomi ngt o
i
ncr easi ngl yf ocusoni ssuesofgl obalenv ironment alchange,i .
e.,cl imat echange,ocean
acidificat i
on,ur bani zation,iti sev ermor ei mpor t antt obui l
denv ir
onment alper spect ivesi nto
theOneHeal t
happr oacht omaxi miz eitsr elev ancyandi mpact .Doi ngsowi llbr ingOneHeal th
i
nt opr of essi onal circleswher ei t
sut i
li
tycanber edi scov er ed, ampl ified, andappl ied.

B.Heal
thyEnv
ironment
alRequi
rement
s

 St
ateofwat
er

8
 Healt
hywateriswaterthatisnotfunct
ioni
ng,isnotpoll
utedandcanbeseenthe
cl
ari
tyoftheai
r,i
fitiscertai
nthatit
scleanl
inessispreparedatat
emperat
ureof
1000C,sothebact
eriaintheairdi
e.
Inrecentyear
s,severaltechniqueshavebeendev elopedt oassessthepol l
uti
on
fr
om humanact i
vi
ti
es.Ev aluati
onofenv i
ronmentqual i
ty,parti
cul
arl
yi naquati
c
ecosystems, hastr
aditi
onallybeenbasedonphy sicochemi calmeasurementsof
water.Organi
smsi naquat icecosy stemsar eusuallyexposedt omi xt
uresof
xenobiot
icsinlow concentr at
ions,anditisdif
fi
culttopr edictadver
seef fect
s
when informati
on i
s obt ai
ned exclusi
velyfrom chemi calanal y
ses (Quesada
Garciaetal
.2013).
 Ai
rCondi
ti
on

Healt
hyai
ristheairi
nsi
deitisneeded,f
orexampleoxygenandinitarenot
pol
lut
edbysubst
ancest
hatdamagethebody,
forexampl
eCO2(carbondi
oxide)
.

 St
ateofl
and

Healt
hysoili
sgoodsoi
lforgr
owi
ngpl
ant
s,andi
snotpol
l
utedbyheav
ymet
al
subst
ances.

 sound/noi
se

Namelyhowinaplacethati
snotnoisycondi
ti
onst
hatcanbecal
l
edapl
aceof
ent
ert
ainment/humanheari
ngdev
ices.

C.Way
stoMai
ntai
nEnv
ironment
alHeal
th

 Don'
tpol
l
utet
hewat
erbyt
hrowi
nggar
bagei
nther
iver
.

 Reduci
ngt
heuseofmot
ori
zedv
ehi
cles

  
Cul
ti
vat
ethel
andasi
tshoul
d

 Pl
antcr
opsonv
acantl
and

D.
Pur
poseofEnv
ironment
alHeal
thCar
e

 Reduci
ngGl
obal
War
ming.

Bypl ant
ingasmanypl ant
saspossi bl
eonv acantland,wealsopar t
icipat
ei n
reducingglobalwarming,car
bon,O2( oxy
gen)producedbypl ant
sandi ndi
rect
substances,CO2( car
bon)whi chcausesthehollow eart
h'satmospheret obe
absorbedbypl ant
sanddi r
ectl
ytheO2substancespr oducedcanbeenj oyedby
humanst obreathe.

9
  keept
heenv
ironmentcl
ean

Wit
haheal thyenvir
onment ,wemustmai ntai
ncleanl
iness,becauseahealt
hy
env
ironmentisacleanenv i
ronmentf
rom alldi
seasesandr ubbish.Wast
eist
he
mostimport
antcleanl
inessmush.Garbagecanbecleanedint hefoll
owi
ngway
s;

1.Cl
eani
ngOrganicWast eOrgani
c,organi
cwasteiswast
et hatcanbeeatenby
or
gani
csubstancesinthesoil
,soorganicwast
ecanbecleanedbybur
yingiti
n
or
gani
cwaste,forexampl
eorganicwaste:
1.Pl
antl
eav
es
2.Pl
antbr
anches
3.Pl
antr
oot
s
2.Clean Non-Or
ganic Waste,Non-organi
c wastei srubbish thatcannotbe
destr
oyed(eat
enbyor ganicsubst
ances)byi
tsel
f,sonon-organi
cwastecanbe
cl
eanedbyburningitandthenbury
ingit
.

E.Env
ironment
alHeal
thScope

The cont
ri
buti
on ofthe envi
ronmentinreal
izi
ng heal
th stat
us i
s essenti
alin
addit
ion toissues of community behavi
or,heal
th servi
ces and heredi
ty.The
envir
onmentpr ov
ides t
he bi
ggestcontri
but
ion t
ot he emergence ofpubl
ic heal
th
probl
ems.

1.Accordi
ngtotheWorl
dHeal
thOr
gani
zat
ion(
WHO)t
her
ear
e17env
ironment
al
heal
thscopes,
namel
y:

a.Pr
ovi
si
onofDr
inki
ngWat
er

b.Wast
ewat
ermanagementandpol
l
uti
oncont
rol

c.Sol
i
dWast
eDi
sposal

d.Vect
orCont
rol

e.Pr
event
ion/cont
rol
ofsoi
lpol
l
uti
onbyhumanexcr
eta

f
. Foodhy
giene,
incl
udi
ngmi
l
khy
giene

g.Ai
rpol
l
uti
oncont
rol

h.Radi
ati
oncont
rol

i
. Occupat
ional
heal
th

10
 j
. Noi
secont
rol

k.Housi
ngandset
tl
ement

l
. Kesl
i
ngandai
rtr
anspor
tat
ionaspect
s

m.Regi
onal
andur
banpl
anni
ng

n.Acci
dentpr
event
ion

o.Gener
alr
ecr
eat
ionandt
our
ism

p.Sani
tat
ionmeasur
esrel
atedt
oepi
demi
cs/epi
demi
cs,nat
uraldi
sast
ers
andpopul
ati
onmovements

q..
Precaut
ionsneededt
oguar
ant
eet
heenv
ironment
.

2.Accor
dingt
oIndonesi
anLaw

I
nI ndonesi
a,the scope ofenv
ironmentalheal
thisexpl
ained i
n Ar
ti
cle 22
par
agraph(3)ofLawNo.23of1992, thescopeofkesl
i
ngi
seight,
namely:

a.Sani
tar
yWat
erandAi
r,

b.Secur
ingsol
i
dwast
e/r
ubbi
sh,

c.Saf
ekeepi
ngofl
i
qui
dwast
e,

d.Secur
inggaswast
e,

e.Radi
ati
onpr
otect
ion,

f
. Noi
sepr
otect
ion,

g.Saf
eguar
dingdi
seasev
ect
ors,

h.Sani
tat
ionandot
hersaf
eguar
ds,
suchaspost
-di
sast
ercondi
ti
ons,

F.Env
ironment
alHeal
thTar
get
s

Accordi
ngtoArti
cle22paragr
aph(
2)ofLaw23/
1992,t
het
arget
sofi
mpl
ement
ing
env
ironment
alheal
thareasf
oll
ows:

1.Publ
i
cpl
aces:
hot
els,
ter
minal
s,mar
ket
s,shops,
andsi
mil
arbusi
nesses.

2.Resi
dent
ial
env
ironment
:resi
dent
ial
,dor
mit
oryorsi
mil
ar.

11
 3.Wor
kenv
ironment
:of
fi
ces,
indust
ri
alest
ateorsi
mil
ar.

4.Publ
i
ctr
anspor
tat
ion:
land,
seaandai
rvehi
clesusedf
orpubl
i
cuse.

5.Otherenvi
ronments:forexampl
ethoseofaspecialnatur
esuchasenv
ironments
t
hatareinastateofemer gency
,cat
astr
ophi
clarge-scal
epopul
ati
onmov ement
s,
r
eactorsorspeci
alplaces.

G.
Env
ironment
alHeal
thFact
ors

Anenv i
ronmentthathasthepotent
ialandcarr
yingcapaci
tyt
ocreateasoci
ety
fr
eef r
om allkindsofdiseases.Thef ol
l
owingar ethefact
orsthati
nfl
uence
envi
ronmentalheal
th,
namely:

 Phy
sical
Fact
or

Phy si
calfactor
ssuchasbi oticsandabioti
cs,wherethesef actorspl
ayan
i
mpor t
antrolefort
hecommuni t
yinpayi
ngattent
iontowheret heirr
esi
dence
willbebuilt
.Ifahousei
sbuilti
nt hecount
rysi
de,i
tiscer
tainl
yadj ust
edtothe
conditi
onsi nthecountry
side.Forexampl e,thecondit
ionofcl eanwater
protectedfrom pol
l
uti
onwillhaveapositi
veimpactontheheal thoftherural
communi t
y.

 Soci
alFact
ors

Socialfactor
sint heform ofbehavior
,intel
l
igence,customs,i nwhicht hese
factor
spl ayaroleincommuni t
yrelati
onsandt heenv i
ronment .Forexampl e,
peoplewhol i
veinear t
hquake-pr
onear eas,thehousest heybuildint hese
areasmustbemadeofl ight
weightbutst urdymat eri
als.Besidesthatt he
communi tyi s al
so try
ing to cr
eate a healthy envi
ronmentwi th cert
ain
businesses.Forexamplethecommuni tymadeagar bagecollecti
onfacil
it
y.

 Economi
cfact
ors

Economi cf act
orsint hef or
m ofempl oy
ment,i
ncome,pover
ty,wherei n
generaltheenv i
ronmentisoccupiedbymostpeopl
ewhocannotaf f
ord,
t hen
i
ndirectl
yaffectthehealthoftheenvir
onmentinwhi
chtheyl
iv
e.Forexampl e
i
nslum ar eas,becausethei
rfinanci
alcondi
ti
onmakesiti
mpossi
bletocreate
ahealthyandgoodenv i
ronment.

12
H.Ef
fect
sofUnheal
thyEnv
ironment
sonI
ndi
vi
dual
s,Fami
l
iesandCommuni
ti
es

 Ef
fect
sofanUnheal
thyEnv
ironmentonI
ndi
vi
dual
s

Ifthecleanenv i
ronmentinfluencest hei ndiv
idual,especi
all
yonthewor kquali
ty
(pr
oductivi
ty)oft he indi
vidual.Whi lei ndi
viduals who arei n an unheal
thy
envir
onment ,
wi l
lbeinproductivitythattendstodecl i
ne.Air,
water,
food,cl
othi
ng,
boards,andalltheirneedsar et akenf r
om t heenv ir
onment.Howev er
,itaff
ects
both posit
ive and negativ
ei ndi v
idual
s.Heal t
hy env i
ronmentand adequat e
nutr
iti
oncanpr eventapersonf rom disease.

 Ef
fect
sofanUnheal
thyEnv
ironmentont
heFami
l
y

Aheal t
hyf amilycomesf rom aheal thyhomeenv ironment ,sof ami l
yhealth
can improve.A houset hati scl ean enough can pr ovi
decomf ortforit s
resi
dents.Ahousewi thadequat ev enti
lationcanpr eventthefami lyfrom the
ri
sk ofdev el
oping respirator
ydi seases ordi sorders.The per centage of
heal
thyhomeowner shipthatt endst oincreaseindi catesthattherehasbeen
achangei nbehav iorthatcani mpr ov et helevelofenv ir
onment alhealth.
Becausef orthemaj orit
yofoursoci ety,thehousei snotonl yapl acet orest,
butalsoasagat heri
ngpl aceforf ami l
ymember s,neighbors,ev endi st
ant
famil
ies.Thus,inanunheal thyhousecanbeapl aceofdi seaset ransmission
andanegat iveindi
cationofef fort
st oi mpr oveenv i
ronment alhealth.

 Thei
nfl
uenceofunheal
thyenv
ironmentonsoci
ety

A healt
hyenvir
onmentwi llmake people av
oid di
sease.The actionsofthe
communi t
ytodisposeofwastecar el
essl
y,willhav
eani mpactonhealthand
sur
vival
,theemer genceofdiseaseagainstunhealthycommuni ti
es,and t
he
emergenceofdi
sastersduetot
heuncontrol
ledactsofignorantcommunit
y.

I
.Di
seasesCausedbyanUnheal
thyEnv
ironment

Ther
ear
emanydi
seasescausedbyanunheal
thyenv
ironment
,incl
udi
ng:

 Chol
era

Chol
erai
sagastr
oint
est
inaldi
seaset
hati
schannel
edt
hrought
heuseofwat
er
i
never
ydayl
i
fe.

 Ty
phusSt
omach

Stomachtyphusisagastr
oint
est
inaldiseasethati
str
ansmi
tt
edt hr
oughtheuse
ofwateri
ndailyl
i
fe.Theuseofwat ert
hatdoesnotmeetheal
threquir
ement
sfor
househol
dusecausesmanypeopl ewithcontagi
ousst
omachdisease.

 Di
arr
hea

13
 Diarr
heaisagastr
oint
esti
naldiseasechar
acter
izedbywat
erypat
cheswithor
wit
houtbloodandv omit
ing.Thisdiseaseiscausedbyorgani
c/f unct
ional
damagetothedi
gest
ivetr
act.

 Lept
ospi
tosi
s

Leptospi
tosisis a disease thati s caused by a rainwat
ert hathas been
contaminatedwit
hr atur
ine.Mal ar
iaandDHFMal ari
aandDHFar edi
seasest
hat
are caused bymosqui toes thatdev el
op in waterstorage cont
ainer
s,whil
e
suff
erersarechanneledthroughmosqui t
obites.

 Tuber
cul
osi
s

Tuberculosi
sisadi
seaset
hatdev
elopsi
ndenseset
tl
ement
swi
thpoorai
r
exchange.

 Smal
l
pox

Small
poxisadiseasecausedbyav i
ruspr
esenti
ntheair
.Small
poxinf
ect
ion
ar
iseswhenther
eisdir
ectcontactwi
thsuf
fer
ers/cl
othi
ngsuf
ferer
s.

 I
nfl
uenza

I
nfl
uenzai
sahi
ghl
ycont
agi
ousdi
sease,
transmi
tt
edt
hrought
heai
r.

J.Ef
for
tst
oOv
ercomeEnv
ironment
alHeal
th

 Ef
for
tin Managing Envi
ronmentEnvi
ronment
alManagementEf
for
ts whi
ch
i
ncl
udeecosy
stems,coast
alareas,
andmari
neecosy
stems.

 Effort
stoManageArti
fi
cialEnvi
ronmentsEnvi
ronmentalmanagementeff
ort
s
r
elated t
o pol
l
uti
on r
egul
ation r
elat
ing t
o ai
r,air
,airprot
ecti
on and wast
e
management.

 SocialEnvir
onmentalManagement Eff
ort
s Eff
ort
st o manage t
he soci
al
envi
ronmentincludedevel
opmentofthequal
i
tyoflif
eofthepopul
ati
onand
developmentofenvi
ronment
alqual
i
ty.

 SocialCapi
talDevel
opmentEf f
ort
sEffortsto devel
op soci
alcapit
ali
ncl
ude
env
ironment
alwisdom,env
ironment
alet
hics,andhighsoci
aldevel
opment
.

K.Env
ironment
alHeal
thPr
obl
emsi
nIndonesi
a

Probl
emsEnvir
onment
alheal
thisacompl
expr
obl
em whichrequi
resani
ntegrat
ionof
vari
ousr
elat
edsector
stoov er
comethem.I
nIndonesi
aproblemsinenvir
onmental

14
heal
thi
ncl
ude:

 Cl
eanwat
er

Cleanwateriswat
erthati
susedf ordai
lypur
poseswhosequalit
ymeetsheal
th
requi
rementsandcanbedr unkifithasbeencooked.Dri
nkingwateri
swater
whosequali
tymeetsheal
threqui
rementsandcanbedrunkdi
rect
ly.

Ther
equi
rement
sforcl
eanwat
erqual
i
tyar
easf
oll
ows:

1.Phy
sical
Requi
rement
s:Odor
less,
tast
eless,
andcol
orl
ess

2. Chemi
cal
Requi
rement
s:I
roncont
ent
:maxi
mum al
l
owabl
e0,
3mg/l
.

3.Micr
obi
ologi
cal Requi
rement
s: Fecal col
i
for
m /t
otal col
i
for
m (
max
0.
00000000002per100mlofwat
er).

 Di
rt/FecesDi
sposal

Agoodmet
hodofr
emov
ingst
ool
isusi
ngat
oil
etwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:

1.Sur
facesoi
lmustnotbecont
ami
nat
ed

2. Cont
ami
nat
ionofgr
oundwat
ert
hatmaynotent
eraspr
ingorwel
lmayoccur

3.Surfacewatermustnotbecont
ami nat
edFecesshoul
dnotber eachedby
fl
iesandotherani
malsNofr
eshstoolhandl
i
ngshoul
doccur
;or
,ifabsolut
ely
necessar
y,mustbeli
mit
edt
oami nimum

4.Lat
ri
nesmustbef
reef
rom unsi
ght
lyodor
sorcondi
ti
ons

5. Themet
hodofmanuf
act
ureandoper
ati
onmustbesi
mpl
eandi
nexpensi
ve.

 Heal
thSet
tl
ementI
ngener
al,

ahousecanbesai
dtobeheal
thyi
fitmeet
sthef
oll
owi
ngcr
it
eri
a.

1.Meetphysi
ologicalneeds,namel
y:l
i
ght
ing,adequat
eai
randspace,av
oidi
ng
di
stur
bingnoise

2. Meetpsy
chol
ogi
calneeds,namel
y:adequatepr
ivacy
,heal
thycommuni
cat
ion
betweenfami
l
ymember sandresi
dentsofthehouse

3.Meett he r
equi
rementsforprevent
ing t
ransmi
ssi
on ofdisease bet
ween
occupant
softhehousebyprovidi
ngcleanwater
,managementoffecesand
househol
d waste,fr
ee ofdisease vect
ors and r
odent
s,notexcessive

15
 resi
dentialdensi
ty,suff
icientmorni
ng sunli
ght
,prot
ecti
on offood and
beveragesfr
om poll
uti
on,inaddi
ti
ontoadequatel
i
ght
ingandhandl
i
ng.

4. Meettheaccidentpr
eventi
onrequir
ementsbothari
singf
rom t
heoutsi
deand
insi
det hehouseincl
udingtherequi
rementsoftheroadbor
der,const
ruct
ion
thatisnoteasilycol
lapsed,non-
fl
ammable,anddoesnott endtomakei ts
inhabi
tantssl
ip.

 Wast
edi
sposal

Properandproperwastemanagementt
echni
quesmustpayat
tent
iont
ofact
ors
/el
ements,asfol
lows.

1.Wastecollect
ion.Factorsinfl
uencingwast epr oducti
onarethenumberof
popul
ati
onandi t
sst atus,lev
elofact iv
ity
,l i
fepat t
erns/soci
o-economi
c,
geogr
aphicall
ocati
on,climate,season,
andt echnologi
calpr
ogr
ess

2.Gar
bageSt
orage

3.Col
l
ect
ion,
processi
ngandr
euse

4.Tr
anspor
tat
ion

5.Di
sposal

Byknowi ng the elements ofwast

e management
,we can know t
he
rel
ati
onshipsandurgencyofeachoftheseel
ement
ssot
hatwecansolve
theseproblemsef
f i
cient
ly.

 I
nsect
sandNui
sanceAni
mal
s

I
nsect sasr eservoirs( habi
tatandsuv ival
)ger m ofdi seaseswhicharethen
referredtoasv ect orsforexample:ratfleasforbuboni cplague,
Anophel
esspfor
Mal aria,Aedesspf orDengueFev er(DHF) ,Culexspf orMosquitoFootDi
sease/
Fil
ariasis.Prevention/pr event
ionoft hesedi seasesincludedesi
gni
ngahouse/
placef orfoodmanagementwi thratpr off(r
atmeet ing),Mosquit
onetsdi
ppedin
pest i
cidest opr eventAnophel essp,Useofgauzei nv entathomeorwi th
pest i
cidestopr eventelephanti
asisandsani tati
onefforts.

Disr
uptiveani
malsthatcantr
ansmitdi
seasessuchasdogscant ransmitr
abies/
maddogs.Cockr oachesandfl
iescanbeint
ermediari
esfort
ransf
erri
nggermst o
food,causi
ngdiarr
hea.Micecancauselept
ospi
rosisfr
om passi
ngur i
nethathas
beeninfect
edwiththecausat
ivebact
eri
a.

16
 FoodandDr
ink

Foodandbev er
agesani t
ationhy gi
enetar
getsarerest
aurant
s,r
estaur
ants,f
ood
ser
viceandf oodsnacks( processedbyfoodcraf
tsmenatthepoi
ntofsaleandor
ser
vedasr eady-t
o-eatfoodf orsalet
ot hepubli
cotherthanthoseservedby
cat
ering,
restaurants/restaurants,
andhotel
s).

Foodandbev
eragesani
tat
ionr
equi
rement
sforf
oodandbev
eragesani
tat
ion
i
nclude:

1.Locat
ionandbui
l
dingr
equi
rement
s

2.Sani
tat
ionf
aci
l
ityr
equi
rement
s

3.Ki
tchen,
dini
ngr
oom andf
oodwar
ehouser
equi
rement
s

4. Foodandpr
epar
edf
oodr
equi
rement
s

5. Foodpr
ocessi
ngr
equi
rement
s

6.St
orager
equi
rement
sforf
oodi
ngr
edi
ent
sandpr
epar
edf
ood

7.Equi
pmentr
equi
rement
sused

8. Env
ironment
alpol
l
uti
on

Environment alpol l
ut i
oni ncl udingwat erpol luti
on,soi lpoll
ution,airpol lution.
Airpollutioncanbef urt
herdi videdi ntoi ndoorai rpol l
uti
onandoutdoorai r
poll
ut i
on.I ndoorai rpol l
ut i
oni sahousi ng/set tl
ementpr oblem aswel las
publicbui ldi
ngs,t rainbuses,et c.Thi spr obl em hast hepot entialtobear eal
healthpr oblem,consi deringt hathumanst endt obei ndoor srathert hanon
thest r
eet s.Al l
egedl yduet obur ni ngf ir
ewood,ot herhousehol dfueli soneof
theriskf actor sforr espirator yinfect ionsf orchildr
enunderf ive.Regar dingt he
problem ofoutdoorpol lutionorai rpol l
ut i
onout sidet hehome,v ariousdat a
analysisshowst hatt her eisani ncr easingt rend.Sev eralstudieshav eshown
thatther earedi fferencesi nt her iskoft hei mpactofpol l
uti
ononsev eral hi
gh-
ri
skgr oupsofur banv er
susr uralpopul ations.Ther el
ativeriskis12. 5t i
mes
greater.Thi ssi t
uat i
on,f ort heaccumul at i
v etypesofpol l
utants,willcer tainly
bewor sei nt hef uture.Bur ni ngf or estsf oragr i
culturallandorj ustt akingt he
wood t urned outt o hav e a ser ious i mpact ,such as acut er espirat ory
i
nfect i
ons,ey ei rr
itation,f l
ightschedul e disruption,di srupti
on off or est
ecology .

t
ranspor
tat
ion i
nvest
ment and oper
ati
ons hav
e caused env
ironment
al

17
damagei npoorandmi nor
it
ycommuni t
iestobenef i
tthemor eaffl
uenthas
prompt ed planni
ng agencies t
o craft poli
cies ai med at pr omot
ing
env i
ronmentaljusti
ce.Yet,we hav
e only scat
t ered evidence aboutthe
di
st r
ibutionoft hecostsandbenefi
tsderi
v edf rom transport
ati
onpolicy
,
i
nv estment,
andpl anni
ng.

18
 CHAPTERI
II

COVER

A.Concl
usi
on

Envi
ronmentalheal
thi
sani ntegr
alpar
tofpubli
chealt
hsci
encethatspecif
ical
l
ydeal
s
wi
thandstudieshumanrel
ationswit
htheenv
ironmenti
necol
ogi
calbalance.

Way
stoMai
ntai
nEnv
ironment
alHeal
th

1.Donotpol
l
utet
hewat
erbyt
hrowi
nggar
bagei
nther
iver

2.Reduci
ngt
heuseofmot
ori
zedv
ehi
cles

3.Cul
ti
vat
ethel
andasi
tshoul
d

4.Pl
antv
eget
ati
ononv
acantl
ands

Thecont
ri
buti
onoftheenv
ironmentinreali
zi
nghealt
hstatusi
sessent
iali
naddi
ti
ont
o
i
ssuesofcommuni
tybehavi
or,heal
thserv
icesandheredi
ty

B.Suggest
ion

Liv
ingt hingsandt heenv ironmentar ev er
ycl oselyrel
atedt herefor
eifweashumans
arealway spr ot
ectingt heenv i
ronment,thentheenv i
ronmentwi llholdgoodfeedbackon
humanl if
e.Pr otectingt heenv i
ronmenti snotagov ernmentr esponsi
bil
it
y,butour
shared r esponsibility.Thereforewecan st artbymai ntaini
ng indivi
dualhealth and
cl
eanlinessoft heenv ironmentofeachhome.Sowi t
hthei mpl ementati
onofindivi
dual
healt
h, env ironment alhealthwillbecreated.Thi s,
cancreat eacomf or
tabl
eatmospher e
i
ncar r
y ingoutl if
e.Env i
ronment alsust
ainabil
itydependsonourhands, andtheref
orewe
alwayshav etomai ntainitsbeauty .

19
 Ref
erences

Wor
ld Heal
th Or
gani
zat
ion ( . Env
WHO) ironment
al Heal
th. Di
sit
asi dar
i :
ht
tp:
//www.
WHO.
int
.LastUpdat
e:Januar
i2008

Depar
temen Kesehat
an Repubi
kIndonesi
a..Undang-
undang Nomor23 t
ahun 1992
t angKesehat
ent an.

Ment
eriKesehat
anRI
.Per
atur
anMent
eriKesehat
anNo416t
ahun1990t angSy
ent arat
-
sy
aratdanPengawasanKual
i
tasAi
r.

Soepar
mandanSupar
mi PembuanganTi
n.2001. njadanLi
mbahCai
r:Suat
uPengant
ar.
Jakar
ta:
EGC.

Keput
usanMent
eriKesehat
anRepubl
i
kIndonesi
aNomor1098/
MENKES/
SK/
VII
/2003
t angPer
ent syar
atanHy
gieneSani
tasiRumahMakandanRest
oran

Her
don,
J.Mar
vin(
2017)
.AnOpenLet
tert
oMember
sofAGU,
EGU,
andI
PCCAl
l
egi
ng
Pr
omot
ionofFakeSci
enceatt
heExpenseofHumanandHeal
thandComment
son
AGUDr
aftGeoengi
neer
ingPosi
ti
onSt
atement
.NewConcept
sinGl
obalTect
oni
cs
Jour
nal
,v.5,
no.3,
Sept
ember2017.www.
ncgt
jour
nal
.com

Tay
lor&Fr
anci
s(2011)
.Qf
everi
nTheNet
her
lands:t
her
oleofl
ocalenv
ironment
al
condi
ti
ons.
Int
ernat
ional
Jour
nal
ofEnv
ironment
alHeal
thResear
ch2011,
1–11,
i
Fir
star
ti
cle
TchounwouPaul
B.1andZhouJoy
ce2(
2014)
.I
nter
nat
ionalJour
nalofEnv
ironment
al
Resear
chandPubl
i
cHeal
thBestPaperAwar
d2014.
Int
.J.Env
iron.Res.Publ
i
c
Heal
th2014,
11,
1192-
1194;
doi
:
10.
3390/
ij
erph110101192.
Page1193-
1994.
581Page2of9-Page4of9.

Pol
oFav
ioE.&Bi
ondaCl
ari
saL.&Sal
i
nasZul
maA.&Sal
asNancyE.&Mar
ti
no
Adol
foL(
2015)
.Commont
oadRhi
nel
l
aar
enar
um (
Hensel
,1867)andi
tsi
mpor
tancei
n
assessi
ngenv
ironment
alheal
th:t
estofmi
cronucl
eiandnucl
earabnor
mal
i
tiesi
n
er
ythr
ocy
tes.
Env
ironMoni
tAssess(
2015)187:
581DOI10.
1007/
s10661-
015-
4802-
1

20
Bar
ret
tMer
edi
thA.1,
2,
4andBoul
eyTi
mot
hyA.3(
2015)
.Needf
orEnhanced
Env
ironment
alRepr
esent
ati
oni
ntheI
mpl
ement
ati
onofOneHeal
th.
EcoHeal
th
12,
212–219,
2015DOI
:10.
1007/
s10393-
014-
0964-
5.page213-
218.

Schwei
tzerLi
saandVal
enzuel
aAbel,
Jr(
2007)
.Env
ironment
alI
njust
iceand
Tr
anspor
tat
ion:TheCl
aimsandt
heEv
idence.
Jour
nalofPl
anni
ngLi
ter
atur
e2004;
18;
383

Dr
eher
1Kev
inL.
(2004)
.TOXI
COLOGI
CALHI
GHLI
GHTHeal
thandEnv
ironment
alI
mpact
ofNanot
echnol
ogy
:Toxi
col
ogi
calAssessmentofManuf
act
ured
Nanopar
ti
cles.
TOXI
COLOGI
CALSCI
ENCES77,
3–5(
2004)DOI
:10.
1093/
toxsci
/kf
h041

Al
ber
ti
ni1El
i
sabet
h(2018)
.TheCont
ri
but
ionofManagementCont
rolSy
stemst
o
Env
ironment
alCapabi
l
iti
es.
Jour
nalofBusi
nessEt
hics
ht
tps:
//doi
.or
g/10.
1007/
s10551-
018-
3810-
9

Her
ndon1J.Mar
vin,
Hoi
singt
on2Ray
mondD.andWhi
tesi
de3Mar
k(2018)
.Deadl
y
Ul
tr
avi
oletUV-
CandUV-
BPenet
rat
iont
oEar
th’
sSur
face:
HumanandEnv
ironment
al
Heal
thI
mpl
i
cat
ions.
Jour
nal
ofGeogr
aphy
,Env
ironmentandEar
thSci
ence
I
nter
nat
ional
14(
2):
1-11,
2018;
Art
icl
eno.
JGEESI
.40245I
SSN:
2454-
7352

Duane,
1Br
ett,
Ramasubbu,
2Dar
shi
ni,
Har
for
d,2Sar
a,St
einbach,
2Inge,
Stancl
i
ffe,
2
Rachel
,Cr
oasdal
e3Ki
m andPasdeki
-Cl
ewer
3El
eni
(2019)
.Env
ironment
al
sust
ainabi
l
ityandpr
ocur
ement
:pur
chasi
ngpr
oduct
sfort
hedent
alset
ti
ng.
BRI
TISH
DENTAL.JOURNAL|VOLUME226NO.6|MARCH222019

21