PAPER

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

ARRANGED BY :

NABILAH PUTRI SHOLEHA

Class : 2B

MENTOR LECTURER : SURAMTO M.Pd

MINISTRY OF HEALTH REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

POLYTECHNIC HEALTH OF PALEMBANG
PRODI NURSING OF LUBUKLINGGAU
2019-2020

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 PREFACE

Praise author prayed to Allah for mercy and inayahnya so that I can complete a paper entitled "
Environmental Health" This paper is made to fulfill individual tasks English subjects.

In this paper the authors experience any difficulties. But thanks to the guidance and direction of
the various parties akhirnyamakalah can be resolved properly.

author realizes that this paper is still a lot of shortcomings. For the sake of this paper perfectly
constructive criticism and suggestions so I hoped. End the authors hope that this paper can be
useful for the reader.

Lubuklinggau, november 2019

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................2

TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................3

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARI...................................................................................4
A. Background................................................................................................................................4

B. Formulation of the problem.....................................................................................................4

C. Goal...........................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION...................................................................................6
A. Definition of Environmental Health..........................................................................................6

B. Healthy Environmental Requirements.....................................................................................8

C. Ways to Maintain Environmental Health.................................................................................9

D. Purpose of Environmental Health Care...................................................................................9

E. Environmental Health Scope..................................................................................................10

F. Environmental Health Targets................................................................................................11

G. Environmental Health Factors................................................................................................12

H. Effects of Unhealthy Environments on Individuals, Families and Communities...............13

I. Diseases Caused by an Unhealthy Environment..................................................................13

J. Efforts to Overcome Environmental Health.........................................................................14

K. Environmental Health Problems in Indonesia.......................................................................14

CHAPTER III COVER.........................................................................................19

A. Conclusion...............................................................................................................................19

B. Suggestion...............................................................................................................................19

REFERENCES.....................................................................................................20

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARI

A.Background

Environmental health is an important factor in social life, even it is one of the determining or
determining elements in the welfare of the population. Where a healthy environment is needed
not only to improve the degree of public health, but also to improve life and improve work and
study efficiency. The results showed the infant mortality rate in the area caused by behavioral
factors (care during pregnancy and baby care, as well as environmental health) and
environmental health factors.

In the future, the government will focus more on the implementation of sustainable
development and the development of environmentally sustainable areas, while the
infrastructure users, in this case the people who are contacted with better environmental
awareness (know something or know what should be). Our future is faced with the use of
science and technology a more advanced and more complex one that requires better
professionalism with adequate levels of education.

In addition, in the future development process, it is necessary to have an environmental health

technology that emphasizes its efforts when determining the health of pollution caused by
development, this indicator must be easy, inexpensive to be able to change, and sensitive to
indicate changes in environmental quality

B. Formulation of the problem

A. Definition of Environmental Health

B. Healthy Environmental Requirements
C. Ways to Maintain Environmental Health
D. Maintenance Objectives
E. Environmental Health

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 F. Environmental Health Scope

C. GOAL

Students can know the purpose, requirements, procedures and scope of environmental health.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Environmental Health

Understanding Health according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 states
that the notion of health is as "a state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the
absence of disease or weakness".

Environmental health is health that is very important for the smooth life on earth, because the
environment is a place where the person lives. A healthy environment can be said to be healthy
if it meets the requirements of a healthy environment.

Environmental health is an integral part of public health science that specifically deals with and
studies human relations with the environment in ecological balance. So environmental health is
part of public health science.

There are 3 definitions put forward by experts on environmental health, each understanding
born in an effort to solve health problems according to the era and its needs. The three
definitions are:

1. Understanding Environmental Health as an effort, stated by P. Halton Purdon (1971). Purdon

stated that "Environmental Health is part of the basics of health for modern society,
environmental health is an aspect of public health which includes all aspects of human health in
relation to the environment. The aim is to maintain and improve the degree of public health to
the highest level by modifying social factors, physical environmental factors, environmental
characteristics and behaviors that can affect health.

2. The notion of environmental health as a condition was put forward by the World Health
Organization. WHO states that Health health relies on ecological balance that must exist be
man and his environment in order to ensure his weel being. Environmental health is the
realization of an ecological balance between humans and the environment that must exist, so
that people become healthy and prosperous. So that according to WHO Environmental Health
are: Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the
environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the
environment that can potentially affect health. Or if it is concluded "An ecological balance that
must exist between humans and the environment in order to guarantee the healthy state of
humans". According to HAKLI (Association of Indonesian Environmental Health Experts)
environmental health is an environmental condition that is able to sustain a dynamic ecological
balance between humans and their environment to support the achievement of a healthy and
happy quality of human life. In this sense the central point of view of Environmental Health is

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that the achievement of health objectives is a healthy and prosperous society if the conditions
are healthy.

3. Environmental Health is science and art in achieving environmental and human balance,
science and art in environmental management so that conditions are achieved that are clean,
healthy, safe and comfortable and avoid disease disorders. Understanding Environmental
Health as a science, art and technology put forward by several experts including those put
forward by Umar Fahmi Achmadi. According to Umar Fahmi Achmadi (1991), Environmental
Health is the study of the relationship between environmental quality and the health conditions
of a community. Environmental Health Sciences studies the dynamics of interactive
relationships between population groups with all kinds of changes in environmental
components that pose a threat or have the potential to disrupt public health.
Population growth and globalization have resulted in a rapidly changing, highly interconnected world.
Human population is on track to reach 9 billion by 2050, placing increasing demands on limited
resources (UN 2011). Humans, animals, and the environment have always been connected; yet recent
population pressures, resource depletion, and human mobilization have amplified the stress on global
environmental systems that play a deterministic role in health and well-being. The consequences of this
global change are costly for economies, ecosystems, and health systems. As highlighted by the World
Bank, protecting against the negative impacts of these changes is aglobal public good (WB 2010, 2012).
The complex nature and breadth of such threats demand transdisciplinary solutions that address the
connections between human and animal health, and the underlying environmental systems upon which
health relies. Over the past century, approaches to health have focused on anthropocentric
interventions, such as pharmacotherapy or vaccination. One Health offers an alternative, enabling more
systemic, preventive approaches that apply an understanding of social and environmental drivers of
health and disease (Zinsstag et al. 2011; Barrett and Osofsky 2013).One Health is a collaborative
approach increasingly utilized by governments, intergovernmental agencies, academic institutions, and
non-profits. One Health, broadly, can be defined as ‘‘the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines
working locally, nationally and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment
(AVMA 2008)’’. It represents a paradigm shift in developing and implementing health interventions that
proactively engage different health-related disciplines, such as human medicine, veterinary medicine,
public health, and environmental health sciences (Osofsky et al. 2005a, b, 2008; AVMA 2008; WHO
2008). By integrating diverse approaches and perspectives, One Health aims to improve health for
people, domestic animals, wildlife, and ecosystems simultaneously transecting spatial and temporal
dimensions. This approach considers co-benefits and co-challenges so that solutions with multiple
bottom lines can be achieved, whether they are for humans, animals, plants, or ecosystems. The
similarities and differences, and potential benefits of convergence, of One Health and ecohealth have
garnered recent attention (Parkes 2012; Zinsstag et al. 2012). Ecohealth ‘‘strives for sustainable health
of people, animals, and ecosystems by promoting discovery and understanding through transdisciplinary
action-research’’ (EcoHealth 2008), and builds upon knowledge from the natural, social and health
sciences, as well as the humanities (Charron 2012). Ecohealth has long incorporated environmental
issues, having emerged from research aimed at understanding how ecosystems, environmental
degradation, and unsustainable development impact health (Charron 2012). The origins of One Health

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are rooted in the management and emergence of zoonotic disease threats, and as discussed, have a less
robust foundation in environmental sciences. Both ecohealth and One Health espouse a holistic
understanding of health and champion transdisciplinary, systemic approaches. While great overlap and
benefit from collaboration exists, we focus explicitly in this paper on the One Health approach, which
traditionally has been lacking in effective environmental representation. We think there is great
opportunity for ecohealth practitioners to add valuable environmental expertise to One Health research
and interventions. Recently, there have been a number of global One Health policy-relevant actions that
have raised the profile of the approach and stimulated connections through fora for professional
introductions and relationship-building. For example, in recent years, two International One Health
Congresses have been held (Australia and Thailand), with a third planned for 2015 (the Netherlands);
the Global Risk Forum initiated an annual One Health conference in Davos, Switzerland; two One Health
Conferences in Africa have been hosted; the World Bank published its second volume of its One Health
report, ‘‘People, Pathogens, and Our Planet,’’ underscoring economic impacts and opportunities (WB
2012); the World Medical Association and World Veterinary Association co-signed a memorandum to
collaborate on One Health (WMA 2012); and the World Veterinary Association released a position paper
(WVA 2014). Notably in 2008, the World Organizatio for Animal Health (OIE), Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), and theWorld Health Organization (WHO) released a joint strategic concept note in
tri-partite partnership addressing infectious diseases at the animal–human–ecosystems interface, such
as highly pathogenic avian influenza (WHO 2008; FAO/OIE/WHO 2010). As One Health grows, it is
important to understand its maturation; gauge environmental representation in One Health institutions,
organizations, conferences, and publications; and suggest ways to enhance integration of environmental
drivers, data, and disciplines into the future development of One Health. With policy and research
coming to increasingly focus on issues of global environmental change, i.e., climate change, ocean
acidification, urbanization, it is ever more important to build environmental perspectives into the One
Health approach to maximize its relevancy and impact. Doing so will bring One Health into professional
circles where its utility can be rediscovered, amplified, and applied.

B. Healthy Environmental Requirements

 State of water

Healthy water is water that is not functioning, is not polluted and can be seen the clarity
of the air, if it is certain that its cleanliness is prepared at a temperature of 1000C, so the
bacteria in the air die.
In recent years, several techniques have been developed to assess the pollution from
human activities. Evaluation of environment quality, particularly in aquatic ecosystems,
has traditionally been based on physicochemical measurements of water. Organisms in
aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to mixtures of xenobiotics in low
concentrations, and it is difficult to predict adverse effects when information is obtained
exclusively from chemical analyses (Quesada Garcia et al. 2013).

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  Air Condition

Healthy air is the air inside it is needed, for example oxygen and in it are not polluted by
substances that damage the body, for example CO2 (carbon dioxide).

 State of land

Healthy soil is good soil for growing plants, and is not polluted by heavy metal
substances.

 sound / noise

Namely how in a place that is not noisy conditions that can be called a place of
entertainment / human hearing devices.

C. Ways to Maintain Environmental Health

 Don't pollute the water by throwing garbage in the river.

 Reducing the use of motorized vehicles

  Cultivate the land as it should

 Plant crops on vacant land

D.Purpose of Environmental Health Care

 Reducing Global Warming.

By planting as many plants as possible on vacant land, we also participate in reducing

global warming, carbon, O2 (oxygen) produced by plants and indirect substances, CO2
(carbon) which causes the hollow earth's atmosphere to be absorbed by plants and
directly the O2 substances produced can be enjoyed by humans to breathe.

 keep the environment clean

With a healthy environment, we must maintain cleanliness, because a healthy

environment is a clean environment from all diseases and rubbish. Waste is the most
important cleanliness mush. Garbage can be cleaned in the following ways;

1. Cleaning Organic Waste Organic, organic waste is waste that can be eaten by organic
substances in the soil, so organic waste can be cleaned by burying it in organic waste,
for example organic waste:

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 1. Plant leaves
2. Plant branches
3. Plant roots
2. Clean Non-Organic Waste, Non-organic waste is rubbish that cannot be destroyed
(eaten by organic substances) by itself, so non-organic waste can be cleaned by burning
it and then burying it.

E. Environmental Health Scope

The contribution of the environment in realizing health status is essential in addition to issues
of community behavior, health services and heredity. The environment provides the biggest
contribution to the emergence of public health problems.

1. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are 17 environmental health
scopes, namely:

a. Provision of Drinking Water

b. Waste water management and pollution control

c. Solid Waste Disposal

d. Vector Control

e. Prevention / control of soil pollution by human excreta

f. Food hygiene, including milk hygiene

g. Air pollution control

h. Radiation control

i. Occupational health

j. Noise control

k. Housing and settlement

l. Kesling and air transportation aspects

m. Regional and urban planning

n. Accident prevention

o. General recreation and tourism

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 p. Sanitation measures related to epidemics / epidemics, natural disasters and
population movements

q. .Precautions needed to guarantee the environment.

2. According to Indonesian Law

In Indonesia, the scope of environmental health is explained in Article 22 paragraph (3)

of Law No. 23 of 1992, the scope of kesling is eight, namely:

a. Sanitary Water and Air,

b. Securing solid waste / rubbish,

c. Safekeeping of liquid waste,

d. Securing gas waste,

e. Radiation protection,

f. Noise protection,

g. Safeguarding disease vectors,

h. Sanitation and other safeguards, such as post-disaster conditions,

F. Environmental Health Targets

According to Article 22 paragraph (2) of Law 23/1992, the targets of implementing

environmental health are as follows:

1. Public places: hotels, terminals, markets, shops, and similar businesses.

2. Residential environment: residential, dormitory or similar.

3. Work environment: offices, industrial estate or similar.

4. Public transportation: land, sea and air vehicles used for public use.

5. Other environments: for example those of a special nature such as environments that
are in a state of emergency, catastrophic large-scale population movements, reactors or
special places.

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G.Environmental Health Factors

An environment that has the potential and carrying capacity to create a society free
from all kinds of diseases. The following are the factors that influence environmental
health, namely:

 Physical Factor

Physical factors such as biotics and abiotics, where these factors play an important
role for the community in paying attention to where their residence will be built. If a
house is built in the countryside, it is certainly adjusted to the conditions in the
countryside. For example, the condition of clean water protected from pollution will
have a positive impact on the health of the rural community.

 Social Factors

Social factors in the form of behavior, intelligence, customs, in which these factors
play a role in community relations and the environment. For example, people who
live in earthquake-prone areas, the houses they build in these areas must be made
of lightweight but sturdy materials. Besides that the community is also trying to
create a healthy environment with certain businesses. For example the community
made a garbage collection facility.

 Economic factors

Economic factors in the form of employment, income, poverty, where in general the
environment is occupied by most people who can not afford, then indirectly affect
the health of the environment in which they live. For example in slum areas, because
their financial condition makes it impossible to create a healthy and good
environment.

H. Effects of Unhealthy Environments on Individuals, Families and Communities

 Effects of an Unhealthy Environment on Individuals

If the clean environment influences the individual, especially on the work quality
(productivity) of the individual. While individuals who are in an unhealthy environment,
will be in productivity that tends to decline. Air, water, food, clothing, boards, and all
their needs are taken from the environment. However, it affects both positive and
negative individuals. Healthy environment and adequate nutrition can prevent a person
from disease.

 Effects of an Unhealthy Environment on the Family

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 A healthy family comes from a healthy home environment, so family health can
improve. A house that is clean enough can provide comfort for its residents. A house
with adequate ventilation can prevent the family from the risk of developing
respiratory diseases or disorders. The percentage of healthy home ownership that
tends to increase indicates that there has been a change in behavior that can
improve the level of environmental health. Because for the majority of our society,
the house is not only a place to rest, but also as a gathering place for family
members, neighbors, even distant families. Thus, in an unhealthy house can be a
place of disease transmission and a negative indication of efforts to improve
environmental health.

 The influence of unhealthy environment on society

A healthy environment will make people avoid disease. The actions of the community to
dispose of waste carelessly, will have an impact on health and survival, the emergence
of disease against unhealthy communities, and the emergence of disasters due to the
uncontrolled acts of ignorant community.

I. Diseases Caused by an Unhealthy Environment

There are many diseases caused by an unhealthy environment, including:

 Cholera

Cholera is a gastrointestinal disease that is channeled through the use of water in

everyday life.

 Typhus Stomach

Stomach typhus is a gastrointestinal disease that is transmitted through the use of water
in daily life. The use of water that does not meet health requirements for household use
causes many people with contagious stomach disease.

 Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a gastrointestinal disease characterized by watery patches with or without

blood and vomiting. This disease is caused by organic / functional damage to the
digestive tract.

 Leptospitosis

Leptospitosis is a disease that is caused by a rainwater that has been contaminated with
rat urine. Malaria and DHF Malaria and DHF are diseases that are caused by mosquitoes
that develop in water storage containers, while sufferers are channeled through
mosquito bites.

 Tuberculosis

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 Tuberculosis is a disease that develops in dense settlements with poor air exchange.

 Smallpox

Smallpox is a disease caused by a virus present in the air. Smallpox infection arises
when there is direct contact with sufferers / clothing sufferers.

 Influenza

Influenza is a highly contagious disease, transmitted through the air.

J. Efforts to Overcome Environmental Health

 Effort in Managing Environment Environmental Management Efforts which include

ecosystems, coastal areas, and marine ecosystems.

 Efforts to Manage Artificial Environments Environmental management efforts related to

pollution regulation relating to air, air, air protection and waste management.

 Social Environmental Management Efforts Efforts to manage the social environment

include development of the quality of life of the population and development of
environmental quality.

 Social Capital Development Efforts Efforts to develop social capital include

environmental wisdom, environmental ethics, and high social development.

K. Environmental Health Problems in Indonesia

Problems Environmental health is a complex problem which requires an integration of various

related sectors to overcome them. In Indonesia problems in environmental health include:

 Clean water

Clean water is water that is used for daily purposes whose quality meets health
requirements and can be drunk if it has been cooked. Drinking water is water whose
quality meets health requirements and can be drunk directly.

The requirements for clean water quality are as follows:

1. Physical Requirements: Odorless, tasteless, and colorless

2. Chemical Requirements: Iron content: maximum allowable 0,3 mg / l.

3. Microbiological Requirements: Fecal coliform / total coliform (max 0.00000000002

per 100 ml of water).

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 Dirt / Feces Disposal

A good method of removing stool is using a toilet with the following conditions:

1. Surface soil must not be contaminated

2. Contamination of groundwater that may not enter a spring or well may occur

3. Surface water must not be contaminated Feces should not be reached by flies and
other animals No fresh stool handling should occur; or, if absolutely necessary, must
be limited to a minimum

4. Latrines must be free from unsightly odors or conditions

5. The method of manufacture and operation must be simple and inexpensive.

 Health Settlement In general,

a house can be said to be healthy if it meets the following criteria.

1. Meet physiological needs, namely: lighting, adequate air and space, avoiding
disturbing noise

2. Meet psychological needs, namely: adequate privacy, healthy communication

between family members and residents of the house

3. Meet the requirements for preventing transmission of disease between occupants of

the house by providing clean water, management of feces and household waste,
free of disease vectors and rodents, not excessive residential density, sufficient
morning sunlight, protection of food and beverages from pollution, in addition to
adequate lighting and handling.

4. Meet the accident prevention requirements both arising from the outside and
inside the house including the requirements of the road border, construction that is
not easily collapsed, non-flammable, and does not tend to make its inhabitants slip.

 Waste disposal

Proper and proper waste management techniques must pay attention to factors /
elements, as follows.

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 1. Waste collection. Factors influencing waste production are the number of
population and its status, level of activity, life patterns / socio-economic,
geographical location, climate, season, and technological progress

2. Garbage Storage

3. Collection, processing and reuse

4. Transportation

5. Disposal

By knowing the elements of waste management, we can know the relationships

and urgency of each of these elements so that we can solve these problems
efficiently.

 Insects and Nuisance Animals

Insects as reservoirs (habitat and suvival) germ of diseases which are then referred to as
vectors for example: rat fleas for bubonic plague, Anopheles sp for Malaria, Aedes sp for
Dengue Fever (DHF), Culex sp for Mosquito Foot Disease / Filariasis. Prevention /
prevention of these diseases include designing a house / place for food management
with rat proff (rat meeting), Mosquito nets dipped in pesticides to prevent Anopheles sp
, Use of gauze in vent at home or with pesticides to prevent elephantiasis and sanitation
efforts.

Disruptive animals that can transmit diseases such as dogs can transmit rabies / mad
dogs. Cockroaches and flies can be intermediaries for transferring germs to food,
causing diarrhea. Mice can cause leptospirosis from passing urine that has been infected
with the causative bacteria.

 Food and Drink

Food and beverage sanitation hygiene targets are restaurants, restaurants, food service
and food snacks (processed by food craftsmen at the point of sale and or served as
ready-to-eat food for sale to the public other than those served by catering,
restaurants / restaurants, and hotels) .

Food and beverage sanitation requirements for food and beverage sanitation include:

1. Location and building requirements

2. Sanitation facility requirements

3. Kitchen, dining room and food warehouse requirements

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4. Food and prepared food requirements

5. Food processing requirements

6. Storage requirements for food ingredients and prepared food

7. Equipment requirements used

8. Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution including water pollution, soil pollution, air pollution. Air
pollution can be further divided into indoor air pollution and out door air pollution.
Indoor air pollution is a housing / settlement problem as well as public buildings,
train buses, etc. This problem has the potential to be a real health problem,
considering that humans tend to be indoors rather than on the streets. Allegedly
due to burning firewood, other household fuel is one of the risk factors for
respiratory infections for children under five. Regarding the problem of out door
pollution or air pollution outside the home, various data analysis shows that there is
an increasing trend. Several studies have shown that there are differences in the risk
of the impact of pollution on several high-risk groups of urban versus rural
populations. The relative risk is 12.5 times greater. This situation, for the
accumulative types of pollutants, will certainly be worse in the future. Burning
forests for agricultural land or just taking the wood turned out to have a serious
impact, such as acute respiratory infections, eye irritation, flight schedule disruption,
disruption of forest ecology.

transportation investment and operations have caused environmental damage in

poor and minority communities to benefit the more affluent has prompted planning
agencies to craft policies aimed at promoting environmental justice. Yet, we have
only scattered evidence about the distribution of the costs and benefits derived
from transportation policy, investment, and planning.

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 CHAPTER III

COVER

A. Conclusion

Environmental health is an integral part of public health science that specifically deals with and
studies human relations with the environment in ecological balance.

Ways to Maintain Environmental Health

1. Do not pollute the water by throwing garbage in the river

2. Reducing the use of motorized vehicles

3. Cultivate the land as it should

4. Plant vegetation on vacant lands

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The contribution of the environment in realizing health status is essential in addition to issues
of community behavior, health services and heredity

B. Suggestion

Living things and the environment are very closely related therefore if we as humans are
always protecting the environment, then the environment will hold good feedback on human
life. Protecting the environment is not a government responsibility, but our shared
responsibility. Therefore we can start by maintaining individual health and cleanliness of the
environment of each home. So with the implementation of individual health, environmental
health will be created. This, can create a comfortable atmosphere in carrying out life.
Environmental sustainability depends on our hands, and therefore we always have to maintain
its beauty.

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