Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr S. Parthasarathy.
MD., DA., DNB., PhD(physiology) FICA,
Dip software based statistics.
CUGRA,IDRA.
Professor , Mahatma Gandhi medical college and research institute – Pondicherry
Associate editor - IJA
WHAT IS HYPOXIA ?
OXYGEN FLUX
• Oxygen flux = CARDIAC OUTPUT × 1.34 × Hb × SATURATION
• Saturation is important
• 90 % IS great
• Definition of hypoxia is
• PaO2 < 60 mmHg -SaO2 < 90 %
WHY WE ARE BOTHERED
• A healthy fellow comes
• We give narcotics
• Anaesthetics
• Agents
• Relaxants
• Smokers
• Hypothermia
• Fluid overload
• Elderly
• and obesity
• Preop SaO2 < 95 %
WHAT SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
• Tachypnea,
• Dyspnea
• Irregular breathing
• Tachycardia
• Early hypertension – late hypotension
• A sufficiently large decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen leads to hypoxia. The
decrease in CO2 pressure can also potentiate this effect when ventilation is suppressed,
leading to potential hypoxemia.
• Occurs only for a few minutes
• Mechanism ??
UPPER AIRWAY
• Tongue fall
• Oro or nasopharyngeal airways
• Laryngospasm
• Laryngeal muscle weakness
• Thyroid surgeries
• Airway edema expected
• Tube trauma
• Anaphylaxis
• Throat packs
AGENTS OR NARCOTICS OR
NM BLOCKERS
Unconscious ?
Not always the agent --- it can be respiratory depression and CO2 narcosis
Pinpoint pupils
TOF ?
BRONCHOSPASM
• Pharyngeal and tracheal stimulation from secretions, aspiration, or suctioning can trigger
constriction of bronchial smooth muscle.
• Neostigmine
• Disinfectant spray
• Anaphylaxis
• Electrolyte disturbances
• Hypothermia
• Myopathies
• Drugs like magnesium
• Organ dysfunction
• Dosage
• Recurarization
ATELECTASIS
• Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative
patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung
function or compromise to the lung’s immune defences.
• Obesity, abdominal surgeries
• WHY ??
Supraclavicular
brachial plexus
• OXYGEN high FIO2
• ICD SOS
Any bulla in CxR
• Clinical scenarios ??
PNEUMONIA
• Chest pain
• Cough fever
• Chills Main determinants for pneumonia after
• Dyspnea surgery were hypertension, chronic renal
failure,
extubation after 6h
reintubation.
• May go for hypotension !!
• Expect when ??
CULTURE AND ANTIBIOTICS WITH
PHYSIO
• Myocardial infarct
• Anaphylaxis ECG, CxR, USG,
• Negative pressure ECHO
• Neurogenic
• Fluid overload Oxygen,. Diuretics
and NIV
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnoea • ECG
• Signs of DVT
• Low grade fever • ECHO ?
• New onset arrhythmia
• CT angiography ?
• Abrupt or slower
• Supportive with heparin / thrombolysis
24 – 48 hours • Long term heparin
later
CIRCULATORY AND ANEMIC
• Anemic hypoxia - CO Hb
Just delayed
• TRALI , aspiration ARDS
Thank you
all