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Source Rock Potential of Salodik Formation, Western Peleng Island,

Banggai Basin
Guntur Adham Syahputra1), Warto Utomo2), Arief Rahman2)
1) Students of Petroleum Engineering D-III Study Program, AKAMIGAS BALONGAN,
Indramayu, Indonesia
2) Petroleum Engineering D-III Study Program, AKAMIGAS BALONGAN, Indramayu,
Indonesia
Email: gunturadham@gmail.com

Abstract (east coast of Central Sulawesi, Peleng Island,

Banggai Basin is one of the productive basins
in Indonesia, which are consist of offshore area
(Banda Sea) and onshore area (eastern coast
of Central Sulawesi, Peleng Island, Banggai
Islands). Banggai Basin contributed significant
gas production, which are of Senoro and
Donggi-Matindok Fields. The research area is
located on the western of Peleng Island, which
is the edge of the Banggai Basin. This research
aims to obtained the characteristics, potential
and maturity of the Eocene-Miocene source
rock of the Salodik Formation. Geochemical
data measurements were carried out in the
laboratory including Total Organic Carbon
(TOC) and Rock Eval Pyrolysis. Geochemical
data which directly obtained are TOC, S1, S2,
S3 and Tmax, based on these parameters are
mathematically obtained derivative of
geochemical data i.e. potential yield (PY),
hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and
productivity index (PI). Analysis and
interpretation of geochemical data are
conducted through the plots of pseudo depth
against TOC, PY, HI, and PI, TOC against HI,
OI against HI and Tmax against HI. Analysis
and interpretation are related to regional
geology around the research area. The results
of this research are; the source rock character
and potential of Salodik Formation are rich of
organic material which show on the value of
TOC and PY, the kerogen type are II / III. The
maturity level indicates were immature, but if
the source rock of Salodik Formation at
optimum maturity condition, it could generated
oil and gas.
Keywords : source rocks, Total Organic
Carbon, Rock Eval Pyrolysis, maturity
Introduction
This research area is located on the western
part of Peleng Island, which is the edge of the
Banggai Basin. The Banggai Basin is one of the
productive basins in Indonesia which consists
of offshore area (Banda Sea) and onshore area
Banggai Islands). The Banggai Basin
contributes significant gas production, i.e.;
Senoro and Donggi-Matindok Fields.
Geochemistry is one way to determine the
level of oil maturity, TOC (Total Organic
Carbon) and type of organic material. The
amount of organic material contained as Total
Organic Carbon (TOC). This analysis is quite
cheap, simple and fast. It usually requires one
gram of rock, but if the sample is a lot of
organic material, an amount smaller than one
gram is sufficient.
TOC analysis is usually carried out with a
carbon analyzer, the Leco Carbon Analyzer.
The technique is to burn a powdered sample,
free of carbonate minerals at high
temperatures with oxygen rock. All organic
carbon is converted into carbon dioxide, which
is then trapped in the device and released in
the detector when the combustion is over.
Source Rock Analysis is an analytical method
used to determine the maturity of the source
rock and the quality of the source rock in the
form of data on S1, S2, S3, Tmax. From the
data, the data is obtained from HI, OI, PY, PC
and PI.
Data and Method
This research was carried out on the western
part of Peleng Island (Figure 1), which is the
edge of the Banggai Basin. The Banggai Basin
is one of the productive basins in Indonesia
which consists of offshore (Banda Sea) and
onshore (East coast of Central Sulawesi,
Peleng Island, Banggai Islands). The Banggai
Basin contributes significant production,
including from Senoro Field and Donggi-
Matindok Field.
The data used is field data in the form of 5
main rock samples consisting of 1 shale rock
sample and 4 coal rock samples. (Figure 2)
This study aims to obtain the characteristics,
potential and maturity of the Eocene-Miocene
rock samples of the Salodik Formation.
Geochemical data measurements were carried
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out in the laboratory including Total Organic
Carbon (TOC) and Rock Eval Pyrolysis. The
sample used came from the Salodik Formation.
Before the measurement is starting, a rock
preparation process is carried out, which is to
prepare samples that are still from nature .
The preparation process is carried out in the
form of destruction of the sample into powder,
washing, acidification and drying which after
the process is done the sample is ready to be
used for analysis.
(GA-3S) with lithology shaly coaly received a
TOC value of 20,46%, then the third sample
(GA-6) with coal lithology received a TOC value
of 47,04%, then the fourth sample (GA-7) with
coal lithology received a TOC value of 53,86%,
then the fifth sample (GA-8)) with coal
lithology received a TOC value of 53,28%.
Second, about the values of S1, S2, S3, and
Tmax, the following are the results obtained
from five samples. The first sample (GA-3)
with shale lithology got S1 value 1,91 mg / g,
S2 56,61 mg / g, S3 1,75 mg / g and Tmax
426,3 ° C, then the second sample (GA-3S )
with coal lithology shaly gets S1 value of 0,79
mg / g, S2 49,58 mg / g, S3 2,96 mg / g and
Tmax 417,2 ° C, then the third sample (GA-6)
with coal lithology got S1 score of 1,76 mg /
gg, S2 at 107,11 mg / g, S3 at 13,15 mg / g
and Tmax 407,7 ° C, then the fourth sample
(GA-7) with coal lithology got S1 value 2,18
mg / g, S2 at 166,27 mg / g, S3 at 10,78 mg /
g and Tmax 412,2 ° C, then the fifth sample
(GA-8) with coal lithology gets S1 value of
0,56 mg / g , S2 89,72 mg / g, S3 11,18 mg /
g and Tmax 408,1 ° C.

NOMOR NO. GEOKIMIA NO. KODE TOC ( % ) S1 (mg/g) S2 (mg/g) S3 (mg/g) Tmax ( °C )

1 18.38.01 GA-3 9,9533 1,91 56,61 1,75 426,3

2 18.38.02 GA-3S 20,469 0,79 49,58 2,96 417,2

3 18.38.03 GA-6 47,044 1,76 107,11 13,15 407,7

4 18.38.04 GA-7 53,856 2,18 166,27 10,78 412,2

5 18.38.05 GA-8 53,286 0,56 89,72 11,18 408,1

Table 1: Data from the analysis using the

Figure 1: The geological map of Peleng
Island, (Surono et al, 1993). The reasearch
area at Western Peleng Island.
Leco Carbon Analyzer is a tool used to obtain
TOC values. Source Rock Analyzer is a tool
used to obtain data in the form of values of S1,
S2, S3, and Tmax. TOC, S1, S2, S3 and Tmax
data are initial data obtained from the results
of those two tools. Measurement and initial
data are presented in (Table 1). Preliminary or
primary data is used to obtain the derived
data. Table 1 shows the results for the five
samples analyzed. First for the TOC analysis
of the five samples obtained as follows the first
sample (GA-3) with shale lithology received a
TOC value of 9,9%, then the second sample
Leco Carbon Analyzer and Rock Source
Analyzer.
Derived data are data obtained from
mathematical calculations of primary data.
Derivative data includes PY, PI, HI, OI and S1 /
S2. The results of data processing can be seen
in Table 2 and the calculations are in the
attachment 1 part of the data processing
analysis of the quality and quantity of the
source rock. For the formula used are as
follows:

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PYROLISIS
NOMOR NO. GEOKIMIA NO. KODE TOC ( % ) S2/S3
PI = ..................... Eq 1 S1 (mg/g) S2 (mg/g) S3 (mg/g) Tmax ( °C ) PY PI HI OI
1 18.38.01 GA-3 9,9533 1,91 56,61 1,75 426,3 58,52 0,032638 568,7561 17,58211 32,34857

2 18.38.02 GA-3S 20,469 0,79 49,58 2,96 417,2 50,37 0,015684 242,2199 14,46089 16,75
HI = ................. Eq 2
3 18.38.03 GA-6 47,044 1,76 107,11 13,15 407,7 108,87 0,016166 227,6805 27,95256 8,145247

4 18.38.04 GA-7 53,856 2,18 166,27 10,78 412,2 168,45 0,012942 308,7307 20,01634 15,42393
OI = .................. Eq 3
5 18.38.05 GA-8 53,286 0,56 89,72 11,18 408,1 90,28 0,006203 168,3744 20,98112 8,025045

PY = S1 + S2 ......................... Eq 4 Table 2 : Data processing data analysis results using a Leco

Carbon Analyzer and Rock Source Analyzer.

S2/S3 = ............................... Eq 5
The following are the results of data processing
for derivative data in the form of HI, OI, PI and
PY values. The first sample (GA-3) with shale
lithology got the Hydrogen Index (HI) value of
568,76 then the Oxygen Index (OI) value was
17,58 then the Potential Yield (PY) value was
58,52 and the last Production Index (PI) value
was 0,03, then the second sample (GA -3S)
with coaly shaly lithology gets the Hydrogen
Index value of 242,22 then the Oxygen Index
value is 14,46 then the Potential Yield value is
50,37 and the last Production Index value is
0,02, then the third sample (GA-6) with coal
lithology get the Hydrogen Index value of
227,22 then the Oxygen Index value of 27,95
then the Potential Yield value is 108.87 and the
last Production Index value is 0,02, then the
fourth sample (GA-7) with coal lithology gets
the Hydrogen Index value is 308,73 then the
Oxygen Index value is 20,02 then the Potential
Yield value is 168,45 and the last Production
Index value is 0,01, then the fifth sample (GA-
8) with coal lithology gets the Hydrogen Index
value amounting to 168,37 then the Oxygen
Index value of 20,98 then the Potential Yield
value of 90,28 and the last Production Index
value of 0,01.
Result and Discussion
The geochemical analysis and intrepreted data
refer to "Applied Source Rock Geochemistry"
by Kenneth E. Peters and Mary Rose Cassa
published in 1994. The analysis and
interpretation included character and potential
of source rock, kerogen type and maturity of
Salodik Formation.
Refer to Surono et al, 1993 in Geological Map
of the Batui, Sulawesi, that the Salodik
Formasi (Tems); consist of dominated
limestone with marl (shale) intercalation. The
age of the Salodik Formation Eocene – Miocene
time. The Salodik Formation equivalent with
Tomori and Matindok Formations (Muhartanto
and Purwanto, 2011). Based on internal report
GDA Consulting that, there are several coal
outcrops has been observed around Western
Peleng Island. Most of coal outcrops are
physically categorized as bituminous coal
(lignite/brown coal). The Coal thickness
variation is from 0.3 – 2 meter, and it
interbedding rock units of coal layer is
dominated by claystone and limestone.
Stratigraphy composite from outcrop
observation are dominated by limestone with
interbreeding layer of coal and carbonaceous
shale (Figure 2). The depositional was
interpreted are lagoon with marine influx
setting (paleo environment).

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Figure 2: Stratigraphic section of Salodik
Formation of the Peleng Island (GDA Team,
2017).
1. Potential of Source Rock
Potential and quality of source rocks can be
seen from the analysis of plots TOC, S1 and PY
against pseudo-depth. Graphic 1 show plot of
TOC against pseudo-depth, which the potential
of source rocks of Salodik Formation overall
excellent. Graphic 2 show plot of S1 against
pseudo-depth, which the potential of source
rocks of Salodik Formation overall ranged from
moderate to good. Graphic 3 show plot of PY
against pseudo-depth, which the potential of
source rocks of Salodik Formation overall very
good quality.
Graphic 1: Plot of TOC against pseudo-
depth.
Graphic 2: Plot of S1 against pseudo-
depth.
Graphic 3: Plot of PY against pseudo-depth.
TOC analysis comparison with previous study
by Muhartono and Purwanto (2011) as below;
the Salodik Formation equivalent with Tomori
and Matindok Formations. Tomori Formation
has TOC value in range good predicate
(1,81%) to very good (2,83%) and the
Matindok Formation has TOC are fair (<1%).
Refer to Muhartanto and Purwanto in 2011,
shown the value of S1 in the Matindok
Formation in interval 0,1 to 0,3 with the poor
category and the Tomori Formation has S1
value in interval 0,3 to 9 with predicate poor to
exellent. The Tomori and the Matindok
Formations have PY value in range good to
excellent category. Generally, based on
analysis and previous study, that the Salodik
Formation of Peleng Island have potential and
quality of source rock in range interval
moderate to excellent with are rich in organic
material.
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2. Kerogen Type

Kerogen type of source rocks of the Salodik

Formation can be seen from the analysis of
plots TOC against HI, OI against HI and Tmax
against HI. Based on the plot of TOC against
HI shown in Graphic 4, the Salodik Formation
shows the source rock potential were
generated oil and gas prone. Plot of HI against
OI in the van Krevelen diagram, Graphic 5
shows a source rock of Salodik Formation has
kerogen types I and II. While the plot of Tmax
against HI (Graphic 6) shows a source rocks of
Salodik Formation show kerogen types II and
II/III.
According to Muhartanto and Purwanto in 2011
stated that for the Tomori Formation for the
kerogen types are II/III and III and the
Matindok Formation is kerogen type III.
Finally, Salodik Formation kerogen type are I
(shale sample) II, II/III and III (for coal
sample).

Graphic 5: Plot of OI against HI for analysis

kerogen type in the study.

Graphic 4: Plot of TOC against HI for

identifies source rock potential. TOC show
excellent with oil and gas prone.

Graphic 6: Plot of Tmax against HI for

analysis kerogen type in the study.

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3. Maturity Level of Source Rock
Maturity is obtained by analyzing the plots of
Tmax against pseudo-depth and Tmax against
HI (Graphic 7 and 6). Tmax obtained from the
analysis of rock eval pyrolysis. Based on plots
of Tmax against pseudo-depth, the source rock
of the Salodik Formation in Peleng Island is
immature.
Graphic 7: Plot of Tmax against pseudo-
depth.
Also, based on the PI plot against pseudo-
depth (Graphic 8) the geochemical samples of
the Salodik Formation in range 0.006 to 0.032
with associated immature maturity. Based on
Muhartanto and Purwanto in 2011, Matindok
Formation maturity level is immature, while
the Tomori Formation maturity level in interval
immature to early mature.
Graphic 8: Plot of PI vs pseudo-depth.
Finally, the Salodik Formation of the Peleng
Island have potential and quality of the source
rock with ranged moderate to excellent.
Potential and quality estimate by TOC, S1, and
PY. The Salodik Formation have kerogen types
II, II/III and III, with the associated to
generated oil and gas (oil and gas prone). The
Salodik Formation have maturity level
immature, but if the source rock of Salodik
Formation at optimum maturity condition, it
could generated oil and gas.
Conclusions
The interpreted of the geochemical analysis of
Salodik Formation in Western Peleng Island,
Banggai Basin are as follows:
1. The potential and the quality of the source
rocks of the Eo-Miocene Salodik Formation
overall ranged from moderate to excellent.
Source rocks character of Salodik Formation
are rich in organic material shown on the
value of TOC, S1 and PY.
2. Kerogen type of the source rocks of the Eo-
Miocene Salodik Formation are types II,
II/III and III, with associated to produce oil
and gas (oil and gas prone).
3. Source rocks maturity of Eo-Miocene
Salodik Formation based on Tmax, that the
source rocks is immatured. If the source
rock of Salodik Formation reach to optimum
maturity, it can generated oil and gas.
References
GDA team, 2017, Coal Prospection Survey;
Peleng Island, Banggai Kepulauan Sub-
Province, Central Sulawesi, GDA Consulting,
Jakarta.
Muhartanto, A., and Purwanto, T., 2011.
Potensi Batuan Induk Di Cekungan
Banggai, Sulawesi Tengah, Universitas
Trisakti, Jakarta, Mindagi Vol. 2.
Peters, K.E., and Cassa, M.R., 1994, Applied
Source Rock Geochemistry. In L. B. Magoon
and W. G. Dow (eds.), The Petroleum
System-From Source to Trap. AAPG Memoir
60. Tulsa: American Association of
PetroleumGeologists.
Surono, Simandjuntak, T.O., Situmorang, R.L.,
and Sukido, 1993. Geological Map of the
Batui, Sulawesi, Pusat Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
Waples, D.W., 1985, Geochemistry in
Petroleum Exploration, International Human
Resources Development Corporation,
Boston.
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Acknowledgements

We thank to members of the Technical

Program Committee JCY 2019 (HAGI-IAGI-
IAFMI-IATMI) for selecting this paper to be
published and presented in the Convention, to
GDA Consulting Managements who gave their
permission to publish this paper (data), to both
Mr. Warto Utomo, S.Si., M.Eng., and
Mr. Arief Rahman, S.Si., M.Si., for their advise
and support to the completion of this paper, to
Mr. Ario Budi Wicaksono, S.T., M.Sc.
(LEMIGAS) for advise during research at
Laboratories, then to Akamigas Balongan
Friend’s for supporting during preparation of
this manuscript.