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JOINT CONVENTION YOGYAKARTA 2019, HAGI – IAGI – IAFMI- IATMI (JCY 2019)
Tentrem Hotel, Yogyakarta, November 25th – 28th, 2019
Geological Structure Identification at Ijen, East Java, Indonesia by
Using Integration of Remote Sensing Data and TOPEX Gravity Satellite
Data
Nurdianasari Latuconsina1, Dhara Adhnandya Kumara1, Satyaningtyas Sih Winanti1,
Adinda Nabila Herdani1
1
Study Program of Geophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas
Indonesia
Abstract
Indonesia is known as a country that has many potentials of
geothermal energy. One of it is Ijen volcanic complex that
located in East Java, showed by it’s surface manifestations
abundance. Surface manifestation found in Ijen is
hotspring which identifies the outflow zone, while the main
target for preliminary exploration in geothermal to
determine the prospect area is upflow zone. The upflow
zone can predicted by delineating the geological structure.
The aim of this study is to identify the geological structure
in order to predicted the geothermal prospect area by
integrating remote sensing data and TOPEX Gravity
Satellite Data. Remote sensing data used in this study is
Landsat 8. These data used to analyze land surface
temperature (LST) from single thermal infra red band,
surface emissivity based on Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) of study area and determine the
structure delineation. Gravity Satellite Data is used to map
the gravity anomoaly at Ijen volcanic complex. Processing
of gravity data results high anomaly zone in southern part
of the study area and predicted as the prospect area
beacause it is assume associated with plutonic body. High
contrast of density shows that there are faults at that area.
In line with faults, there are several hotsprings because
faults functions as pathway for geothermal fluids to rise to
the surface. This is supported by remote sensing data that
shows high LST that contolled by the main structure.
Introduction
This study takes place at Blawan-Ijen geothermal prospect
area at Bondowoso regency, East Java, Indonesia. Blawan-
Ijen is a geothermal prospect zone located inside the
ancient Kendeng Caldera with a diameter of 14-16 km.
Tectonic structures probably takes an important role in
controlling geothermal system. These structures probably
trigger volcanic product inside the caldera.
The geothermal prospect of Tulehu is indicated by the
occurrence of hotsprings spotted in the northern part of the
study with a temperature about 50° C (Afandi et al., 2013;
Raehanayati et al., 2013). The hot-spring indicated as
geothermal outflow zone manifestation.
Data and Method
 Landsat 8 and GDEM ASTER
The study used Landsat 8 image data and GDEM ASTER
data with path / row 117/66 in the southern hemisphere 50
UTM coordinate system which obtained from downloads
from the USGS EarthExplorer.
The Landsat 8 image was processed using and ArcGIS 10.2
software to obtain a map of land
surface temperature, vegetation index, composite
band, and topography.
1. Band Composite Map
Composite map display a color image or composite
image, it takes at least 3 layers at once which are
used to fill the Red, Green and Blue channels.
2. Vegetation Map
NDVI is a method to measure the rate of vegetation
by comparing spectral between NIR waves and Red
waves. In OLI sensor on Landsat 8, NIR is band 5 while
Red is band 4 (Ardiansyah, 2015). NDVI is calculated by
the formula below:
NDVI = (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)
3. Land Surface Temperature
To identify land surface temperature, band used in Landsat
8 as the thermal wave is band 10 and band 11
4. Topography Map
The RBI map was digitized to get a map in the form of a
raster to be used as a DEM. The RBI map was digitized to
get a map in the form of a raster to be used as a DEM.
 Gravity Satellite (TOPEX)
TOPEX or Poseidon is a satellite launch by NASA and
CNES on 10th August 1992 to map the topography of
ocean. The satellite was operated from 1992 until 2005.
This is a geodesy satellite with objective to provide high-
accuracy global sea level (ocean height) measurements in
coordinates relative to the center of the Earth (Space News,
1992).
The orbit of the satellite is circular non-sun-synchronous
prograde near-circular frozen orbit, with altitude of 1336
km, period of 112.4 min, inclination of 66.039o, about 10-
day repeat period (127 revolutions, corresponding to
9.9156 days) (P. Gaspar, 1994).
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JOINT CONVENTION YOGYAKARTA 2019, HAGI – IAGI – IAFMI- IATMI (JCY 2019)
TBA Hotel, Yogyakarta, November 25th – 28th, 2019

The total gravity data acquired from the satellite for this
study is 88 points which mostly covered the Kendeng
Caldera area as can be seen on Figure 1. Moreover, it is
arranged in gridding with spacing for each point about
1km.

Figure 3. False Color Map of Blawan-Ijen

Figure 1. TOPEX measurement 2. False Color

In RGB composite image 567, BAND 5 (0.851 - 0.879
μm) on red channel, band 6 (1,566 - 1,651 μm) on green
 Gravity Data Processing
and band 7 (2.107 - 2,294 μm) on blue channel. The
The geothermal prospect of Tulehu is indicated by the
combination of the three bands is able to provide
occurrence of hotsprings spotted in the northern part of the
information about geological conditions that are better
study with a temperature about 50° C (Afandi et al., 2013;
than natural color composite images 432.
Raehanayati et al., 2013). The hot-spring indicated as
geothermal outflow zone manifestation.

Figure 2. Acquisition Point of Topex Gravity Data at

Blawan-Ijen

Result and Discussion

 Landsat 8 Data
1. True Color
In RGB composite image 432, band 4 on red channel,
band 3 on green and band 2 on blue channel. The true
color is shown in the figure below:
Figure 4. False Color Map of Blawan-Ijen
3. NDVI
From the results of data processing, the minimum NDVI
value is -0.244 and the maximum NDVI value is 0.637.
On the vegetation map (Figure 3), the areas that are
increasingly green have higher NDVI values, while the
regions that are more blue are regions that have lower
NDVI values. NDVI is of low value because the surface
of clouds and water more reflects the visible wave
energy than near infrared, while the high NDVI values
(green areas) indicate high vegetation because the

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PROCEEDINGS
JOINT CONVENTION YOGYAKARTA 2019, HAGI – IAGI – IAFMI- IATMI (JCY 2019)
TBA Hotel, Yogyakarta, November 25th – 28th, 2019
surface of the vegetation reflects more radiation in the
infrared wave length compared to visible light.
This NDVI cannot be used as a reference to distinguish
vegetation objects and non-vegetation objects. There is
no clear and consistent threshold for NDVI values, this is
because the NDVI value always changes following the
season (Ardiansyah, 2015).
Figure 5. NDVI Map of Blawan-Ijen
4. Land Surface Temperature
 Gravity Data
Figure 6. LST Map of Blawan-Ijen
The maximum surface temperature value is in the
range of 102.041ºC and is symbolized by red, while the
minimum temperature is 61.3479 ºC, symbolized by blue
(Figure 6). The highest surface temperature in the eastern
part of the area is interpreted as Ijen crater. The center of
the study area also has high surface temperature, and
found several hotsprings. This area is suspected as the
prospect zone of Blawan-Ijen.
 GDEM ASTER
Figure 7. Topography Map of Blawan-Ijen
The land height in the study area is 220 - 3260 m based
on sea level. Based GDEM ASTER data analysis,
Blawan - Ijen geothermal system is controlled by local
structure (volcanic), that is ancient Kendeng caldera and
regional structure (tectonic), such as a relative northwest-
southeast faults and north – south faults, also northeast -
southwest (NE - SW) faults. In addition, circular feature
patterns are also identified which are expressions of
crater dots, circular subsidence, caldera walls and
volcanic cones that are heat sources for geothermal
systems in the prospect area. The North-South fault
controls the presence of several hotsprings in the
northern part of the area.
1. Complete Bouguer Anomaly
The complete bouger anomaly map can be seen on
Figure 2. The value ranges from 40 to 210 mGal and
the average density derived from parasnis method is
1.817 g/cm3. As can be seen on Figure 4, high
anomaly gravity zone spotted at southwest direction
extend to northeast direction. Based on the geological
map, the high anomaly zone covered almost the
ancient caldera which assumed it might be related with
high density value of volcanic rock. Also, the high
anomly value at the southern part of the study area
assumed, related with the presence of several
volcanoes like Mt. Leker, Mt. Lingker, Mt. Genteng,
and so on in the southern part of Kendeng Caldera.
While on the east, northeast, and northwest direction
low anomaly zones are spotted which represented by
blue color. The low anomaly zone on the northeast and
northwest direction interpreted might be associated
with the presents of the remain caldera wall. While the
low anomaly at the eastern part might be associated
with the presence of Ijen crater.
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JOINT CONVENTION YOGYAKARTA 2019, HAGI – IAGI – IAFMI- IATMI (JCY 2019)
TBA Hotel, Yogyakarta, November 25th – 28th, 2019
Further study is needed to predict the geothermal
prospect area due to the variative interpretation which
can be conclude from the gravity anomaly only. Thus,
additional data is needed to get better interpretation.
Figure 8. CBA Map of Blawan-Ijen
2. Regional Anomaly
Regional anomaly and residual anomaly was separate
by using spectrum analysis using Oasis Montaj
software. The result of regional anomaly can be seen
on Figure 5. The anomaly is lookalike complete
bouger anomaly shown in Figure 3. The tendency of
high anomaly zone extends from southwest to north
east direction. Considering the study location which
located in the volcanic complex, probably the high
anomaly zone related with volcanoes which might be
intrusive body.
Moreover, consider that regional anomaly images
deeper anomaly at the study area, can be interpret that
this high anomaly zone extends as it goes deeper.
Thus, to get better image of high anomaly zone
extension 2-D or 3-D modelling and upward
continuation should be done.
Figure 9. Regional Anomaly Map of Blawan-Ijen
3. Residual Anomaly
By separating the regional and residual anomaly,
residual anomaly was conducted as can be seen on
Figure 6. The pattern of residual anomaly does not
lookalike either the CBA or Regional map. As can be
seen on the picture, the residual anomaly tends to
show shallower anomaly which is more variative and
tend to be affected by noise. Thus, several small
closures show there. However, the center of the map
is still dominated by high anomaly value represent by
orange to red color.
Figure 9. Residual Anomaly Map of Blawan-Ijen
Conclusions
Based on remote sensing data analysis, the prospect zone is
located in the center of this study area, because it has high
surface temperature. This area also has high gravity
anomaly. The high anomaly value in the center area might
be associated with ancient intrusive body owned by
Kendeng caldera or possible heat source of geothermal
system.
Further study in this boundary should be done to give
advance identification of geothermal prospect zone at
Blawan-Ijen geothermal prospect area.
References
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