1.

Issues
 CO2 and CO emissions of vehicles which contribute towards depleting the ozone layer which
ultimately results the increment of global warming
 Toxic gasses and smokes causing various health issues such as Lung Diseases and Respiratory
Problems. Diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be
caused or triggered by rising levels of air pollution
 High initial cost of alternative energy sources which triggers inability to establish and to
widespread these energy sources
 Inability of Reclaiming city space for walking and pedalled vehicles
 Stop subsidizing private motor vehicles and advising people to use public transportation more
often (Improvement of public transportation to a level of public satisfaction )
 Traditional transport planning aims to improve mobility, especially for vehicles, and may fail to
adequately consider wider impacts. But the real purpose of transport is access – to work,
education, goods and services, friends and family – and there are proven techniques to improve
access while simultaneously reducing environmental and social impacts, and managing traffic
congestion
 Habitat loss and scarcity of animal species due to toxic gas such as Particulate matter (PM) ,
Hydrocarbons (HC) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

2. ITS

 An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which, without embodying

intelligence as such, aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport
and traffic management.
 Intelligent Transport System (ITS) aims to achieve traffic efficiency by minimizing traffic
problems. It enriches users with prior information about traffic, local convenience real-time
running information, seat availability etc.
 Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is the application of sensing, analysis, control and
communications technologies to ground transportation in order to improve safety, mobility and
efficiency.

3.
 Reserves are those quantities of petroleum which are anticipated to be commercially recovered
from known accumulations from a given date forward. All reserve estimates involve some
degree of uncertainty. The uncertainty depends chiefly on the amount of reliable geologic and
engineering data available at the time of the estimate and the interpretation of these data.

 The difference between a "reserve" and a "resource" is a really big deal in the energy business.
Reserves impress banks and bring in shareholders, but it's the resource that indicates the
amount of hydrocarbons a country really has. Oil reserves are subsets and simply reflect what
can be produced today, given current prices and technologies. But, these conditions are always
 changing, and more of the resource gets elevated into the reserve category as time moves
along, replacing what has been produced.

4.

Issues
Respiratory and heart problems: The effects of Air pollution are alarming. They are known to create several
respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer, among other threats to the body.

Global warming: Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is witnessing due to
Global warming.
Acid Rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the
burning of fossil fuels.
Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants
gets developed on sea’s surface and turns itself into algae and and adversely affect fish, plants and animal
species.

Effect on Wildlife: Just like humans, animals also face some devastating affects of air pollution. Toxic
chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat.

Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans
from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.

Solutions

1. Use public mode of transportation: Encourage people to use more and more public modes of
transportation to reduce pollution. Also, try to make use of car pooling. If you and your colleagues come
from the same locality and have same timings you can explore this option to save energy and money.

2. Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. Large amount of fossil fuels are
burnt to produce electricity. You can save the environment from degradation by reducing the amount of
fossil fuels to be burned.

3. Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: Do not throw away items that are of no use to
you. In-fact reuse them for some other purpose. For e.g. you can use old jars to store cereals or pulses.

4. Emphasis on clean energy resources: Clean energy technologies like solar, wind and geothermal are
on high these days. Governments of various countries have been providing grants to consumers who are
interested in installing solar panels for their home. This will go a long way to curb air pollution.
5. Use energy efficient devices: CFL lights consume less electricity as against their counterparts. They live
longer, consume less electricity, lower electricity bills and also help you to reduce pollution by
consuming less energy.