Caliph Al-farooq Hazrat Umar ibn Al Khattab (RA)

People say; Good leadership is like prized perfume. Its very first scented waft announces its
presence with astonishing freshness. Bad leadership like skunk just stinks.

Democracy is not a separate ideology from Islam. In fact democracy is very much there in Islam.
There is no concept of dictatorship, popism (mullaiyat) and totalitarianism in Islam. Islam doesn’t
believe in any kind of Monarchy and Oligarchy. When we analyze what democracy is we come to
the conclusion that it is nothing but the sense of Responsibility and Accountability. The absolute
system of governing, which Islam presents totally based upon three golden fundamentals i.e.
Consultation, Responsibility and Accountability. The political system of Islam totally depends
upon Shooraiat (consultation). The significance of consultation in governance proves by this that
a complete surah in Quran is named “Al-shoorah” (consultation).

The nectar of good governance and effective administration is enshrined in its leadership’s
personal integrity and self-accountability; in justice for all, and in people’s freedom to speak out.
The American Constitution prides itself for incorporating in its preamble the five basic
responsibilities of the government – justice for all; ensuring domestic tranquility; providing for
common defense; promoting general welfare and lastly, securing the blessings of liberty to
people and to their posterity.

Hazrat Umer in the 7 th century extolled and applied these principles – already available to him
through Islam – in letter and spirit, and without any exceptions during his reign.

“No man is above the law and no man below it; nor do we ask any man’s permission when we
require him to obey it. Obedience to the law is demanded as a right; not asked as a favor”.

-Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919)

“Hazrat Umer (R.A) was courageous, unselfish, and passionately committed to the ideals of
justice and equity which had been so lacking in the Meccan polity.” – Karen Armstrong,
“Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time’, pg185

Hazrat Umer, by all accounts, was an “energetic and brilliant” man. He can, of course, be called
the forerunner of any, “visionary modern state”, in the comity of 192 countries of the world, in
which people are prosperous and safe, are treated equally by the law of the state, irrespective of
their social or financial status; are habitually law-abiding, and fair in their dealings, are literate
and tolerant, and above all, are thoroughly charitable and honest. He, during his tenure of ten
years, six months and four days, not only accomplished these ideals in some very difficult times,
but also lived to see people willingly live by them.

As described in connection with the life of Hadrat Abu-Bakr, during his illness he consulted the
“Shura” about the next “Khalifah” and then gave his decision in favour of Hadrat Umar (R.A.)
who took the charge of Caliphate after the death of Hadrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) His caliphate marked
the “Golden Age” of Islam.

He was a very pious Muslim. His success lay in two things-fear of Allah and his love for the Holy
Prophet (PBUH). He never used even oil from the Bait-ul-Mal (Public Treasury) to burn a lamp at
night for his personal needs. Whenever he finished the official work he put off the lamp. He used
to patrol in the city at night to find out the needs and requirements, and conditions of the
people. He did not hesitate to take his wife to work as a midwife for a poor woman. The salary
he got from the Bait-ul-Mal was so low that it was hardly enough for him and his family’s needs.
When some of the eminent Muslims requested him to increase the amount he, said, “The Holy
Prophet (Sallallahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) has left a standard by his personal example. I must follow
him”.

Hadrat Umar was the most just ruler in the Islamic History. All the citizens, including the Caliph
himself, were equal before law. Once he appeared before a court at Medina to clarify his
position against a complaint. The Qadi (Judge) wanted to stand in his honour, but he did not
allow him to do so, so that there would be no distinction between him and an ordinary person
before Law. Courts were completely independent and free to give its verdict on any matter that
was presented before them even if it was against state or khalifah. The government couldn’t
interfere in their decisions. He was really the founder of modern democratic system.

As far as Khalifa is concerned, he had no right and power to forgive or condone those who were
prosecuted and convicted by the courts. There was complete supremacy and rule oflaw. They
were all equal in the eyes of law whether they were rich or poor, ruler or labourer. Nothing was
hidden from anyone regarding matters or policies relating to Government and state.
Khalifa used to tell participants in Jummah prayer in mosque about important issues. Every
citizen could enquire about any thing. Democracy was ruling in its best shape. Khalifa was held
responsible and was subject to answer to his people. History is full of different examples that
how Khalifa consulted Majlis-e-Shoorah on different issues and how sahabah reacted, criticised
and gave their opinions.

Hazrat Umar (RA) had given such type of general freedom of criticism and expression to the
people on his actions and orders that an ordinary person didn’t hesitate or reluctant to criticise
or object on khalifa itself.

Once a person said to Hazrat Umar (RA) many times: “O’Umar, be afraid of Allah”. A person
amongst the audience tried to stop that person. Hazrat Umar (RA) said, “No, let him say. If those
people will not say anything to me then what is the use of those?

Besides, Hazrat Umer, by temperament, was a hard taskmaster, and was very strict and
uncompromising in matters of justice and accountability. But, his kind of leader was the need of
the day. Hazrat Abu Bakr was very right when during the last days of his life, he said about Hazrat
Umer. “Umer has been strict because I was soft. The burden of the State affairs will soften him
out”. Hazrat Talha on hearing that Hazrat Umer was to become the Caliph, had come running to
Hazrat Abu Bakr with this concern, “ In your presence, Umer treated us so. How will he treat us
when you are gone and he becomes the Caliph? Now that you are about to meet God; think how
you will explain this to Him”. Hazrat Abu Bakr replied, “I’ll tell God. For Your people, I have
appointed one who has been the best”.

Hazrat Umer was, no doubt, strict, but he was always resolute, decisive, assertive, and clear
headed. Quick, not hasty decision and its compliance was the hallmark of his rule. It is important
to know that he was never unpopular or unacceptable to the Tribal Arabs, because he was totally
transparent, and honest. “His inner self is better than his outer self. He has no second among
us”, was what was said about him by Hazrat Usman at the time of his becoming the caliph.
Besides, there was around him ever present, the wisest among the wise, Hazrat Ali.

Be it fixing the stipend for the caliph, or acting as caliph in his absence when Hazrat Umer had
had to leave for Syria to apprise himself of the condition of the soldiers during the breakout of
an epidemic; or advising Hazrat Umer not to leave Medina, but ask the governors of Kufa, Basra
and Syria to send their army contingents to counter the Iranians at Nehavend in 642,, to count
only a few occasions, Hazrat Ali’s able guidance like a guiding star had always been there for him.

Once Hazrat Umer fell ill. It was suggested that he be given honey as a cure, and there was no
honey at his home. A good stock of it, however, was there in the Bait-ul-Maal. Hazrat Umer
sough the permission of the people in Masjid-i-Nabvi if he could take a little bit of honey from
there. One express purpose behind seeking this open permission was to let the people know
what little rights the caliph had in the use of public money.

Once the first lady, Um-e- Kulsum, sent some perfume vials as a gift to the women of Kaiser of
Rome. They, out of goodwill, returned the bottles of perfume, but filled with precious jewels.
Hazrat Umer heard about the exchange. He ordered confiscation of the jewels, stating, “Perfume
was yours, but the messenger used in the process was a government employee”. He ordered
that the jewels be deposited in Baitul Maal, and his wife be compensated for the actual value of
the perfume.

Once his daughter, and Prophet’s wife, Hazrat Hafsa, came to him to claim her share in the war-
booty on account of her special double status, “Zuwalqarba”. Hazrat Umer disappointed her by
saying, “You will have your share in my portion, not in the war booty. It is sad that you tried to
hoodwink your own father”. She felt ashamed for ever putting up such a demand.

One big factor in the success of Hazrat Umer was his strict control over the public exchequer. He
suspended Hazrat Khalid bin Walid, (and Hazrat Bilal as well), for his failure to submit the details
of the expenditures. The relaxed supervision of the fiscal matter in later periods, (and in modern
times), created un-surmountable problems for them.

In one khutba, he made it clear on all the eight governors, “Always keep in mind that I have
appointed you over people, not as their masters, or as their over-lords with a view to
suppressing them; but as their ‘Imams’, as their ‘Role-Models’, so that people may follow you.
You are to guard their rights, and not to humble or manhandle them… do not keep your doors
closed at them in a manner that the strong is able to cause harm to the weak. Don’t rank
yourselves above people because that will amount being unfair to them”. Some of the conditions
he laid down for them were:
You shall not ride a Turkish horse (symbol of elitism)

You shall not attire yourself in fine/silken clothes (sign of extravagance)

You shall not eat flour bread free of brawn. (excessive worldliness)

You shall not post a guard/security at your door (inaccessibility)

You shall remain available to the complainant all the time.

This declaration was to be read out in front of the appointees as well as in the public. In one
such meeting, a person rose and said that one of his governors had unjustly inflicted 100 lashes
on him. The official who had done this was none else but Hazrat Umro bin Al Aas. Hazrat Umer
asked the complainant to redress his grievance by inflicting the same number of lashes on the
governor. Hazrat Umro bin Al-Aas, stood up and said that such a practice was to make it difficult
for an official to perform his duties. Hazrat Umer instantly replied, “But I do not want to be on
the side of a criminal, too”. Hazrat Umro bin Al Aas had had to plead for clemency from the
accuser, who agreed to accept two gold coins for each lash. (Kitab Al Kharaj pg 66).

Hazrat Umer never compromised in matters of justice and accountability. People tolerated his
severe punishments when they saw him doing the same in case of his own kith and kin. His son,
Abu Shehma when found drunk, was inflicted 10 lashes by none else but by the caliph himself.
And he expired during the award of the punishment. Qadama bin Mazoon was a Sahabi of great
standing and was his brother-in-law too. He, too, was charged on the same account, and was
publicly awarded 10 lashes.

Hazrat Ayaz bin Ghanam was appointed as the governor of Egypt. A report was received that
Ayaz was leading a lifestyle that was not in line with the stated declaration. He had given himself
to wearing fine silken clothes, and had also begun posting a guard at his residence. Hazrat
Mohammad bin Musalama Ansari, a great Sahabi and his Ombudsman, or Chief Investigator was
asked to look into the matter. On enquiry, the charges were found true. Hazrat Umer ordered
that Ayaz bin Ghanam’s robe be replaced with a coarse woolen outfit, and he be reassigned to
the tending of a herd of sheep. People heard Ayaz saying, “I wish I had been dead”. Hazrat Umer
reminded him. “Why do not feel small in shepherding a herd.
After all your father had earned this title of ‘Ghanam’ for being a shepherd”. Al Kharaj page 66.

These days in Pakistan, a lot of mud slinging is being carried out against the different chairmen of
the National Accountability Bureau in the alleged corruption cases of high officials. Hazrat Umer
in that post had appointed Hazrat Mohammad bin Musalama Ansari, one of the most respected
Sahabis. His credentials were that he had participated in all the battles fought during the
Prophet’s time. In one case, the Prophet himself had appointed him as his assistant in Medina.
So when Hazrat Mohammad bin Musalama Ansari investigated against an official, it meant total
transparency. Truth would not stay hidden, nor anybody could dare disputing that the action
taken was politically motivated.

Once a son of Hazrat Umro bin Al-Aas, the conqueror of Egypt, beat a non-Muslim without any
reason. Hazrat Umer had that respected son of Hazrat Umro bin Al Aas thrashed publicly, stating,
“Since when did you begin enslaving people whose mothers had given birth to them as free?”

On one occasion he said from the pulpit, “O People, in case you ever find me tilting towards
worldliness; what will you do then?” A man rose from the gathering, drew his sword and said,
“You will be beheaded with it”. Hazrat Umer in order to further test him, said, “You, daring to say
so to me”. He remained resolved and said, “Yes, it will be like this for you”. Hazrat Umer then
said, ‘Thank God. I have men like you who have the courage to straighten me out if I ever I chose
to deviate from the right path”.

Once a Christian complained to Hazrat Umer when he was in the Harem in Makka that he had
been doubly taxed on his horse. He submitted this complaint when Umer was delivering the
khutba there. Later when he returned to the capital, the same Nasrani (Christian) who had
lodged the complaint came to him to remind him of it. Hazrat Umer told him, “I’m the Hanifi,
who took care of your complaint there and then”.

During the famine days in 639 or around and while returning from Syria, he stopped by a lone
tent in which there lived an old woman. He asked her, “How is Umer doing?” She replied, “I
heard about him coming from Syria. God’s curse be on him, I haven’t received a single Hibba
from him during these hard times.” “How should Umer know about you, living so far away?’
asked Hazrat Umer. She angrily replied, “What kind of caliph is he if he doesn’t know how people
are living under him”. Hazrat Umer cried bitterly outside her tent. He later fixed a daily allowance
for all those who were poor, jobless, or were people with special needs. Anybody leading
apparently an easy life, but availing himself of that allowance was personally tested on the caliph
whenever possible. If found guilty, he was chided in such words as, “You have belittled yourself
in my eyes”. During those hard times, Hazrat Umer was often found in a great agonizing state. He
would cry and pray, “O God, do not inflict these people with hardships because of my doings”.

Hazrat Umer did not believe in the concept of pre-destination as did many of his veteran officials
and Sahabis such as Hazrat Abu Obaida, and Hazrat Muaz bin Jabal. During the breakout of an
epidemic in 639 in Syria and Egypt. The army had been stationed at a low lying area. Hazrat
Umer asked the commander, Hazrat Abu Obaidah, to remove it to the higher lands. He refused
to do so contending it was, “Ifrar min Qadrutullah, i.e. it amounted to running from Taqdeer-e-
Illahi”. Meanwhile about 25 thousand soldiers perished. Hazrat Umer and Hazrat Umro bin al Aas
always contented that the epidemic was a curse like the one which once had befallen Bani Israel.
It needed to be dealt with “Tadbeer, logic and effort”. But Hazrat Obaidullah and later Hazrat
Muaz died, sticking to their pre-fated philosophy, contending that it was a blessing in the sense
that it was test of their faith in God.

In short he was the best example of an ideal character, and was the greatest “Khalifah” of Islam
after Abu Bakr (R.A.). He selflessly devoted his whole energy for the cause of Islam. Muslims will
always be indebted to him for his great achievements.

Umar ibn al-Khattab, al-Farooq (in Arabic, ‫( )عمر بن الخطاب‬c. 581 - November, 644),
sometimes referred to as Umar Farooq or just as Omar or Umar, was the second caliph of Islam
(634-644). He is regarded by Sunnis as one of the first four Khulfa-e-Rashidun (in Persian and
Urdu, ‫( )خلفأے راشدین‬or "Rightly Guided Caliphs").

Umar was born in Mecca around 581 to the Adi clan of the Quraish Tribe. He is said to have
belonged to a middle class family. He was literate, which was uncommon in those times, and he
was also well known for his physical strength, being a champion wrestler.

When Muhammad first declared his message of Islam, Umar resolved to defend the traditional
religion of the Quraish (regarded by Muslims as idolatry). With his sword in his hand, he set out
intending to kill Muhammad. While on his way he was told that his sister had became a Muslim.
He went to her and found her reciting verses of the Qur'an. He became infuriated and gave her a
slap which caused a bloody wound. His sister did not lose spirit and eventualy Umars heart
softened and he converted to Islam in the same moment.

Umar was part of the first emigration (Hijra) to Yathrib (renamed Medinat al Nabi, or simply
Medina shortly thereafter) in 622 C.E. (also known as year 1 A.H., Anno Hegirae, in the Islamic
Calender, which was instituted by Umar in 638). He was one of the companions, or close
associates of Muhammad.

Sunnis claim that The Prophet once said that "Satan amongst men amd Jinn flee from Umar".
Once a hypocrite amongst the Muslims had a fight with a Jew. It is said that the Jew knew that
he was right and that Muhammad would favour him. So he took the case to the prophet. As the
Jew had thought, the prophet decided that the Jew was right. So the Jew was favored. The
Muslim hypocrite did not like it. He took the case to Umar. When the jew narrated how the
prophet had made the judgement, Umar was so enraged with the Muslim hypocrite he told him
to wait and went inside and came back with his sword and chopped his head off saying if you did
not accept Muhammad's (Peace Be Upon Him)decision then you are not a Muslim you are a
hypocrite. From that day Umar Sunnis claim that Umar was given the title "Al Faruq". It means
one who can distinguish between the good and bad.

When war broke out between Mecca and Medina; Umar accompanied in several of the battles.

Hazrat Umar Farooq (Radi Allah Unho)

ELECTION

Before he passed away, Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anhu) consulted the senior Sahaba and
elected Sayyiduna

Umar (radi Allahu anhu) as the second Caliph of the Muslims.

EARLY LIFE
He was the son of Khattab and is famous in Islamic history as "Al Farooq" or "One who
Distinguishes between

Right and Wrong." His acceptance of Islam is also very famous.

AS A CALIPH

Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) was a very brave and straight-forward person. He was tough
and uncompromising

in Islamic principles. He was a great and talented ruler. During his Khilaafat, vast areas of the
Roman and Persian

empires and the whole of Egypt were brought under Islamic rule. He was also a gifted orator. He
was very concerned

for the welfare of the Muslims. He left a honourable legacy for Muslims after him. The Holy
Quran was given to him

by Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anhu) for safe-keeping.

APPOINTS NEW COMMANDER

Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anu) was a strong disciplinarian. He noticed the tremendous
popularity of Sayyiduna

Khalid bin Walid (radi Allahu anhu). He felt that people will lose trust in Almighty Allah and put
all their trust in
Sayyiduna Khalid bin Walid (radi Allahu anhu). He feared that the people may think too highly of
him, thereby possibly

increasing the self-esteem of Sayyiduna Khalid bin Walid (radi Allahu anhu) which would also
breed arrogance, so he

removed Sayyiduna Khalid (radi Allahu anhu) and appointed Sayyiduna Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah
(radi Allahu anhu) as

the Commander in Chief of the Muslim army.

Sayyiduna Khalid bin Walid (radi Allahu anhu) happily accepted the orders of Sayyiduna Umar
(radi Allahu anhu) and

then served as an ordinary soldier. This is an example of the Islamic teachings of obedience to
leadership!

DEFEAT OF THE PERSIANS

Sayyiduna Khalid bin Walid (radi Allahu anhu) had left Sayyiduna Muthanna (radi Allahu anhu) in
command of the

Muslim forces on the Iraqi front when he rushed to Yarmuk. Sayyiduna Muthanna (radi Allahu
anhu) was finding it

difficult to counter the enemy and went personally to Madinatul Munawwarah to ask Sayyiduna
Abu Bakr (radi Allahu
anhu) for re-inforcements. Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anhu) had by that time passed away.

Sayyiduna Muthanna (radi Allahu anhu's) absence from the Iraqi front made things worse there.
The Iranians

regrouped under the command of Rustam and recaptured the lands taken by the Muslims.
Rustam sent 2 columns of

his army, one to Hirah and the other to Kaskar.

Islamic Article: Hazrat Umar Farooq (Radi Allah Unho)

NooreMadinah Network - http://www.NooreMadinah.net

Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) sent Sayyiduna Abu Ubaidah (radi Allahu anhu), as
Commander, to deal with the

situation. Both the Persian columns were defeated. Rustam sent an even larger army and
defeated the Muslims.

Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) raised another army and defeated the Persians. But the
Persian court sent yet

another larger army, and forced Sayyiduna Muthanna (radi Allahu anhu) to withdraw. The report
of the new situation

was sent to Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) and reinforcements under the command of
Sayyiduna Saad bin Abi
Waqqas (radi Allahu anhu) were sent.

The Persian and Muslim army met at Qadisiyah. After a long battle on several fronts, the
outnumbered Muslim army

defeated the 120 000 Persian soldiers and recaptured Hirah and their areas in the year 14 A.H.
(636 C.E).

DEFEAT OF THE ROMANS

Muslims laid siege to Damascus during Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anhu's) rule as Caliph. It
continued, after he

passed away, and lasted 70 days during the rule of Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu). After the
long siege,

Sayyiduna Khalid bin Walid (radi Allahu anhu) took the Romans by surprise and entered the city.
The Governor

surrendered and a peace treaty was signed.

CONQUEST OF JERUSALEM

Meanwhile, Sayyiduna Amr ibn As (radi Allahu anhu) was laying siege to Jerusalem. Sayyiduna
Khalid, Sayyiduna Abu

Ubaidah and other Sahaba (radi Allahu anhumul ajma'in) also joined him. The Christians had
little hope and decided

to give in. They also suggested that the keys of Jerusalem be given to Sayyiduna Umar (radi
Allahu anhu) himself

personally. Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) went to Jerusalem. An agreement was signed that
guaranteed the

safety of the city and the safety of the Christians.

ASSASSINATION

A Persian non-Muslim, named Firoz and nicknamed "Abu Lulu," complained to Sayyiduna Umar
(radi Allahu anhu)

about his master, Sayyiduna Mughirah bin Shuba (radi Allahu anhu), who imposed tax on him.
Sayyiduna Umar (radi

Allahu anhu) told Firoz that the tax was reasonable. This made Firoz angry.

The next day, during the Fajr Salaah, he stabbed Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) 6 times in
the back, severely

wounding the Caliph. Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) passed away 3 days later in 23 A.H. He
was 63 years old. He

ruled the Islamic State for 10 years, 6 months and 4 days.

REFORMS

In a short space of 10 years, Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) had been well-known for his
outstanding

achievements and reforms in Islam. Some of these reforms were:-

1. He established the "Baitul Maal" (People's treasury for the state and public).

2. Judicial courts of Justice were set in the country. Judges and Magistrates handled all cases.

3. Establishment of an army headquarters for the defence of the country.

4. Construction of roads and canals.

5. Schools were established. Salaries for Imams, Mu'azzins and Ustaads were organized.

6. Masjids were improved and built in Makkatul Mukarramah and Madinatul Munawwarah. This
included facilities

for the Haajis.

7. Police Stations and prisons were built.

8. Establishment of the first Islamic Lunar calendar beginning from the Hijrah.
9. Proper weights and measures introduced.

10. Population census established.

11. Built orphanages and welfare homes.

12. Established proper punishment system and banned slavery.

PERSONAL LIFE

Simplicity and devotion were the main characters of Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu). He used
to wear clothes that

had many patches and yet received Governors, convoys and diplomats. He took just enough
allowance from the State

to have a simple meal and wear simple clothes. At times he was very poor. He used to visit the
old people and sick

and even do their house work. He used to visit the houses of the soldiers and inquire about their
families. He stayed

awake at night in Salaah and often kept Fast. He always supported and upheld the cause of
Islam, with his wisdom,

energy, dynamism, bravery and little wealth.

Hazrat Umar's Radi Allahu anhu respect for Maula Ali(ra)

1. Hazrat Umar Radi Allahu anhu stated that Ali Radi Allahu anhu is Maula of whom Rasool Allah
Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam is Maula of.

2. Hazrat Saalim Radi Allahu anhu narrates that Hazrat Umar Radi Allahu anhu was asked why he
treats Hazrat Ali Radi Allahu anhu with greater respect than any other Sahabi. Hazrat Umar Radi
Allahu anhu replied, "He (Ali Radi Allahu anhu) is my Maula (Master).

3. Two Bedouins came quarelling to Hazrat Umar Radi Allahu anhu who said to Hazrat Ali Radi
Allahu anhu , "O Abul-Hassan, Please settle the dispute between these two". Thereafter, Hazrat
Ali Radi Allahu anhu made his judgement in favour of one of them. One of the men remarked, "Is
he all who remained to settle our dispute?". On hearing this Hazrat Umar Radi Allahu anhu leapt
towards the man and grabbed him by the neck (and lifted him off the ground) and said, "Do you
know who he is?". He is my and every Momin's Maula (Master). Whoever does not consider him
his Maula is not a Momin.

take note and see the aqidah and mohabah between the Sahaba e Kiram and the Ahle Bayt e
Azam.

The Sahaba e Kiram would give their lives for the Prophets Dear Household

Caliph Umar's inaugural address

After the assumption of office as the second Caliph, Umar soon realized that he was more feared
than loved. Abu Bakr, his predecessor, was tender and soft hearted. Whenever he appeared in
the streets of Madina, the children ran to him saying "Father, Father."

On the occasion of the first Friday prayer after his assumption of office as Caliph, Umar
addressed the faithful assembled in the mosque of the Prophet in the following terms:

"Brethren, it has come to my notice that the people are afraid of me. They say when the Holy
Prophet was alive, Umar was harsh to us. During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, Umar was hard and
stern. Now that he has become the Caliph himself, God knows how hard he will be. Whoever has
said this is not wrong in his assessment.
"The truth of the matter is that I was the slave and servant of the Holy Prophet. The Holy
Prophet was most kind hearted, liberal and generous. In contrast I was hard and harsh.
Sometimes he ignored my point of view. There were occasions when he agreed with me. Till the
death of the Holy Prophet that remained the situation between him and me. Thank God, the
Holy Prophet was pleased with me. Though the Holy Prophet sometimes accepted my advice,
and sometimes turned it down, yet he approved of my conduct.

"During the caliphate of Abu Bakr my role remained the same. Abu Bakr was most soft hearted
and tender. It was my business to bring the other side of the picture to his notice. He always took
my point of view into consideration, but the ultimate decision lay with him. Sometimes he
agreed with me, and I acted as his agent to enforce a decision which appeared to be harsh.
Sometimes he did not agree with me, and I had to remain quiet. I am happy that throughout the
period of his office, Abu Bakr approved of my conduct, and ultimately nominated me as his
successor, although I did not covet the office.

"Now that the entire responsibility has come to vest in me, know ye brethren that you will feel a
change in me. I will no longer be hard and stern in all matters. For those who practice tyranny
and deprive others of their rights, I will be harsh and stern, but for those who follow the law, and
are devoted to religion, I will be most soft and tender. I will not tolerate any person make any
excess. He who commits any tyranny, him I will sternly call to account. I will be harsh and stern
against the aggressor, but I will be a pillar of strength for the weak and the meek. They will find
in me their best friend.

"Friends you have some rights on me, and I tell you of these rights, so that you may be in a
position to call me to account. These rights are:

Firstly, that I should not exact any tax or other levy from you not authorized by law;

Secondly, that whatever taxes are lawfully realized from you are spent in your best interests;

Thirdly, it is incumbent on me that I should protect the frontiers of your land;

Fourthly, it is my duty to promote your prosperity and look after your interests;

and Fifthly, it is my obligation to do justice.

"O servants of God, continue to fear God. Suppress your selfish motives and work for the
solidarity of the Muslims as a whole. In running the State, you are my partners. Help me with
your sound advice. If I follow the right path laid down by God and His Prophet follow me. If I
deviate, correct me. Strengthen me with your advice and suggestions. Let us pray for the glory of
Islam."

Review of Great Hazrat Umar's(RA) service to Islam

The period of Hadrat Umar's caliphate undoubtedly is the "Golden Age" of Islam in every
respect. He was a man of extraordinary genius who not only moulded the destiny of the nation
but made history of his own. He followed the footsteps of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa
Sallam) to the fullest extent. It was Umar under whose rule Islam became a world power and the
mighty empires of Persia and Byzantine (Eastern Roman) crumbled before the arm of Islam.
Within ten years of his glorious rule, the whole of the Persian Empire, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and
a part of Turkey came under the banner of Islam and the nations entered the fold of Islam. He
was not only a conqueror but also an exemplary administrator who originated an efficient
system of administration, and thus he was the real founder of political system of Islam (to be
discussed in brief in the next chapter). He enforced Divine Law (Shari'ah) as the code of a newly
formed International Islamic State; he safeguarded the internal safety by introducing the police
force: he gave stipends to the poor; he constructed cantonments and forts for the safety of
Islamic armies; he founded new cities for the growth of Islamic culture and civilisation; he
improved agriculture and economics of the Islamic State; he founded the educational system in
an Islamic State; in brief he was the founder of a great Islamic State. We would discuss his
achievements more elaborately in the next section.

Character

He was a very pious Muslim. His success lay in two things-fear of Allah and his love for the Holy
Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam). He never used even oil from the Bait-ul-Mal (Public
Treasury) to burn a lamp at night for his personal needs. Whenever he finished the official work
he put off the lamp. He used to patrol in the city at night to find out the needs and
requirements, and conditions of the people. He did not hesitate to take his wife to work as a
midwife for a poor woman. The salary he got from the Bait-ul-Mal was so low that it was hardly
enough for him and his family's needs. When some of the eminent Muslims requested him to
increase the amount he, said, "The Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam) has left a standard
by his personal example. I must follow him".

Hadrat Umar was the most just ruler in the Islamic History. All the citizens, including the Caliph
himself, were equal before law. Once he appeared before a court at Medina to clarify his
position against a complaint. The Qadi (Judge) wanted to stand in his honour, but he did not
allow him to do so, so that there would be no distinction between him and an ordinary person
before Law. He was really the founder of modern democratic system.

In short he was the best example of an ideal character, and was the greatest "Khalifah" of Islam
after Abu Bakr (R.A.). He selflessly devoted his whole energy for the cause of Islam. Muslims will
always be indebted to him for his great achievements. As a matter of fact a separate book is
required to describe his character and his services to Islam.

Hadrat Umar (R.A.) as a great scholar

Before the advent of Islam there was no tradition in Arabia of reading or writing. There were
only seventeen people among Quraish who could read or write at the time when the Holy
Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam) started to receive Divine revelations. Hadrat Umar was one
of those seventeen persons. His writing and lectures are still found in some old books. The first
address he gave as a Caliph is as under

"O Allah, I am strict, make me soft. I am weak give me power. The Arabs are like refractory
camels, I will endeavour to bring them to the straight path"

He was also interested in poetry and sometimes he composed verses. Umar (R.A.) was one of
the most fluent Quraish. Arabic knowing persons can appreciate the fluency of his writings and
addresses. Many of his sayings became aphorisms of literature.

He was a great Jurist and Theologian of Islam. Because of the fear of making any mistake he did
not quote many Ahadith (Sayings of the Holy Prophet) even though he was fully conversant with
them. He never allowed a person (companion) to quote any Hadith which was not well known
without producing any attestator in support of it. If somebody quoted a Hadith before him which
he had never heard, he at once asked him to bring a witness failing which he would be punished.
He was expert in deriving laws from the Holy Qur'an and the Hadith. A full volume could be
complied out of the verdicts and judgements given by Hadrat Umar (R.A.). As a matter of fact he
opened a new door of Ijtihad' "(Disciplined judgement of a Jurist) in the history of Islamic Law
and Jurisprudence, and settled a number of disputable cases during his caliphate.

Preaching of Islam

As the viceroy of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam) his foremost duty was to spread
and preach Islam. As mentioned above, the aim of various battles and wars was to clear the way
for the Muslims for preaching Islam. Whenever any army had to attack a place it had to call the
inhabitants of the place to Islam. Hadrat Umar was very strict in this respect and he had given
standing orders to the commanders not to start war unless they had first invited the people to
Islam. If they accepted it, there was no question of war and if they did not, then the war was
fought only with those who were not giving a free hand to Muslims to preach the Right Path. No
Person was ever forced to forsake his own faith and accept Islam.

The method adopted to preach Islam was demonstration by actual practice. For this purpose he
ordered Muslims to establish their own quarters and present the practical shape of Islam before
the population. Seeing the truthful way, the inhabitants of the glace were attracted towards
Islam. No soldier was allowed to take any property or anything by force from the conquered
people.

Because of fair treatment by the Muslims sometimes the whole army of the enemy accepted
Islam. After the battle of Qadisiya a battalion of four thousand Persians accepted it. After the
victory of Jalula, the chiefs of the place entered the folds of Islam along with the inhabitants. A
commander of the army of Yadzgird, named Siyah accepted Islam with his battalion during a
battle in Persia. All the inhabitants of the town of Bulhat in Egypt accepted Islam at one time
without the use of any force only by seeing the piety of Muslims. A rich merchant and the chief
of a place in Egypt, named Shata, accepted Islam with all the inhabitants of the place only after
hearing about the character and piety of Muslims at the time when Muslims had not even
reached that place. These are orally a few examples to show that Islam spread because of the
character of Muslims at that time.

Umar (R.A.) was very strict in ensuring that no Muslims forced any non-Muslim to accept Islam.
Through his advice, letters and addresses he made it clear to all the Muslims that they had to
adhere to the ways of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam) which was the only method
to preach Islam.

Wives and Children

Hadrat Umar (R.A.), married the following women during his lifetime

1. Zainab (R.A.), she accepted Islam but died in Mecca. She was sister of 'Uthman bin Maz'un.
'Abdullah Abdur Rahman (Ist) and lady Hafsah (wife of the Holy Prophet) were the children she
bore to Hadrat Umar.

2. Malkiah bint Jarwal, she did not accept Islam and was divorced in 6 A.H. according to Islamic
law. She gave birth to'Ubaidullah.

3. Quraibah bint Abi Ummiyah, she also did not accept Islam and was divorced in 6 A.H.

The above three marriages had taken place before Umar (R.A.) accepted Islam. After accepting
Islam he contracted marriages with the following

4. Ummi Hakim bint-ul-Harith, she gave birth to a girl named Fatimah.

5. Jamilah bint Asim, she gave birth to a son who was named Asim. Though she was a Muslim
she was di-vorced because of some other reason.

6. Umm Kulthum bint Hadrat'Ali (R.A.), she was married in the year 17 A.H. She gave birth to
Ruqayyah and Zaid.

7. 'Atikah (R.A.)

Children
1. Umm-ul-Mu'minin Hadrat Hafsah (R.A.) the chaste wife of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi
wa Sallam) .

2. Ruqayyah, she was the youngest daughter of Hadrat Umar.

3. 'Abdullah........son

4. 'Ubaidullah...........son

5. 'Asim...........son

6. Abu Shahmah.......son

7. 'Abd-ur-Rahman.......son

8. Zaid........son

Umar the pioneer of the Islamic democracy

Hadrat Umar (R.A.) was the pioneer of modern civilisation to form a state based upon the Islamic
democratic system, the system which was incorporated in the West as late as 19th and 20th
centuries. He was the greatest democratic administrator whose example is unparalleled not only
in the history of Islam but also in the history of modern civilisation. A vast part of the Middle
East, Persian Empire and Byzantium, was conquered during the ten years of his "Khilafat"
(Caliphate) which he consolidated into a state governed by Islam i.e. laws. "As an administrator",
says Prof. K. Ali, a Muslim writer, "he remained a model for all great Muslim rulers during the
whole Islamic history". Another famous historian, Amir Ali says, "During the thirty years that the
Republic lasted, the policy derived its character chiefly from Umar both during his life-time and
after his death."

The constitution of Islamic caliphate during the time of Hadrat Umar (R.A.) was based entirely on
the Islamic democratic system. All matters were decided after consultation with the "Shura"(The
Council of Advisors) the details of which would be given in the following pages. He remarked, "It
is essential for a "Khalifah" to consult his "Shura". Once he said, "I do not desire that you may
follow anything that arises from my caprice". Hadrat Umar had clearly stated on various
occasions that he should be obeyed as long as he was obeying Allah and the Holy Prophet
(Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam).
Muslims and non-Muslims were treated alike. Although the Arab peninsula was declared to be
purely an Islamic State, his attitude towards the non-Muslims was very tolerant. He allowed the
Jews and the Christians, living in the Peninsula, to stay there if they so wished and nobody would
interfere in their religious affairs. To those who desired to migrate he ensured safe journey up to
the borders. Hadrat Umar (R.A.) also gave compensation for their properties and other facilities.

Islamic Republic based upon "Shura"

As stated before all matters were decided after consultations with the "Shura", the Advisory
Council during his time. There were three main types of "Shura". The first "Shura" consisted of
very prominent and popular Companions like: Hadrat Uthman, Ali, 'Abdur Rahman bin Auf,
Mu'adh bin Jabal, Ubayy bin Ka'b, Zaid bin Thabit, Talha and Zubair (R.A.). They were permanent
members of the "Shura". All the important matters were decided in consultation with these
persons. This "Shura" could be named as the Higher Advisory Council.

The second "Shura" was the General Advisory Council which consisted of many companions
from amongst the Ansar and Muhajirin (R.A.). The Companions who participated in the battle of
Badr were given priority in this "Shura". All matters of general interest were discussed with this
"Shura". In this "Shura" were also included the chiefs of various clans and tribes.

The third type of "Shura" ranked in between the Higher and the General Advisory Councils. It
consisted of some selected Companions among the Muhajirin and Ansar. Matters of special
interest were put before the "Shura"

Whenever a "Shura" was called everyone of its members was fully allowed to give his opinion
without any fear or hesitation. On various occasions Hadrat Umar said, "I am but an ordinary
person like you. I can only request you to co-operate in the work with which I have been
entrusted by you".

The way to call the General "Shura"

Since the Special "Shura" comprised only few members there was no special way to call it. The
way to call the General Council of Advisors was that a man used to call the following words
loudly: "As-Salatu Jami'ah," in the Prophet's Mosque from at high place. Hearing this call the
people would know that a meeting of the "Shura" has been called and assembled in the mosque.
Hadrat Umar first of all offered two raka'at Nafl (optional) Salat and then put the matter before
the "Shura" Every person was allowed to give his opinion. Decisions were usually taken on the
basis of unanimity or sometimes by majority. But the Khalifah was not bound to accept the
decision of majority. In the interest of Islam and Muslims he could use power of veto if he
considered it proper.

Freedom of Opinion

Freedom of opinion was not only allowed at the time of meeting of the "Shura" but on all
occasions. As a matter of fact Hadrat Umar’s period was an exemplary period as far as this
principle of the democratic way of government is concerned. There is no other example in
history when people gave their opinion so freely, and criticised the ruler (i.e., the Government)
so openly.

The Caliph had himself introduced this principle, novel in those days, through his addresses. A
part of one of his addresses is quoted as under

"0 people! I am but a trustee of your property and wealth, like a person who is trustee of the
property and wealth of an orphan child. Had I been rich I would not have taken any allowance
for my services. In case I needed I would have accepted only to the extent of the need. Friends!
you have certain rights over me and you are fully allowed to claim your rights anytime. One of
such rights is: Don't allow me to misappropriate the Indemnity Tax and the Booty. You have the
right to check that the poor, the needy and disabled person amongst you should get allowances
for their livelihood. You have the right to make sure that the borders of the State are safe and
that you are not in danger."
Introduction of Islamic Calendar

For the first time in the history of Islam, Islamic calendar was introduced in the present form by
Hadrat Umar (R.A.). The date of start of this calendar was fixed as the date of the "Hijrah"
(Migration) of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam). Thus the calendar is also known as
the Hijrah Calendar.

Umar's (R.A.) Period was the GOLDEN AGE of ISLAMIC History

Thus we see that Hadrat Umar’s period was the Golden Age of the Islamic history when Islam
was practised in its true form. Hadrat Umar (R.A.) Initiated 41 good practices during his period,
which were based upon the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu'alaihi
wa Sallam). These are known as "Awliat-i-Umar (the Initiations Of Umar). The details can be seen
in the books of Islamic History like Tabari, Ibn-i-Athir, and Tarikh-i-Khulafa etc. Most of these
initiations have been mentioned in the preceding pages in brief. Actually Hadrat Umar (R.A.) was
the founder of ISLAMIC DEMOCRACY based upon the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Holy
Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam). The words of the Holy Prophet are very true

"IF THERE WERE TO BE A PROPHET AFTER ME HE WOULD HAVE BEEN UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB."
(Tirmidhi)

AND

"AMONG THE NATIONS BEFORE YOUR TIME THERE HAVE BEEN INSPIRED PEOPLE (WHO WERE
NOT PROPHETS), AND IF THERE IS ONE AMONG MY PEOPLE HE IS UMAR". (Bukhari and Muslim)

AGRICULTURAL reforms of Umer(RA) The Great

He introduced far reaching reforms in the domain of agriculture, which we do not find even in
the most civilized countries in the modern times. One of these was the abolition of Zamindari
(Landlordism) and with this disappeared all the evils wrought (produced) on the poor tenants
(lessee) by the vested landed interests. When the Romans conquered Syria and Egypt, they
seized the lands of the tillers of the soil and allotted these to the army, nobles, churches and the
members of the royal family. Hazrat Umar, on conquest of these countries, returned these
properties to the local inhabitants who were the rightful owners of the land. The just and
benevolent (kind) Caliph was exceptionally generous to the local tillers of the soil and even
issued strict orders that no other persons including the Muslim soldiers who were spread all over
these countries, should not be granted any piece of land for cultivation purposes. Such steps
taken by the Caliph not only restored confidence among the local populace, but also gave a great
impetus (force) to agriculture in these countries and contributed to the enormous increase in
agricultural output. The tenancy became prosperous and their standard of living was much
raised. It led to the easy realization of land revenues by the custodians of the state. According to
a French historian, “the liberal policy followed

by the Muslims in the fixation of revenues and their land reforms have greatly contributed to
their military conquests.” It was due to this liberal policy of the second Caliph that the Christian
Copts of Egypt who were farmers always sided with the Muslims in preference to Roman
Christians. The Caliph was not content with these reforms. He worked out beneficial schemes for
the advancement of agriculture and constructed irrigation canals, wells, tanks and reservoirs in
his vast dominions. He established a public welfare department which looked after such
construction works and furthered these beneficial schemes. The celebrated historian Allama
Maqrizi says that more than one lakh twenty thousand laborers were continually employed in
such works through out the year in Egypt alone. A number of canals were constructed in
Khuzistan and Ahwaz during this period. A canal called “NAHR-UL-AMIRUL MOMINEEN” which
connected the Nile with the Red Sea was constructed in order to ensure quick transport of grain
from Egypt to the Holy Land.

REFORMS of Caliph Umer(RA) the Great

In a short space of 10 years, Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) had been well-known for his
outstanding achievements and reforms in Islam. Some of these reforms were:-

1- He established the "Baitul Maal" (People's treasury for the state and public).

2- Judicial courts of Justice were set in the country. Judges and Magistrates handled all cases.

3- Establishment of an army headquarters for the defence of the country.

4- Construction of roads and canals.

5- Schools were established. Salaries for Imams, Mu'azzins and Ustaads were organized.

6- Masjids were improved and built in Makkatul Mukarramah and Madinatul Munawwarah. This
included facilities for the Haajis.

7- Police Stations and prisons were built.

8- Establishment of the first Islamic Lunar calendar beginning from the Hijrah.

9- Proper weights and measures introduced.

10- Population census established.

11- Built orphanages and welfare homes.

12- Established proper punishment system and banned slavery.

__________________