OBLIGATIONS

GENERAL PROVISIONS
1) Definition of Obligations – Art. 1156
2) Sources of Obligations – Art. 1157
a) Law – Art. 1157(1), 1158
b) Contracts – Art. 1157(2), 1159
c) Quasi-contracts – Art. 1157(3), 1160
d) Acts or omissions punished by law – Art. 1157(4), 1161
e) Quasi-delicts – Art. 1157(5), 1162
NATURE AND EFFECTS OF OBLIGATIONS
1) To Give
a) Obligor/Debtor, “with the proper diligence of a good father…” – Art. 1163
b) Obligee/Creditor, “has a right to the fruits of the thing…” – Art. 1164
c) Object/Pretestation – Art. 1165, 1166
2) To Do
a) Failure To Do – Art. 1167
3) Not to Do
a) Failure NOT To Do – Art. 1168
4) Faults in Obligation
a) Delay – Art. 1170, 1169
b) Fraud – Art. 1170, 1171, 1173
c) Negligence – Art. 1170, 1172, 1173
5) Unforeseen and Inevitable Events – Art. 1174
6) Usurious Transactions – Art. 1175
KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS
Pure Obligations – Art. 1179(1)
Conditional Obligations – Art. 1179(2), 1193(4)
1) Effects of Conditions
a) Acquisition and Loss of Rights – Art. 1181
b) As Some Event Happens – Art. 1184
c) As Some Event DOES NOT Happen – Art. 1185
d) To Give – Art. 1187(1)
e) To Do and NOT To Do – Art. 1187(2)
2) Effects of Subjects on Conditional Obligations
a) Obligor/Debtor – Art. 1186, 1188(2)
b) Obligee/Creditor – Art. 1188(1)
c) Depending on the Will of Third Persons or Chance – Art. 1182(sen. 2)
3) Improvement, Loss or Deterioration of the Thing to Give
a) With Intent to Suspend the Efficacy of the Obligation – Art. 1189
b) When there is Extinguishment of an Obligation – Art. 1190(2)
4) Rescinding Conditional Obligations – Art. 1191
5) Breaching Conditional Obligations – Art. 1192
6) Faulty Conditions
a) Depending on the Will of the Debtor – Art. 1182(sen. 1)
b) Impossible – Art. 1183
Obligations with a Period – Art. 1193
1) Obligations with a Fixed Period – Art. 1193(1-3), 1196
2) Obligations WITHOUT a Fixed Period – Art. 1197, 1180
3) Loss, Deterioration or Improvement of the Thing to Give – Art. 1194, referring to Art. 1189
4) Obligor/Debtor
a) Recovery of Payment Before the Period – Art. 1195
b) Loss of Right to the Period – Art. 1198
Alternative Obligations – Art. 1199
1) Debtor
a) Right of Choice – Art. 1200(phrase 1)
b) Effect of Choice – Art. 1201
c) Loss of Choice
i) Due to Unpracticable Pretestations – Art. 1202
ii) Due to Creditor’s Acts – Art. 1203
2) Creditor
a) Right of Choice – Art. 1200(phrase 2), 1205(par. 1)
b) Right to Indemnity for Damages – Art. 1204
3) Loss of the Thing/s
a) Creditor’s Right to Indemnity for Damages – Art. 1204
b) Loss of a Thing
i) Due to Fortuitous Events – Art. 1205(no. 1)
ii) Due to Debtor’s Acts – Art. 1205(no. 2)
c) Loss of ALL the Things due to Debtor’s Acts – Art. 1205(no. 3)
4) Facultative Obligations – Art. 1206
Joint and Solidary Obligations
1) Solidarity – Art. 1207, 1211
a) Divisibility – Art. 1208
b) Indivisibility – Art. 1209, 1210
2) Co-Debtors
a) Payment to Solidary Creditors – Art. 1214
b) Claiming from Co-Debtors – Art. 1217(2)
c) Paying After Prescription – Art. 1218
d) Paying Illegal Obligations – Art. 1218
3) Co-Creditors
a) Beneficial to Others, BUT NOT Prejudicial – Art. 1212
b) Assigning Rights – Art. 1213
4) Extinguishment of Obligation
a) Novation, Compensation, Confusion or Remission – Art. 1215(1), Art. 1219
b) Remission
i) By Creditor – Art. 1219
ii) By Debtor – Art. 1220
c) Payment by Debtor – Art. 1217, 1218, 1214
d) Loss of the Thing
i) WITHOUT Debtor’s Fault – Art. 1221(1)
ii) Due to A Debtor’s Fault – Art. 1221(2)
iii) After Delay – Art. 1221(3)
5) Defense of Debtor against Creditor – Art. 1222
Divisible and Indivisible Obligations
1) In/Divisibility – Art. 1223
2) Indivisible Obligations
a) To Give – Art. 1225(1)
b) Not to Do – Art. 1225(4)
3) Divisible Obligations
a) To Do, unless Provided – Art. 1225(2-3)
b) Not to Do – Art. 1225(4)
4) Indemnity for Damages – Art. 1224
Obligations with a Penal Clause
1) Enforcing Penalties – Art. 1226(2)
2) Penalty and Obligations
a) Debtor – Art. 1227(sen. 1)
b) Creditor – Art. 1227(sen. 2-3)
c) Reduction of Penalty by Judge – Art. 1228
d) Nullity – Art. 1230
3) Penalty and Indemnity for Damages
a) When Penalty Replaces Damages – Art. 1226(sen. 1)
b) When Damages are STILL Paid – Art. 1226(sen. 2)
c) Proof of Actual Damages UNNECESSARY – Art. 1228
EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS
GENERAL PROVISIONS – Art. 1231
METHODS OF EXTIGNUISHINMENT
Payment or Performance – Art. 1232, 1233
1) Debtor
a) Recovery After Performance of Obligation – Art. 1234
b) CANNOT Pay When Judicially Ordered to Retain Debt – Art. 1243
c) CANNOT Compel Creditor to Receive a Different Thing – Art. 1244
d) CANNOT Give an Inferior Thing – Art. 1246(sen. 2)
2) Creditor
a) Accepting the Performance of Obligation – Art. 1235
b) In Possession of Credit – Art. 1242
c) CANNOT Demand a Superior Thing – Art. 1246(sen. 1)
3) Third Persons
a) Payment to Creditor – Art. 1236(1)
b) Reimbursement from Debtor – Art. 1236(2)
c) Payment to Third Persons for Creditor’s Benefit – Art. 1241(par. 2)
d) WITHOUT Debtor’s Knowledge – Art. 1237
e) WITHOUT Intent of Reimbursement from Debtor – Art. 1238
4) Other Subjects
a) Payment from One who CAN’T Freely Dispose – Art. 1239
b) Payment to One who CAN’T Freely Administer – Art. 1241(par. 1)
c) Payment to Successors-In-Interest and Those Authorized – Art. 1240
5) Other Logistics of Payment
a) Currency of Payment – Art. 1249, 1250
b) Place of Payment – Art. 1251
Application of Payments
1) In Case of Numerous Debts – Art. 1252, 1289
2) In Case Interest is Produced – Art. 1253
3) In Case Rules Don’t Apply – Art. 1254
Payment by Cession – Art. 1255
Tender of Payment Consignation – Art. 1258
1) Debtor
a) Releasing Debtor from Consignation – Art. 1256, 1257
b) Cancelling Obligation – Art. 1260(1)
c) Retaining Obligation – Art. 1260(2)
2) Creditor
a) Expenses of Consignation – Art. 1259
b) Authorizing Debtor to Withdraw Consignation – Art. 1261
Loss of the Thing Due
1) Extinguishment of the Obligation
a) Loss of Determinate Thing, WITHOUT Fault of the Debtor – Art. 1262(1)
b) Partial Loss of the Thing – Art. 1263
c) Impossible To Do, WITHOUT Fault of the Debtor – Art. 1266
d) Difficult To Do – Art. 1267
2) Non-Extinguishment of the Obligation
a) Loss of Generic Thing – Art. 1263
b) By Law or Stipulation – Art. 1262(2)
c) Partial Loss of the Thing – Art. 1263
d) Loss of Determinate Thing, from a Criminal Offense – Art. 1268
3) Rights of Action – Art. 1269
Condonation of Remission of the Debt – Art. 1270
1) Private Documents
a) As Evidence of Renunciation – Art. 1271
b) As Evidence of Voluntary Deliver by Creditor – Art. 1272
2) Accessory Obligations
a) Effect of Renunciation of Principal Debt – Art. 1273
b) Effect of Debtor Possessing the Thing Pledged – Art. 1274
Confusion or Merger of the Rights of Creditor and Debtor
1) Extinguishment of the Obligation – Art. 1275
a) Share in Joint Obligations – Art. 1277
2) Non-Extinguishment of the Obligation
a) Confusion as to Guarantors – Art. 1276
b) Confusion as to Joint Obligations – Art. 1277
Compensation – Art. 1278, 1279, 1290
Novation – Art. 1291, 1292
1) Substituting the Person of the Debtor – Art. 1291(2)
a) Without Debtor’s Knowledge or Against Debtor’s Will – Art. 1293, 1294
b) Insolvency of New Debtor – Art. 1285
2) Subrogating a Third Person in the Rights of the Creditor – Art. 1291(3)
a) Legal Subrogation – Art. 1300, 1302
b) Conventional Subrogation – Art. 1300, 1301
c) Effect of Subrogation – Art. 1303, 1304