A Introduction

The proposed road: Rongjeng Mangsang Adokgre (44th to 55th Km) Eldek
Akong to Adokgre is situated in West Meghalaya. The project road is located in the
district of North Garo Hills in the State of Meghalaya. This report is pertaining to the
hydraulic calculations for Minor Bridges. The alignment is passing through hilly
terrain. Hydrologies of the proposed Minor bridges & Culverts have been carried out
as discussed in subsequent section.

B Methodology for Hydrological Analysis

The objective of the hydrological and hydraulic study is to determine the required
number and sizes of the drainage structures so as to allow the design discharge of
the drain / stream to pass safely through the opening, and to check whether
waterway of the new structure is sufficient to transmit the flow without risk and for
safe, efficient and economical design of river crossing structures.
The project alignment crosses small streams. As the alignment passes through hilly
terrain, rainfall pattern and intensity are extremely variable and moreover drains flow
through steep mountains also have variable flood and sediment flows.

The hydrological and hydraulic study for the project has been carried out based on:
 Topographic survey data of the drain/streams studied from Google Earth.

As the Project area fall under the restriction zone having strategic important point of
security. Recent Topo Sheets of the region may not be available for public. However
we have requested all government departments to get it from the concern authority if
possible. Meanwhile topography of terrain have been studied with the help of Google
Earth to demark the catchment area of Minor bridges.
Moreover, we have received the rainfall data (from year 2015 to 2019) from
Meghalaya District Agriculture Officer, East Garo Hills District, Williamnagar. Hence,
based on the rainfall data received from agricultural department maximum discharge
has been calculated by Rational method.
The following methods have been used to estimate the peak discharge and HFL for
the minor bridges & culverts site.
Assessment of Peak Discharge

The peak discharge and the HFL have been calculated by the following methods:

 Area velocity method

 Rational method
 Dickens’s Formula

Area – Velocity Method (Manning’s Formula)

This method has been utilized to calculate the discharge from the stream cross-
section and stream slope/bed slope at the proposed bridge sites, for both major and
minor bridges. After plotting the cross section of the river, and marking the observed
HFL, the cross sectional area (A) and wetted perimeter (P) have been computed. In
the absence of the flood slope of the stream, the bed slope of the river has been
estimated along its length.

The velocity and Discharge have been calculated using the Manning’s formula:

Q = A x V = A x [(1/n) x (R)2/3 x (S)1/2]

Where,

Q = the discharge in Cumecs;

A = Area of the cross section in Sq. M;

V = Velocity in M/Sec;
R = Hydraulic mean depth in M. = A / P;
P = Wetted perimeter of the stream in M;
S = Bed slope of the stream; and
n = Roughness Co-efficient.
The value of ‘n’ has been adopted as per soil criteria and river bed characteristics,
observed at site and are based on Table 3 in IRC SP-13 which has been reproduced
below

Surface Perfect Good Fair Bad

Clean, straight bank, full stage, no rifts or deep
0.025 0.0275 0.030 0.033
pools
Same as (I), but some weeds and stones 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.040
Winding, some pools and shoals, clean 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050
Same as (3), lower stages, more ineffective
0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055
slope and sections
Same as (3) some weeds and stones 0.033 0.035 0.040 0.045
Same as (4), stony sections 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060
Sluggish river reaches, rather weedy or with
0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080
very deep pools
Very weedy reaches 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150

Rational Formula:

In this method, peak runoff is worked out from the rainfall data obtained from the
concern Meteorological department. Also time of concentration based on catchment
characteristic is worked out and then critical Intensity corresponding to time of
concentration is obtained which further used for calculating design discharge by the
formula mentioned below:

Q = A I0 λ
Where,

Q = discharge in m3/s
I0 = one-hour rainfall in cm/hr
A = catchment area in sq km
0.056  f  P

tc  1

f = factor depend upon catchment area (Ref: Fig. 4.2 of IRC: SP: 13 as
shown below)
 P = co-efficient of runoff for catchment characteristics (Ref: Table 4.1 of
IRC:SP:13- 2004) which has been reproduced below

Catchment Area Value

Steep, bare rock and also city pavements 0.90
Rock, steep and wooded 0.80
Plateaus, lightly covered 0.70
Clayey soils, stiff and bare 0.60
Clayey soils, lightly covered 0.50
Loam, lightly cultivated or covered 0.40
Loam, largely cultivated 0.30
Sandy soil, light growth 0.20
Sandy soil, covered, heavy brush 0.10

tc = time of concentration in hours

0.385
 L3 
t c  0.87  
 H
L = distance from critical point to structure in km.
H = fall in level from critical point to structure in m.

The size of the flood depends on the following factors:

Rainfall:
 Intensity
 Distribution in time and space
 Duration
Nature of Catchment
 Area
 Shape
 Slope
 Permeability of the soil and vegetable cover
 Initial state of wetness

The discharges thus obtained from Dicken’s method or Rational method has been
compared with discharge computed by Slope-Area method. The recommended
design discharge would be the maximum value of the discharges worked out as
above (limiting to 50% variation, if the discharge obtained by one method is greater
than 1.5 times the discharge obtained by the other, the design discharge is limited to
1.5 times of the smaller one). Accordingly, the design discharges has been
established for the drainage structures.
Slope-Area method has also been used to calculate the afflux at the bridge site as
per the proposed linear waterway and existing width of the stream and to establish
design HFL corresponding to the design discharge. Adequacy of proposed structures
has been arrived corresponding to the Design HFL and the clearance / freeboard
required as per IRC Standard.

The design discharge is computed and presented in subsequent section of Hydraulic

Calculations of Bridges & Culverts.

Scour depth calculation:

As the ground level at abutment location (for the minor bridges) is higher than the
HFL and water is well within the natural gorge. The scour near abutment will not
occur. Hence, not presented in the study.
 Name of Work : PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT (DPR) FOR RONGJENG MANGSANG
ADOKGRE (44th to 55th km) ELDEK AKONG TO ADOKGRE IN (MEGHALAYA WEST) UNDER MEGHALAYA
INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PROJECT(MITP)

SCHEDULE OF CULVERT
EXISTING PROPOSED
S.No. Chainage Chainage Remarks
No. Type Size/Span (m)
(m) (m)
1 43+962 43+962 44/1 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
2 44+042 44+042 45/1 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 3 RECONSTRUCTION
3 44+300 44+300 45/2 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
4 44+530 44+530 45/4 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
5 44+800 44+800 45/5 DISMENTALED
6 45+231 45+231 46/1 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 DISMENTALED
7 45+283 45+285 DISMENTALED
8 45+375 45+500 46/3 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
9 45+647 45+653 46/4 Solid Slab Bridge 1 No. of Length 10.50 RECONSTRUCTION
10 45+757 45+763 46/5 Solid Slab Bridge 1 No. of Length 10.50 RECONSTRUCTION
11 45+948 45+956 46/6 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 3 RECONSTRUCTION
12 46+078 46+084 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
13 46+227 46+229 47/2 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 3 RECONSTRUCTION
14 46+343 46+350 47/3 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x3) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
15 46+424 46+430 47/4 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
16 46+483 46+488 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
17 46+560 46+565 47/6 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x3) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
18 46+653 46+657 47/7 Solid Slab Bridge 1 No. of Length 12.50 DISMENTALED
19 46+756 46+760 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
20 46+855 46+858 47/9 DISMENTALED
21 47+265 47+267 48/1 DISMENTALED
22 47+343 47+335 48/2 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
23 47+420 47+421 DISMENTALED
24 47+832 47+840 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
25 47+966 47+969 48/5 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x3) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
26 48+051 48+054 49/1 DISMENTALED
27 48+230 48+232 49/2 DISMENTALED
28 48+588 48+590 49/3 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (4x3) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
29 48+745 48+744 49/4 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
30 48+850 48+848 49/5 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
31 48+913 48+912 49/6 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
32 48+970 48+966 49/7 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
33 49+028 49+026 50/1 DISMENTALED
34 49+064 49+062 50/2 DISMENTALED
35 49+175 49+173 50/3 DISMENTALED
36 49+304 49+310 50/4 DISMENTALED
37 49+364 49+360 50/5 DISMENTALED
38 49+422 49+417 50/6 DISMENTALED
39 49+537 49+533 50/7 DISMENTALED
40 49+754 49+748 DISMENTALED
41 49+795 49+789 50/9 DISMENTALED
42 49+850 49+844 50/10 DISMENTALED
43 49+877 49+871 50/11 DISMENTALED
44 50+030 50+022 51/1 DISMENTALED
45 50+074 50+065 DISMENTALED
46 50+165 50+156 51/3 DISMENTALED
47 50+200 50+190 51/4 DISMENTALED
48 50+362 50+353 DISMENTALED
49 50+400 50+390 51/6 DISMENTALED
50 50+704 50+694 51/7 DISMENTALED
51 50+786 50+776 51/8 DISMENTALED
52 50+855 50+843 51/9 DISMENTALED
53 50+904 50+903 51/10 DISMENTALED
54 50+940 50+928 51/11 DISMENTALED
55 51+050 51+038 52/1 DISMENTALED
56 51+140 51+126 52/2 DISMENTALED
57 51+215 51+202 52/3 DISMENTALED
58 51+821 51+805 52/4 DISMENTALED
59 51+890 51+873 52/5 DISMENTALED
60 51+985 51+979 52/6 DISMENTALED
61 52+112 52+095 53/1 DISMENTALED
62 52+220 52+202 53/2 DISMENTALED
63 52+242 52+224 53/3 DISMENTALED
64 52+270 52+250 53/4 DISMENTALED
65 52+375 52+354 53/5 Solid Slab Bridge 1 No. of Length 10.50 RECONSTRUCTION
66 52+530 52+510 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
67 52+560 52+580 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
68 52+950 52+930 53/7 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
69 52+980 52+960 53/8 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
70 53+132 53+114 54/1
71 53+660 53+640 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
72 53+980 53+960 Box Culvert 1 No. of Size (2x2) m Cusion 0 RECONSTRUCTION
Calculation for Culverts at Ch: 45+948

1 DISCHARGE AS PER Dicken's FORMULA

Discharge Q = C x M3/4 C = 19
3/4
= 19 x (0.0898) M = 0.0898 Km2

= 3.117 Cumecs

2 DISCHARGE AS PER RATIONAL FORMULA ...As per IRC:SP-13 , Article 4.7

From District Agricultural Department

Catchment area (A) = 8.98 Hectares (as per Google Earth)

Rainfall dropped by severest storm (F) = 173.6 Cm

Time for rainfall dropped by severest storm (T) = 1.0 Hours

F 1 174 1
One-hr rainfall for the severest sorm (I0) = x 1 + = x1 +
2 T 2 1.0

= 173.6 Cm/ Hour

Distance from critical point to structure (L) = 0.642 Km

Fall in level from critical point to structure (H) = 72.62 M

0.385
 L3 
3 0.385
0.6
Concentration Time t c   0.87   = 0.87 x = 0.10912
72.621
 H
Hours
Co-efficient of runoff (P) = 0.40 ...As per IRC:SP-13, table 4.1

Catchment area Factor (f) = 0.9 ...As per IRC:SP-13, fig 4.2

0.056 x ƒ x P 0.056 x 0.4 x 0.9

Constant (?) = = = 0.01818
tc + 1 0.1091 + 1

Discharge (Q) = A x I0 x ? = 9 x 174 x 0.01818

= 28.336 Cumecs

Slope Calculation:
Table: (data considered from Google earth)
Height above Datum
RD Starting from R.L.of River Length of each (Di) difference Di-1+Di Lix(Di-1+Di)
S. No.
Culvert (Km) Bed (M) segment Li (Km) between the datumn (M) (M)x(Km)
& the ith RL (m)
1 0.000 401.38 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.050 402.00 0.050 0.62 0.62 0.03
3 0.100 403.00 0.050 1.62 2.24 0.11
4 0.150 407.00 0.050 5.62 7.24 0.36
5 0.200 408.00 0.050 6.62 12.24 0.61
6 0.250 413.00 0.050 11.62 18.24 0.91
7 0.300 423.00 0.050 21.62 33.24 1.66
8 0.350 441.00 0.050 39.62 61.24 3.06
9 0.400 453.00 0.050 51.62 91.24 4.56
10 0.450 461.00 0.050 59.62 111.24 5.56
11 0.500 465.00 0.050 63.62 123.24 6.16
12 0.550 466.00 0.050 64.62 128.24 6.41
 13 0.600 468.00 0.050 66.62 131.24 6.56
14 0.642 474.00 0.042 72.62 139.24 5.85
0.642 ?{L ix(Di-1+Di)} 41.86

Li   D i 1  D i  41.86
Slope  = = 102.103 M/Km
L2i 0.41

3 DISCHARGE AS PER RATIONAL FORMULA

1
Q C  I  A
360
Where:

Q= Quantity of Storm Water in m 3/sec

C= Coefficient of Runoff = 0.30

I= Intensity of Rainfall (mm/hour) for the duration equal to time of cocentration

A= Drainage Area in Hectares

1
Q= x 0.3 x 1736.02 x 8.98 = 12.9912 M3/Sec
360

4 Sample Discharge Capacity Calculation for Box Culvert

No. of Cells = 1

Span / Diameter = 2 M

Vent Height = 2 M

Discharge through culverts flowing full,

Q = ? ? (2xgxh) (IRC:SP13-2004, Article 19.2.8)

Where:

Q = Discharge through culvert in M 3/Sec

A
? = Conveyance Factor = = 3.22
( 1 + K e + K f )1/2

A = Cross-Sectional Area of Culvert in M 2 = 4 M2

Ke = Entry loss co-efficient = 0.46

Kf = Friction loss co-efficient = 0.08

Values of K e and K f (Table 19.1, SP:13-2004)

Circular Pipes Rectangular Culverts

Square Entry Bevelled Entry Square Entry Bevelled Entry

Ke 1.107 x R0.5 0.1 0.572 x R0.3 0.05

1.2 1.2 1.25
Kf 0.00394 x L/R 0.00394 x L/R 0.0035 x L/R 0.0035 x L/R1.25
 Crossectional Area 4
R = Hydraulic radius in m = = = 0.5 M
Perimetre of Culvert 8
L = Length of culvert in metre = 10 M
g = Gravitational Acceleration = 9.81 M/Sec 2
H = Operating Head in metre = 2.00 M
(Difference between water level at inlet and outlet)
So, Q= 3.2 x 2 x 9.81 x 2 = 20.17 M3/Sec
 Hydraulic Calculation for MNB at Ch: 46+657

1 DISCHARGE AS PER Dicken's FORMULA

Discharge Q = C x M3/4 C = 19
3/4
= 19 x (0.07) M = 0.07 Km2

= 2.586 Cumecs

2 DISCHARGE AS PER RATIONAL FORMULA ...As per IRC:SP-13 , Article 4.7

From District Agricultural Department
Catchment area (A) = 7 Hectares (as per Google)

Rainfall dropped by severest storm (F) = 173.6 Cm

Time for rainfall dropped by severest storm (T) = 1.0 Hours

F 1 174 1
One-hr rainfall for the severest sorm (I0) = x 1 + = x1 +
2 T 2 1.0
= 173.6 Cm/ Hour
Distance from critical point to structure (L) = 0.36 Km

Fall in level from critical point to structure (H) = 6.77 M

0.385
 L3  0.4 3 0.385

Concentration Time t c   0.87   = 0.87 x = 0.13856

 H 6.772
Hours
Co-efficient of runoff (P) = 0.40 ...As per IRC:SP-13, table 4.1

Catchment area Factor (ƒ) = 0.97 ...As per IRC:SP-13, fig 4.2

0.056 x ƒ x P 0.056 x 0.4 x 0.97

Constant (?) = = = 0.01908
tc + 1 0.1386 + 1

Discharge (Q) = A x I0 x ? = 7 x 174 x 0.01908

= 23.19 Cumecs

Slope Calculation
Table: (data considered from Google earth)
Height above
RD Starting
R.L.of River Length of each Datum (Di ) Di-1+Di Li x(Di-1+Di )
S. No. from Culvert
Bed (M) segment Li (Km) difference between (M) (M)x(Km)
(Km)
the datumn & the
1 0.000 408.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.050 409.00 0.05 0.77 0.77 0.04
5 0.100 409.00 0.05 0.77 1.54 0.08
6 0.150 410.00 0.05 1.77 2.54 0.13
8 0.200 410.00 0.05 1.77 3.54 0.18
9 0.250 411.00 0.05 2.77 4.54 0.23
10 0.300 412.00 0.05 3.77 6.54 0.33
11 0.350 413.00 0.05 4.77 8.54 0.43
 12 0.358 415.00 0.01 6.77 11.54 0.09
0.36 ?{L ix(Di-1+Di)} 1.49

Li   D i 1  D i  1.49
Slope  = = 11.493 M/Km
L2i 0.13
3 DISCHARGE AS PER MANNING'S FORMULA
n = 0.055 (1/n) = 18.200
S = 11.493 (1/S 0.5) = 0.295
Velocity = 5.197
Crossectional Area = 13.464689
H.F.L. = 411

Chaina GL Depth Mean Length Area (A) Difference Wetted Perimetre

ge (M) (M) 2 in GL (M) (P) in Metres
LHS (M) Depth (M )
0 411.807 0.000
2.654 409.548 1.452 0.726 2.65 1.926804 2.259 3.485
4.328 408.228 2.772 2.112 1.67 3.535488 1.32 2.132
6.327 409.086 1.914 2.343 2.00 4.683657 0.858 2.175
8.967 410.72 0.280 1.097 2.64 2.89608 1.634 3.105
11.986 411.88 0.000 0.14 3.02 0.42266 1.16 3.234
11.99 13.464689 14.131
R = (A/P) = ( 13.464689 / 14.131 ) = 0.953
2/3 2/3
R = ( 0.953 ) = 0.968

2 1
1
V   R3 S 2 = 18.2 x 0.968 x 0.295 = 5.197
n
Q = A x V = 13.4647 x 5.197 = 70 Cumecs

Description
S.No. Discharge (Cumecs)
for MNB at Ch: 46+657
1 Dicken's Method 2.586
2 Slope- Area Method (Manning's Formulae) 70
3 Rational Method 23.19
 Bridge Cross-Section as Ch. 46+657
412.5
411.807 411.88
412
411.5
410.72
Elevation (m) →

411
410.5
410 409.548
409.5 409.086

409
408.5 408.228

408
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Bridge Cross-Section Distance (m) →
 Hydraulic Calculation for MNB at Ch: 45+653

1 DISCHARGE AS PER Dicken's FORMULA

Discharge Q = C x M3/4 C = 19

= 19 x 3/4
M = 0.09 Km2
(0.0916)
= 3.164 Cumecs

2 DISCHARGE AS PER RATIONAL FORMULA ...As per IRC:SP-13 , Article 4.7

From District Agricultural Department
Catchment area (A) = 9.16 Hectares (as per Google)

Rainfall dropped by severest storm (F) = 173.6 Cm

Time for rainfall dropped by severest storm (T) = 1.0 Hours

F 1 174 1
One-hr rainfall for the severest sorm (I0) = x 1 + = x1 +
2 T 2 1.0
= 173.6 Cm/ Hour
Distance from critical point to structure (L) = 0.46 Km

Fall in level from critical point to structure (H) = 51.75 M

0.385
 L3  0.5 3 0.385

Concentration Time t c   0.87   = 0.87 x = 0.08375

 H 51.747
Hours
Co-efficient of runoff (P) = 0.40 ...As per IRC:SP-13, table 4.1

Catchment area Factor (ƒ) = 0.99 ...As per IRC:SP-13, fig 4.2

0.056 x ƒ x P 0.056 x 0.4 x 0.99

Constant (?) = = = 0.02046
tc + 1 0.0838 + 1

Discharge (Q) = A x I0 x ? = 9.2 x 174 x 0.02046

= 32.54 Cumecs

Slope Calculation
Table: (data considered from Google earth)
Height above
RD Starting
R.L.of River Length of each Datum (Di ) Di-1+Di Li x(Di-1+Di )
S. No. from Culvert
Bed (M) segment Li (Km) difference between (M) (M)x(Km)
(Km)
the datumn & the
1 0.000 402.253 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.050 403.00 0.05 0.75 0.75 0.04
5 0.100 406.00 0.05 3.75 4.49 0.22
6 0.150 418.00 0.05 15.75 19.49 0.97
8 0.200 428.00 0.05 25.75 41.49 2.07
9 0.300 448.00 0.10 45.75 71.49 7.15
10 0.350 452.00 0.05 49.75 95.49 4.77
11 0.400 453.00 0.05 50.75 100.49 5.02
 12 0.456 454.00 0.06 51.75 102.49 5.74
0.46 ?{L ix(Di-1+Di)} 26.00

Li   D i 1  D i  26.00
Slope  = = 123.809 M/Km
L2i 0.21
3 DISCHARGE AS PER MANNING'S FORMULA
n = 0.055 (1/n) = 18.200
S = 123.809 (1/S 0.5) = 0.09
Velocity = 2.336
Crossectional Area = 23.650483
H.F.L. = 405.5

Chaina GL Depth Mean Length Area (A) Difference Wetted Perimetre

ge (M) (M) 2 in GL (M) (P) in Metres
LHS (M) Depth (M )
0 405.878 0.000
1.324 402.481 3.019 1.51 1.32 1.99924 3.397 3.646
3.624 402.299 3.201 3.11 2.30 7.153 0.182 2.307
5.324 402.253 3.247 3.224 1.70 5.4808 0.046 1.701
6.321 402.527 2.973 3.11 1.00 3.10067 0.274 1.034
10.3 405.872 0.000 1.487 3.98 5.916773 3.345 5.198
10.30 23.650483 13.886
R = (A/P) = ( 23.650483 / 13.886 ) = 1.703
2/3 2/3
R = ( 1.703 ) = 1.426

2 1
1
V   R3 S 2 = 18.2 x 1.426 x 0.09 = 2.336
n
Q = A x V = 23.6505 x 2.336 = 55.2 Cumecs

Description
S.No. Discharge (Cumecs)
for MNB at Ch: 45+653
1 Dicken's Method 3.164
2 Slope- Area Method (Manning's Formulae) 55.2
3 Rational Method 32.54
 Bridge Cross-Section as Ch. 45+653
406.5
405.878 405.872
406
405.5
405
Elevation (m) →

404.5
404
403.5
403 402.481 402.527
402.299 402.253
402.5
402
401.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Bridge Cross-Section Distance (m) →