DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT

RIVER SAND MINING

OR
RIVER BED MINING
WEST GARO HILLS DISTRICT,
MEGHALAYA

AS PER NOTIFICATION NO. S.O. 3611(E) NEW DELHI,

THE 25th JULY,2018 OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT,
FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE, GOVT. OF INDIA

Compiled by:

Chairman Nodal Officer Member Secretary

District Level Task Force, Smt. R.K. Sangma, MFS, District Level Task Force,
West Garo Hills Divisional Forest Officer, Social Forestry Division, West Garo Hills, Tura
West Garo Hills, Tura
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT

2
Sl. No. Contents Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION 4-6
2. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT 7

3. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, 7-14

AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY
4. DETAIL OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE
YEARS
5. DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJARI OR MINOR 15
MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS
6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE 15-17
DISTRICT
7. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT 17-40
8. LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT : FOREST, 41-44
AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, MINING ETC.

9. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT 45-46

10. RAINFALL : YEAR WISE 47-48

11. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH OF WEST GARO HILLS 48-51

DISTRICT

12. DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF RIVER OR STREAM AND OTHER SAND

SOURCE
13. DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF AVAILABILITY OF SAND OR GRAVEL OR 52
AGGREGATE RESOURCES

14. DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF EXISTING MINING LEASES OF SAND 53

AND AGGREGATES

15. DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERS 53-55

16. SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS & STREAMS 56-60

17. MINEABLE POTENTIAL (RIVER WISE) 60-62

18. SATELLITE MAPS 63-72

3
1.INTRODUCTION
West Garo Hills is one of the largest districts of Meghalaya located in the western part of
the State. The Garo Hills region is divided into five districts, viz the West Garo Hills district, the
East Garo Hills district, the South Garo Hills district, the North Garo Hills district and the South
West Garo Hills district. The district headquarters of West Garo Hills is Tura, which is the second
largest town in the State after Shillong.
The West Garo Hills district lies on the western part of the state of Meghalaya bounded
by the East Garo Hills district on the east, the South Garo Hills district on the south-east, the
North Garo Hills district on the north and South West Garo Hills district on the west and
Bangladesh on the south. The total geographical area of the district is 2855 Sq. Km.
The district is situated approximately between the latitudes 90° 30' and 89° 40' E, and
the longitudes of 26° and 25° 20' N.
West Garo Hills district is pre-dominantly inhabited by the Garos, a tribe with a
matrilineal society belonging to the Bodo family of the Tibeto-Burman race. Other indigenous
inhabitants are the Hajongs, Rabhas, Koches, Rajbangsis, Meches, Kacharis and Dalus. The
district is also inhabited by Bengalis, Assamese, Nepalese, Marwaries, Biharis and people from
other parts of India.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 The early history of the Garos is shrouded in mystery. The forefathers of the Garos allied
to Koches, Chutiyas, Kacharis and Meches came from the north-west. Another tradition
ascribing some support to this theory, maintains that the Garos are descended from their
forefathers in Asong Tibetgori. The Garos in the Kamrup plain, recount a tradition that
their forefathers came eastward from the Himalayas and reached Gondulghat where they
made a brief halt, and on leaving that place, traversed to Sadiya, from where they
trekked on into the north bank of Brahmaputra. After a long westward trail, they reached
Amingaon. There in the north bank their life was not secure, they crossed the
Bahmaputra river and came to occupy Kamakhya. They occupied it for some generations
until the Koches came to invade the Garo Kingdom. From Gauhati, wave after wave of
westward migration poured to the Garo outer hills, and later on penetrated the interior
hills of their present abode. Probably who those crossed the hills and advanced further
south to Mymensing in Bangladesh were the earliest immigrants whereas those who
came later on, now confined into their present settlement at Goalpara and Kamrup,
belonged to the later immigrants.
 If critically examined, the ancient history of Garos would seem to have been a period
marked by persistent and tenacious internal warfare and many blood-feuds seem to have
occurred between families or villages and between neighbouring Chiefs or Nokmas.
 Medieval Period
 With the passage of time in the medieval period, while the Garos in the hills were still
divided into a number of petty Nokmaships, the plain tracts along the fringes at the foot
of the hills came to be included in the many Zamindari Estates, which eventually
developed into fewer but larger complexes. During the medieval era and the Mughal
period, the more important estates bordering the Garo Hills were Karaibari,
Kalimalupara, Mechpara and Habraghat in Rongpur district, Susang and Sherput in

4
 Mymensing district of Bengal and Bijini in the Eastern Duars.Early records describe the
Garos as being in a state of intermittent conflict with Zamindars of these large estates.
 Modern Period
 The contact between the British and the Garos started towards the close of the 18th
Century after the British East India Company had secured the Diwani of Bengal from the
Mughal Emperor. Consequently, all the estates bordering upon Garo Hills, which for all
practical purposes had been semi-independent were brought under the control of the
British.
 Though political control had passed from the Mughals to the British, the latter, like
Mughals, had no desire to control the Estates or their tributaries directly. The Zamindars
were not disturbed in the internal management of their estates. In fact, they were
entrusted, as they had been by the Mughals, with the responsibility of keeping the hill
Garos in check with help of their retainers. Thus, in the beginning, the intermittent
conflict between the Zamindars and the Garos went on unabated until the situation
deteriorated to the extent that the British were forced to take notice. This development
led ultimately to the annexation of the Garo Hills in 1873. Captain Williamson was the
first Deputy Commissioner of the unified district. The district was bifurcated into two
districts viz; East Garo Hills and West Garo Hills districts in October 1979.
The District is administered with two sub- Division i.e. Dadenggre Civil Sub-Division &
Tikrikilla Civil Sub-Division. The District comprises of 7 (Seven) Community and Rural
Development (C&RD) Blocks. They are: Rongram C & R. D. Block,Dadenggre C & R. D. Block, Dalu
C & R. D. Block, Selsella C & R. D. Block,Tikrikilla C & R. D. Block, Gambegre C & R. D. Block,
Demdemma C & R. D. Block.

The population of the District is 4, 70,796 as per the Census 2011, includes 2, 37,024
males and 2,33,772 females. The density of population is 175 persons/sq.km. The average
literacy % of this district is 91% (As per 2011 census).

The Tura range form watersheds in the West Garo Hills district, from which the rivers
flows towards Bangladesh plains in the south and the Brahmaputra valley in the north and the
west. The important rivers of the north group are the Kalu, Ringgi and the Didak. The important
rivers of the southern group are the Bhogai, Dareng etc. The Tura range is also the source of the
Simsang (Someswari), one of the major rivers of Meghalaya, whose valley is of the most
important feature in the South Garo Hills. The longest river in Garo Hills is Jinjiram River.
The District Survey Report has been prepared as per the guidelines mentioned in the
“Appendix-X” of the notification No. S.O. 361(E) Dated New Delhi the 25 th July, 2018 of Ministry
of Environment, Forest& Climate Change. The main objective of the preparation of District
Survey Report (As per the sustainable Sand Mining Guideline) is to ensure the identification of
areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of
erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installation where mining should be
prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment
after mining in that area.
The District Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) and District Environment
Assessment Committee (DEAC) will utilize the report in favour of the environmental clearance to
concern activities in the District. Also this report will act as a reference for the Project
Proponents willing to apply for lease of areas rich in sand.

5
MAP OF WEST GARO HILLS:

6
 1. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVIITIES
Sand mining and other extraction activities in West Garo Hills District were mostly done from the
rivers and streams available in the District. There are no sand mine or quarry available in the
West Garo Hills District except the rivers and streams. The unscientific and indiscriminate
mining, absence of post-mining treatment and management of mined areas are making the
fragile ecosystems more vulnerable to environmental degradation hence leading to large scale
land cover/land use changes. In Garo Hills mining causes massive damage to the landscapes and
biological communities as a result, soil erosion, scarcity of water, pollution of air, water and soil
reduced soil fertility and loss of biodiversity are some of the serious problems of the area.

Most of the economic mineral resources of Garo Hills are associated with the Eocene
Tertiary, Sedimentary formation. These minerals are Lithomargic clay, Fireclay, Phosphorite,
Gypsum, Quartz and Glass sand.

Lithomargic Clay and Fireclay: These clays are associated with the coal deposits of the West
Daranggre coalfields. The estimated reserve of the lithomargic clay and fireclay is of the order of
80 million tones, out of which fireclay reserve is 70 million tones. Tests conducted on these clays
show that they can be utilized for production of high-class refractory bricks and insulators.
Phosphorite, Gypsum and Glass-sand deposits found so far are not of economic importance.
There are also other minerals, which are associated with the Archaean-gneissic complex of the
Shillong group of rocks. These are Kaolin or China clay, Quartzite, Feldspar, Banded hematite-
quartzite, Sillimanite, Granites and Dolerites. A deposit of good quantity Kaolin or China Clay of
economic importance has been located in the Darugre area in the district. A block of this deposit,
which has been investigated, has an estimated reserve of 1.20 million tones of good clay. The
adjoining areas which are yet to be explored also contain sizeable quantity of this clay.

2. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF
7
VALIDITY

8
 Status
(Working
Date of /Non- Obtained Method of
Period of
Name of Address and Mining lease Area of commence Working Captive/ Environmental Mining
SL. Name of Period Mining lease Mining lease Location of Mining Lease
the contact no. of Grant Order Mining ment of /Temp. Non- Clearance (Yes/No). (Opencast/
No. the Lessee (Initial) (1st/2nd…re (Latitude & Latitude)
Mineral Lessee No. & date lease (ha) Mining Working Captive If Yes Letter No with Undergroun
newal)
Operation for date of grant of EC d)
dispatch
etc.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Mangapara area, P.O.
Zikabari, P.S. Tura, District:
Village-
West Garo Hills
Nogapara, Noga
1 N 25037’35.02” & E
Nokat, P.O. No.
Shri No.WGH/DEIAA/EC/2 90000’42.01”
Stone Garobadha, P.S. B/16/VII/3563 3 Non- opencast
1 Kingkong 1.67 20.2.2017 19.12.2020 20.12.2017 Working 017/5 dated 2 N 25037’34.98” & E
boulder Ampati, South Dated (three) Captive mining
Marak 20.11.2017 90000’39.12”
West Garo Hills 20.12.2017
3 N 25037’30.11” & E
District,
90000’43.67”
Meghalaya
4 N 25037’30.81” & E
90000’46.35”
Manggapara, P.O. Zikabari,
West Garo Hills
Village- 1 N.25°37’29.40”
Wakrugre, P.O. No. E.90°00’39.02”
Shri No.
Stone Zekabari, P.S. B/16/VII/3581 Non- 2 N.25°37’29.16” opencast
2 Jengna 1.28 20.12.2017 19.12.2022 5 (five) 20.12.2017 Working WGH/DEIAA/EC/201
boulder Tura, west Garo Dated Captive E.90°00’43.80” mining
Marak 7/2 dated 20.11.2017
Hills, 20.12.2017 3 N.25°37’31.92”
Meghalaya E.90°00’43.84”
4 N.25°37’31.89”
E.90°00’39.04”
Matchokchiring
Village-
No. Manggapara, P.O. Zikabari,
Shri Manggapara, No.
Stone B/16/VII/3572 Non- West Garo Hills 1 opencast
3 Hanseng A. P.O. Zekabari, 0.8 20.12.2017 19.12.2022 5 (five) 20.12.2017 Working WGH/DEIAA/EC/201
boulder Dated Captive N 25°36’39.79” & E mining
Sangma West Garo Hills 7/4 dated 20.11.2017
20.12.2017 90°01’14.69”
District
2 N 25°36’40.93” & E

9
 90°01’11.52”
3 N 25°36’43.34” & E
90°01’13.05”
4 N 25°36’42.20” & E
90°01’16.18"
Damjonggre, P.O.
Garobadha, West Garo
Hills
Village- 1 N.25°36’29.56”
No. No.
Bolgangre, P.O. E.90°01’47.06”
Stone Shri Ringh B/16/VII/3590 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 opencast
4 Mukdangra, P.S. 1.28 20.12.2017 19.12.2022 5 (five) 20.12.2017 Working 2 N.25°36’27.90”
boulder Sangma Dated Captive 7/3 dated mining
Ampati, South- E.90°01’47.01”
20.12.2017 20.11.2017
West Garo Hills 3 N.25°36’27.81”
E.90°01’53.63”
4 N.25°36’29.37”
E.90°01’53.64”
Manggapara area, P.O.
Zikabari, West Garo Hills
Village-
1 N 25°37’12.58” & E
Gangglangre,
No. 90°00’47.56”
Shri P.O. Garobadha, No.
Stone B/16/VII/3555 Non- 2 N 25°37’14.27” & E opencast
5 Willing P.S. Ampati, 0.41 20.12.2017 19.12.2021 4 (four) 20.12.2017 Working WGH/DEIAA/EC/201
boulder Dated Captive 90°00’49.54” mining
Marak South- West 7/1 dated 20.11.2017
20.12.2017 3 N 25°37’14.86” & E
Garo Hills
90°00’47.49”
District
4 N 25°37’13.76” & E
90°00’46.11”
Sabraguri, P.O. Dhanua,
West Garo Hills District
M/S Sabraguri 1 N 25° 40’46.88” E 89°56’
Stone Quarry, No. 46.25”
Shri. No.
Stone Sabraguri, P.O. B/16/VII/2312 Non- 2 N 25° 40’44.90” E 89°56’ opencast
6 Washing 1 11.06.2018 10.06.2023 5 (five) 11.06.2018 Working WGH/DEIAA/2017/6
boulder Dhanua, West -18 Dated Captive 47.70” mining
Ch. Marak dated 20.03.2018
Garo Hills 11.06.2018 3 N 25° 40’46.13” E 89°56’
District 50.70”
4 N 25° 40’48.35” E 89°56’
47.70”

10
 Dhanua-Marasali, P.O.
Dhanua, West Garo Hills
District
1 N 25° 40’15.71” E 89°56’
Jonkipara, P.O. No.
Shri. No. 57.90”
Stone Dhanua, West B/16/VII/2320 Non- opencast
7 Sengrak 1.28 11.06.2018 10.06.2023 5 (five) 11.06.2018 Working WGH/DEIAA/2017/7 2 N 25° 40’14.44” E 89°57’
boulder Garo Hills Dated Captive mining
Ch. Marak dated 20.03.2018 01.07”
District. 11.06.2018
3 N 25°40’16.87” E 89°57’
03.56”
4 N 25°40’18.47” E 89°57’
01.12”
Dapgri, Manggapara, P.O.
Zekabar, West Garo Hills
1 N 25° 37’23.38” E 90° 00’
Chengkompara, No. 41.00”
No.
Stone Shri. Rana P.O. & P.S. B/16/VII/4316 Non- 2 N 25°37’25.70” E 90° 00’ opencast
8 0.67 05.11.2018 04.11.2023 5 (five) 05.11.2018 Working WGH/DEIAA/EC/201
boulder B. Sangma Ampati, South- Dated Captive 42.57” mining
7/9 dated 06.07.2018
West Garo Hills. 05.11.2018 3 N 25°37’26.71” E 90°00’
40.75”
4 N 25° 37’24.40” E 90° 00’
38.95”
Matcha Nokpante,
Dhanua, West Garo Hills
1 N.25°41’22.11”
Rochonpara,
No. No. E.89°56’19.46” 2
Shri. P.O. Dhanua,
Stone B/16/VII/846- 10 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 N.25°41’24.06” opencast
9 Simsang P.S. 0.68/0.80 05.03.2019 04.03.2029 05.03.2019 Working
boulder 54 Dated (ten) Captive 7/10 dated E.89°56’22.50” 3 mining
Ch. Marak Hallidayganj,
05.03.2019 23.10.2018 N.25°41’25.86”
West Garo Hills
E.89°56’21.79”4
N.25°41’24.10”
E.89°56’18.38”
Jongkipara (Sewraguri)
P.O. Dhanua, West Garo
Hills
Jongkipara, P.O. No.
Shri. No.B/16/VII/8 1 N.25°40’33.82”
Stone Dhanua, P.S. 10 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 opencast
10 Nansing 55-63 dated 0.95/1.00 05.03.2019 04.03.2029 05.03.2019 Working E.89°56’43.69”
boulder Tura, West Garo (ten) Captive 7/11 dated mining
Ch. Marak 05.03.2019 2 N.25°40’35.39”
Hills 23.10.2018
E.89°56’43.37”
3 N.25°40’34.33”
E.89°56’49.36”

11
 4 N.25°40’32.08”
E.89°56’49.25”

Bollonggre Area, P.O.

Dhanua P.S. Tura West
Garo Hills
1 N 25° 39' 5.8" E 89°
No.
Smti. Bollonggre, P.O. No.WGH/DEIAA/EC/2 57'50.3"
Stone B/16/VII/1387 Non- opencast
11 Greballina Dhanua, West 0.66 12.04.2019 11.04.2024 5 (five) 12.04.2019 Working 017/19 dated 2 N 25° 39' 5.3" E 89°
boulder dated Captive mining
Ch. Marak Garo Hills 12.11.2018 57'52.8"
12.04.2019
3 N 25° 39' 7.3" E 89°
57'53.1"
4 N 25° 39' 8.5" E 89°
57'51.1"
Manggapara, P.O. Dhanua,
West Garo Hill
1 N 25° 37' 5.9" E 90° 00'
No. No. 42.8"
Shri. Manggapara,
Stone B/16/VII/1418 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 2 N 25° 37' 4.7" E 90° 00' opencast
12 Janison Ch. Dhanua, West 0.7 16.04.2019 15.04.2024 5 (five) 16.04.2019 Working
boulder dated Captive 7/12 DATED 45.6" mining
Marak Garo Hills
16.04.2019 23.10.2018 3 N 25° 37' 6.4" E 90° 00'
47.6"
4 N 25° 37' 8.0" E 90° 00'
44.9"
Manggapara, Zikabari,
West Garo Hills
1 N.25°36’28.7” E.
No. No. 90°01’42.1”
Smt.
Stone Manggapara, B/16/VII/1396 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 2 N.25°36’30.3” E. opencast
13 Wensilla 0.56/0.55 12.04.2019 11.04.2019 5 (five) 12.04.2019 Working
boulder P.O. Zikabari dated Captive 7/21 dated 90°01’39.2” mining
Ch. Marak
12.04.2019 12.11.2018 3 N.25°36’32.6” E.
90°01’40.7"
4 N.25°36’32.0” E.
90°01’43.3”

12
 Galamatgre, P.O. Zikabari,
West Garo Hills
1 N25°38'19.70" E
090°00'57.50"
Vill: Dijinggre, NO. No. 2 N 25°38'18.40" E
Shri.
Stone Rongmatchokgr B/16/VII/2094 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 090°00'58.40" opencast
14 Prisbar K. 0.28 06.06.2019 05.06.2024 5 (five) 06.06.2019 Working
boulder e, P.O. & P.S. dated Captive 7/14 dated 3 N 25°38'19.20" E mining
Sangma
Phulbari 06.06.2019 12.11.2018 090°00'59.80"
4 N 25°38'21.20" E
090°00'58.10"
5 N 25°38'18.72" E
090°00'58.04"
Walkamgre, P.O.
Kalchengpara, West Garo
Hills
1 N 25° 40' 16.6" E 90°
Smt. No. No.
04'59.2"
Stone Nandamer Amguri, P.O. B/16/VII/2295 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 opencast
15 0.6 18.06.2019 17.06.2024 5 (five) 18.06.2019 Working 2 N 25° 40' 15.1" E 90°
boulder ry Ch. Selsella dated Captive 7/16 dated mining
05'01.5"
Marak 18.06.2019 12.11.2018
3 N 25° 40' 16.6" E 90°
05'02.4"
4 N 25° 40' 19.6" E 90°
05'00.8"
Randhigopa, Chiron
Songma, West Garo Hills
1 N.25°39’13.8”
E.089°57’29.5”
2 N.25°39’16.0”
E.089°57’28.2”
PCCF & HOFF
No. 3 N.25°39’19.7”
letter No.
Smt. Mawryngkhang SEIAA(2018)/PP/01/P E.089°57’27.2”
Stone MFG.68/25/M 10 Non- opencast
16 Evalyni village, East 10 28.06.2019 27.06 2029 28.06.2019 Working t./2018/45 - A/227- 4 N.25°39’19.4”
boulder /LoI/7879-885 (ten) Captive mining
Kharbani Khasi Hills 240 dated E.089°57’22.6”
dated
22.04.2019 5 N.25°39’19.6”
28.06.2019
E.089°57’18.6”
6 N.25°39’21.9”
E.089°57’17.3”
7 N.25°39’22.4”
E.089°57’14.8”
8 N.25°39’19.1”

13
 E.089°57’12.4”
9 N.25°39’10.2”
E.089°57’27.5”
10 N.25°39’11.8”
E.089°57’28.5”

Matchokchiring
Manggapara, P.O. Zikabari,
West Garo Hills
1 N.25°36’37.5”
No. No.
Shri. Manggapara E.90°01’28.6”2
Stone B/16/VII/2786 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 opencast
17 Tengwan P.O. Dhanua 0.8 30.07.2019 29.07.2024 5 (five) 30.07.2019 Working N.25°36’37.9”
boulder dated Captive 7/20 dated mining
S. Sangma West Garo Hills E.90°01’26.7” 3
30.07.2019 12.11.2018
N.25°36’40.2”
E.90°01’24.6” 4
N.25°36’41.1”
E.90°01’29.9”
Matchok Chiringgre, P.O.
Garobadha, West Garo
Hills 1N
25°36’42.40” E 90° 01’
24.02”
Tura Reserve No. No.
Shri. 2 N 25°36’41.57” E 90° 01’
Stone Gittim, P.O. B/16/VII/3196 Non- WGH/DEIAA/EC/201 opencast
18 Diwan B. 0.44 27.08.2019 26.08.2024 5 (five) 27.08.2019 Working 23.42”
boulder Tura, West Garo dated Captive 7/13 dated mining
Marak 3 N 25°36’40.47” E 90°01’
Hills 27.08.2019 23.10.2018
22.95”
4 N 25°36’40.59” E 90°01’
26.77”
5 N 25°36’41.32” E 90°01’
27.02”

14
 3. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS

Year Minor minerals

Stone/ boulder/chips (m³)
Royalty or Revenue (Lakhs)
2016-17 135709.417 327.22
2017-18 65528.06 158.10
2018-19 98384.678 172.09

4. DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJRI OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS

Year Stone/boulder/chips in m³

2016-17 135709.417
2017-18 65528.06
2018-19 98384.678

5. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT:

River sediment refers to the mixture of mineral matters which are derived from the
weathering and erosion of rocks present in the river bed. Breaking down of rocks by a geological
agent, here it is a river (flow of water), is called erosion. The erosion of rocks occurs in many ways.
Weathering is described as disintegration and decomposition of rocks due to change in physical and
chemical conditions of the rock. Sediments are derived by these natural processes. Sediments are
subsequently transported by water and/or by the force of gravity acting on the sediments.

Sediments become the river’s load and the river transport this loads through its course.
Transportation of the sediments depends on the energy of the river. Boulders are transported by
traction and are rolled along the bed of the river. Slightly smaller particles, such as pebbles and
gravel, are transported by siltation. This is where the load bounces along the bed of the river
because the river has enough energy to lift the particles off the bed but the particles are too heavy
to travel by suspension. Fine particles like clay and silt are transported in suspension; they are
suspended in the water. Most of a river’s load is transported by suspension. Solution is a special
method of transportation. This is where particles are dissolved into the water so only rocks that are
soluble, such as limestone or chalk, can be transported in solution.
15
 Deposition occurs when forces responsible for sediment transportation are no longer
sufficient to overcome the forces of gravity and friction which are creating a resistance to motion.
To transport load, a river needs to have energy at the same time when a river loses energy, it is
forced to deposit its load. One of the following ways, a river could lose its energy:

1. Reduction in the discharge: Reduction in discharge may be due to lack of precipitation and
evaporation and abstraction by human activity.

2. Change in the river gradient: If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit
its load because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its
load because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy.

Fig: Schematic diagram of process on meander bend.

Meandering of river in Garo Hills

Much of the material will be carried in suspension and loads in suspension erode the river banks by
abrasion. When rivers flow over flatter land, they form large bends called meanders. As a river goes
around a bend, most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The
river is now eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called
lateral erosion (Plate 1. A & B). On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The
river will therefore be shallow and slow flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and
gravels will be deposited. This is called a point bar or slip off slope. Due to erosion on the outside of
a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time.
Eventually deposition will block off the old meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will
slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy rain or during a flood.
The Tura range form watersheds in the West Garo Hills district, from which the rivers flows
towards Bangladesh plains in the south and the Brahmaputra valley in the north and the west. The
important rivers of the north group are the Kalu, Ringgi and the Didak. The important rivers of the
southern group are the Bhogai, Dareng etc. The Tura range is also the source of the Simsang
(Someswari), one of the major rivers of Meghalaya, whose valley is of the most important feature in
the South Garo Hills.

16
Map of River Basin

6. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

West Garo Hills is one of the largest district of Meghalaya located in the western part of the State.
The Garo Hills district was divided into five districts, viz the West Garo Hills district, the East Garo
Hills district, South Garo Hills district, North Garo Hills district and South West Garo Hills district. The
district headquarters of West Garo Hills is Tura, which is the second largest town in the State after
Shillong.
Boundary:
The West Garo Hills district lies on the western part of the state of Meghalaya bounded by the East
Garo Hills district on the east, the South Garo Hills on the south-east, the North Garo Hills on the
north and South West Garo Hills on the west and Bangladesh on the south.
The district is situated approximately between the latitudes 90° 30' and 89° 40' E, and the
longitudes of 26° and 25° 20' N.
West Garo Hills district is pre-dominantly inhabited by the Garos, a tribe with a matrilineal society
belonging to the Bodo family of the Tibeto-Burman race tribes. Other indigenous inhabitants are the
Hajongs, Rabhas, Koches, Rajbansis, Meches, Kacharis and Dalus. The district is also inhabited by
Bengalis, Assamese, Nepalese, Marwaries, Biharis and people from other parts of India.

17
DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Area and Administrative Units

Total Geographical Area 2855 Sq. Km.
Urban Area 18.3 Sq. Km.
Rural Area 2836.7 Sq. Km.
Sub-Divisions 2
Development Blocks 7
Towns 1
Population (2011)
Total 4,70,796
Rural 3,95,938
Urban 74,858
Male 2,37,024
Female 2,33,772
Scheduled Tribe 3,35,841
Scheduled Caste 6,715
Others 1,28,240
Density (per sq. km.) 175
Sex Ratio (females/'000 males) 979
Total 979
Rural 977
Urban 997

Literacy (2011)
Literates 2,60,911 67%
Male 1,40,297 72%
Urban 74,858
Female 1,20,615 63%

18
 Health
Hospitals Government 3
Hospitals Private 2
Dispensaries 3
Primary Health Centres (PHC) 18
Community Health Centres (CHC) 6
Family Welfare Centres (RFW) 5

S.No. Particular Year Unit Statistics

3. AGRICULTURE
A. Land utilization
i) Total Area 2016-17 281100 Hectare
ii) Forest cover 2016-17 126164Hectare
iii) Non Agriculture land 2016-17 15395Hectare
v) Other Cultivable land Nil nil
4. FOREST
(I) Forest 2015-16 6669 Hectare
5. LIVESTOCK & POULTRY
A. Cattle
i)Cows 2015-16 464081 nos
ii)Buffaloes 2015-16 nil
6. v) Roads
(a) National Highway 2016-17 126.412 kms
(b)State Highway 2016-17 23 kms
©Main District Highway 2016-17 18 kms
(d)Other district & High way 2016-17 18.500 kms
(e)Rural road/Agriculture 2016-17 1.674 kms
Marketing Board.
(f) Kachcha Road /PMGSY 2016-17 46.36 kms
(VI) COMMUNICATION
(a) Post Offices 2015-16 71 Nos
(VIII) Banking commercial
(a) Commercial Bank 2015-16 32 nos N.A.
(b) Rural Bank 2015-16 9 N.A.
© Co-operative bank products 8 nos N.A.
(d) PLDB Branches
19
 (IX) Education
(a) Pre-Primary school 2016 641 nos
(b)Lower Primary 2016 1225 nos
(c)Upper Primary 2016 503 nos
(d) Secondary 2016 216 nos
(e) Higher Secondary schools 2016 48 nos
(i) Colleges 2016 11 nos
(ii) University 2016 2 nos

Public
structures:

Sl No. Name of Road Length in Km No of bridges No. Of

culverts
1. Agia-Medhipara Road(AMPT 133.00 77 448
Road)
2. Rongsai –Borjhora-Bajengdoba 18.27 17 75
Road(RBB Road)
3. Garobadha Mankachar Road 20.00 30 37
4. NEC Bye Pass Road 3.30 4 9
5. NH-51 41

Soil:

Major Soils (common names like red sandy loam deep soils (etc.,) - Red and lateritic sandy loam
soils. Soil of West Garo hills district, Meghalaya mainly fall under five physiography:

S.No. Physiography Area Percentage

1 Hill top / Ridge 2933 ha 0.80
2 Hill side slope 292427 ha 79.53
3 Foot hill 1034 ha 0.28
4 Hillock / Hummock 32476 ha 8.83
5 Alluvium plain / Flood plain 37278 ha 10.14
Soils of the district fall in six slope classes: - Nearly level to very gently sloping (0 – 3%),
37278 ha (10.14%)
S.No. Slope Area Percentage
1 Very gently to gently sloping (1-5%) 1034 ha 0.28
2 Gently to moderately sloping (3-10%) 2010 ha 0.55
3 Moderately sloping to strongly sloping (5-15%) 33399 ha 9.08
4 Moderately steep to steep sloping (15-33%) 253981 ha 69.07

20
 5 Very steep to extremely steep sloping (>33%) 38446 ha 10.46

Various land use / land cover classes of the district are as under Agriculture & Jhum:-
37586 ha (10.22%)
Forest : - 328562 ha (89.36%)
Miscellaneous land :- (River, habitation etc.) 1552 ha (0.42%)
Soils of the area are taxonomically classified into four orders i.e. Alfisols, Entisols,
Inceptisols and ultisols.
All the twenty five soils series identified in the area are further classified into 8 sub-orders,
11great groups, 14 subgroups and 25 families. T
The soils comprising of 37278ha (10.14%) falls under none to slight erosion The area of
1031ha(0.28 %) represents slight to moderate erosion Moderate erosional land 279702ha
(76.07%) 48137ha (13.09 %)accounts moderate to severe erosion.

21
22
23
FOREST : The district is rich in forest resources. The important timbers available in the district are
sal, teak, gamari, khokon, champa etc. The other major forest produces are bamboo, cane,
firewood, broomstick, thatching grass etc. The area under forests is 165508 ha. The types of forest
prevalent in the district are Reserved Forests under the Forest Department, Village Reserved Forests
which are managed by the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council, National Park, Biosphere
Reserves and Private/Community Forests under ‘Nokma’ system. Development schemes of different
forest produces/trees namely sal, teak, critical area plantation and other miscellaneous plantations
are being implemented every year by the Forest Department through the budgetary allocations. The
Meghalaya Forest Development Corporation , a state owned Corporation is set up by the State Govt.
to avail of institutional credit linked afforestation schemes. The dept. is maintaining five nurseries
having capacity of 90000 to 100000 nos of seedlings/saplings in the district.

24
Climate
The climate of the district is largely controlled by South-West monsoon and seasonal winds.
The West Garo Hills district being relatively lower in altitude to the rest of Meghalaya, experiences a
fairly high temperature for most part of the year. The average rainfall is 330 cms. Of which more
than two-thirds occur during the monsoon, winter being practically dry. The district has mostly
dense tropical mixed forest, and a small patch of temperate forest in the higher parts of the Tura
range.

Transport & Communication

Tura, the headquarters of the district, is well connected by roads with other places in the
district as well as with the rest of the Meghalaya and Assam. Road Transport by Meghalaya
Transport Corporation and other private transport services run regularly connecting Tura with all
25
important places in the districts of Garo Hills and also to Shillong (323 kms), the capital of the State.
Regular day and night bus services are also available from Tura to Guwahati (220 kms), the capital of
Assam, which is also the nearest railhead. There are also regular bus services connecting Tura to
Siliguri, a city in North Bengal. Also the place is connected to Dhubri in Assam by road and river
transport. Bus and taxi servises are available on shared and hire basis.

Transport facility within the 3 districts of Garo Hills:

 To East Garo Hills (Williamnagar, Resu, etc) bus & taxi services are available at Chandmary
Bus station located toward Garo Baptist Church and Mission Hospital.
 To South Garo Hills (Baghmara, Siju, etc) bus & taxi services are available at Tura Bazar near
Food World Restaurant.
 The National Highway 51 connects Paikan on National Highway 37 in Assam with Tura, the
district headquarter which extends further to Dalu, near the Bangladesh border.
 There are City Bus services in and around Tura for the convenience of office goers and
others Taxi & Auto services are also available.

Infrastructure
There are 6 (six) degree colleges in the district. There is also a Law College and two Colleges
of Teacher's Education (B.Ed College) at Tura. There are 17 higher secondary schools around 196
secondary schools Deficit Pattern Sec. School - 1 and upper primary and primary schools in almost
all the villages. Other than that there are vocational institutes at Tura like Regional Vocational
Training Institute (RVTI) and Industrial Training Institute (ITI). Monfort Centre for Education is also
providing education to the physically handicapped persons, which also provides training to the
teachers to properly equip them to educate the physically handicapped students. At Tura, there is a
campus of North Eastern Hill University and a Home Science College has been set up in the District.
The district has 4 Hospitals, 10 Primary Health Centres (1 underway), 2 State Dispensaries, 5
Community Health Centres, 82 Health Sub Centres and a Nursing School.
Doordarshan Kendra and All India Radio, Tura transmits programmes covering local issues,
featuring local people, in the local language.

Economic Scenario
Since independence, various schemes have been adopted by the central and local
governments for economic development. The district council was created under the sixth schedule
of the Constitution of India to preserve the traditional way of life of the people, to protect them
from exploitation by others, and to make them leaders of their own progress. The tribal
development blocks came into existence to ensure speedy development. Incentives provided for
cash crops and efforts made to popularize terrace farming have yielded some results. The
communication bottle-neck, soil erosion and loss of fertility are, however, among the problems
retarding prosperous economic growth.
The occupational mobility is a noticeable phenomenon. The literacy rate is on increase and
the educated gentry are involved in professions other than traditional agriculture. Many are

26
 employed outside Garo Hills. Some of wealthy farmers, taking advantage of the official schemes.
The multi-tier democratic political system has converted many into whole-timers in politics. The
contractors constitute the wealthy class. The growth of population and markets inspired many to
set themselves in business. Poultry and dairy farming and bee-keeping are also practiced.

BLOCK ADMINISTRATION
The District of West Garo Hills comprises of 7 (Seven) Community and Rural Development (C&RD)
Blocks. They are:

 Rongram C & R. D. Block

 Dadenggre C & R. D. Block
 Dalu C & R. D. Block
 Selsella C & R. D. Block
 Tikrikilla C & R. D. Block
 Gambegre C & R. D. Block
 Demdemma C & R. D. Block

 CIVIL SUB-DIVISION
 There are two Civil-Sub Division in West Garo Hills district
i.e., Dadenggiri Civil Sub-Division and Raksamgre Civil Subdivision.
 Dadenggiri Civil Sub-Division
 Extra Assistant Commissioner
 Raksamgre Civil Sub-Division

PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve

The Nokrek National Park is about 45 kms via Asananggre and Sasatgre. But just about 2 kms from
Tura Peak in West Garo Hills, provided you are an avid trekker. Nokrek is the highest peak in Garo
Hills and has been declared a National Biosphere under the control and management of the state
forests department. The peak is teeming with very rare plants and animals deep inside the thick
jungle. The park is also home to a very rare species of citrus-indica which is endemic to this place
which, the locals call me·mang narang, which when literally translated means the ‘orange of the
spirits’. This discovery led to the establishment of the National Citrus Gene Sanctuary-cum-
Biosphere Reserve at Nokrek which covers an area of about 47 sq.km.

Daribokgre Rural Tourism (Nokrek Biosphere Reserve)

Local Inn Daribokgre is a rural hamlet located close to the world famous biosphere reserve
of Nokrek at a height of approximately 1900m. The local community at Daribokgre has been greatly
exposed to visitors and tourists, who flock the area and the community provides them with local
food and accommodation in their villages for a minimal price. A comfortable three-and-a-half
kilometre trek from Daribokgre village leads a visitor to Nokrek Peak.

27
 Other Activities:

 visit to farming areas

 visit to orange plantations
 guide tour of the biosphere reserve at Nokrek
 local tradition & culture
 local brewery methods
 view from watch tower & bamboo bridge

Distance of Tourist Destinations from Daribokgre:

Tourist Destination Tourism Potential of the said Destination Distance
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve Famous for Citrus Indica, wildlife like hoolock 3 kms
Gibbon, leopard, python, pangolin, etc
Selbalgre Hoolock Gibbon Sacred forests, Hoolock Gibbon, medicinal plants, 15 kms
Reserve python, etc
Rombhagre Fish Sanctuary Community protected pool of fish in river 18 kms
Simsang assisted by IFAD, Tourism & District
Administration
Arabella Range Trekking to the summit 40 kms
Rombhagre Ethnic Ethnic Accomodation run by local SGHs funded by 18 kms
Tourism Project Forest Department Govt of Meghalaya
Asanang 100 Drums The post harvest festival of 100 Drums Wangala is 20 kms
Wangala Dance Venue held here annually during November
Mandalgre Rural Village Local village famous for birds, elephant, trekking, 5 kms
etc
Rongbang Falls Waterfalls, Simsang River, etc 15 kms

Tura Peak
A majestic hill stands on the eastern flank of Tura, the largest town in the Garo Hills region of
the State. It peaks eight hundred and seventy two metres above sea level over looking Tura. Local
legend has it that the peak provides a sacred abode for the Gods and claims that it was traditionally
known as Dura but the British mistook it for Tura, before it came to be known as such. Since the
Tura hill and its peak constitute the water catchments area of Tura town, the whole Tura-range has
been declared as a reserve-forest.
A Tourist Bungalow, an Observatory and a Cinchona plantation are located at Tura Peak and
its environs. A magnificent view of the lower Brahmaputra Valley as well as the golden yellow plains
of Bangladesh is available all year round to viewers on Tura Peak.
28
 During the British regime, the Deputy Commissioner of Garo Hills, used to reside during
summer, in a cottage located at the peak and commute down to Tura each day on elephant-back. A
decent foot track developed for the Deputy Commissioner’s use is still in existence. It facilitates
tourists and adventurers reaching Tura peak with ease and comfort.

Pelga Falls
Pelga fall just located at the distance of 7 kms from Tura has become increasingly hot spot
for anglers and picnickers in recent years. The tourism developed this place by constructing a
footpath and view point. A typical traditional Garo bamboo bridge constructed over Ganol river is
another added attraction.

Wadagokgre
Any tourist who is interested in history can visit Wadagokgre which is one of the most
interesting and attractive places in West Garo Hills. It is a place where an excavation was taken up
by the pre-history branch of the Archeological Survey of India and proved that this was one of the
biggest cities, a religious centre cast out of the Bramaputra river from the fourth century A.D. or
even earlier. The excavation so far have clearly demonstrated that Wadagokgre was a sprawling
township with Buddhism, Hinduism and amalgamation of the two being widely practiced in that
area. The ancient township was located on the bank of the Bramaputra river which nearly 2000
years back was flowing nearby. The township was well-fortified and had a large number of tanks
inside and on the other prestigious heights were located a number of burn bricks temple. Nearly 20
temple sites which have been there might have been palatial complexes and habitational areas for
the population of the town. But the most interesting aspect of the survey report is that this is the
only site where inside the entire fortified area including the habitational areas not a single bone was
found. Wadagokgre is located at about 75 kms. from Tura. One PWD inspection bungalow is
available at Bhaitbari at about 4 kms. distance from Wadagokgre.

Arbella Peak
A lofty blue hill with an elevation of nine hundred and ninety nine metres above sea level
stands on the north-eastern flank of Tura. The hilly range on which it is located is known as Arbella
Range and the peak as Arbella Peak. The drive-up to the peak passes through deeply forested
glades, full of shrubs and orchids of unparalleled beauty. Wildfowl and pheasants of exciting
plumage and colour abound, besides birds of all sizes and variety making the place an idyllic resort
of Natural joy. A small rest house built by the British Colonialist, a century ago, on the Arbella peak
continues to provide visitors with the shelter from the elements.

Rongbang Dare
If one believes that small is beautiful, then the tiny waterfall near Chinabat village to the
right of the Tura-Asanangre-Williamnagar State highway is one to be taken into reckoning. This
sprightly fall, though perennial, is at its best during the monsoon months. Clustered on either side
by vast evergreen hills of bamboos, which sway rhythmically in the wind, the fall itself appears to be
on the sway, leaving the viewer with memories of ecstatic joy.

Sasatgre

29
 Located on the hilly crescent - like saddle, at the foot of the Nokrek peak, in the West Garo
Hills district, Sasatgre village is accessible by a jeepable road from Oragitok village which lies on the
Tura-Asanangre-Williamnagar State highway. The distinguishing feature of this village is that
although all the houses are built in the typical Garo Pattern and design, they are spacious, airy, well-
built and firm. The winds of development, change and prosperity have not changed the way of life
of the Sasatgre villagers and they continue to be the repository of undiluted Garo custom, culture
and convention.
Sasatgre has been blessed by nature in so far as orange plantations are concerned and the
village is surrounded by healthy, dark green orange bushes, which are highly productive. The village
now falls on the periphery of the Nokrek Gene Sanctuary-cum-Biosphere Reserve.

Chibragre
Lying in the junction of two rivers, the Ganol and Rongram is Chibragre, a picturesque place
which is very popular among picnickers and anglers alike. The river Ganol originates from Nokrek
Peak which flows steadily eastward teeming with fish and also believed to be the home of the
mythological Sangkni and Na.nil or water serpents. The river has huge rocks that surround pools
with deep caves and hollows underneath.

Rombagre
Rombagre is situated at the distance of 35kms from Tura on the side of Williamnagar-Tura
PWD Road. There is a beautiful water pool that has been preserved and protected by the local
villagers in the Simsang River where schools of fish are found swimming in the clear waters turning
the place virtually into a tourist spot as many travellers are often found enjoying the fish in the
protected water pool. Besides, there are lovely picnic spots in and around Rombagre which attract
many people from far and near for seasonal picnics every year.

Mande Burung (Jungle Man)

If you are a believer in the mysterious then a trip to the Garo Hills can offer you some
adventure. The Garos believe that an elusive Mande Burung or Jungle Man roams the forests of
Garo Hills just like Bigfoot, Sasquatch, Yeti and others in different parts of the world.
Documentation on this has been done on a large scale with recent visits of correspondents from
The BBC news channel, History Channel (Monster Quest).

Kima Songa (Totems or memorial posts)

Kima Songa is traditional Garo totems or memorial posts erected in honour of the dead
members of a family done normally post funeral. These posts or totems are usually kept in front of
the open space of a house. These posts are carved out in human forms representing the dead
person and it is adorned with the dead person’s clothes and belongings. Kima Songa can be found in
Typical Garo Villages.

Typical Garo Villages

1. Chidaogre Village, West Garo Hills

2. Sadolpara Village, West Garo Hills
30
 3. Sasatgre Village, West Garo Hills

Local Bazar Days

To get a feel and vibe of the local life and energy, a visit to a local bazaar held at different areas and
villages on different days of the week is a definite must. One can shop and hunt for local artefacts,
handloom products, local cuisine, vegetables, handicrafts, etc or one can just sit back at a local tea
shop and gaze at the villagers haggling. These bazaars were the traditional places where people
would buy and sell produce brought from different jhum (shifting cultivation) fields after a trek of
six to seven days. One of the oldest bazar is Garobadha held every Tuesdays of the week. Some of
these local bazaars worth a visit are

1. Garobadha Bazar- Tuesdays 30 kms from Tura town

2. Rongram Bazar- Fridays 14 kms form Tura town
3. Jengjal Bazar- Thursdays 35 kms form Tura town
4. Nazing Bazar- Saturdays 3 kms form Tura town
5. Kherapara Bazar- Wednesdays 25 kms form Tura town
6. Rongsak Bazar-Tuesdays 45 ms form Tura town
7. Babadam Bazar- Mondays kms form Tura town

Check for local buses and taxis or contact your hotel & TIC for details.

Asanangre
Asananggre which is located at the distance of 20 kms. from Tura is a traditional place of the
Garos where the Hundred Drums Wangala Festival is organized annually by the second week of
November. Wangala is the most significant festival of the Garo Community which is associated with
jhumming, a post harvest celebration that marks the end of the agriculture year. Above all and
probably most importantly, it is considered to be an act of thanksgiving to Misi Saljong or the Sun
God for the blessing of a rich harvest. The highlight of the festival is when 300 dancers and 100
drums descend on the field in all their splendour and hues making the festival a sight truly to
behold.

Trekking in Garo Hills

Trekking route from Tura (5-6 days)

1. From Tura Peak to Sakalgre, then to Dura Kalakgre- night halt at a local village house
2. At 7 am from Dura Kalakgre to Daribokgre Nok Achik, ‘lunch’ then proceed to Nokrek
Biosphere Reserve, back to Daribokgre for night halt.
3. At 6 am from Daribokgre to Oragitok via Sasatgre, Chandigre, lunch at Oragitok then
proceed to Arabella Range. Visit a traditional village like Watregre, Gondeggre, back to
Arabella IB for halt.
4. At 7 am proceed to Waribokgre visit Songkalwari (fish sanctuary) back to Rongram Village
31
 5. At 7 am proceed to Babadam visit traditional village like Tokitgre and then back to Tura via
Dorenggre, Dopananggre, Asibra village.

Trekking route from Tura (4 Days)

1. At 7 am from Tura to Babadam via Chibragre, lunch at Babadam, then to Tokitgre traditional
village explore then proceed to Boldakgre halt for the night.
2. At 7 am from Boldakgre proceed to Dabakgre traditional village, then further on to
Mrongre, Makbilkolgre, then to Dokagre halt for the night.
3. At 7 am from Dokagre to Goragre via Balalgre then to Megonggre connecting main road at
Harigoan. All these villages mentioned are still traditional and Non Christian, then towards
Tura.

Travel & Tourist Facilities

The Garo Hills attracted few tourists early days because of poor communication and lack of
proper accommodation. However, after the inauguration of the State, steps to improve the facilities
were taken up by the State Government through the department of Tourism. The department has
set up one Tourist Information Centre at Tura. There are however areas where tourist facilities can
be provided as the Garo Hills offers much scope for tourism with sanctuaries and other spots.

4. GEOLOGY OF WEST GARO HILLS DISTRICT

The West Garo Hills is situated in the western part of the Meghalaya Plateau which is
supposed to be the continuation of Indian Peninsular Shield. Three distinct groups of rocks are
observed in the Garo Hills. The basement consisting of gneisses, granitoids and related rocks, which
from the Precambrian Gneissic Complex. The AMGC of the Proterozoic age occupies almost the
entirety of the West Garo Hills district and is represented by migmatite/banded gneiss, augen gneiss
biotite gneiss and unclassified gneiss.
Mylliem granitoid is represented by pegmatite and quartz vein, gray and pink porphrytic
granite. These are mainly found in the north western, western and some patches in the eastern part
of the district. The rocks of Lower Gondwana are represented by feldspathic sandstone,
carbonaceous shale, diamictite, phyllites, quartzite and conglomerate and occurs in the western
part of the district. The Sylhet traps are represented by basaltic dyke occurring in the central and
western part of the district. The Sung alkaline complex comprising of alkaline pyroxene,
lamprophyre, trachite and dolerite dykes of the late cretaceous- Paleocene are also present.
The rocks of the Jaintia Group is represented by arkose/gritty sandstone, coal, fireclay and
shale of sylhet sandstone member which is overlain by fossiliferous limestone with shale and
marble (sylhet lime stone member) which together constitutes the Shella formation. The Shella
formation is overlain by Sandstone, siltstone, shale and phosphatic nodules of the Kopili formation.
The Garo group of rocks is represented by three formations namely Simsang, Bhagmara and
Changapara. Simsang is represented by felspathic sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and clay.
Conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone constitutes the Baghmara formation which is overlain by
coarse sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and marl belonging to the Changapara formation. The Garo

32
group is overlain by the undifferentiated Quaternary formation and is confined in the north western
and south western part of the district. The Older alluvium of the Middle to late Pleistocene to
Holocene is represented by Chapar and Sorbhog formations and is confined to the northernmost
part of the district. The Newer Alluvium of Late Holocene represented by Barpeta-I and Barpeta II
formation occurs in the western and north western part of the district.

RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL OCCURRENCES

Thin bands of tertiary coal have been reported around Alathugiri and Abiselagiri from the
sandstone. Kaynite has also been reported from the pegmatites south of Selsekgiri. Extensive
occurrence of clay has been reported around Sambangiri and Damalgiri and is used in pottery
industry, as abrasive and in construction work. Sylhet sandstone is white, friable, coarsed and
saccharoidal and is used as glass sand. Best occurences forund near Damalgiri and north of
Rongram. Basic rocks and granitoids are used as road material.
The area applied is an uneven, hilly terrain with undulating topography' the highest contour of the
area is 90m from mean sea level and lowest contour is 5O m from Mean Sea Level, Ganol River is
flowing near about 18km away from the area.
Regional Geologv- This part of Meghalaya exposes rock types that ranges from Basement Gneisses
and intrusive granite that belongs to the Assam Meghalaya Gneissic Comples (AMGC) of
Archaean(i')/ Protezoic age to sedimentaries of Tertiary age. In a Regional Scale the following is the
stratigraphic sequence as noted in this part of West Garo Hills District of Meghalaya'

Age Group Formation member Rock types

Quaternary to Alluvium Pebbles, Soil, Sand and
recent Clay

Mid Miocene Garo Chengapara Loose poorly cemented

to Oligocene micaceous, St, siltstone
and clay
Baghmara Conglomerate,
feldspathic Set,
mudstone, shale with
fossilwood
Palaeocene to Jaintia Kopili Sylhet Arqtllaceous Sediments
Eocene Shella L. St Dominantly limestone
Langpar Sylhet Ferruginous sandstone
S,St Coarse S. St, sandy St,
Calc shale

Jurassic UNCONFORMITY Basaltic flow, lamprophyre and

NON-CONFORMITY dolerite dykes and sills

33
Late Lower Karharbari Gritty to pebbly, coarse
carboniferous Gondwana to very coarse
to Permian
Talchir medium to fine grained
sandstone, light
greenish grey siltstone
and shale,
conglomerates with
greenish matrix
Proterozoic & Assam Pegmatite, aplites and
Archaean Meghalaya quartz vein,
Gneissic granitites (Porphyritic
Complex and grey)granite
gneiss, biotite gneiss
and hornblende
gneiss/migmatites
older meta
sedimentaries.
Table-l: summerised Regional Geological set-up around the block.

34
 Basement Complex of AMGC: it is represented by migmatite, banded gneiss, amphibol
gneiss, biotite gneiss with intrusive grey and pink homophaneous and porphyritic granite. The
basement rocks have pervasive metamorphic foliation striking NW-SE direction dipping 500m
towards NE and bears signatures affected by ductile shearing. Banded migmatite gneiss is of granitic
composition and exhibit compositional bandings defined by leucosome and melanosome layers.The
gneiss has undergone high grade metamorphism from upper amphibolites facies to granulite facies
condition.

Dykes of ultrabasic and basic rocks occur as intrusive into the AMGC and the Gondwana
Group, Most of the dykes trends along NW-SE direction and are exposed along the Baghmara-
Singimari Road, Euhedral crystal of olivine and pyroxene are seen the dyke rocks. Pegmatite with
coarse grained quartz and K-feldspar occur as veins and apophyses within the AMGC.
Unique assemblage of Gondwana rocks represented by Talchir and Karharbari formation are
exposed in the western part of the area, near Singimari (C.S.Fox, 1934). The Talchir Formation is
represented by greenish glauconitic fine grained sandstone and Karharbari Formation is retresented
by very coarse frained feldspathic sandstone. There are reports of coal-bearing horizons within the
Gondwana sequence, for which GSI is actively carrying out exploration in the alluvial covers of the
Brahmaputra River.
AMGC at many places is capped by conglomerate horizon followed by sandstone and shale
of the Jaintia Group, represented by the Sylhet/Tura Sandstone Formation followed upward by the
Kopili Formations. The Garo Group is represented by Baghmara and Chengapara Formations and
exposes erratically. The Tertiary sequence has gentle dip of 5'-10" towards SW striking NW-SE
direction. Thin coal seams that are found within the Shella/Tura Sandstone formation are being
mined locally at many places. Occurence of lignite from West Garo Hills District is being reported for
the first time by GSl.

Local Geology
Table-ll provides a glimpse of the Geology that is observed in the proposed mining

Table-ll: Local Geological set-up in the block

Age Group Rock types

Recent Weathered Gneiss and reddish soil (1-2 m)

Archaean and late- Proterozoic Assam-Meghalaya Banded Band gneiss, migmatite, with
gneiss compesl basic Gneissic Comoles
enclaves and with ic/homorpha
neous granite

The region is intruded by basic and ultra basic intrusive and late tectonic granite plutons. In
Garo Hiils the granite has been metamorphosed into granite gneiss. The lower gondwana rocks of
permo-carboniferous age are recognised in the western and south western part of Garo hills, lt
consists of pebble beds, sandstone (Tura) and carbonaceous shade. Recent alluvium is found in the
western & south western part of Garo Hills along the foothills. This alluvium consists of fine silty
sand and light to dark greyish shale & clay with pockets of coarse sand.

35
5. Drainage of Irrigation pattern:

36
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40
6. LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, MINING ETC

41
Forest Land use

42
Land Utilisation Statics for the year 2016-2019(Horticulture)

Sl Classification of land Name of the Development blocks

No.
1 Area under Horticultural Dadenggre Dalu Gambegre Rongram Selsella Tikrikilla Demdema Total in the District
crops 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
12295 13000 13000

Source: District Horticulture Officer, West Garo Hills, Tura.

43
44
 8. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT:

Topography-The West Garo Hills district is mostly hilly with plains fringing the northern, western
and the south-western borders. There are three important mountain ranges in the districts of Garo
Hills.

Tura Range: This is one of the most important mountain ranges in the West Garo Hills. The Tura
range is about 50 kms. long and extends in the east-west direction from Tura to Siju in the South
Garo Hills district. The mountain peaks that are located in this range are Tura Peak, Nokrek Peak,
Meminram Peak, Nengminjok Peak, Chitmang Peak The highest peak of this range is the Nokrek
(1412 m.) lying 13 kms. south-east of Tura. To the west of the Tura range low hill ranges run from
north to south, and to the north of the Tura range hill ranges run parallel to it, gradually increasing
in height till they meet in the south.
Now the entire Tura range comes under the management of Nokrek National Park. These high
ranges are strictly protected as Catchment areas right from the time of British Administration in
Garo Hills. There is no human habitation in the heart of these ranges which has now become an
ideal home to various flora and fauna.
Arbella Range: Arbella Peak is 999 metres high. It lies on the northern side of Asananggre village on
the Tura Guwahati road. Most of the peaks in this mountain range fall in the East Garo Hills district.
Ranggira Range: This mountain range lies on the western fringe of the district and ends in
Hallidayganj.
River Systems: The Tura range form watersheds in the West Garo Hills district, from which the rivers
flows towards Bangladesh plains in the south and the Brahmaputra valley in the north and the west.
The important rivers of the north group are the Kalu, Ringgi and the Didak. The important rivers of
the southern group are the Bhogai, Dareng etc. The Tura range is also the source of the Simsang
(Someswari), one of the major rivers of Meghalaya, whose valley is of the most important feature in
the South Garo Hills.
Jinjiram: It starts from Derek village and its main tributary starts from Upot Lake. It runs towards the
east connecting with Gagua river, then runs through the border of Goalpara towards Phulbari and
reaches Hallidayganj where it enters the Goalpara district. It is the longest river in the Garo Hills
districts.
Kalu: Locally this river is called Ganol. Its sources start from Tura peak and runs towards the west
through Damalgre, Garobadha and Rangapani before it enters Goalpara district. Its chief tributaries
are Dilni and Rongram rivers village. The height of this peak is 673 metres.

45
Didak: It stars from Anogre village and runs through Garo Hills district before it enters into Goalpara
district.
Rongai: Starts from Arabela peak and runs through Ringgegre village and then falls into Jinjiram
river. Locally known as Ringge river.

46
 9. RAINFALL: Statement of Rainfall, Temperature and Humidity

Year: 2017

Month Rainfall mm No. of days Humidity Temperature

Max Min Max Min
January 0 0 90 56 30 14
February 0 0 89 64 29 15
March 152.3 12 89 64 30 13
April 414.2 14 89 49 33 15
May 481 24 88 45 33 15
June 332.2 14 89 51 34 15
July 682 24 87 58 33 16
August 643.6 23 91 58 34 15
September 1111.6 19 88 56 34 17
October 565.4 14 89 52 34 16
November 0 0 89 55 33 15
December 2 2 89 68 29 15
Total 4384.5 146 91 45 34 13

Year: 2018

Month Rainfall mm No. of days Humidity Temperature

Max Min Max Min
January 0 0 91 71 28 13
February 10 1 92 64 29 10
March 61.7 2 83 63 30 13
April 161.3 10 86 65 31 13
May 383 17 90 61 39 19
June 297.6 10 90 69 39 19
July 131 8 90 70 39 19
August 81.5 6 90 70 39 18
September 107.8 7 90 60 39 18
October 6.0 1 82 52 32 17
November 27 1 80 59 30 18
December 0 0 80 50 30 17
Total 1265.9 63 92 50 39 10

Year: 2019

Month Rainfall mm No. of days Humidity Temperature

Max Min Max Min
January 0 0 88 50 34 16
47
 February 5 1 85 51 30 11
March 0.0 0 87 53 30 16
April 132.6 9 89 60 38 17
May 290 17 90 59 33 16
June 294.8 9 91 70 39 17
July 339 12 91 70 42 17
August
September
October
November
December
Total 1061.4 48 91 50 42 11

10. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH:

The West Garo Hills is situated in the western part of the Meghalaya Plateau which is
supposed to be the continuation of Indian Peninsular Shield. Three distinct groups of rocks are
observed in the Garo Hills. The basement consisting of gneisses, granitoids and related rocks, which
from the Precambrian Gneissic Complex. The AMGC of the Proterozoic age occupies almost the
entirety of the West Garo Hill district and is represented by migmatite/banded gneiss, augen gneiss
biotite gneiss and unclassified gneiss.
Mylliem granitoid is represented by pegmatite and quartz vein, gray and pink porphrytic
granite. These are mainly found in the north western, western and some patches in the eastern part
of the district. The rocks of Lower Gondwana are represented by feldspathic sandstone,
carbonaceous shale, diamictite, phyllites, quartzite and conglomerate and occurs in the western
part of the district. The sylhet traps are represented by basaltic dyke occurring in the central and
western part of the district. The Sung alkaline complex comprising of alkaline pyroxene,
lamprophyre, trachite and dolerite dykes of the late cretaceous- Paleocene are also present.
The rocks of the Jaintia Group is represented by arkose/gritty sandstone, coal, fireclay and shale of
sylhet sandstone member which is overlain by fossiliferous limestone with shale and marl (sylhet
lime stone member) which together constitute the Shella formation. The Shella formation is overlain
by Sandstone, siltstone, shale and phosphatic nodules of the Kopili formation. The Garo group of
rocks is represented by three formations namely Simsang, Baghmara and Changapara. Simsang is
represented by felspathic sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and clay. Conglomerate, sandstone and
siltstone constitute the Baghmara formation which is overlain by coarse sandstone, siltstone,

48
mudstone and marl belonging to the Changapara formation. The Garo group is overlain by the
undifferentiated Quaternary formation and is confined in the north western and south western of
the district. The Older alluvium of the Middle to late Pleistocene to Holocene is represented by
Chapar and Sorbhog formations and is confined to the northernmost part of the district. The Newer
Alluvium of Late Holocene represented by Barpeta-I and Barpeta II formation occurs in the western

and north western part of the district.

RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL OCCURRENCES

Thin bands of tertiary coal have been reported around Alathugiri and Abiselagiri from the
sandstone. Kaynite has also been reported from the pegmatites south of Selsekgiri. Extensive
occurrence of clay has been reported around Sambangiri and Damalgiri and is used in pottery
industry, as abrasive and in construction work. Sylhet sandstone is white, friable, coarsed and
saccharoidal and is used as glass sand. Best occurences forund near Damalgiri and north of
Rongram. Basic rocks and granitoids are used as road material.

49
WEST GARO HILLS

Name of
Minerals Location District GPS Coordinates Mode of Occurence Uses Requirement/Demand

Used in cement,glass making

industry,used to neutralized
acidity,as building material,
manufacturing of
iron,quicklime,slacked There is huge demand of
lime.Used in toothpaste or Limestone of any grade in
paints, as a reagent in flue-gas the state both in the
desulphurization. Source of domestic requirements and
Calcium in bread and outside the state since the
Covering Dapgre West Garo 25°23'23.23"N cereals.Also used in medicines state share an international
1 Limestone area Hills District 90°17'35.71"E Layered Deposits. and cosmetics border with Bangladesh.
West Garo 25°30'42.38"N
Clay Tura Hills District 90°14'5.23"E
Clay is used for making
West Garo 25°35'38.31"N pottery, both utilitarian and
Clay Rongram Hills District 90°15'6.33"E decorative and construction
West Garo 25°29'28.88"N products such as bricks, wall
2 Bedded deposits
Clay Nangalbibra Hills District 90°46'21.30"E and floor tiles. Suitable for
West Garo 25°34'9.74"N ceramic and refractory
Clay Rongkhandi Hills District 90°54'41.97"E purposes and for cement
Industry
West Garo
Clay Jengianggiri Hills District

3 Quartz & West Garo 25°30'37.03"N Quartz is used as a gemstone

Feldspar Tura Hills District 90°11'56.81"E Veins and dykes and cultured quartz is widely

50
 used in electronic
applications.Feldspar is widely
used in making dinnerware
and used as tiles.It is also used
in glass production as a flux

Quartz & Bonsomgiri- West Garo

Feldspar Rombhagiri Hills District
West Garo 25°17'53.55"N
Gypsum Mahendraganj Hills District 89°51'30.45"E Primarily used as a finish for
walls and ceilings, wall board,
sheet rock. Used in concrete
blocks in building
4
construction. Also used as
fertilizer and soil conditioner,
adding hardness to water and
portland cement.
West Garo 25°35'35.58"N
Gypsum Harigoan Hills District 90° 6'56.43"E Occurs as Veins

51
 12. District wise detail of a river or stream and other sand source:

Sl No. Name of the river/stream Remarks

1. Jinjiram( Bordering Assam) Flows to Brahmaputra
2. Simsang Flows to Bangladesh
3. Ganol Flows to Jinjiram
4. Rongkhon Drain to Ganol
5. Galwang Flows to Jinjiram
6. Dilni Drain to Ganol
7. Bakla Drain to Bugai
8. Bugai Flows to Bangladesh
9. Gagua Flows to Jinjiram
10. Ringgi Flows to Jinjiram
11. Didram Flows to Goalpara
12. Singwil Drain to Ganol
13. Sanda Drain to Bugai
14. Diti Drain to Gagua

13.District wise availability of sand or gravel or aggregate resources:

Sl No. Name of the river/stream Availability of sand or gravel or aggregate

S-sand, G-gravel, A- aggregates
1. Jinjiram( Bordering Assam) S
2. Simsang G,A
3. Ganol G,A
4. Rongkhon A
5. Galwang S
6. Dilni S
a)
7. Bakla S
b)
8. Bugai S
9. Gagua S
10. Ringgi S,G,A

52
 14. District wise detail of existing mining leases of sand and aggregates:

NIL

15. Drainage system with descriptions of Main River:

Sl Name of the River Area drained (sq. % area drained in Remarks

No. km) the District
1 Simsang
2 Jinjiram
3 Ganol
4 Galwang
5 Bakla
6 Singwil
7 Sanda Data not available
8 Diti
9 Azagar
10 Sabang
11 Damring
12 Didram
13 Ringgi
14 Bugi

53
54
55
 16.Salient features of Important Rivers and streams:

Sl. No Name of the River or Total Length in the Place of origin Altitude at
Streams District (in Km) origin(m)
1 Simsang 34.1 Nokrek 1081
2 Jinjiram Not available Derek Village -
3 Ganol 41.2 Tura Peak 951
4 Galwang 54 Ranggira Range 377
5 Bakla 24.52 109
6 Singwil Not available
7 Sanda Not available
8 Diti 19.02 Watregre 571
9 Azagar Not available
10 Sabang Not available
11 Damring 27.33 Arbella Peak 622
12 Didram 4.97 Anogre Village 268
13 Ringgi 77.9 Arbella Range 784
14 Bugi 52 Southern side of 570
Nokrek
15 Gagua 49.62 408

Source: Garo Geography of Meghalaya – Samson K. Sangma

17. Table1: RIVER 1- GALWANG

Sl. Portion of the River or Length of the Average width Area Mineable mineral
No. stream recommended area of area recommended for potential(in
for Mineral Concession recommended recommended mineral concession metric tonne)
for mineral for mineral (in square meter) (60% of total
concession (in concessions(in mineral potential)
Km) (approx) meters)
1. Mandagre/ Galwang 1.896(1896m) 23.76 45048.96 cum 60816.096 MT
*2.25= 101360.16 (60%)
2. Rangtapara/ Galwang 1.507(1507m) 23.4 35263.8 cum 47606.13 MT
*2.25=79343.55 (60%)

Total 3.403 (3403) 47.16 180703.71 108422.226

56
 Specific gravity- 2.25
Mineral potential

Boulder (MT) & Bajari (MT) (40%) Sand (MT)(60%) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)(100%)
72281.484 108422.226 180703.71

Table 2: RIVER 2- DILNI

Sl. Portion of the River or Length of the Average width Area Mineable mineral
No. stream recommended area of area recommended for potential(in
for Mineral Concession recommended recommended mineral concession metric tonne)
for mineral for mineral (in square meter) (60% of total
concession (in concessions(in mineral potential)
Km) (approx) meters)
2 Amindagre/Dilni 1.701(1701m) 23.38 39769.38 cum 53688.663 MT
*2.25= 89481.105 (60%)

Specific gravity- 2.25

Mineral potential

Boulder (MT) & Bajari (MT) (40%) Sand (MT)(60%) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)(100%)
35792.442 53688.663 MT 89481.105

Table 3: RIVER 3- BAKLA

Sl. Portion of the River or Length of the Average width Area Mineable mineral
No. stream recommended area of area recommended for potential(in
for Mineral Concession recommended recommended mineral concession metric tonne)
for mineral for mineral (in square meter) (60% of total
concession (in concessions(in mineral potential)
Km) (approx) meters)
1. Josipara/Bakla-1 2.12 (2120 m) 28.44 60292.8 81395.28 MT
cum*2.25= (60%)
135658.8
57
2. Kujikura-1/Bakla-2 3.30(3300m) 28.10 92730 cum 125185.5 MT
*2.25=208642.5 (60%)
3. Kujikura-2/Bakla-3 0.679(679m) 24.79 16832.41 22723.7535 MT
cum*2.25=37872.9 (60%)
225
Total 6.099 (6099) 81.33 382174.2225 229304.5335

Specific gravity- 2.25

Mineral potential

Boulder (MT) & Bajari (MT) (40%) Sand (MT)(60%) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)(100%)
152869.689 229304.5335 382174.2225

Table 4: RIVER 4: BUGAI

Sl. Portion of the River or Length of the Average width Area Mineable mineral
No. stream recommended area of area recommended for potential(in
for Mineral Concession recommended recommended mineral concession metric tonne)
for mineral for mineral (in square meter) (60% of total
concession (in concessions(in mineral potential)
Km) (approx) meters)
1. Kujikura/ Bugai-1 4.48(4480m) 55.85 250208 cum*2.25= 337780.8MT
562968.00 (60%)
2. Barengapara/Bugai-2 6.135(6135m) 69.905 428867.175 578970.68625MT
cum*2.25= (60%)
964951.14375
Total 10.615 (10615) 125.755 1527919.144 916751.4862
Specific gravity- 2.25

Mineral potential

Boulder (MT) & Bajari (MT) (40%) Sand (MT)(60%) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)(100%)
611167.6575 916751.4862 1527919.144

58
 Table 5: RIVER 5: GAGUA

Sl. Portion of the River or Length of the Average width Area Mineable mineral
No. stream recommended area of area recommended for potential(in
for Mineral Concession recommended recommended mineral concession metric tonne)
for mineral for mineral (in square meter) (60% of total
concession (in concessions(in mineral potential)
Km) (approx) meters)
1. Tikrikilla-1/Gagua-1 0.905 (905m) 28.01 25349.05 34221.2175MT
cum*2.25=57035.3 (60%)
625
2. Tikrikilla-2/ Gagua-2 5.73(5730m) 41.95 240373.5 324504.225MT
cum*2.25=540840. (60%)
375
Total 6.635 (6635) 69.96 597875.7375 358725.4425
Specific gravity- 2.25

Mineral potential

Boulder (MT) & Bajari (MT) (40%) Sand (MT)(60%) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)(100%)
239150.295 358725.4425 597875.7375

Table 6: RIVER 6 - RINGGI

Sl. Portion of the River or Length of the Average width Area Mineable mineral
No. stream recommended area of area recommended for potential(in
for Mineral Concession recommended recommended mineral concession metric tonne)
for mineral for mineral (in square meter) (60% of total
concession (in concessions(in mineral potential)
Km) (approx) meters)
1. Chibinang(Puskunipara) 2.5(2500m) 63.13 157825 cum*2.25= 213063.75MT
/ Ringgi 355106.25 (60%)
Specific gravity- 2.25

Mineral potential

59
Boulder (MT) & Bajari (MT) (40%) Sand (MT)(60%) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)(100%)
142042.5 213063.75MT 355106.25

18. Annual Deposition

60
Sl River or Portion of the river or Length of area Average width Area recommended for Mineable mineral
No. stream stream recommended recommended of area for mineral concession potential (in metric
for mineral concession for mineral recommended (in sq. metre) tons) (60% of total
concession (in for mineral mineral potential)
Km) (approx) concession (in
metre)
1 Galwang Mandagre 1.896(1896m) 23.76 45048.96 cum *2.25= 60816.096 MT (60%)
101360.16
2 Galwang Rangtapara 1.507(1507m) 23.4 35263.8 cum 47606.13 MT (60%)
*2.25=79343.55
3 Dilni Amindagre 1.701(1701m) 23.38 39769.38 cum 53688.663 MT (60%)
*2.25= 89481.105
4 Bakla-1 Josipara 2.12 (2120 m) 28.44 60292.8 cum*2.25= 81395.28 MT (60%)
135658.8
5 Bakla-2 Kujikura-1 3.30(3300m) 28.10 92730 cum 125185.5 MT (60%)
*2.25=208642.5
6 Bakla-3 Kujikura-2 0.679(679m) 24.79 16832.41 22723.7535 MT (60%)
cum*2.25=37872.9225
7 Bugai-1 Kujikura 4.48(4480m) 55.85 250208 cum*2.25= 337780.8MT (60%)
562968.00
8 Bugai-2 Barengapara 6.135(6135m) 69.905 428867.175 cum*2.25= 578970.68625MT
964951.14375 (60%)
9 Gagua-1 Tikrikilla-1 0.905 (905m) 28.01 25349.05 34221.2175MT (60%)
cum*2.25=57035.3625

61
10 Gagua-2 Tikrikilla-2 5.73(5730m) 41.95 240373.5 324504.225MT (60%)
cum*2.25=540840.375
11 Ringgi Chibinang(Puskunipara) 2.5(2500m) 63.13 157825 cum*2.25= 213063.75MT (60%)
355106.25

62
19. SATTELITE MAPS:

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