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Analysis of the Performance of Three Phase Induction Motor under Supply

Source Unbalance

Conference Paper · October 2016

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Pathum Sudasinghe Upuli Jayatunga

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 Analysis of the Performance of Three Phase Induction
Motor under Supply Source Unbalance
P. Sudasinghe, U. Jayatunga, D. Prasad Wadduwage, S. Perera

Abstract: Presence of voltage unbalance adversely affects the operation of three phase induction
motors. Influence of unbalanced supply voltages on the adverse performance of the motor is
intensified by the fact that a small unbalance in phase voltages can cause a disproportionately larger
unbalanced phase currents. Thus, the additional heat produced in both the stator and the rotor
windings lead to a reduction in the motor efficiency, demanding motor de-rating which was
established to depend on the voltage unbalance factor. This study investigates the effects of varying
unbalanced voltages which lead to the same voltage unbalance factor, on the operation performance
of an induction motor and the effect of positive sequence voltage on it. Statistical analysis is carried
out to identify the possible variation range for the performance parameters of induction motors of
different scales for different unbalance voltage conditions.

Keywords: Three phase induction motors, Voltage unbalance, Current unbalance, Motor derating

1. Introduction in Figure 1. Accuracy of this NEMA curve has

been investigated in the literature [1],[5],[8] as
Three phase induction motors are known to be the derating level is solely dependent on the
the main work horses in many industrial percentage voltage unbalance ignoring the
environments due to their simplicity, fact that the same VU can be resulted from
ruggedness and low cost [1]. Analysis of the different unbalance conditions.
steady state performance of three phase
induction motors are well researched in terms
of stability studies [2], power flow
representations [3] and operating performance
under unbalanced supply voltages [4],[5].

Naturally, three-phase induction motors are

symmetrical devices which do not possess any
inherent asymmetry. However, the presence of
voltage unbalance (VU) adversely affects the
operation of three-phase induction motors
which are directly connected to the supply [6].
Small unbalances in terminal line voltages
create disproportionately larger unbalanced
phase currents. The major consequences when
induction motors are operating with an
unbalanced supply are: high unbalanced phase
currents, reduced motor torque and speed,
increased noise and vibration. Further, the
additional heat produced in both the stator
and the rotor windings leads to a reduction in
motor efficiency, thus demanding motor
derating [5], [6].
Because of the excessive heating, the NEMA
Standard MG 1-1993 [7] specifies a motor
derating curve under the prevailing degree of
voltage unbalance for the safer operation of
three phase induction motors which is shown
Figure 1. Derating curve provided by NEMA
Performance of a 3 hp three-phase induction
motor under eight possible conditions of
supply unbalance was analysed in [5]. Major
findings include the effects of different
unbalance conditions with the same VUF on
the motor efficiency and the temperature rise.
Further, the influence of positive sequence
Eng. P. Sudasinghe, B.Sc Eng. (Moratuwa), PG Student.
Eng. (Dr.) U. Jayatunga, B.Sc Eng. (Moratuwa), C. Eng.,
PhD (Wollongong), Senior Lecturer, Department of
Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa.
Eng. (Dr.) D. Prasad Wadduwage, B.Sc Eng.
(Moratuwa), MPhil (Moratuwa), PhD (Manitoba), Senior
Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering, University
of Moratuwa.
Eng. (Prof.) S. Perera, B.Sc Eng. (Moratuwa), PhD
(Wollongong), Technical Director of Australian Power
Quality & Reliability Centre, University of Wollongong .
voltage on machine derating was discussed in
[1] and [5] as well. However, the above
categorization does not include all possible
unbalance conditions (Ex. VU caused by a mix
of under voltage and over voltages which are
defined based on the variations from the
nominal voltage). Further, the unbalance
caused by unequal phase angle separation is
also neglected. Although, the combination of
under and over voltages are considered in [8],
it does not discuss the influence of positive
sequence voltage on the motor derating.
Complex Voltage Unbalance Factor (CVUF)
based method was used to analyse the
derating of a 7.5 KW motor in [10], but it did
not take the effects of positive sequence
voltage into account.
This study further investigates the impacts on
the operating performance of three, three-
phase induction motors caused by different
unbalanced conditions which lead to the same
VUF. Further, the sensitivity of the positive
sequence voltage on the motor efficiency, loss
and power factor are discussed in a systematic
way. Statistical analysis is carried out to
identify the variation of the aforementioned
performance parameters of induction motors
under different unbalanced conditions and
VUF values.
analysis, two forms of VU can exist in the
network: zero sequence and negative sequence
unbalance. Effects of zero sequence are of
concern only when there is a return path for
zero sequence current such as in three-phase 4
wire systems as a neural voltage rise. Negative
sequence unbalance is relatively significant as
it can flow through all power system
components similar to positive sequence
currents.
VU can be quantified using few approaches.
Commonly used approach which is known to
be the true definition of VU [12] quantifies VU
as given in Eq. (1). Further, Line Voltage
Unbalance Rate (LVUR) [13] and Phase
Voltage Unbalance Rate (PVUR) [14] as given
in Eq. (2) & (3) give a measure of how the line
and phase voltages are deviated from the
respected average values.
(1)
(2)
(3)

This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 PVUR is zero for all unbalance conditions
provides the details on voltage unbalance where only the unequal phase angle
characterization. Theoretical analysis on displacement occurs. Hence it is rarely used as
induction motor performance under supply a measure of degree of voltage unbalance.
source unbalance is given in Section 3. Most of the regulations on VU use the
Proposed methodology for the comprehensive percentage VUF as the indicator of VU level.
performance analysis of induction motors is
Similarly, current unbalance can be quantified
given in Section 4. Results and the conclusions
using Current Unbalance Factor (CUF) which
of the study are given in Sections 5 and Section
is given in Eq. (4).
6 respectively.
(4)
2. Characterization of Voltage
Unbalance CUF of a typical three phase induction motor
is 5-7 times the VUF as the starting current is 5-
Although the voltages are well balanced at the
7 times the running current [6] which can be
generation end, distribution level voltages are
approximated using Eq. (5).
usually unbalanced due to uneven distribution
of single phase loads among the three phases
(5)
and incomplete transposition of transmission
lines. Thus, VU is defined as a condition in
A common approach used to characterize
poly phase power systems in which the
possible VU conditions are given in [5]. It
magnitudes of phase voltages are not equal
includes the magnitude and angle unbalances
and/or phase angle separation is not equal to
of phase voltages which are considered
1200 [11]. Based on the sequence component
separately at a time for both over and under
voltage situations. But it ignores the unbalance
condition which occurs when both phase
angles and voltage magnitudes differ from the
rated conditions at the same time. Thus in this
study, unbalances caused by simultaneous
deviations in voltage magnitudes and angles
were considered. Therefore all the VU
combinations considered in [5] were included
in this simultaneous magnitude and angle
unbalance condition as a subset.
3. Operation of Three Phase
Induction Motor under Unbalanced
Supply Voltages
There are lots of static induction motor
models available in the literature to represent
the steady state behaviour for stability and
load flow analysis [3], [4]. Sequence
component based induction motor model [4] is
used in this study by representing positive and
negative sequence networks as shown in
Figure 2.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2 (a) Positive sequence equivalent circuit
(b) negative sequence equivalent circuit
rs : stator resistance per phase
Xs : stator leakage reactance per phase
rr : rotor resistance per phase with respect to
stator
Xr : rotor leakage reactance per phase with
respect to stator at stator frequency
Xm : Magnetising reactance per phase
Core loss resistance is neglected in this
analysis.
The positive sequence voltage generates a
positive torque and the negative sequence
voltage generates a negative torque by giving
rise to an air gap flux rotating against the
forward rotating field. While neglecting non-
linearities for instance due to saturation, the
motor behaves like a superposition of two
separate motors, one running at slip s with
terminal voltage V1 per phase and the other
running with a slip of 2-s with a terminal
voltage V2. As a result of that, the net torque
and speed are reduced while registering
torque pulsation and acoustic noise.
Positive and negative sequence impedances of
the motor can be calculated as given in Eq. (6)
and (7).
(6)
(7)
Variation of the slip from locked rotor
condition (S=1) to the normal operating point
of the motor changes the positive and negative
sequence impedances, resulting high starting
current at the beginning. Positive and negative
sequence currents can be calculated using Eq.
(8) & (9) where Va,Vb,Vc are input phase
voltages and
(8)
(9)
Input apparent power Sin is given as
(10)
If mechanical losses are neglected output
power is equal to the converted mechanical
power. Hence, positive and negative sequence
components of the output power are given by
and as shown in Eq. (11) and (12)
respectively.
(11)
(12)
Total output power can be calculated from the
superposition of Pm1 and Pm2
(13)
Power factor, efficiency and loss of the motor
can be calculated as in Eq. (14), (15) and (16).

(14)

(15)

(16)

As a result of the negative sequence

component, effective torque and output power (a)
is reduced and the losses are increased.

4. Methodology
Performances of three different induction
motors under supply source unbalance was
analysed in terms of simultaneous deviations
in voltage magnitudes and angles. The three
different motors that were selected for the
detailed analysis are: 5.75 kVA small scale
laboratory motor, 37 kVA industrial motor and (b)
1.6 MVA motor to represent a large industrial
motor. Details are given in Appendix I.

Simulation studies showed that there are large

numbers of possibilities of combinations of
voltage magnitudes and angle displacements
which give the same VUF. Therefore, in this
study, different combinations of phase voltage
magnitudes and phase angles were created in
order to obtain the same VUF while restricting
the maximum possible magnitude deviation of
the phase voltages to 6% of its rated value and
the phase angle variation within ±300 from its
balanced angle. Under all these conditions, the
efficiency, loss and power factor of the motor
were evaluated and these data were
statistically analysed by determining the
minimum, maximum, mean, and the standard
deviation of the performance parameters
(efficiency, loss, power factor) for each VUF
value were calculated.
5. Results
5.1 Variation of motor losses, efficiency
and power factor over VUF
Variation of the losses of three induction
motors with the VUF is shown in Figure 3.
VUF variation is considered up to 7% and only
the minimum and maximum loss values are
presented in Figure 3 for a given VUF within
the considered sample.
(c)
Figure 3. Loss of (a) 5.75 kVA motor (b) 37 kVA
motor (c) 1.6 MVA motor
Phase currents which basically determine the
Cu losses, are not equal for the set of different
combinations of phase voltages that give rise
to same VUF. Thus, it is clear that the motor
loss shows a reasonable variation even for a
given VUF which is resulted from different
combinations of phase voltage magnitude and
angle unbalances.
Loss Increase Rate (LIR) is defined as given in
Eq. (17) [5] to represent the increase in loss due
to supply unbalance. Further, LIR was
calculated considering the maximum possible
losses under each VUF.
(17)
Variation of LIR with VUF for the three motors
is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Comparison of Loss Increase Rate of
Motors
Figure 5 shows the variation of the efficiency
of three motors selected for the study with the
VUF which varies up to 7%. It is obvious that
the efficiency varies even for a given VUF in a
reasonable range (minimum, maximum and
the mean of the considered sample is shown in
the figure for simplicity.). Following
observations can be stated based on the results
shown in Figure 5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 5. Efficiency of (a) 5.75 kVA motor (b) 37
kVA motor (c) 1.6 MVA motor
a) The efficiency of a given induction motor
varies within a range even for the same
VUF.
b) The efficiency of a given induction motor
drops with the increase in VUF.
c) The reduction in the efficiency of a large-
scale three-phase induction motor with the
increase in VUF is less compared to that of
a small-scale induction motor.
The reason for the variation of the efficiency
even for a given VUF is the fact that there
exists number of combinations with different
voltage magnitudes and phase angles leading
to the same VUF, but with different losses.
Efficiency of the induction motor reduces from
its rated balanced value when it is operated
with unbalanced supply voltage. This
reduction of efficiency is due to the negative
torque component and the excessive losses
created in the induction motor due to voltage
unbalance. Efficiency of the motor reduces
when VUF increases because of the effect that
negative sequence component is increased
with VUF.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. Variation of (a) minimum power factor
(b) average power factor under voltage
unbalance
Figure 6(a) and 6(b) shows the minimum
possible power factor and the average power
factor variation with VUF. It can be observed
that the power factor is reduced with the
increase of VUF. But the mean power factor
and the minimum power factor is nearly
constant (variation is very small) for 5.75 kVA
motor. Main reason for this is that this
5.75kVA motor has a very high magnetising
reactance compared to the other motors.
5.2 Effects of positive sequence voltage
on the motor efficiency
Figure 7. Variation of efficiency for 1.6 MVA motor
for same VUF when positive sequence voltage
varies
Figure 8. Variation of power factor for 1.6 MVA
motor for same VUF when positive sequence
voltage varies
The VUF is defined as the ratio between the
negative and positive sequence voltages as
shown in Eq. (1). Thus, it is important to
investigate the influence made by positive
sequence voltage on motor performances.
Although the same VUF is resulted from the
different combinations of phase voltage
unbalances, positive sequence voltage can be
of any value depending on the phase voltages.
Figure 7 and Figure 8 show the variation of the
efficiency and the power factor of the 1.6 MVA
large-scale induction motor over the positive
sequence voltage for selected VUF values. It is
clear from these two figures that the efficiency
and the power factor vary with the magnitude
of the positive sequence voltage even for the
same VUF. This highlights the fact that it is
important to consider the effects of both the
VUF and the positive sequence voltage
magnitudes when determining the de-rating of
an induction motor.
6. Conclusion
There are different combinations of phase
voltage unbalances which lead to the same
voltage unbalance factor. Since the Cu losses of
the motor is dependent on the phase current
distribution which varies over the phase
voltages, a variation of efficiency and power
factor can be observed for each VUF. The
range of performance parameters for the same
VUF may change depending on both the
capacity as well as the equivalent circuit
parameters of the motor. Further, the positive
sequence voltage was found to be an
influential factor in determining the motor
efficiency and the power factor even for a
given VUF. Thus, the simple relationship of
motor derating verses VUF as shown in
NEMA standard needs further investigations
with experimental validations for a safer
operation of three phase induction motors
under supply source unbalance.
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