NOCEI Journal, Vol. 3, No.

1, May 2019

Carabao Manure Ash as an Alternative Cement:

A Feasibility Study
Chires Jhoye M. Robles
Sacred Heart College, Lucena City, Quezon
chiresjhoyemrobles@gmail.coml1
Abstract – This study aimed at determining the latent
capability of carabao manure ash as an alternative cement. This
determined the chemical test results of the carabao manure ash in
terms of loss on ignition, Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Aluminum Oxide
(Al2O3), Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3), Calcium Oxide (CaO),
Magnesium Oxide (MgO), Sodium Oxide (Na2O), Potassium
Oxide (K2O), and Sulfur Trioxide (SO3); identified the
physical/mechanical test results of the Carabao Manure Ash
cement in terms of flexural strength and compressive strength;
and develop the booklet “ Waste to Ways: A Guide to Carabao
Manure Ash Cement Production” to help the people of General
Luna, Quezon to realize the value of carabao manure which can
be used as an alternative cement. The researcher employed the
feasibility study with a purposive sampling technique in choosing
the carabao subjects in Brgy. Bacong Ilaya, General Luna,
Quezon. Mere comparison and analysis of data between the
Department of Science and Technology – Industrial Technology
Developmental Institute (DOST-ITDI) test reports on carabao
manure ash samples and American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) standards were used to analyze the gathered
data. Results revealed that the carabao manure ash passed the
ASTM chemical test for cement in terms of Loss on Ignition,
Magnesium Oxide, and Sodium Oxide. However, it exceeded the
standard level of Silicon Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide, Ferric Oxide,
and Potassium Oxide. Thus, the amount of Silicon Dioxide, Ferric
Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, and Potassium Oxide is suggested to be
reduced using carbon, lye, and powdered rock salt.
Keywords – carabao manure ash, chemical test, feasibility
study, physical/mechanical test

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INTRODUCTION
Cement is a fine mineral powder manufactured with very precise
processes. Mixed with water, this powder transforms into a paste that
binds and hardens when submerged in water [1].
The scenario in San Isidro National High School was concrete proof
of the difficulties brought by the insufficiency of funds to purchase high-
quality cement due to the existence of the non-concrete passageways
from the entrance of the school to the classrooms. In addition, in spite of
its demand, the manufacturing of cement results in a lot of degrading
problems in the environment. According to Zero-Emission Resource
Organization [2], the production of cement was actually one of the
greatest industrial sources of CO2 in the world.
Republic Act 9003 mentioned by Sapuay [3], otherwise known as the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2000 was signed into the law
by the Philippine Government in 2001. The law encourages the
elimination of environmental waste and hazards in human-related acts
with the infusion of alternative ways to innovate developmental
technologies and strategies to support continuous progress without
compromising the safety of the environment. Similarly, a number of
studies and continuous research was undertaken to minimize the
environmental hazards brought about by the cement manufacturing and
to find an alternative and environmental-friendly component for high-
quality cement production. Williams [4] found that carabao manure is a
nitrogen-rich material with sodium, sulfur, potassium, phosphorous
which is comparatively similar to the components of cement being used
in constructions with calcium, sodium, sulfur trioxide, potassium oxide,
and calcium oxide. Anchoring on the findings of Williams [4], carabao
manure is perceived to offer significant components for a
groundbreaking innovation on alternative yet environmental cement.
This study which generally focused on analyzing the components of
carabao manure ash as alternative cement sought to develop a booklet
entitled “Waste to Ways: A Guide to Carabao Manure Ash Cement
Production” which features the comprehensive process making of
carabao manure ash as alternative cement.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study determined the latent capability of carabao manure ash as
an alternative cement. The research sought to answer the following
specific problems. First, what is the chemical test results of the Carabao
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Manure Ash in terms of Loss on Ignition, Silicon Dioxide (SiO2),

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3), Calcium Oxide (CaO),
Magnesium Oxide (MgO), Sodium Oxide (Na2O), Potassium Oxide
(K2O), and Sulfur Trioxide (SO3). Second, what is the
physical/mechanical test results of the Carabao Manure Ash cement in
terms of Flexural Strength and Compressive Strength? Lastly is to make
a booklet on carabao manure ash cement procedural method to help the
people of General Luna, Quezon realizes the value of carabao manure
which can be used as an alternative cement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research Design
The researcher used the feasibility study method of research intended
to set reliable information regarding the chemical composition and
properties of carabao manure ash as cement.

Research Locale
This feasibility study was conducted in the Municipality of General
Luna, Quezon Province, Region IV-A CALABARZON. Among the 18
rural areas and 1 urban area in General Luna, the site of Brgy. Bacong
Ilaya was the main locale of the study because of the big number of
carabaos in the locality.
Research Population and Sample
The researcher used a purposive sampling technique in choosing the
carabao subjects. With the provision from the municipal agricultural
head, the researcher with the help of the carabao owner retrieved sample
manures from the 20 carabaos chosen from Brgy. Bacong Ilaya, General
Luna, Quezon. Moreover, the researcher rest assured that there was no
carabao was harmed during the collection of carabao manure.
Research Instrument
This study used the Department of Science and Technology –
Industrial Technology Developmental Institute (DOST-ITDI) forms and
test reports. Data on chemical testing were delivered using ITDI -
052018-ICS-0091 report format while information on the
physical/mechanical tests was gathered using ITDI – 062018-PPT-0264

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for flexural strength and ITDI – 052018-PPY-0240 for compressive

strength.
No validation of the research instrument was undertaken since it is
DOST-ITDI’s prescribed test requirements and results.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher asked certification from the head of the agricultural
office municipality of General Luna, Quezon stating that there are
carabaos and pili trees in the vicinity of General Luna, Quezon. The
researcher conducted an agricultural-visit and ocular inspection to look
into the carabaos from which the manure was collected.
In order for the researcher to test if the carabao manure is applicable
as an alternative cement, the researcher sought an agency that approves
the production of cement. The Department of Science and Technology
through its Industrial Technology Development Institute
– Standards and Testing Division served as the testing agency for the
chemical and physical/mechanical test requirements in reference to the
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards for cement.
DOST-ITDI required the testing of the carabao manure ash and cement
blocks which were prepared by the researcher.
The developed blocks from carabao manure ash together with 100g
of the carabao manure ash were forwarded to the Department of Science
and Technology for chemical testing in reference to ASTM standards.
The sample ash underwent chemical methods such as gravimetry
(Silicon Dioxide, Loss on Ignition, and Sulfur Trioxide), titrimetry
(Aluminum Oxide), and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(Ferric Oxide, Calcium Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, and Sodium Oxide).
In addition, the cement blocks made from carabao manure ash with lye
as the aggregate and bark extract from pili trees were also sent for
physical/mechanical testing using the Matest Servotronic Compression
Machine as to flexural test and Shimadzu AGS-10Kng Universal Testing
machine for Compressive Strength.

Statistical Treatment of Data

There was no statistical treatment of data used in the study since no
treatment was employed similar to experimental studies neither analysis
of mean from a scale similar to quantitative studies. The study merely

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used the analysis of data from the DOST-ITDI test reports for the
developed carabao manure ash and its concrete block following the
researchers’ procedure and formulated ratio and interpreted from the
ASTM standards of chemical composition, physical/mechanical test in
terms of flexural and compressive strength.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The first part presents the chemical test results of the Carabao Manure
Ash in terms of Loss on Ignition, Silicon Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide,
Ferric Oxide, Calcium Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, Sodium Oxide,
Potassium Oxide, and Sulfur Trioxide.
The second part presents the physical/mechanical test results of the
Carabao Manure Ash cement in terms of flexural strength and
compressive strength.
Part I- Chemical Test Results of the Carabao Manure Ash in Terms
of Loss on Ignition, Silicon Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide, Ferric Oxide,
Calcium Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, Sodium Oxide, Potassium Oxide,
and Sulfur Trioxide

Table 1. Chemical Test Results of the Carabao Manure Ash

Carabao
ASTM
Test Parameter Manure Ash
Standard … Remarks
Unit Cement Test
(%)
Results
Loss on Ignition 0.4-15.0 13.9 … Passed
Silicon Dioxide 17-25 43.3 … Failed (+18.3%)
Aluminum
3.0-8.0 9.20 … Failed (+1.20%)
Oxide
Ferric Oxide 0.5-6.0 6.32 … Failed (0.32%)
Calcium Oxide 60-67 10.2 … Failed (-49.80%)
Magnesium
0.1-4.0 1.86 … Passed
Oxide
Sodium Oxide 0.3-3.0 0.344 … Passed
Potassium
0.5-1.30 2.66 … Failed (+1.36%)
Oxide
Sulfur Trioxide 1.3-3.0 0.490 … Failed (-0.81%)
Overall Findings Failed
Table 1 shows the chemical test results of the carabao manure ash in
terms of Loss on Ignition, Silicon Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide, Ferric
Oxide, Calcium Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, Sodium Oxide, Potassium
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Oxide, and Sulfur Trioxide. The data showed the difference between the
ASTM standards and actual chemical test results from the DOST-ITD.
Based on the data, the sample Carabao Manure Ash passed the level of
Loss on Ignition, Magnesium Oxide, and Sodium Oxide. Furthermore,
the ash exceeded the maximum standard level of Silicon Dioxide,
Aluminum Oxide, Ferric Oxide, and Potassium Oxide. Yet, the carabao
manure ash failed to reach the minimum level of Calcium Oxide and
Sulfur Trioxide. This implies that though all the chemical elements
required for a standard cement are present in the developed carabao
manure ash, the developed carabao manure ash still needs further
development to reach the ASTM standard values. Excess and deficit of
chemical components in cement are not acceptable because it may bring
unwanted effects on the concrete to be developed.
The data further showed that there was a significant deficit of 49.80
percent Calcium Oxide which failed to reach the minimum 60 percent
limit in the amount of Calcium Oxide on the tested sample. According
to Babylon [5], Calcium Oxide is an important ingredient of cement and
its proportion is to be carefully maintained. He added that if the Calcium
Oxide is in deficiency, the strength of cement decreases and it causes the
cement to set quickly. In addition, lime can be added together with
powdered shells or gypsum to compensate for the deficiency. Lime and
shells are natural sources of calcium oxide which can enhance the
chemical composition of the carabao manure ash.
Similarly, there was also a 0.81 % deficiency of Sulfur Trioxide in
the sample carabao manure ash. A very small amount of sulfur is useful
in making sound cement. If it is in excess, it causes the cement to become
unsound. Gypsum, lime, and chalks are a good source of sulfur trioxide
[6]. Thus, its addition will not only increase the amount of calcium oxide
in the carabao manure ash but also the amount of sulfur trioxide. Thus,
its addition will not only increase the amount of calcium oxide in the
carabao manure ash but also the amount of sulfur trioxide.
However, data also showed that there was excess in Silicon Dioxide
Aluminum Oxide, Ferric Oxide, and Potassium Oxide. Silicon Dioxide
is an ingredient of cement which gives or imparts strength to the cement
due to the formation of dicalcium and tricalcium silicates. ASTM
requires 17 – 25 percent only, yet the sample revealed an excess of 18.3
percent. If silica is present in excess quantity, the strength of cement
increases but at the same time, and the setting time is prolonged [5]. If
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found to be in excess, Silicon may be reduced by means of carbon-

reducing reagent by energy supplied by one or more electrodes in the
electric furnace [7].
In addition, Aluminum Oxide imparts quick setting property to the
cement. It acts as a flux and it lowers the clinkering temperature with
ASTM standard value of 3.0–8.0 percent. However, the high temperature
is essential for the formation of a suitable type of cement and hence the
Aluminum Oxide should not be present in excess amount as it weakens
the cement [8]. With an excess value of 1.20 percent in the carabao
manure ash, the amount of Aluminum Oxide can be reduced using the
carbothermal process. Aluminum Oxide reduction can also be facilitated
using carbon as a reducing agent [9].
Similarly, Ferric oxide imparts color, hardness, and strength to the
cement. ASTM requires only 0.5–6.0 percent, yet the tested sample
showed an excess of 0.32 percent. The amount of Ferric Oxide can be
reduced using coal and carbon or with the addition of lye [10].
The alkali content of cement is reflected in the amounts of potassium
oxide (K2O) and sodium oxide (Na2O). Large amounts can cause certain
difficulties in regulating set times of cement [5]. This was reflected in
the carabao manure ash with Potassium Oxide content which is 1.36
percent excess from the maximum ASTM standard of 1.30 percent.
Calcium Chloride can be added to reduce the number of alkalis or
Potassium Oxide in the form of powdered rock salt [11].
The work of Thej Kumar [12] entitled “A Study on The Replacement
of Cement in Concrete by Using Cow Dung Ash” presented the
possibility of Cow Dung Ash as supplementary cementing material in
cement mortar and concrete. The same results were also discovered by
the researcher in the present study using Carabao Manure Ash, yet
certain processes must still be undertaken to reach the required ASTM
standards for the chemical components with excess in Silicon Dioxide,
Aluminum Oxide, Ferric Oxide, and Potassium Oxide together with the
deficient compounds which includes Calcium Oxide and Sulfur
Trioxide.
Part II- Physical/mechanical Test Results of the Carabao Manure Ash
cement in terms of Flexural Strength and Compressive Strength
Table 2 shows the physical/mechanical test results of the Carabao
Manure Ash Cement in terms of flexural strength. The DOST – ITDI
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used the Matest Servotronic Compression Machine through the ASTM

CT8 testing method. Data revealed that the Carabao Manure Ash Cement
samples tested reached 0.542 MPa as the flexural mean stress level.

Table 2. Physical/Mechanical Test Results of the Carabao Manure Ash

Cement in Terms of Flexural Strength
Carabao Manure
Mean ASTM
Ash Cement Test Result
Dimension Standard
Sample Results
Stress Load
L W T Min. Max
(MPa)
0.542 (kN)

Flexural

4.01
529
152
148

0.3

0.6
Passed
Strength

Source: Department of Science and Technology- Industrial Technology

Development Institute, 2018
Legend: L –Length; W–Width of the Specimen; T –Thickness of the Specimen

Since the ASTM standard for flexural stress is 0.3 to 0.6 MPa, the
tested samples passed the standard for flexural acceptability. This
implies that the feasibility of carabao manure ash as an alternative
cement in terms of flexural strength attained the ASTM standard. Yet it
has to meet the further compressive testing required to pass the required
value for cement production.
The result of this study is similar to the work of Thej Kumar [12] who
used Cow Dung Ash as supplementary cementing material in
strengthening cement mortar and concrete. His study focuses only on the
consistency limits, compressive and flexural strength of cement which
resulted in 0.6 MPa average flexural strength. Unlike with the present
study, the researcher determined if pure carabao manure ash with bark
extract of Pili Tree can be an alternative cement. The present study
focused on the two (2) required tests on cement namely chemical test and
physical/mechanical test where the flexural strength of the sample
concreted reached an average of 0.542 MPa which is near to the 0.6 MPa
of Cow Dung Ash as supplementary cementing material.

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Table 3. Physical/Mechanical Test Results of the Carabao Manure Ash

Cement in Terms of Compressive Strength
Carabao
Mean Manure Ash ASTM
Sample Dimension Cement Test Standard Result
Results (MPA)
L W Mean SD Min Max
Compressive
50.8 49.2 1.17 0.719 3.45 35 Failed
Strength
Source: Department of Science and Technology- Industrial Technology Development
Institute, 2018
Legend: L –Length; W–Width of the Specimen

Table 3 shows the physical/mechanical test results of the carabao

manure ash cement in terms of compressive strength. Five (5) blocks
were required by the DOST – ITDI to be tested using Shimadzu AGS-
10Kng Universal Testing Machine through ASTM C109 method. Data
revealed that the sample from carabao manure ash reached the average
compressive level of 1.17 MPa with a standard deviation of 0.719 MPa.
Based on the standards given by ASTM, the sample tested failed to reach
the minimum level of 3.45 MPa. Thus, as to the compressive strength
test, the carabao manure ash cement failed. This implies that alternative
cement from developed carabao manure ash cannot be recommended for
use in concrete production.
With reference to table 1, since the chemical test on the carabao
cement samples reveal a significant deficiency in the amount of Calcium
Oxide with – 49.80 percent against the minimum standard level of 60
percent, the carabao manure ash cement’s compressive strength got
lower. Calcium Oxide is the most important ingredient of cement and its
proportion is to be carefully maintained to make a sound and strong
cement concrete together with Sulfur Trioxide [13]. Since there was a
significant deficiency in the amount of Calcium Oxide, the compressive
strength of the sample concrete failed to reach the ASTM standard of
3.45 to 35 MPa. If the Calcium Oxide which can be in the form of lime
is in deficiency level, the compressive strength of cement decreases and
it causes the cement to set quickly or to dry quickly [5]. To increase the
concrete’s compressive strength, the addition of lime, gypsum, or
powdered shells which are a good source of both Calcium Oxide and
Sulfur Trioxide can be considered.

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Part III- The Research Output: Waste to Ways: A Guide to Carabao

Manure Ash Cement Production

Fig. 1. Cover page of the research output “Waste to Ways: A Guide to

Carabao Manure Ash Cement Production”.

Carabao manure ash cement procedural method was developed

through a booklet entitled "Waste to Ways: A Guide to Carabao Manure
Ash Cement Production” even it failed to meet the purpose of the study
to develop a carabao manure ash as a full alternative to commercial
cement for the benefit of the people of General Luna, Quezon. The
researcher made an English and Filipino booklet as a reference for
further research about the carabao manure ash as an alternative cement.
The developed booklet is a twelve (12) paged booklet with 10.795 cm
wide and 13.97 cm in height. Contextualized pictures and creative
designs are integrated to make it more attractive and meaningful.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The carabao manure ash passed the ASTM chemical test for cement
in terms of Loss on Ignition, Magnesium Oxide, and Sodium Oxide.
However, it exceeded the standard level of Silicon Dioxide, Aluminum
Oxide, Ferric Oxide, and Potassium Oxide. Thus, reduction of Silicon
Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide, and Ferric Oxide are suggested using carbon,
lye, and/or coal proportions. The amount of Potassium Oxide can be
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reduced with the use of Calcium Chloride in the form of powdered rock
salt in order to meet the ASTM standards. The carabao manure ash also
failed to reach the minimum level of Calcium Oxide and Sulfur Trioxide
as required by the ASTM. Thus, the addition of lime or powdered shell
can be used to meet the standard value.
The carabao manure ash cement passed the ASTM flexural strength
test but failed to reach the ASTM compressive strength standards. To
increase the concrete’s compressive strength, the addition of lime,
gypsum or powdered shells which are a good source of both calcium
oxide and sulfur trioxide can be considered.
A carabao manure ash cement procedural method was developed
through a booklet entitled "Waste to Ways: A Guide to Carabao Manure
Ash Cement Production” even if it failed to meet the purpose of the study
to develop a carabao manure ash as an alternative to commercial cement
for the benefit of the people of General Luna, Quezon.
Based on all the procedure undertaken, data gathered and revealed
findings, the following are recommended:
For Farmers to use the booklet in coordination with the Non-
Government Organizations and Local Government Unit for further
action and research regarding the Feasibility of carabao manure as a
potential alternative cement.
For Science Teachers and Principal to orient the students on the
importance of carabao manure ash as an alternative cement using the
booklet on procedural method and may conduct further studies on
carabao manure as innovative and alternative cement material.
For students to use the study to innovate ideas and conduct inquiry
investigations using carabao manure and other alternative materials for
cement production to compensate with the excess and deficiencies of the
results of the study and meet the ASTM standards.
For Agricultural Community to consider the use of non-hazardous
materials and chemicals for the construction of their homes and
passageways.
For Head of DPWH- Engineering Office to use the result of the study
to invest time and research on alternative cement-like carabao manure in
developing projects aside from commercial cement.
And for future researchers to use the present study as a guide and
reference on their conduct of extended studies on the cement from animal

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wastes and non-hazardous materials. In addition, future researchers can

use the recommended actions of the study such as addition of lime,
gypsum or powdered shells to compensate with the deficiency in the
value of Calcium Oxide and Sulfur Trioxide; carbon, coal, and carbon
furnace to reduce the excess amount of Silicon Dioxide and Aluminum
Oxide; Lye to decrease the amount of Ferric Oxide; Calcium Chloride in
the form of rock salt is recommended to be added to reduce the value of
Potassium Oxide to meet the ASTM standards.

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[12] Thej Kumar (2015). A Study on the Replacement of Cement in Concrete

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