Yojana Kuruskshetra Iasbaba November 2019 PDF

Yojana Kurukshetra Gist-November 2019
www.iasbaba.com Page 1
Preface
This is our 56th edition of Yojana Gist and 47th edition of Kurukshetra Gist, released for the
month of November 2019. It is increasingly finding a place in the questions of both UPSC
Prelims and Mains and therefore, we’ve come up with this initiative to equip you with
knowledge that’ll help you in your preparation for the CSE.
Every issue deals with a single topic comprehensively sharing views from a wide spectrum
ranging from academicians to policy makers to scholars. The magazine is essential to build
an in-depth understanding of various socio-economic issues.
From the exam point of view, however, not all articles are important. Some go into scholarly
depths and others discuss agendas that are not relevant for your preparation. Added to this
is the difficulty of going through a large volume of information, facts and analysis to finally
extract their essence that may be useful for the exam. We are not discouraging from reading
the magazine itself. So, do not take this as a document which you take read, remember and
reproduce in the examination. Its only purpose is to equip you with the right understanding.
But, if you do not have enough time to go through the magazines, you can rely on the
content provided here for it sums up the most essential points from all the articles.
You need not put hours and hours in reading and making its notes in pages. We believe, a
smart study, rather than hard study, can improve your preparation levels.
Think, learn, practice and keep improving! You know that’s your success mantra ☺
Table of Contents
Swacch Bharat Mission
1. Has the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Brought a Paradigm Shift in Rural Sanitation?……………7
2. Behavioural Change……………………………………………………………………………………………………12
3. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) launches Swachh Survekshan 2020………………..…………14
4. Waste Management…………………………………….…………………………………………………………….17
5. Plastic Waste………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
6. Manual Scavenging in India………………………………………………………………………………………..14
Rural Education
7. Mindmap 1 – Status of Education in Rural India + Challenges + Potential………….Attached

in post
8. Mindmap 2 – Government’s Initiatives – Rural Education…………………………………Attached

in post
Swacch Bharat Mission

The first sanitation programme in the country to measure outcomes (ODF) instead of output
(toilets) alone. The SBM’s emphasis on behavior change in rural sanitation at the grassroots
also leads to rigorous verification and sustainability of the benefits accrued to rural
communities under the progress made. The SBM is a people’s movement, a true jan
andolan, and it is this people’s participation that has led to the success being witnessed
under the Mission. The Mission is on track to achieve an ODF India by October 2019.
Has the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Brought a Paradigm Shift in Rural Sanitation?
Commitment: A commitment has come from the highest level of government, with the
prime minister himself doing “shramdan” for the construction of a twin pit toilet in a village
in Varanasi.
Behaviour Change: For the first time, the government is focusing on triggering a collective
behaviour change on a large scale instead of merely on the construction of toilets. Even the
management information system of the government is counting communities and districts
that have become open defecation free (ODF); earlier it was only counting the number of
toilets.
Ensuring dignity of individuals: The large majority of our female citizens in rural India, no
longer have to suffer the indignity of having to go out into the open to defecate. It marks a
sea change in the dignity of their daily life.
Speed of Construction: The speed with which toilets are being constructed has also gained
momentum.
Sustainability: There is a renewed focus on verification and sustainability of ODF status by

monitoring toilet use.
Human Resources: Money has been allocated on a scale hitherto unheard of to hire the
staff needed to mobilise communities around sanitation. Half a million ‘Swachhagrahis’ have
been deployed in villages and districts. There has occurred an empanelment of key resource
centres at the national level for capacity building on collective behaviour change.
Awareness: There is focus on senior male members of households to sensitise them through
collective behaviour change (through Darwaza Band campaign). Use of social media for
creating awareness is also happening. ‘Swachhata Preraks’ have been deployed in each
district to support the district magistrates directly. Training of district officials is creating a
new momentum.
Waste Management: There is a new focus on ODF plus, i.e. solid and liquid waste
management. This is done with a view to incentivise sustainability of ODF status. Special
sustainability funds and fund allocation to states on performance is also ongoing.
Four key pillars of India’s sanitation revolution
First, political leadership. Arguably the biggest game-changer for the SBM, was the prime
minister investing his personal political capital in the mission. Inspired by his leadership and
commitment, various chief ministers took up the cause, creating a domino-like effect,
cascading leadership to the chief secretary and in turn to collectors, all the way down to
sarpanchs at the grassroots level. Leaders at all levels are prime catalysts for large-scale
transformations.
Second, public financing. Typically, no large-scale transformation can be an unfunded

mandate. Over Rs 1 lakh crore was committed to ensuring universal access to sanitation,
thereby backing the political will with budgetary support. About 90 per cent of the 10 crore
households which received toilets were from socially and economically weaker sections of
society and they received financial incentives to build and use toilets.
Third, partnerships. The SBM (G) partnered with implementors and influencers alike —
national and international development agencies, media houses, civil society, celebrities, as
well as all departments/ministries of the government of India, who pledged an additional $6
billion for sanitation in their respective sectors. This “all hands on deck” approach, making
sanitation everyone’s business, helped to mainstream it into the national consciousness.
And fourth, peoples’ participation. The SBM-G trained over half a million swachhagrahis,
grassroots motivators, who triggered behaviour change in every village of India. Ordinary
people undertook extraordinary roles and inspired others to build and use toilets. Stories of
sanitation champions emerged from every nook and corner of the country. A large-scale
transformation can be truly successful if it captures the imagination of the people, and
becomes a people’s movement or a jan andolan.
Challenges
• More work is needed for the disabled – designing and building appropriate toilets for
them.
• There is also the need for high-quality CLTS facilitators.
• Masons may also need refresher training focusing on the benefits of twin-pits.
• Strengthening of the supply chain is needed to ensure rapid availability of materials

for toilet construction, through the establishment of supply-chain specific
committees at district, block and gram panchayat level.
• Changing mindsets remains a challenge: acceptance of twin-pit toilets is still a

problem. People in rural areas still think that a twin-pit is a government toilet for
poor people.
• More information, education and communication (IEC) is needed to advocate that it

is safe and scientific, easily built, costs less, is easy to empty and that the waste can
be used as manure.
• Majority of the IEC funds have remained unutilised.
• Government officials are using coercive methods to stop open defecation to achieve
targets. This is not behaviour change. Constant efforts are needed to correct a
centuries-old problem in India.
• India’s subsidy programme creates unique problems. Major problems resulting from
a subsidy-driven programme are: Constructing toilets without collective behaviour
change; malpractices, low quality and inappropriate construction; lack of ownership
and partial usage of toilets, with some household members continuing open
defecation; leaving out of the disabled; declarations of ODF to meet targets when
the reality lags far behind.
The Way Ahead:
• The success of such cleanliness programmes cannot be measured through factors

like waste disposal and no open defecation alone; its role in reducing epidemic
outbreak is equally important. Epidemics, particularly vector-borne epidemics (like
malaria and dengue) and water-borne epidemics (like cholera and hepatitis) are
considered by public health experts to be the most important determinant of
cleanliness of the environment vis a vis its impact on the health of the community.
Hence, an effective cleanliness drive should be impactful enough to reduce the
number of epidemics reported from within the community.
• There is a need to persuade religious leaders especially men, to abandon open

defecation. They can be asked to communicate the same to the villagers. This has
resulted in quicker understanding and the involvement of religious leaders in
triggering exercises has mobilised the whole community.
Usage of twin-pit technology need to be encouraged as it is a “complete treatment plant” in

itself. In contrast to a septic tank, the total cost of a twin-pit toilet is no more than Rs 12,
000, and it does not need to be emptied – since its contents become ordinary manure once
left to dry for a year.
Do you know?
• In 60 months, more than 60 crore people were provided with 11 crore toilets.
• According to UNICEF report, there is a positive impact, worth Rs 20 lakh crore, on the
Indian economy due to the Swachh Bharat campaign.
• It has created opportunities of 75 lakh jobs out of which a majority have been
availed by the rural population”
Connecting the Dots:
1. How is access to toilet and better sanitation under the Swachh Bharat Mission
leading to socio-economic transformation of rural women? Explain.
2. The Swachcha Bharat mission is not only a cleanliness campaign but also a socio-
economic movement. Elaborate.
Behavioural Change
Swachh Bharat Mission has had to overcome a ‘degree of difficulty’ to bring about
behavioural change.
Under the SBM, there are at least two additional and complex “moves” being attempted
compared to typical infrastructure programmes:
• One, changing behaviour by getting people to use toilets and stop defecating in the
open
• Two, sustaining the changed behaviour over time
The two extra “moves” make the SBM much more difficult to implement.
The SBM’s primary emphasis on the usage of toilets transforms it from an infrastructure-
focused “toilet construction” programme to a much more complex behaviour change social
revolution. The scale of the challenge at the start of the SBM in October 2014 –
• Changing the behaviour of 550 million people living in rural India

• The SBM was marketing a product (household toilets) for which, in most cases, there
was no intrinsic demand (deeply ingrained habit of open defecation and cultural
norm of not having a toilet near one’s residence)
The SBM “market” is more complex, where there is no inherent demand for “goods”
(toilets) due to a “preference” for defecating in the open. From the supply side, therefore,
the programme needed to provide both toilets as well as a behaviour programme at scale
for changing preferences.
Source: https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article25878351.ece
The alternative new products on offer: Toilet plus behaviour change
Demand for a toilet had to be stimulated to wean people away from the habit of open
defecation and this was challenging.
So, we faced challenges in terms of 4S:
Scale — 550 million people needed to change their behaviour
Speed — the programme had to be implemented in 5 years
Stigma — centuries-old taboos, for example, it was impure to have a toilet inside or near
the home, needed to be challenged
Sustainability — having to make the recently changed behaviour stick.
Different “triggers” used to convince people that open defecation was a public “bad” and
that usage of toilets was a public “good”- Train village motivators (swachhagrahis) familiar
with the local language and idiom work to convince the community as a whole that the
health and dignity of the entire village were at stake if they persisted in open defecation.
Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) launches Swachh Survekshan 2020
Evolution and Journey of Swachh Survekshan
Key Focus Areas
How is Swachh Survekshan 2020 different?
Swachh Survekshan Grameen
Government launched the ‘Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2019’, which will be three times
bigger in scale than the previous edition of the rural sanitation survey. It’s not just a survey
but an opportunity to encourage behavioural change and take sanitation to the secondary
level, beyond the concept of ODF villages
In the first edition in 2018, the survey covered over 6,000 villages across the country. This
year the survey aims to cover 18,000 sample villages — approximately 30 per rural district
— and take feedback from over 2.5 crore villagers. The effort is to look beyond toilets and
to kick off the Open Defecation Free Plus (ODF+) phase — focussing on solid and liquid
waste management
The ODF-Plus programme has four verticals — biodegradable waste management, plastic
waste management, greywater (household waste water) management and faecal sludge
management.
• For Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2019, Citizen feedback will account for 35% of the
ranking of districts.
• Another 30% weightage is being given to direct observations by surveyors from third
party Ipsos, who will look at the prevalence of plastic litter and water-logging as well
as the availability and usage of toilets.
• The remaining 35% will be drawn from service-level progress measuring the final
activities of the original Swachh Bharat mission.
Launches
Citizens Involvement: This year, the citizen-centric focus has been enhanced substantially
through verification of the progress made by cities on Swachhata through direct responses
from citizens.
Swachh Nagar Mobile App: Continuing with its focus on providing integrated waste
management solutions to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and citizens, MoHUA also launched the
Swachh Nagar Mobile App. This app, with features such as
• Tracking of waste collection by ULBs through route and vehicle monitoring,

• Notification to citizens,
• Online collection of user fee for waste collection
• An effective grievance redressal mechanism
…will be the answer to several issues that hinder effective waste management such as lack
of monitoring, collection of segregated waste, and tracking the movement of waste vehicles
and waste pickers, amongst others.
AI enabled mSBM App: A mobile app developed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC)
that helps detect the beneficiary face and toilet seat in the photo uploaded using Artificial
Intelligence (AI) model at the backend. This app will not only facilitate the applicants of
Individual Household Toilets (IHHL) under SBM-U know the status of their application in
real-time after uploading the photograph but also help them upload the correct photo. The
App will also help the respective ULB nodal officer to verify and approve the application
thereby significantly reducing the processing time for applicants.
Garbage Free City: Solid & Liquid Waste Management
MOTIVE
Golden Rule of 3R: Reduce + Reuse + Recycle
Economic & Environmental Impact of 3R
Plastic Waste
India generates 26 000 TPD of plastic waste amounting to 9 4 million TPA It is estimated that
approximately 70 of plastic packaging products are converted into plastic waste in a short
span Even though 60 of the plastic produced in India is recycled, it still leaves 9400 TPD of
plastic waste unattended causing land, air and water pollution.
Tackling the menace of Plastic Waste
Ways by which plastic can be reduced
Manual Scavenging in India-The Current Scenario

Under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act,
2013:
Manual Scavenger is any person engaged or employed by any individual or local authority or
contractor for manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of or handling in any manner human
excreta in any insanitary latrine open drain or pit, railway tracks or in such other spaces or
premises as Central or State Government notify, before the excreta fully decompose in such
manner as prescribed may be defined as a Manual Scavenger.
• Manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks without protective equipment, and the
construction of insanitary latrines is forbidden
• Offences under this Act are cognizable and non-bailable
o 620 deaths were reported since 1993 of which 88 occurred in the past three
years 2017 to June 2019
o Highest Number of Sewer Deaths: Tamil Nadu (144 cases)
o Second Highest: Gujarat (131 cases)
Hazardous Cleaning by an employee, in relation to a sewer or septic tank, means its manual
cleaning by such employee without the employer fulfilling his obligation to provide
protective gear and other cleaning devices and ensuring observance of safety precautions,
as may be prescribed or provided in any other law, for the time being in force or rules made
thereunder.
National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC)
• An Apex Corporation under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE)
• Established under the Section 8 of Companies Act 2013 (erstwhile Section 25 of
Companies Act 1956)
• Working for Socio-Economic Upliftment of Safai Karamcharis including Wastepickers
/ Manual Scavengers & their dependants across the country
• Swachhta Udyami Yojana: SUY has the twin objective of cleanliness and providing
livelihood to Safai Karamcharis and liberated Manual Scavengers to achieve the
overall goal of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan initiated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister.
Under SUY, financial assistance is provided for Procurement Operation of Sanitation
related Vehicles/equipments.
Informal Waste Pickers
As per SWM Rules, 2016
• Establish a system to recognise organisations of waste pickers or informal waste

collectors and promote & establish a system for integration of these authorised
waste pickers & waste collectors to facilitate their participation in SWM including
door to door collection of waste;
• Facilitate formation of Self Help Groups, provide identity cards and thereafter
encourage integration in SWM
Suggested Interventions
• Carry out field level assessment and identify waste pickers/ self help groups across
the city
• Conduct enrolment drives to integrate informal waste pickers in the SWM system
• Make a cooperative/organization of identified informal workers to be integrated to
ensure accountability (In case D2D Collection/ Transportation outsourced to third
party, encourage them to formally integrate rag pickers in their payroll)
• Record ward wise list of waste pickers with ID numbers issued to them
• Conduct trainings for these stakeholders to ensure proper integration into city’s
SWM system
National Launch of 10 Year Rural Sanitation Strategy (2019-2029)

By: Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti, GoI
Focus on:
• Sustaining the sanitation behavior change that has been achieved under the Swachh
Bharat Mission Grameen (SBM-G)
• Ensuring that no one is left behind
• Increasing access to solid and liquid waste management
This strategy has been prepared by DDWS, in consultation with State Governments and
other stakeholders, and it lays down a framework to guide local governments, policy
makers, implementers and other relevant stakeholders in their planning for ODF Plus, where
everyone uses a toilet, and every village has access to solid and liquid waste management.
The 10 year strategy focuses on the need for States/UTs to continue their efforts to sustain
the gains of the mission through capacity strengthening, IEC (Information, education and
communication), organic waste management, plastic waste management, grey water
management and black water management.
All the very best!
Team IASBaba ☺

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Yojana Kurukshetra Gist-November 2019

Swacch Bharat Mission

3. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) launches Swachh Survekshan 2020………………..…………14

6. Manual Scavenging in India………………………………………………………………………………………..14

7. Mindmap 1 – Status of Education in Rural India + Challenges + Potential………….Attached

8. Mindmap 2 – Government’s Initiatives – Rural Education…………………………………Attached

Swacch Bharat Mission

Sustainability: There is a renewed focus on verification and sustainability of ODF status by

Four key pillars of India’s sanitation revolution

Second, public financing. Typically, no large-scale transformation can be an unfunded

• There is also the need for high-quality CLTS facilitators.

• Strengthening of the supply chain is needed to ensure rapid availability of materials

• Changing mindsets remains a challenge: acceptance of twin-pit toilets is still a

• More information, education and communication (IEC) is needed to advocate that it

• Majority of the IEC funds have remained unutilised.

The Way Ahead:

• The success of such cleanliness programmes cannot be measured through factors

• There is a need to persuade religious leaders especially men, to abandon open

Usage of twin-pit technology need to be encouraged as it is a “complete treatment plant” in

Connecting the Dots:

• Changing the behaviour of 550 million people living in rural India

The alternative new products on offer: Toilet plus behaviour change

So, we faced challenges in terms of 4S:

Scale — 550 million people needed to change their behaviour

Speed — the programme had to be implemented in 5 years

Sustainability — having to make the recently changed behaviour stick.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) launches Swachh Survekshan 2020

Evolution and Journey of Swachh Survekshan

Key Focus Areas

How is Swachh Survekshan 2020 different?

Swachh Survekshan Grameen

• Tracking of waste collection by ULBs through route and vehicle monitoring,

Garbage Free City: Solid & Liquid Waste Management

Golden Rule of 3R: Reduce + Reuse + Recycle

Economic & Environmental Impact of 3R

Tackling the menace of Plastic Waste

Ways by which plastic can be reduced

Manual Scavenging in India-The Current Scenario

National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC)

Informal Waste Pickers

As per SWM Rules, 2016

• Establish a system to recognise organisations of waste pickers or informal waste

National Launch of 10 Year Rural Sanitation Strategy (2019-2029)

All the very best!

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