ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC WATER HYACINTH

(Eichhornia crassipes) EXTRACTS ON THE SEEDLING

GROWTH OF JUNGLE RICE WEED
(Echinochloa colona)

A Research Study
Presented to the Faculty of
Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
Research III

by

Balisacan, John Cesar A.

Huraño, Romano Franco L.
Labay, Yuan Yancey E.
Rivano, Wince Larcen M.
Agcaoili, Avvy
Datu, Crystaline M.
Enriquez, Iza Belle M.
Layug, Karyll Heart C.
Ramiscal, Joana Marie V.

9 – Dalton

to

Maria Cristina R. Miranda Ed. D.

Research Teacher

A.Y. 2018-2019

0
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Weeds, among the major crops, which are grown worldwide

caused about 34% of yield loss. These yield losses caused by

weeds are higher than the losses caused by other pests in the

crops. Maintainable weed management should be promoted

further considering the immense decrease in yield production

and crop outputs as well as the practical application of

allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems.

Several investigations showed the significance of allelopathy

for weed management and this can be utilized through

suppressing weeds in field crops. Allelopathy has a relevant

significance for ecological, sustainable, and integrated weed

management systems, (Jabran et al, 2015).

Weed control is one of the challenging events in crop

cultivation and management. Plant extracts as well as some

microbes are utilized for allelopathy to inhibit the

germination and growth of the weeds. Also, the plant extracts

are absorbed by the weed seeds, which causes damage to the

cell membrane, DNA, mitosis, amylase activity to the seed,

and the growth of the weed is affected due to low rates of

root-cell division, nutrient uptake, plant growth hormone,

1
which inhibits or delays the seed germination,

(Radhakrishnan, Alqarawi, & Fathi, 2018).

Allelopathy is the procedure of chemical inhibition of

one species by some other species, wherein materials

performing as germination or growth inhibitors are released

into the environment, influencing the development and

increase of close by flora. These chemical compounds can

originate from any part of the plant (leaves, roots, fruits,

stems, and many others.) and are present in the surrounding

soil of the vegetation as well.

Allelopathic toxins are the chemical substances present

in allelopathy, and these toxins can intervene in shoot or

growth and nutrient uptake, or attack a naturally occurring

symbiotic relationship, therefore results to the destruction

of the source of nutrients of the plant, (Jesson, 2018).

The exposure of synthetic chemicals in agriculture has

ended in excessive damage to the ecological stability,

introducing a diffusion of deadly diseases. As a result, the

need for sustainable and eco- friendly alternatives to plant

diseases has increased. Thus, this is where plant allelopathy

enter, for it can be a good alternate to toxic chemical

herbicides in weed management.

2
 Allelopathy is an important tool used to combat the

obstacles of environmental pollution and herbicide resistance

development, (Jabran et al, 2015) and for biological weed

management by the production of allelochemicals from flowers,

seeds, stems, leaves, and roots of plants, (Arora et al,

2015). Some crops show their allelopathic potential by

releasing allelochemicals which not only eliminate weeds, but

also convey underground microbial activities.

Echinochloa colona, or commonly known as jungle rice

weed, is usually found in damp, rich or cultivated soils

wherein it grows rapidly. It is also the reason why jungle

rice weeds are abundant near or among rice fields. E. colona

seeds are also dispersed through dissemination of wind and

irrigation water and since it grows rapidly, it almost grows

anywhere on tropical countries especially rice fields and

maize crops, (CABI, 2018).

Food supply security is a huge crisis for future

generations. Through allelopathy on weed management, rice may

be influenced with the enhancement of yield without

ecological cost. As an alternative, allelopathic effects of

water hyacinth ethanolic extracts will be used on the

inhibition of jungle rice weed.

3
Background of the Study

The strategy for using allelopathy for weed management

could be by directly exploiting natural allelopathic

interactions, especially of crop plants, or applying

allelochemicals as a source of natural herbicides, (Khanh et

al, 2013). Compounds such as phenolic acids, fatty acids, and

terpenes are identified in decomposing rice residues and also

rice root exudates, as allelochemicals which can interact

with the surroundings, (Amb & Ahluwalia, 2017).

E. colona grows and breeds rapidly. The plant germinates

in the spring and can continue to germinate during the growing

season as long as the soil is favorable for moisture and

temperature. The seed on the surface of the soil germinate

better than those seeds in very low depths in the soil.

Stimulation by light is also one of its environmental

requirements. The pH level ranging from 4 to 9 is also not

affected, (Chauhan & Johnson, 2009). This weed is known to

have the capacity to develop beneath a wide extend of

biological conditions such as high salinity. It can also adapt

to a range of environments, counting both cropland and non-

cropland areas, (Peerzada et al, 2016).

In addition to that, weeds strive harder, adjust and

tolerate more stress than plants can in order to survive

4
environmental conditions, (Korres et al, 2016). In rice

fields around the world, weeds became dominant. A change

towards direct seeding has led to an increased infestation of

weeds, thereby limiting the productivity of rice crops,

(Kraehmer et al, 2016).

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of the study is to investigate the

seedling growth inhibitory effect of allelopathic Eichhornia

crassipes (water hyacinth) ethanolic extracts on the growth

of Echinochloa colona (jungle rice weed).

Specifically, the study attempts to answer the following

questions:

1. Is there a significant difference between the

various concentrations (3%, 6%, and 9%) of the water hyacinth

ethanolic extracts on the seedling growth of the jungle rice

weed according to the following measurements:

a) shoot length

b) root length

2. Is there a significant difference between the

various concentrations (3%, 6%, and 9%) of water hyacinth

ethanolic extract and the total seedling biomass of the

jungle rice weed?

5
Hypotheses

Based on the sub-problems presented, the following

hypotheses have been formulated:

Alternative Hypotheses (Ha)

Ha1: There is a significant difference between the

various concentrations (3%, 6%, and 9%) of the water hyacinth

ethanolic extracts on the seedling growth of the jungle rice

weed according to the following measurements:

a.) shoot length

b.) root length

Ha2: There is a significant difference between the

various concentrations of water hyacinth ethanolic extract

and the total seedling biomass of the jungle rice weed.

Null Hypotheses (Ho)

Ho1: There is no significant difference between the

various concentrations (3%, 6%, and 9%) of the water hyacinth

ethanolic extracts on the seedling growth of the jungle rice

weed according to the following measurements:

a.) shoot length

b.) root length

Ho2: There is no significant difference between the

various concentrations (3%, 6%, and 9%) of water hyacinth

6
ethanolic extract and the total seedling biomass of the jungle

rice weed.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework will base on the Input-Process-

Output (IPO) model which will be used in overviewing the flow

or the process of the present study. It will show the methods

in obtaining the necessary allelochemicals to determine the

seedling growth inhibitory effect of allelopathic water

hyacinth ethanolic extracts on jungle rice weed.

The first frame which is the input contains the

independent variable that will be concentrated in various

levels (3%, 6%, and 9%). Processes will then follow in the

second frame which contains the collection, preparation,

drying, grinding, and ethanolic extraction of water hyacinth,

preparation of laboratory equipment, foliar application of

the extracts to the jungle rice weed shoot, and data analysis

and interpretation of the results of the germination

bioassay. The last frame includes the output of the study

signifying the possible result, which is the inhibition of

7
 seedling growth of jungle rice weed using allelopathic water

hyacinth ethanolic extracts.

Input Process Output

Collection,
preparation and
cutting of water
hyacinth, drying,
grinding,
ethanolic
extraction, Allelopathic
filtration, and inhibition of
Various
evaporation water hyacinth
concentrations
ethanolic
(3%, 6%, and 9%)
Preparation of extracts on the
of water hyacinth
laboratory seedling growth
ethanolic
equipment of jungle rice
extracts
weed
Controlled in
situ
Experimentation
Bioassay

Data Collection
Statistical
Analysis
Interpretation of
Data

Feedback

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Significance of the Study

Benefiting the agriculture in general is one of the

objectives of this study. Therefore, this study will

8
anticipate contributing additional information to serve the

following individuals and groups of people:

Rice farmers. Rice production will increase due to the

treatment of inhibitory activity of water hyacinth ethanolic

extracts on jungle rice weed which can benefit to the business

of rice farmers and lessen their expenses by not using

expensive pesticides. The study will reduce the damage caused

by the destructive jungle rice weeds resulting on a

significantly greater income of rice farmers. Uneducated

farmers will be able to solve the ways of controlling the

invasiveness of jungle rice weeds.

Fishermen. These group of people will benefit from the

present study due to the control of water hyacinth in affected

areas. It will also help decrease the fish kill rate since

water hyacinth infestation will decrease. As an alternative

treatment, water hyacinth will be used in decreasing jungle

rice weed population.

Consumers. Rice production will increase and will help

in meeting the demands of the consumers. It is the major

product that is an essential in life of every Filipino, so

consumers will benefit. Rice and rice products prices will

decrease because of the increase in the rice production.

9
 Department of Agriculture. The study will benefit by

helping manage weed infestation providing productive area for

rice production to support the local agriculture. In

addition, high value crops with more profits than traditional

crops will provide agricultural transition.

Scopes and Delimitations of the Study

The study will focus on the seedling growth inhibitory

effect of allelopathic water hyacinth ethanolic extract on

jungle rice weed. This study will give a healthy condition to

the rice plant, increase the industrial and agricultural

production of rice, enhance the plant nutrition and plant

immunity, increase the grain yield per plant, and increase

the potential use of invasive weeds. Present study will not

only produce alternative bio-herbicide treatments for jungle

rice weed but also help in controlling the invasiveness of

water hyacinth.

The study is limited to the biostimulation analysis and

data will not be provided. Limitations also include real field

experimentation of the study and actual manifestation and

effects of the extracts. Results from the bioassay may vary

on the actual field application of the prepared extracts.

10
 The time frame in conducting the experiment is expected

to be done within December of 2018.

Definition of Terms

To grasp the concept of the study, this will provide

information about the following operational and conceptual

terms that will be explained operationally.

Allelochemicals. These are chemicals produced by a

plant, exerting a positive or detrimental physiological

effect on the individuals of another plant species when

released into the environment. The unknown chemicals that

will be derived from the water hyacinth will inhibit the

growth of jungle rice weed seedlings.

Allelopathy. The chemical growth inhibition or

stimulation of one plant by another. Water hyacinth ethanolic

extracts will tested in suppressing the jungle rice weed

seedling growth.

Bioassay. Measurement of the concentration or potency of

a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues. The

current study will do a bioassay test which consists of the

water hyacinth extracts inhibiting the seedling growth of

jungle rice weed in soil medium.

11
 Ethanolic Extract. An extract obtained with ethyl alcohol

as solvent. This is the pure substance that will be obtained

from ethanol that will inhibit growth of jungle rice weed in

rice plants.

Foliar Application. A technique of feeding plants by

applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants

can absorb essential elements through their leaves. The

technique that will be used in applying the ethanolic extracts

of water hyacinth on the jungle rice weed seed.

12
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter 2 introduces the related literature and studies

after the thorough and in-depth search of the present study.

It manifests and discusses the information and data gathered

to support the present study. The facts will serve as

evidences to show the potential of the present study. In the

present study, allelopathic water hyacinth ethanolic extracts

will be used to determine its inhibitory activity on the

seedling growth of jungle rice weed. Comparison and

explanation of collected literatures and studies will show

significance to the experimental variable in inhibiting

jungle rice weed by its allelopathic properties.

Local Literature

Water hyacinths are considered a very invasive species

because it affects more than 8,000 fishermen who are prevented

to fish due to the infestation of these weeds. The locals

near Laguna de Bay suggest that the town should be in a state

of calamity already. Other negative effects follow such as

mosquito bites and introduction of diseases, (Cinco, 2017).

Philippine waters are infested by water hyacinth with

its rapid rate of reproduction. This aquatic plant has the

13
ability of choking lakes and rivers and was considered as the

most damaging aquatic plant. It grows in mats up to

2 meters wide which can reduce light and oxygen, change water

chemistry, and affect local flora and fauna. In Laguna de

Bay, it covers about 20% of the lake’s surface area. Because

of the water’s high sewage concentrations, the plant yields

about 657 tons of dry matter per hectare a year, (Jacinto &

Lirio, 2018).

It is an invasive species that clogs waterways and cause

a disturbance to the people near the bodies of water. As a

result, the presence of water hyacinths in the Philippines,

especially in the Pasig River and Laguna de Bay, has affected

the lives of the people as well as the marine transportation,

flora and fauna, fishing and irrigation. Realizing this

problem, the Department of Trade (DTI) initiated livelihood

activities to transform the water hyacinth into something

useful.

Rice crops have been an important component in the diets

of many Filipinos. Its importance contributed to it having

around 20% of the Gross Value Added in Philippine agriculture.

The demand for this crop has led to work opportunities for

over two million farmers and supplies over two million

households as well, (Gonzales, 2013). This crop is also the

14
most produced crop from 2012 – 2016, (Philippine Statistics

Authority [PSA], 2017).

Before rice can be planted, the soil has to be in a good

physical condition for crop growth. It must be free from weeds

and, unless the farmer decides to clear the rice field

himself, he has to hire at least three people per hectare to

do the task, at a rate of P200 each, excluding lunch and

snacks, (Togonon, 2017). In the year 2017, the Philippine

Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) was not able to reach the

aimed yield rate for seeds that pass the high standard. The

Commission on Audit (COA) obtained recorded data which

showcased only 680 qualified bags out of the 1,440 submitted

bags of BS. Reasons for rejection included high amount of

seeds from weeds, low germination and more. This brought forth

a negative impression and impact on the bid for the

Philippines' ability to sustain itself in terms of rice

production, (Marcelo, 2018).

Foreign Literature

Weeds are a common and major problem in plant growth as

it grows in places where it is unnecessary and may result in

the issue of getting nutrients from the ground it shares with

other plants, (Sumitra & Nidhi, 2018).

15
 Weeds need to compete, adapt, and tolerate stress more

than crop plants do to survive environmental conditions,

(Korres et al., 2016). Weeds became dominant in rice fields

throughout the world disregarding of the soil, environment,

and management practices of the people, (Kraehmer et al.,

2016).

Well documented in many studies, says losses in crop

yield and production are caused by weeds. For instance, Baziar

et al. (2014) reported that rye-grass and wild mustard

development will be firmly influenced by the development and

execution of grain by the production of chemical materials

with allelopathic properties, which are deluded by improper

growth and reduced product yield.

Echinochloa colona, commonly known as jungle rice or

jungle rice weed, is a type of grass weed that can be found

not only in areas of crop production such as rice, vegetable,

and corn fields, but also in places people often pass by such

as on the side of roads, gardens, and even waterways, (Nandula

et al, 2018). It is considered to be one of the most serious

grass weeds in certain countries, (Awan, Chauhan, & Sta. Cruz,

2014)

The weed, an annual or rarely perennial grass, is

scattered across the parts of the world wherein the

16
temperature is warm and can be usually found in places with

variable temperature and heavy loads of rainfall, (Ajaib and

Khan, 2013). Jungle rice needs moist soil, so it often grows

alongside rice plants. The weed also grows during summertime,

(Peerzada et al, 2016).

The seed germination of Echinochloa colona generally

happens quickly. It took 1-4 days for the seeds to germinate

in temperatures 20-40 degrees Celsius, although the rate if

jungle rice germination slowed down to more than a week to

reach around 50% at 15 degrees Celsius, (Sosnoskie et al,

2015). As indicated by Peerzada et al. (2016), some studies

have reported that every year jungle rice can produce as many

as 42,000 seeds for each plant.

The species has presented a problem due to several

populations of this grass weed having developed a resistance

to a couple of herbicides. The degree of the resistance of

the weeds varied in each state that was studied, all depending

on factors present, such as a mutation in a gene. It was

emphasized that the use of a broad range of materials and

methods to combat this problem is a must, (Nandula et al,

2018).

Water hyacinths (E. crassipes) are weeds characterized

with thin leaves and usually spongy, and has bluish purple
17
flowers, (AquaPlant, 2018). These also have beneficial

purposes such as a biofuel, an absorbent for metals in

polluted waters and a protein source for feeds. It contributes

for phytoremediation and serves as an alternative for biogas

and ethanol production. It is also proven to have

phototoxicity and heavy metal removal capabilities. The

ethanolic extract of the stems shows the presence of phenol,

steroids and saponin, (Lara-Serrano et al, 2016). This is

known to possess antispasmodic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory,

antisecretory, antiulcer, antidiarrheal and antitumor

activities because of the phenolic compounds, (Tyagi &

Agarwal, 2017).

Aside from its positive uses, this weed can be a very

aggressive plant and can form thick mats that can cover the

entire surface of a pond that will result in waterways

obstruction, oxygen depletion, and fish kills, (Heuze et al,

2015). It averages to produce 50 dry tons per hectare per

year and can also reproduce asexually by the production of

stolen and by means of budding, (Koutika & Rainey, 2014). The

large coverage of this weed on water would reduce sunlight

penetration and lower oxygen content in water, which has a

great impact on marine ecosystem, (Chu et al, 2014).

18
 It is also proven to have allelopathic effects on algae.

Experiments indicated that water hyacinth has great

allelopathic effects on green algal growth in eutrophic

freshwater. Control of water hyacinth can frequently lead to

outbreaks of blue-green algae. The controlled culture of

water hyacinth in shallow basins can effectively remove algae

and reduce other parameters concerned with water quality such

as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand

(COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) (Sharma et al, 2013).

The properties of water hyacinth prove that it can inhibit

the seedling growth of jungle rice weed through allelopathy.

The water hyacinth plant, specifically its roots, is able to

produce allelopathic compounds. Its roots dispense an amount

of allelopathic activity that is similar to the amount

produced by the whole plant, which goes to show that most of

the allelopathic compounds can be found at its roots, (Wu et.

al, 2012).

Through a variety of mechanisms including the hormone

activity suppression, the decrease of mitotic activity in

roots and hypocotyls, photosynthesis and respiration

inhibition, protein formation inhibition, a reduction of the

ion uptake rate a decrease in the permeability of cell

membranes and the inhibition of enzyme action may occur the

19
effects of allelopathy on the germination and growth of

plants, (Gomaa and AbdElgawad, 2012; Swain et al.,

2012, Baziar et al., 2014).

In order to acquire the best results, herbicide

applications are timed earlier than the seed germination,

usually in the early spring. Application of the herbicides to

invasive weeds are regularly repeated 8 weeks after the

primary spraying to eradicate it completely, (Duvauchelle,

2018). This suggests that the present study is important in

eradicating jungle rice weed population on rice plants.

Local Studies

Weeds present danger to agricultural productivity as

these plants compete with crops for supplements and space

resulting to physiological damaging of the crop that make it

vulnerable for diseases and eventually lessen its yield.

Controlling weeds by the use of allelopathy has been reported

to be a possible alternative for sustainable weed management.

As investigated by Carcusia, Pascual, and Rosit (2015),

allelopathic potentials of identified weed species has been

determined in terms and percent of seed germination, plant

height, length of leaves and roots and percent of mortality

of grasses, sedges, and broadleaves. Certain plants release

20
allelochemicals which suppress the development of other

neighboring plants of various species. The study concluded

that Lantana camara is effective in reducing the percent

germination and prolonging germination rate of most common

weed species.

Based on the results, Chromolaena odorata is effective

in reducing germination and prolonging the germination rate

of Impatiens wallerana, while Mimosa pudica was effective

against Cenchrus spinifex and Cyperus rotundus. Mimosa pudica

was found to be the most effective in all common weed species

for growth and development, except for Cyperus rotundus where

Chromolarna odorata was most effective on reducing the length

of leaves and roots, and weight. Chromolaena odorata was also

found effective against both Cyperus rotundus and Conyza

Canadensis. While in terms of percent mortality, Mimosa

pudica was effective against Cenchrus spinifex (Carcusia,

Pascual, and Rosit, 2015). Thus, this study shows such

potential of allelochemicals of invasive weed species, where

water hyacinth belongs in, as an alternative use for weed

management

Khan et al. (2015) evaluated the allelophatic potentials

of common weeds, Phragmites australis, Parthenium (Parthenium

hysterophorus L.) Jimson weed (Datura alba L.) and Poplar

21
(Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall) on Chickpea (Cicer

arietinum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)

crops. Significant differences for germination percentage,

mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI) and

growth retardation in the tested crop species was observed.

Based on the results, the study showed that Chickpea has the

greatest tolerance to the three plant extracts, with a

germination of 78%. Rice, with only 35% germination, was more

susceptible.

Based on the results, Poplar caused more phytotoxicity

than other plants, resulting in low levels of germination

compared with the control. Chickpea has the highest mean GI

(3.10) followed by maize (1.15), and rice (0.47). Therefore,

the presence of poplar on fields is one of the reasons for

failure of seed germination of the studied crops because the

leaves of poplar have the potential to inhibit seed

germination of many crops (Khan et al., 2015). The study

concluded that various weed species has been one of the

factors affecting crop yield.

Allelopathy is where a plant suppresses the other plant

and can affect its growth, reproduction, and survival. Plants

with allelopathic effects can stop the growth or development

of another plant. A study conducted by Hernandez, Reyes, and

22
Suriaga (2015) has investigated possible allelopathic effects

and substances in water hyacinth. Researchers reported that

an aqueous methanol extract of water hyacinth inhibited the

growth of roots and shoots of Cress (Lepidium sativum),

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Timothy

(Phleum pretense) and Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum).

Based on the study conducted by Hernandez, Reyes, and

Suriaga (2015), the main allelopathically active substance

was isolated which is Loliolide and has been determined by

data to inhibit the growth of cress and ryegrass at

concentrations greater than 3 and 10 µM. The concentrations

required for 50% inhibition of the root and shoot growth

ranged 12.7-27.5 to 27.5-49.7 µM for cress and ryegrass,

respectively. The results showed that loliolide may be an

allelopathic substance and contribute to the growth

inhibitory effect of water hyacinth. Water hyacinth extract

inhibited all test plant species extract-concentration

dependently and contained loliolide. Moreover, the results of

the study also imply that increasing extract concentration

also increases the inhibition (Hernandez, Reyes, and Suriaga,

2015). Therefore, water hyacinth may potentially be useful as

an alternative material to control weeds in the sustainable

23
agriculture as this contain allelopathically active

substances and causes allelopathic effects on certain plants.

A survey was done in collection were done in crop

producing areas by Gonzales (2017) in Rosario, La Union,

Philippines in order to distinguish the weeds that were most

prevailing weeds that affected crops such as vegetables and

rice. Following the quantity survey method, 1.0m x 1.0m size

quadrat with 20 samples from each field was used. The weeds

from the fields were then distinguished, and the resulting

data was utilized in calculating each species’ relative

dominance values and frequency. All in all, 45 species were

distinguished. Among which the dominance of species varied

depending on factors. For example, species Digitaria sp.,

Fimbristylis littoralis, Ageratum conyzoides, Centrosema

pubescens, and Dactyloctenium aegyptum, were dominant during

the wet season. Digitaria sp., D. aegyptium, and Eleusine

indica were dominant in the area where rice was produced but

it was found that Echinochloa crusgalli L. (jungle rice weed)

and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are the most important and most

invasive weeds of rice and can detrimentally affect yield

loss.

24
Foreign Studies

Weed management has attracted considerable attention in

recent years through allelopathy. Allelopathy plays an

important role on the growth of certain crops in agriculture.

Allelopathy in biocontrol of weeds in terrestrial and

freshwater communities has been the focus of several studies.

Plants are known to possess phenolic acids, alkaloids,

coumarins, quinines and triterpenes. Leaching of these

compounds during decomposition may affect water quality and

influences the growth of micro and macrophytes, (Solanki et

al, 2014).

Studies reported that water hyacinth was found to have

allelopathic substances. Loliolide, which is the main

allelopathic substance, was isolated and determined by

spectral data. This substance contains growth inhibitory

activity on the growth of ryegrass and cress which are

characterized by their bunch-like growth habits (Noguchi et

al, 2014). Furthermore, water hyacinth can contribute in the

sustainable agriculture as this aquatic plant can be used to

control weeds that have widely serious impacts on crop yields

and can interfere with harvesting in some areas.

Eichhornia crassipes has become the world’s worst

invasive aquatic weed due to its rapid proliferation rate,

25
ecological adaptability, and detrimental effects caused on

environment, human health, and economic development. Physical

removal, chemical methods, and biological control agents, and

large number of weed management strategies are being used to

control water hyacinth, (Sharma et al, 2016). However, these

methods are associated with various environmental and

financial challenges. Water hyacinth has been reported to

possess such abilities to be used in various useful

applications.

Different applications of water hyacinth have been

analyzed in a review study. Based on the study, the weed

biomass can be used for bioremediation and bio adsorption of

metals and pollutants, biogas and biofuel production,

composting and vermicomposting, carbon source for microbial

growth, for various medicinal and other uses. Thus,

researchers suggested the recycling of water hyacinth which

can be an ecofriendly aquatic weed management strategy to

improve soil health and nutrient redistribution that can help

on sustainable agricultural production in the tropical soils

and plants.

A related study conducted by Solanki et al (2014) used

average number of petioles, length of petioles and shoots,

along with leaf area of water hyacinth after the treatment

26
with Lantana leaves extract were measured to study the initial

effects of Lantana leaf leachate on the growth of water

hyacinth. Lantana camara belongs to the Verbenaceae family

and considered as part of the most problematic invasive plants

in many parts of the world. All the parameters showed

decreased growth in the treated plant in comparison with the

untreated control plant as shown. The reduced growth and

development were seen from the 7th day after treatment. The

decreased in the growth parameters were more prominently

visible after 14 and 21 days of treatment with Lantana leaf

leachate.

Many allelochemicals are phenolics, which are water

soluble. There were identified 14 phenolic compounds in

Lantana leaves. The study has reported that the allelopathic

compounds identified in Lantana leaf extract exhibited

allelopathic action, insecticidal and juvenile hormonal

activity. The biomass of water hyacinth has been reportedly

reduced and caused damages and decay of the plant tissues.

The results on the study showed that 5% treatment with

aqueous leaf leachate of L. camara destroyed water hyacinth

more significantly after 21 days of treatment. Ten percent

treatment with aqueous leaf leachate of L. camara also reduced

27
the growth of water hyacinth but was comparatively less

efficient than 5% treatment.

The study which has been conducted by Chai et al (2013),

assessed the effects of water hyacinth leaf extract on the

germination, growth and several biochemical parameters of

Mimosa pigra, an invasive weed. Water hyacinth extract

reduced the total percentage and speed of germination of M.

pigra but not V. radiata, another variable in the study. Non-

pregerminated and pregerminated seedlings of M. pigra and V.

radiata were compromised by its root length and fresh weight.

The study showed that water hyacinth extract induced similar

biochemical responses in the root tissues of non-

pregerminated and pregerminated seedlings of both test

species.

The results showed that water hyacinth significantly

inhibited the root and shoot growth of non-pregerminated

seedlings of M. pigra and V. radiata. In both test species,

root length was more severely affected than root FW, shoot

length and shoot FW. When treated with 5% extract, the root

length of non-pregerminated seedlings of M. pigra and V.

radiata was reduced by 63% and 89%, respectively. While the

root growth of pregerminated M. pigra and V. radiata seedlings

was also significantly inhibited by water hyacinth extract.

28
When pregerminated seedlings were treated with 5% extract,

the root length of the two species was then reduced by 50%

and 79%.

The data of the study showed that root growth was more

sensitive to the effects of water hyacinth extract than was

shoot growth in both pregerminated and non-pregerminated

seedlings. More specifically, root length was more sensitive

than root FW to the extract. The study concluded that root

length is a sensitive indicator of phytotoxicity in

germination bioassay, which properties could be possessed and

related to allelopathic substances.

Related studies are also supported by the study of Wu,

Guo, and Huang (2014) about the toxicity of water hyacinth,

specifically, its leaves. The protein yield per hectare of

water hyacinth is higher than soy, the high content of protein

in its leaves and good essential amino acid pattern have been

proven, but the dietary toxicity for human or animal

consumption has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the

toxicity of the leaves of water hyacinth has been evaluated

by an animal feeding test. The concentrations of the most

common toxic metals including lead, palladium, platinum,

cadmium, mercury, tin, barium, silver, stibium and aluminum

in water hyacinth leaf powder (WHLP) is used for the feeding

29
test were within the maximum food additives limits as World

Health Organization reported it. The median lethal dose of

WHLP was measured more than 16 g kg(-1) body weight. Based

from the study, after feeding for 7 – 28 days, the body weight

of the mice increased. The results of the hematological

analysis, histopathological evaluation, clinical biochemical

analysis, general dissection or the investigations of the

mice’s internal organs, behavior and appearance observations

did not indicate any adverse effects from the diet that

contains WHLP. It is therefore concluded that the leaves of

water hyacinth are not acutely toxic.

Allelochemicals might be harmful or beneficial to nearby

plants. These substances produced escape into the environment

is part of the plant defense mechanism. The detrimental effect

of weeds and crops is a complicated phenomenon and one cannot

be 100% accurate to separate physical competition than

allelopathy. However, while in competition, substances are

taken out of the plant environment. These are then released

to the plant environment which obstruct or favor the growth

of associated plant. Most of these are found in weeds which

adversely affect seed germination and seedlings growth of

crop as well as other weeds. Therefore, knowledge about the

nature of weeds is necessary in order to reduce their effects

30
on crops and should be widely focused and studied on (Solanki

et al, 2014).

As investigated by Chopra et al (2017), Echinochloa

colona L. (jungle rice weed) and Cyperus iria (rice

flatsedge) extracts have an allelopathic effect on the seed

germination and seedling growth of Oryza sativa (rice) and

Glyycine max (soybean). Root and aerial parts of the weeds

were extracted by using dichloromethane (DCM) and double

distilled water soluble (DDW) fractions (1, 35, and 100

mg/mL). Petri dish method was used in conducting the

experimental procedure having each plate with double layered

filter paper filled with ten seeds of rice and soybean to be

treated with three various concentrated weed extracts. Seven

(7) days and fifteen (15) days will be given for the

germination period of rice and soybean, respectively, with a

28 ± 1°C room temperature, and moist surface.

A germination percentage of 82% was recorded in DDW

fraction of E. colona aerial parts extract at 1 mg/mL, while

there is a decrease in germination in DCM fraction of C. iria

and E. colona root extracts, namely 57% and 62% at 100mg/mL

concentration. Base from the results, an increase in extract

concentration is indirectly proportional in seedling length

31
and germination percentage, hence, creating damage to the

nutritional value of the said crops.

Statistics showed that the annual rice yield loss due to

weed infestation is about 15–21%. Weeds are one of the major

problems in rice production thus weed management has been a

challenge for the rice farmers. Annual loss of 10 million

metric tons of rice production due to weed competition has

been reported from China. Rice grain yield loss of about 42%

has been observed in uncontrolled field due to the infestation

of Fimbristylis miliacea, a widespread weed in certain areas

and is widely problematic in rice paddies (Chopra et al,

2017). This proves the detrimental allelopathic effect of the

jungle rice weed on the rice plants suggesting better method

of weed control management.

Justification of the Present Study

One of the major problems regarding rice is the presence

of invasive weeds, specifically, jungle rice weed. This pesky

weed decreases the yield production rate in rice plants using

its harmful allelopathic properties which can cause rice

shortage. The present study can help with this problem by

inhibiting the jungle rice weed responsible for the decreased

yield in rice plants. Water hyacinth (E. crassipes) will be

32
extracted to get its allelochemicals that will inhibit the

seedling growth of jungle rice weed. Results from related

literatures and studies suggest that ethanolic extracts of

water hyacinth can be an alternative seedling growth

inhibitor in controlling jungle rice weed invasive

population.

33
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This current chapter will present the methods and

techniques that will be used in the study. Research design

will be discussed followed by the materials and equipment

that will be used in the procedure of the research experiment.

The procedure will be explained thoroughly as well as the

data gathering technique and the statistical treatment to

determine the efficacy of the different concentrations of

ethanolic extracts of water hyacinth (E. crassipes) on the

seedling growth inhibition of jungle rice weed (Echinochloa

colona).

Research Design

The present study used Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) for the experimentation of the different

concentrations of the water hyacinth extracts in inhibiting

the seedling growth of jungle rice weed. This research design

helped and contributed in data gathering for the acceptance

of the hypotheses made from the specific questions of the

study. The specific respondents used for both experimental

and control groups was determined using the randomization

process design. Each pot represented one treatment. Distilled

34
water was used in comparing the effects of the water hyacinth

extracts on the seedling growth of jungle rice weed, thus,

served as the control. A control group and a triplicate for

each treatment required the Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) which contributed in giving a more precise result due

to the differences present in each plant like resistance to

various diseases and more.

Materials and Equipment

The experimental research conducted an experiment with

the use of the following: distilled water (100 mL, 400 mL, &

700 mL), 95% ethanol or ethyl alcohol and 300 mg water

hyacinth and 9 jungle rice weed seedlings as the key materials

used, and as the test subjects. Soil is also involved.

The equipment to be used in the experimentation are 1

scissors, 9 plastic pots, 6 laboratory filter papers, 4

spraying bottles, 1 electronic weighing scale, 1 ruler, 1

grinder, 9 aluminum-covered Erlenmeyer flasks.

Procedures

A) Collection of Water Hyacinth

The weeds were randomly collected from infested areas in

local fish port of Barangay Marinig in Cabuyao, Laguna where

35
water hyacinth populations are high. Dark spots-free leaves

are the only ones that were used for the experiment.

Assistance from the local fishermen was asked for easier

collection of the plant material. A total of 4 kg of fresh

water hyacinth was collected.

B) Preparation of Water Hyacinth

After collection, segments of root, shoot, and the

leaves of the plant were separated and were cleaned by washing

it thoroughly in tap water and sterilized water respectively.

The parts of the plant was cut at approximately 2-3 cm (Tyagi

and Agarwal, 2017) for easier preparation. It will be sun

dried at 12 hours to remove excess water (Rani et al., 2014).

Pulverizing then, followed, using a grinder.

C) Ethanolic Extraction of Water Hyacinth

The extraction method was adapted from Gul et al (2017)

where powdered dried mass of E. crassipes in 100 g was

dissolved in a 1000 mL of 95% ethanol for three days and

obtained the 10% solution of the extracts. The initial volume

of the extract is 450 mL each. Removal of ethanol solvent was

done by using a simple water-bath setup at 80 to 85°C and

done for 4-5 hours. Cleanliness and hygienic environment was

strictly observed to avoid any type of contamination.

36
Filtration of extract, then, followed using a double layered

filter paper after 24 hours, and was be transferred into an

aluminum-covered Erlenmeyer flask labeled with specific

extract concentration. Dilution of extracts was conducted by

adding specific amount of distilled water (700 mL, 400 mL,

and 100mL) (Kassim, 2013) and got the desired concentrations

of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively. Different concentrations of

water hyacinth extracts were kept at a room temperature until

use.

D) Collection of Jungle Rice Weed Seedlings

The seedlings of jungle rice weed (2-4 leaf stage) was

collected from a private rice field in Phase 2, Golden

Subdivision, Barangay Dila, Sta. Rosa, Laguna. Identification

of the correct species was made by UPLB specialist.

E) Seedling Growth Bioassay

The proposed method of Khaliq, Matloob, Khan, and

Tanveer (2013) was used for the evaluation of jungle rice

weed seedling growth inhibition using allelopathic water

hyacinth ethanolic extracts given with some modifications.

Plastic pots were used containing five (5) seedlings per

treatment. Allelopathic water hyacinth extracts were sprayed

at the seedlings of jungle rice weed on 10th day after planting

37
it on respective pots. The approximate amount of each spray

per concentration is 20 mL (Lande et al, 2016). Control groups

received a distilled water treatment. Irrigation will follow

for the soil moisture maintenance and avoidance of water

stress.

38
Flowchart

Collection of Materials

Cutting

Drying

Powdering

Ethanolic Extraction

Filtration

Evaporation

Preparation of Different Concentrations of Ethanolic

Extracts of Water Hyacinth

3% 6% 9%

Preparation of Pots for Jungle

Rice Weed Seedlings

Seedling Growth Bio-assay

Data Gathering

Data Analysis and Statistical Analysis

Figure 2. Research Methodology Flow Chart

39
Data Gathering Technique

The shoot length (cm) was measured on the 14th day after

sowing using a ruler. Differences between treatment means

were compared using the ANOVA test at the probability level

of 0.05.

Total seedling biomass will represent the sum of dry

biomass of root and shoot. Dry biomass was acquired through

cutting the plant parts separately and drying it.

Statistical Treatment
The statements of the problem in chapter one deals with

the study of different statistical treatments, this research

discusses about further investigation on significant

differences and relationships of the chosen variables.

Microsoft Excel Add-In “RealStats” will be used to process

the data. The data to be gathered will be tallied and

tabulated and these results will be interpreted using the

following:

1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The One-way ANOVA or One-way Analysis of Variance is the

technique that the study will conduct for the statistical

treatment. The examining of significant difference of

dependent and independent variable is the purpose of the

40
statistical tool in the study. The extracts of water hyacinth

which is the independent variable will be used for the one-

way ANOVA in the study, the use of ANOVA will discover the

significant differences of the mean germination percent,

measured shoot lengths, and total seedling biomass of jungle

rice weed when various extracts water hyacinth concentrations

be tested. The formula that will be used is:

𝑀𝑆𝑇
𝐹 =
𝑀𝑆𝐸

Where:

F is the ANOVA coefficient

MST is the sum of squares due to treatment

MSE denotes the sum of squares due to error

The formula for MST is:

𝑆𝑆𝑇
𝑀𝑆𝑇 =
𝑝−1

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 𝛴𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2

Where:

SST is the sum of the squares due to the treatment

p is the total number of populations

n is the total number of samples in a population

The formula for MSE on the other hand is:

𝑆𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
𝑁−𝑝

41
 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝛴(𝑛 − 1)𝑆 2

Where:

SSE is the sum of the squares due to error

S is the standard deviation of the samples

N is the total number of observations

42
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The current chapter shows the results from the conducted

experimentation. This also determines the significance of the

results through using a statistical tool. Discussion and

interpretation are also included in this chapter to show the

findings and create conclusions.

To interpret the gathered data, the following tables

were used to individually answer the given statements of the

problem. Hypotheses were confirmed after observation and

interpretation of data. The effect of the water hyacinth

ethanolic extracts on the seedling growth, specifically, the

measured shoot and root lengths of the jungle rice weeds were

the first to be interpreted following with the total seedling

biomass.

43
Table 1. Significant Difference between the Various
Concentrations of the Water Hyacinth Ethanolic Extracts
and the Measured Shoot Lengths of the Jungle Rice Weed.

Shoot Length Inhibition in cm

Trials
3% 6% 9%
1 8.8 8.5 3.4
2 4 7.1 7
3 4.7 3.6 8.7
Source of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation
Between
0.60 2 0.30
Groups
Within 0.044571 5.14325285
40.83 6 6.81
Groups
Total 41.44 8
Level of
Significance 𝑎 = 0.05
Fvalue = 0.044571
and Fvalue
Reject Ho if Fvalue is greater than Fc =
Criteria
5.14325285

Failed to reject Ho because Fvalue = 0.044571

Decision
is less than the Fc = 5.14325285
There is no significant difference between
the various concentrations of the water
Conclusion
hyacinth ethanolic extracts and the measured
shoot lengths of the jungle rice weed.
This means that water hyacinth still has the
Interpretation potential as a bio-herbicide against jungle
rice weeds provided that the results showed
of Data
stunted growth of the shoot length using the
various concentrations.

Based on the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results, the

obtained F value, 0.044571, is less than the F critical

(5.14325285) which means failing to reject the null

hypothesis, thus, showing no significant difference between

44
the various concentrations of water hyacinth ethanolic

extracts, in terms of the shoot length difference of the

jungle rice weed. As observed in Table 1, the 3% concentration

inhibited 8.8 cm, 4 cm, and 4.7 cm, while the 6% concentration

inhibited 8.5 cm, 7.1, and 3.6. On the other hand, the 9%

concentration inhibited 3.4 cm, 7 cm, and 8.7 cm. The results

varied because of the different initial lengths of the jungle

rice weed seedlings, thus, the concentration level have

mainly affected the results producing a null hypothesis.

It is seen that the 9% extract significantly inhibited

8.8 cm, 8.5 cm, and 3.4 cm shoot length in 3%, 6%, and 9%

respectively, but failed to acquire the desired results on

the following replicates. However, the results from 9%

concentration successfully killed the jungle rice weed

seedlings four days after the application of the extracts on

the 10th day.

45
Table 2. Significant Difference between the Various
Concentrations of the Water Hyacinth Ethanolic Extracts
and the Measured Root Lengths of the Jungle Rice Weed.

Root Length in cm
Trials
3% 6% 9%
1 4.5 6 3.5
2 3.6 3.2 0.3
3 6.5 1.5 1
Source of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation
Between 16.228 8.1144444
2
Groups 89 44
Within 20.393 3.3988888
6 2.387381 5.14325285
Groups 33 89
36.622
Total 8
22
Level of
Significance 𝑎 = 0.05
Fvalue = 2.387381
and Fvalue
Reject Ho if Fvalue is greater than Fc =
Criteria
5.14325285
Failed to reject Ho because Fvalue = 2.387381
Decision
is less than the Fc = 5.14325285
There is no significant difference between
the various concentrations of the water
Conclusion
hyacinth ethanolic extracts and the measured
root lengths of the jungle rice weed.
This means that water hyacinth still has the
potential as a bio-herbicide against jungle
Interpretation
rice weeds provided that the results showed
of Data
stunted growth of the root length using the
various concentrations.

Based on the analysis of variance of the gathered data,

the F value which is 2.387381 is less than the F critical

which is 5.14325285. This means the null hypothesis is failed

to be rejected. The shows that the 3% concentration inhibited

46
4.5 cm, 3.6 cm, and 6.5 cm of the root length of the jungle

rice weed seedlings, while the 6% and 9% concentration

inhibited 6 cm, 3.2 cm, 1.5 cm, and 3.5 cm, 0.3 cm, 1 cm,

respectively.

As can be seen on the Table 2, the water hyacinth

extracts did not produce significant results, but it is clear

that in the second and third replicates the results were

significant because the results decreased in terms of root

length. However, still, the F value (2.387381) is less than

the F critical (5.14325285) which means the null hypothesis

will not be rejected. The experiment failed because the

results would have varied if the initial lengths of the test

subjects are the same.

47
 Table 3. Significant Difference between the Various
Concentrations of the Water Hyacinth Ethanolic Extracts
and the Total Seedling Biomass of the Jungle Rice Weed.

Total Seedling Biomass (g)

Trials
3% 6% 9%
1 0.34 0.093 0.075
2 0.12 0.13 0.053
3 0.58 0.132 0.112
Source of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation
Between
Groups
0.124716667 2 0.062358333
Within 3.444
0.108609333 6 0.018101556 5.14325285
Groups 915722
Total 0.233326 8
Level of
𝑎 = 0.05
Significance and
Fvalue = 3.444915722
Fvalue
Reject Ho if Fvalue is greater than Fc =
Criteria
5.14325285
Failed to reject Ho because Fvalue = 2.387381 is
Decision
less than the Fc = 5.14325285
There is no significant difference between the
various concentrations of water hyacinth
Conclusion
ethanolic extract and the total seedling biomass
of the jungle rice weed.
Various allelopathic water hyacinth extracts
Interpretation suggest that there is a potential in using it as
of Data a bio-herbicide since there is a change in
seedling biomass of the jungle rice weed.

According to the results of the total seedling biomass

using the Analysis of Variance, failed attempt to reject the

null hypothesis decision was done since the F value,

3.444915722, is less than the F critical which is 5.14325285.

48
The 3% concentration produced a total seedling biomass of

0.34 g, 0.12 g, and 0.58 g, while the 6% concentration

produced 0.093 g, 0.132 g, and 0.132 g. Moreover, the 9%

concentration produced 0.075 g, 0.053 g, and 0.112 g.

However, all 9% concentrations of the water hyacinth

ethanolic extracts provided lower seedling biomass than the

other extracts, but still there is no connection among the

trials so the null hypothesis was accepted. As investigated

by Cheng (2016), results from high allelopathic lines

signifies to lower biomass. This means that the lower the

total seedling biomass of the jungle rice weeds, then the

more effective is the extract.

49
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of the Study

The study was conducted in order to determine the

seedling growth inhibitory effect of allelopathic water

hyacinth ethanolic extract on jungle rice weed. Jungle rice

weed seedlings were collected and planted on 12 pots where

the 3 pots are the control and the other 9 pots are where the

different treatments were applied. The extract of water

hyacinth was obtained by cutting and crushing the plant using

a blender then submerging them in a 95% ethanol solution at

a 1:1 weight per volume ratio. The water hyacinth extract was

then was purified from ethanol using a water-bath setup at

80°C to 85°C. The extracts with various concentrations of 3%,

6%, and 9% were applied to jungle rice weed on the 10th day.

The extracts were found to be effective as plants with higher

concentrations of the extracts had a lower lesion length.

Another finding from the study was that lower biomass

signifies more allelopathic effect.

50
Summary of Findings

After conducting a research study thoroughly, the

following include the findings obtained after the conclusion

of the research investigation.

1. It was founded that there is no significant difference

between the various concentrations of the water hyacinth

ethanolic extracts and the measured shoot lengths of the

jungle rice weed. The extracts failed to acquire the desired

results. However, the results from 9% concentration

successfully killed the jungle rice weed seedlings four days

after the application of the extracts on the 10th day, showing

the potential as a bio-herbicide against jungle rice weeds.

2. The obtained data from the measuring of root lengths

of the jungle rice weed show that, there is no significant

difference between the various concentrations of the Water

hyacinth ethanolic extracts and the measured root lengths of

the jungle rice weed. But it can be observed that the second

and third replicates, the result were significant because the

results decreased in terms of root length. However, it is

concluded that the null hypothesis will not be rejected.

51
 3. The results from obtaining the biomass of the jungle

rice weed showed that, there is no significant difference

between the various concentrations of water hyacinth

ethanolic extract and the total seedling biomass of the jungle

rice weed. However, all the 9% concentrations of the water

hyacinth ethanolic extracts showed lower seedling biomass

than the other extracts yet the null hypothesis will not be

rejected.

Conclusions

After the processes associated with the research

investigation and the interpretation of the gathered data

using statistical treatment, the following conclusions were

drawn.

1) There is no significant difference between the

various concentrations of the water hyacinth ethanolic

extracts and the measured shoot lengths of the jungle rice

weed.

2) There is no significant difference between the

various concentrations of the water hyacinth ethanolic

extracts and the measured root lengths of the jungle rice

weed.

52
 3) There is no significant difference between the

various concentrations of water hyacinth ethanolic extract

and the total seedling biomass of the jungle rice weed.

Recommendation

After an experimentation and observation of the

researchers, the following recommendations were made:

1. The researchers highly recommend other researchers

to take the study further by conducting more studies that are

related with the present research investigation.

2. The researchers recommend other researchers to find

better ways or procedures to purely produce the active

ingredients that are present in the water hyacinth extract.

3. It is recommended that other researchers try other

concentrations in order to make the water hyacinth extract

more effective.

4. For more accurate results, the researchers

recommend trying more amounts of water hyacinth in the extract

to produce better results.

5. For more assurance, the researchers recommend using

better equipment to powderize the water hyacinth.

53
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60
 APPENDICES
Appendix A – Documentation

Collection of Water Hyacinth Cutting of Water Hyacinth

Grinding of Water Hyacinth Immersion of Water

Hyacinth in Ethanol

Filtration of Water Hyacinth

61
 Water-bath set Planting of Jungle Rice
up
Weed Seedlings

Application of Water Hyacinth Extract to Jungle Rice Weed

Measuring of Shoot and Root Lengths on Jungle Rice Weed

62
 Measuring the Total Seedling Biomass of Jungle Rice Weed

Appendix B – Analysis of Variance of the Shoot Lengths of

Jungle Rice Weed.

T1 - 8.8 cm
T2 - 8.5 cm
T3 - 3.4 cm
T4 – 4.0 cm
T5 – 7.1 cm
T6 – 7.0 cm
T7 - 4.7 cm
T8 - 3.6 cm
T9 - 8.7 cm

Appendix C – Analysis of Variance of the Root Lengths of

Jungle Rice Weed.

T1 - 4.5 cm
T2 - 3.6 cm
T3 - 6.5 cm
T4 – 6.0 cm
T5 - 3.2 cm
T6 - 1.5 cm
T7 - 3.5 cm
T8 - 0.3 cm
T9 – 1.0 cm

63
Appendix D – Analysis of Variance of the Total Seedling

Biomass of Jungle Rice Weed by Each Ratio.

T1 - 0.340 g
T2 - 0.120 g
T3 - 0.580 g
T4 - 0.093 g
T5 - 0.130 g
T6 - 0.132 g
T7 - 0.075 g
T8 - 0.053 g
T9 - 0.112 g

64
Appendix F – Approval Letter of Using Equipment for Measuring

the Total Seedling Biomass of Jungle Rice Weed

65
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : BALISACAN, John Cesar A.

Age : 15 years old
Address : Block 19 Lot 3 Phase 2 St. Stephen Street,
St. Joseph Village 7, Brgy. Marinig, Cabuyao
City, Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
Email Address : johncesarbalisacan@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Male
Date of Birth : October 10, 2004
Place of Birth : St. James Hospital, Brgy. Dita, Santa Rosa
City, Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
Religion : Apostolic Christian
Motto : “I’m not perfect, but I’m always myself.”
Name of Father : Jose Loreto G. Balisacan
Name of Mother : Jenny Vi A. Balisacan

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2016 – Present : Studied Junior High School at Santa Rosa Science
and Technology High School, City of Santa Rosa,
Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
2009 – 2016 : Studied Pre-elem, Primary and Intermediate
Elementary School at Acts Learning Center, Cabuyao
City, Laguna Province, Philippines 4026

66
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : HURAÑO, Romano Franco L.
Age : 15 years old
Address : Blk 40 Lot 19 Mabuhay Homes Ph 2-E,
Brgy. Dila, Santa Rosa City, Laguna,
Philippines 4026
Email Address : francohurano@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Male
Date of Birth : September 30, 2003
Place of Birth : St. James Hospital, Brgy. Dita, Santa Rosa
City, Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
Religion : Roman Catholic
Motto : “Keep learning what interests you, and you’ll
know your true purpose.”
Name of Father : Efren O. Huraño
Name of Mother : Margie L. Huraño

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2016 – Present : Studied Junior High School at Santa Rosa Science
and Technology High School, City of Santa Rosa,
Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
2010 – 2016 : Studied Intermediate Elementary at Emmanuel
Christian School, South San Lorenzo, Brgy. Dita,
Santa Rosa City, Laguna, Philippines 4026
2006 – 2009 : Studied Pre-elem and Grade 1 at Meridian
Educational Institution, Golden City Subdivision,
Brgy. Dila, Santa Rosa City, Laguna, Philippines
4026

67
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : LABAY, Yuan Yancey E.

Age : 14 years old
Address : Block 15 Lot 12 Cherry St., Willow Park
Homes, Brgy. Pulo, Cabuyao City, Laguna
Province, Philippines 4025
Email Address : echano726@yahoo.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Male
Date of Birth : March 13, 2004
Place of Birth : Calamba, Laguna
Religion : Roman Catholic
Motto : “I may have lost the battle, but I will win the
war.”
Name of Father : Lemuel M. Labay
Name of Mother : Michelle E. Labay

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2016 – Present : Studied Junior High School at Santa Rosa Science
and Technology High School, City of Santa Rosa,
Laguna Province, Philippines
2014 – 2016 : Studied Intermediate at Caritas Don Bosco
School, Laguna Technopark, Binan City, Laguna
Province, Philippines
2010 – 2014 : Studied Primary and Intermediate at Angels in
Heaven School, Cabuyao, Laguna
2009 – 2010 : Studied Kindergarten in Jesus Christ Covenanted
School, Hongkong Village, Cabuyao, Laguna

68
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : RIVANO, Wince Larcen M.
Age : 14 years old
Address : Block 3 Lot 10, Buena Perlas 1, Barangay
Labas, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna Province,
Philippines 4026
Email Address : wincelarcenrivano@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Male
Date of Birth : September 15, 2004
Place of Birth : Mount Carmel Diocesan Hospital, City of Lucena,
Quezon Province, Philippines
Religion : Roman Catholic
Motto : Success is the result of perfection, Hardwork,
learning from failure, loyalty, and persistence.
Name of Father : Lawrence S. Rivano
Name of Mother : Jevette M. Rivano

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2017– Present : Studied Junior High School at Santa Rosa Science
and Technology High School, City of Santa Rosa,
Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
2010 – 2016 : Studied Primary and Intermediate at Holy Rosary
College, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna Province,
Philippines 4026
2008 – 2009 : Studied Kindergarten at Holy Rosary College,
City of Santa Rosa, Laguna Province, Philippines
4026

69
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Avvy Agcaoili

Age : 15
Address : #31 Red Robin St., Pacita II
Complex, San Pedro, Laguna
Email Address : avvyagcaoili214@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : February 14. 2003
Place of Birth : San Pedro, Laguna
Religion : Lutheran
Motto : “Expect nothing, appreciate everything.”
Name of Father :
Name of Mother : Xyzerlin De Gracia Agcaoili

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2016 – Present : Studies Junior High School at Santa Rosa Science
and Technology High School, Santa Rosa City
2008 – 2016 : Studied Kinder to Intermediate at Amazing Grace
School, San Pedro City
2007 – 2008 : Studied Nursery at Blessed Angel Montessori
School, San Pedro City

70
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : DATU, Crystaline M.

Age : 15 years old
Address : Block 6 Lot 16 Oak Street, Buena Rosa 5
Subdivision, Brgy. Labas, Santa Rosa City,
Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
Email Address : datucrystaline@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : January 07, 2004
Place of Birth : Binan, Laguna
Religion : Roman Catholic
Motto : “Time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time.”
Name of Father : Anthony Frodannie C. Datu
Name of Mother : Rosemarie M. Datu

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2016 – Present : Studied Junior High School at Santa Rosa

Science and Technology High School, City of
Santa Rosa, Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
2011 – 2016 : Studied Primary at United Montessori School and
Intermediate at Santa Rosa Elementary School
Central III, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna
Province, Philippines 4026
2009 – 2011 : Studied Kindergarten at Theresa Margarette Child
Learning Center, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna
Province, Philippines 4026

71
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Enriquez, Iza Belle M.
Age : 14 years old
Address : Blk 40 Lot 19 Mabuhay Homes Ph 2-E, Brgy.
Dila, Santa Rosa City, Province of Laguna,
Philippines 4026
Email Address : izabelleenriquez98@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : April 8, 2004
Place of Birth : Philippine General Hospital, Manila,
Philippines
Religion : Christianism
Motto : “Never forget how wildly capable you are.”
Name of Father : Edgar N. Enriquez
Name of Mother : Jane M. Enriquez

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2016 – Present : Studied Junior High School at Santa Rosa Science
and Technology High School, City of Santa Rosa,
Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
2010 – 2016 : Studied at La Consolacion College Biñan, Laguna,
Philippines 4026
2006 – 2009 : Studied Pre-elem at Headstarter Workshop

CURRICULUM VITAE

72
Name : LAYUG, Karyll Heart C.
Age : 15 years old
Address : Block 2 Lot 6 Texas St., Rosewood
Village, Brgy. Tagapo, City of Sta.
Rosa, Laguna Province, Philippines
4026
Email Address : karyllheart@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : December 19, 2003
Place of Birth : Binan, Laguna
Religion : Christianism
Motto : “Luck is far from enough, but hard
work makes it enough.”
Name of Father : Joel C. Layug
Name of Mother : Annabelle C. Layug

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2016 – Present : Studied Junior High School at Santa Rosa
Science and Technology High School, City of
Santa Rosa, Laguna Province, Philippines
4026
2008 – 2014 : Studied Primary at Marie Margarette
School, Sunflower street, Rosaflor, Barangay
Tagapo, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna Province,
Philippines 4026
2005 – 2008 : Studied Kindergarten at Tagapo Elementary
School, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna Province,
Philippines 4026
CURRICULUM VITAE

73
Name : RAMISCAL, Joana Marie V.
Age : 15 years old
Address : 12 Jasmin Roseville Village, Brgy.
Dita, Santa Rosa City, Laguna
Province, Philippines 4026
Email Address : ramiscaljoanamarie@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : June 24, 2003
Place of Birth : Seoul, South Korea
Religion : Roman Catholic
Motto : “Stay focused, go after your dreams and keep
moving towards your goals.”
Name of Father : Jomar A. Ramiscal
Name of Mother : Mirasol D. Varin

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2016 – Present : Studied Junior High School at Santa Rosa

Science and Technology High School, Santa Rosa
City, Laguna Province, Philippines 4026
2008 – 2009 : Studied Pre-elem, Primary and Intermediate
Elementary School at Lady of Rose Academy Inc.,
Cabuyao City, Laguna Province, Philippines 4025

74