SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

USING ARDUINO
A Major Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics
Submitted to

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHYALAYA

BHOPAL (M.P.)

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By
 RAHUL SINGH
(0176EX151020)

ii
 Project Guide
Prof Dr. Amol Barve

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENIGNEERING

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNLOGY EXCELLENCE,BHOPAL

Session 2018-19

iii
 LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
EXCELLENCE,BHOPAL

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in this Major Project title
“SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING ARDUINO” has been
satisfactorily completed by RAHUL SINGH student of Final year. It is a
bonafied piece of work, carried out under my supervision and guidance
in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Lakshmi Narain
College of Technology, Bhopal, for partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of
Engineering during the academic year 2108-19.

Under the Supervision of

___________________
Project Guide
Prof Dr. Amol Barve

Approved By
_______________
Dr. Sachin Tiwari
Head of the Department

Forwarded by
________________
Dr. Vinay Kumar Sahu
Principal

i
 LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
EXCELLENCE,BHOPAL

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

DECLARATION

I,RAHUL SINGH student of Bachelor of Engineering, Electrical &

Electronics,Engineering,Lakshmi Narain College of Technology
Excellence,Bhopal, here by declare that the work presented in this Major
Project is outcome of our own work, is bonafide, correct to the best of my
knowledge and this work has been carried out taking care of Engineering
Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any patented work and has
not been submitted to any University for the award of any degree or any
professional diploma.

_______________
RAHUL SINGH
Enrollment No.0176EX151020

ii
 Date:10 -04-2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Reasons can be given & they can be many but nothing can replace the efforts of
numerous people behind the work, put in by the creator, giving us constant support all
the way. On the very outset I would like to thank Dr. Vinay Kumar Sahu Principal,
LNCTE, Bhopal for providing me the glorious opportunity to work on this project. I
express my hearty gratitude to Prof. Sachin Tiwari, Head of Department Electrical &
Electronics Engineering. His invaluable guidance, advice & time from her extremely
busy schedule made this work an enthusiastic experience. I wish to express my most
sincere gratitude for her whole hearted cooperation.

I am grateful, beyond my sense of gratitude, to Prof. Nand Kishore, Project

Coordinator, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, for his kind
cooperation throughout the planning & preparation of this project. Working on this
project was quite a wonderful experience & that too an unforgettable one. Without his
unhindered support, sustained interest, unlimited patience, sound counsel &
tremendous knowledge in the field of electronics, this work would have not been
possible.

Nothing can be taken away from my project guides Prof.Dr.Amol Barve.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, who has been instrumental in
guiding us through the various aspects of designing of our project & implementing the
idea of the project “SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING ARDUINO”.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC NAME PAGE NUMBER

Certificate i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of contents iv

List of figures vi

List of tables vi

Abstract vii

iv
 CONTENTS:

Chapter 1:Introduction (1-2)

1.1 Introduction to our project 1
1.2 Introduction to PWM Technique 1
1.3 Introduction to microcontroller used 2

Chapter 2: Literature review (3-4)

2.1 Intoduction to literature review 3
2.2 Overall Sumary 4
Chapter 3: Methodology (5-12)
3.1 Introduction to speed control of dc motor 5
3.2 Introduction to speed control of shunt motor 5
3.3 Armature or rheostat control method 7
3.4 Voltage control method 9
3.5 PWM Technique 10
3.6 Code And Explanation 11

Chapter 4:Components Description (13-18)

4.1 Transformer 13
4.2 Resistances 14
4.3 Capacitors 15
4.4 Diodes 15
4.5 LED 16
4.6 Arduino Uno 16
4.7 DC Motor 18

Chapter 5: Results and Conclusions (19)

5.1 Results 19
5.2 Conclusions 19

v
 Chapter 6: Future work (20)

6.1 Introduction to Future Scope 20

LIST OF FIGURES

DC motor control using PWM 2

Circuit Diagram of speed control of dc motor 5
 Flux Control Method 6
 Armature or Rheostat control method 7
 Speed Vs Current Graph 8
 Armature Control Method 9
PWM Technique 10
Diode and its characteristics 16

LIST OF TABLES
Table between duty cycle and voltage 18

References 21

vi
 ABSTRACT

This proposed system consists of ATMEGA328 Microcontroller ,12v dc motor,

one n-p-n transistor, diodes, one micro farad capacitor,1killo ohm resistors,one

potentiometer ,small step down transformer and one pressure button . This method

was used to control the speed of the DC motor. The control signals are

transferred from Arduino UNO microcontroller to pressure button. Diode is used

for protection of motor. Capacitor is used for bypass the noise generated from the

motor. By using pressure switch the speed of motor can vary at different levels. The

speed of motor depends upon the strength of Arduino.

vii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to our project:

DC motors have many applications in many fields of industrial, commercial
and other activities, such as robotics, automobiles, servomechanisms etc. The
electric drive systems used in many industrial applications require higher
performance, reliability, variable speed due to their ease of controllability. The
speed control of a DC motor is crucial in applications where precision and
protection are essential. The purpose of a motor speed controller is to take a signal
representing the required speed and to drive a motor at that speed.
Microcontrollers can provide easy control of a DC motor. A microcontroller-based
speed control system consists of an electronic component and a microcontroller.
There are many applications of DC motor drives that use power electronics to
control the voltage and consequently the speed or position of the motor.

For large motors it is highly economical to use power electronics, in order to

minimize the power loss and the size of the motor. Arduino UNO system
(microcontroller) was used for the control signal. The DC motor fed by a DC
chopper that was driven by the Arduino UNO microcontroller. The chopper is
driven by a high frequency PWM signal. Controlling the PWM duty cycle is
equivalent to controlling the motor terminal voltage, which in turn directly adjusts
the motor speed. This work is a practical one and highly feasible from an
economic and accuracy point of view. The desired objective is to achieve a system
running on a desired constant speed at any load condition. That means the motor
will run on a fixed speed instead of varying with the amount of load.

1.2 Inroduction to PWM or Pulse width modulation Technique:

Pulse width Modulation (PWM) is the term used to describe using a digital signal
to generate an analog output signal. PWM is one of the powerful techniques used in
control systems today. This is usually used to control the average power to a load in a

1
motor speed control circuit. It is used in wide range of application which includes: speed
control, power control, measurement and communication.

Fig. DC motor control using PWM

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a commonly used technique for controlling power to
an electrical device, made practical by modern electronic power switches. The main
advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low.

1.3 Introduction to microcontroller used:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs,
a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

2
 CHAPTER 2
Literature Review

2.1 Introduction to literature review:

1. Gopal K Dubey “Fundamentals of Electric Drives” Narosa Publishing

House New Delhi, 1989.
The main aim of this project is to control the motion of dc motor and speed control of
stepper motor with an arduino board. This is a new technology to control direction of dc
motor and speed control of stepper motor. We control the motor manually which may
cause manual errors. It becomes very difficult for the elderly or physically handicapped
people to operate them.

2. Muhammad H. Rashid, ‘‘Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, and Applications,”

Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2003.

This work presents a simple speed control application for a DC motor in laboratory use.
The purpose of this application is to maintain the desired speed on a generator operating
on the same axis to the motor.

3. Kumara MKSC, Dayananda PRD, Gunatillaka MDPR, Jayawickrama SS, “PC based
speed controlling of a dc motor”, A fmal year report University of Moratuwa
Illiniaus USA, 2001102.
This method was used to control the speed of the DC motor. The control signals
are transferred from Arduino UNO microcontroller to pressure button

4. J Nicolai and T Castagnet , “A Flexible Micro controller Based Chopper Driving a

Permanent Magnet DC Motor”, The European Power Electronics
Application. 1993
In industry DC motor is widely uses for speed control and load characteristics, it's
easy controllability provide effective and precise output so application of DC motor is
large for commercial purpose.

5. A Khoei Kh. Hadidi, “MicroProcessor Based Closed- Loop Speed Control System for
DC Motor Using Power MOSFET”, 3rd IEEE international conference
3
on Electronics, Circuits and Systems( 1996) vol.2, pp.1247-1250.
The control of the DC motors is necessary in industries. The major use of controlling
the speed is in industries like drilling, robot industries.

6. Peter Spasov, “Microcontroller Technology: The 68HC11” Prentice Hall, 5th edition,
2004.
A pulse width modulator (PWM) is a device that may be used as an efficient DC motor
speed controller or light dimmer.

7. Pulse width modulator module (PWMM), ATmega8L data shee

A microcontroller-based speed control system consists of an electronic component and a
microcontroller. There are many applications of DC motor drives that use power
electronics to control the voltage and consequently the speed or position of the motor.

8. LCD interfacing, the microcontroller and embedded systems by Muhammad Ali

Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay
The Android-is the most popular mobile platform, which is very useful in creating much
real t ime application which is useful in our day to day life. The DC motors are widely
used for variable speed drive system.

9. LCD interfacing with Microcontrollers Tutorial Index,

http://www.8051projects.net/lcd-Interfacing/ Recent Advances in Circuits,

The micro controller keeps on tracking the determined speed by varying duty cycle in a
closed loop control system.

2.2 Overall Summary

We have used various techniques for the speed and motion control of motors such as DC
motors,Stepper motor,Synchronous And also Asynchronous motors can also be
controlled automatically by using PWM i.e. Pulse Width Modulation Method which is
also a voltage control method.

4
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction to speed control of dc motor:

The DC motors are in general much more adaptable speed drives than AC motors which
are associated with a constant speed rotating field. Indeed one of the primary reasons for
the strong competitive position of DC motors in modern industrial drives is the wide
range we know the equation

N= K ( ϕ)

=K (V-Ia Ra / ϕ)

Fig Circuit Diagram for speed control of dc motor using PWM

Where V=supply voltage (volts),N=Synchronous speed

Ia = armature current (amps)

Ra=armature resistance (ohms)

Φ=flux per pole (Weber)

5
 This equation gives two methods of effective speed changes.i.e.

The variation of field excitation, if this causes in the flux per pole Φ and is known
as the field control.

The variation of terminal voltage .this method is known as armature control.

3.2 SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT MOTOR

BY FLUX CONTROL METHOD:
It is known that Nα1/ Φ by decreasing the flux, the can be increased and
vice versa. Hence, name flux or field control method.
The flux of DC motor can be changed by changing with help of a shunt

field rheostat. Since in relatively small, shunt field rheostat has to carry only a small,
so that rheostat is small in size. This method therefore very efficient in non-interpolar
machines the speed can be increased by this method in the ratio 2:1 any further
weakening of flux Φ adversely affect the communication
And hence puts a limit to the maximum speed obtainable with this method
in machines fitted with interlopes in ratio of maximum to minimum speeds of 6:1 is
fairly common.
The connection diagram for this type of speed control is shown in figure below.

Field rheostat V

Fig.Flux Control Method

6
3.3 ARMATURE OR RHEOSTAT CONTROL METHOD:

Controller
Resistance

Field
V
Ia

armature

Speed,N Resistance in
armature

Armature
current, Ia

Fig. Rheostat Control Method

Rheostat Control Method and Characteristics
This method is used when speeds below the no load speed are required. As
the supply voltage is normally constant, the voltage across the armature is varied by
inserting a variable rheostat or controller resistance in series with the armature circuit as
shown in fig. as controller resistance is increased, potential difference across the
armature is decreased, thereby decreasing the armature speed. For a load of constant
torque, speed is approximately proportional to the potential difference.
Across the armature current characteristics in fig. in seen that greater the resistance
In the armature circuit, greater is the fall in speed
Let
7
 Ia1 = Armature current in the first case
Ia2 = Armature current in the second case
N1, N2 = corresponding speeds
V = Supply voltage
Then N1 (v-Ia1Ra )αEb1
Let some controller resistance of value R be added to the armature circuit resistance so
that its value becomes
(R+Ra) = Rt
Then
N2 α (V-Ia2 Rt) α Eb2
N2/N1=Eb2/Eb1
Considering no load speed, we have
N/N0 (I-(Ia Rt)/ (V-Ia0 Ra)
Neglecting Iao Ra w.r.t.toV, we get
N=No (I-(Ia Rt)/ V

Speed, N No

Ia Im

Fig. Speed Vs Current/voltage

It is seen that for a given resistance Rt the speed is a linear function of armature
current Ia as shown in fig.
The load current for which the speed would be zero is found by putting N=0
in above relation
0 = N0 ((I-Ia Rt)/V)
Or

8
 Ia = V/Rt
This maximum current and is known as stalling current. This method is very
wasteful, expensive and unsuitable for rapidly changing loads because for a given value
of Rt, speed will change with load. A more stable operation can be obtained by using a
diverter across the armature in addition to armature control resistance.
Now, the changes in armature current will not be so effective in changing the
potential difference across the armature. The connection diagram for this type of speed
control arrangement is shown in fig.

Series
resistence

Shunt field Motor

Diverter

Fig. Armature Control Method

3.4 VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD:

A) MULTIPLE CONTROL VOLTAGE :

In this method, the shunt field of the motor is connected permanently to a fixed
exciting voltage but the armature is supplied with different voltages by connecting it
across one at the several different voltages by means of suitable switchgear. The
armature will be approximately proportional to these different voltages. The
intermediate speeds can be obtained by adjusting the shunt field regulator.
B) WARD-LEONARD SYSTEM:
This system is used where an unusually wide (upto 10:1) and very sensitive speed
control is required as for colliery winders , electric excavators and the main drives in
steel mills and blooming in paper mills.
The field of the motor (M1) whose speed control is permanently connected across
the DC supply lines. The other motor M2 is directly connected to Generator G.

9
 The output voltage of G is directly is fed to the main motor M1. The voltage of
generator can be varied from zero to upto its maximum value by means of field
regulator. By reversing the direction of the field current of G by means of the reversing
switch which RS, generated voltage can be reversed and hence the direction of rotation
of M1. It should be remembered that motor set always runs in the same direction.
A modification of the word –Leonard system is known as word –Leonard -linger
system which uses a smaller motor generator set with
The addition of a flywheel whose function is to reduce fluctuations in the Power
demand from the supply circuit .
The chief advantage of system is its overall efficiency especially at right loads. It
has the outstanding merit of giving wide speed Control from maximum in one direction
through zero to the maximum in the opposite direction and of giving a smooth
acceleration.
3.5 PWM Technique

Fig. PWM Technique

In this circuit, for controlling the speed of DC motor, we use a 100K ohm potentiometer
to change the duty cycle of the PWM signal. 100K ohm potentiometer is connected to
the analog input pin A0 of the Arduino UNO and the DC motor is connected to the
12th pin of the Arduino (which is the PWM pin). The working of Arduino program is
very simple, as it reads the voltage from the analog pin A0. The voltage at analog pin is
10
varied by using the potentiometer. After doing some necessary calculation the duty cycle
is adjusted according to it.

For example, if we feed 256 value to the analog input, then the HIGH time will be
768ms (1024-256) and LOW time will be 256ms. Therefore, it simply means the duty
cycle is 75%. Our eyes cannot see such high frequency oscillation and it looks like
motor is continuously ON with 75% of speed. So that’s how we can control the speed
using Potentiometer.

DUTY CYCLE=Ton/(Ton+Toff)

3.6 Code and Explanation

The complete Arduino code for controlling DC motor speed using potentiometer.

In the below code, we have initialized the variable c1 and c2 and assigned analog pin A0
for the potentiometer output and 12th Pin for ‘pwm’.

int pwmPin = 12;

int pot = A0;

int c1 = 0;

int c2 = 0;

Now, in the below code, setting pin A0 as input and 12 (which is PWM pin) as output.

void setup() {

pinMode(pwmPin, OUTPUT); // declares pin 12 as output

11
 pinMode(pot, INPUT); // declares pin A0 as input

Now, in void loop (), we are reading the analog value (from A0)
using analogRead(pot), and saving it to variable c2. Then, subtract c2 value from 1024
and save the result in c1. Then make the PWM pin 12th of Arduino HIGH and then after
a delay of value c1 make that pin LOW. Again, after a delay of value c2 the loop
continues.

The reason for subtracting Analog value from 1024 is, the Arduino Uno ADC is of 10-
bit resolution (so the integer values from 0 - 2^10 = 1024 values). This means that it will
map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into integer values between 0 and 1024. So if
we multiply input anlogValue to (5/1024), then we get the digital value of input voltage.
Learn here how to use ADC input in Arduino.

void loop()

c2= analogRead(pot);

c1= 1024-c2;

digitalWrite(pwmPin, HIGH); // sets pin 12 HIGH

delayMicroseconds(c1); // waits for c1 uS (high time)

digitalWrite(pwmPin, LOW); // sets pin 12 LOW

12
 delayMicroseconds(c2); // waits for c2 uS (low time)}

CHAPTER 4

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

4.1 Transformer:

The transformer is static electrical machine that transforms one alternating current or

voltage into another of different level of voltage and current. However

power remains the some during the transformation. That transformers play a

major part in the transmission an distribution of ac power.

Principle: -A transformer consists of laminated magnetic core forming the magnetic

frame. Primary and secondary coils are wound upon the two cores of the magnetic
Frame, linked by the common magnetic flux . when an alternating voltages is applied
across the primary the coil. A current flows in the producing the magnetic flux in the
transformer core :

Transformers are classified as :-

(a) Position of the windings with respect or core i.e.
(1) core type transformer
(2) shell type transform
(b) Transformation ratio :
(1) step up transformers
(2) step down transformers
(a) Core & shell types: Transformer is one simplest electrical machine which
consists of windings wound of the larninated magnetic core there are two
possibilities of putting up the windings on the core.

13
4.2 RESISTANCES

The resistance are heat dissipating elements and in the electronic circuits they are
mostly used for either control 98ng the currents in the circuit or developing a voltage
drop across it which could be utilized for so application There are various types of
resistance’s which can be classified according to a number of factors depending upon

(I) Material used for fabrication a resistance

(II) Wattage an physical size

(III) Intended application

(IV) Ambient temperature rating

(V) Cost basically the resistor can be splinted in to the following four parts with the
construction view point (1) Base

(2)Resistance element

(3)Terminals

(4) Protective means.

The following characteristics are inherent in all resistance’s an may be controlled

by design considerations and choice of material I.e. Temperature co–efficient
Voltage co–efficient of resistance high frequency characteristics power rating
and reseating tolerance voltage retting of Resistors Resistance’s may be
classified as (1) Fixed

(2)semivariable

(3) Variable resistance’s We have used carbon resistance’s.

14
4.3 CAPACITORS

The fundamental relation for the capacitance between two flat plates separate be
a dielectric materiel is given by C=0.08854KA where

C= capacitance in p:f.
K= dielectric constant
A=Area per plate in square cm.
D=Distance between two plates in cm

Design of capacitor is connected with the relation of the proper dielectric caterial

with particular type of application. The dielectric material used for capacitors may be

grouped in the various classed like Mica Glass air ceramic paper Aluminum electrolytic

etc. The value of capacitance never remains constant except under certain filed

condition it changed with temperature frequency and aging. The capacitance value

marked on the capacitor strictly applies only at specified room temperature and at low

frequencies some of the

4.4 DIODES

It is a two terminal device consisting of a P-N junction formed either in GE or SI

crystal. The P- and N type regions are referred to as anode and cathode respectively.
Commercially available diodes usually have some means to indicate which lead is P and
15
which lead is N. Standard notations consists the number proceeded by IN Such as In 240
& 250 Here 240 and 250 correspond to color band.

Fig. Diode and its characteristics

4.5 LED
As there name indicated it is a forward biased P-N junction which emits visible
light when energized. Charge carrier recombination tacked place when elections from
the N- side cross the junction and recombine with the heeds on the P side Now electrons
are in the higher conduction hand on the N side whereas holes are in the lower valance
band on the P side During recombination some of the energy difference is given up in
the form of heat and light (i.e.proton) in the case of semiconductor materials like
gallium arsenate (Ga As) Gallium phoshide (Gap) and Gallium arsenate phoshide
(GaAsP) a greater percentage of energy is released during recombination and is given
out in the form of light LED’s emit no light when the are reverse biased.

ESTIMATING AND COATING

As the ratio of labor to the total cost of production is diminishing where the material ,

power and equipment cost is increasing day by day more need of economic and rational

use of resources is required . This enhance the importance of estimating and costing.

16
 Estimating is done for finding the cost , which is likely to incorrect for

establishing an industry for establishing an industry , while cost of an article , which is

manufactured in the industry after dealing different expresses in different department.

4.6 Arduino Uno:

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company,

project, and user community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits
for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-
source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),
permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by
anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled
form.Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and
controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output
(I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and
other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including
Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading
programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C
and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project
provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing
language project.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction
Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way
for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their
environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices
intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motion
detectors.

17
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders
of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the
margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014

4.7 DC MOTOR:

A DC motor is based on a fact that similar poles (magnetic poles) repel and dissimilar
poles attract each other. An electromagnet field is generated in a coil of wire in a current
passes through it and is focused at the centre of the coil. When the current changes its
direction or intensity or switching action on and off in the coil, the magnetic field can be
changed be reversed by 180 degrees are can simply generate switching magnetic field.

In a dc motor a stator has a stationary magnets and armature has windings wring around
the insulated stacked around iron pole commonly known as stack teeth with ends
finishing at the commutator. Armature consists of bearings which are mounted at the
middle of the motor and connections of commutator.

Table 1 Relation between Duty cycle and voltage

18
 D (Duty cycle) Voltage Using Voltage
Equation(V) Measured by
Multimeter(V)

0.1 1.26 3.2

0.3 3.66 3.8

0.5 6.0 10.0

0.7 8.52 11.5

0.9 10.35 11.8

The windings is winded around armature and is known as armature winding which uses
conductor(single or parallel) wires which are wrapped around stack teeth. EMF’s
strength depends on several factors such as current in coil, size of the coil and material
ringed around the coil.
Direction of EMF depends upon number of turns and sequence of turns in a coil. By
removing and injecting the coil inside and a great control over the dc motor can be
establish by designing the dc motor in such a way that the magnetic fields generated by
the stator fields using electromagnets.
A dc motor has linear torque-speed relationship. Here, load and speed are inversely
proportional to each other.

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Results :

By varying the ohmic potentiometer knob we have done the speed

control DC shunt motor by means of PWM method for triggering the
base of controlled device called IGBT. We found out that this is very
cheap and efficient speed control method where all components give
reliable operation and we have checked it experimentally where the
efficiency of rheostatic method is better than the PWM control method.

5.2 CONCLUSION:

19
The dc motor speed is controlled by using power electronic device and
the PWM is used which to control the speed of dc motor. The speed pulse
train will be based on required input speed. This circuit is useful to operate
the dc motors at required speed with very low losses and low cost. The
circuit response time is fast. Hence high reliability can be achieved. The
designed circuit was tested for various speed inputs satisfactorily. The
method already employed in traction system and has a good scope ahead.

20
 CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Future Scope Introduction:

This prototype further development and growth and can provide impetus to the cutting
edge technology. This device can be integrated with robotics, drones, cameras, house
doors, lockers, smart systems and buildings. It lays emphasis on eliminating the need
and use of multiple remotes for each individual object using with bluetooth or wireless
handled their motion of motor.

Using pulse width modulation output of an arduino microcontroller controls the speed
of dc motor that simulates a treadmill machine.

21
 REFERENCES:

1.Gopal K Dubey “Fundamentals of Electric Drives” Narosa Publishing

House New Delhi, 1989.
2.Muhammad H. Rashid, ‘‘Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, and Applications,”
Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2003.
3. Kumara MKSC, Dayananda PRD, Gunatillaka MDPR, Jayawickrama SS, “PC based
speed controlling of a dc motor”, A fmal year report University of Moratuwa
Illiniaus USA, 2001102.
4. J Nicolai and T Castagnet , “A Flexible Micro controller Based Chopper Driving a
Permanent Magnet DC Motor”, The European Power Electronics
Application. 1993
5. A Khoei Kh. Hadidi, “MicroProcessor Based Closed- Loop Speed Control System for
DC Motor Using Power MOSFET”, 3rd IEEE international conference
on Electronics, Circuits and Systems( 1996) vol.2, pp.1247-1250.
6. Peter Spasov, “Microcontroller Technology: The 68HC11” Prentice Hall, 5th edition,
2004.
7. Pulse width modulator module (PW), ATmega8L data shee
8. LCD interfacing, the microcontroller and embedded systems by Muhammad Ali
Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay.
9. LCD interfacing with Microcontrollers Tutorial Index,
http://www.8051projects.net/lcd-Interfacing/ Recent Advances in Circuits,
Systems, Signal and Telecommunications

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