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V2 I1 paper4WaterDemandpp21-26F PDF
V2 I1 paper4WaterDemandpp21-26F PDF
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Abstract—Water has always remained as the annum[4]. Karachi with its large population of
vital element for human survival. It is also about 21 million is the largest cosmopolitan in
essential for commerce and industry. Water Pakistan, where citizens experience shortage of
consumption varies by water demand various public utility needs including water. The
categories like domestic, commercial, estimated water requirement for Karachi in 2010
industrial, agricultural, and thermo-electric was 853 million gallons per day, or MGD, but
power. Commercial water refers to the use of from all resources Karachi receives only
water in office buildings, hotels, restaurants, 603MGD with a deficit of 223 MGD [5]. The
civilian and military institutions, public and water supply and demand condition in Karachi
private golf courses, and other nonindustrial indicates water shortage. So, there should be an
facilities. During the last three decades, it is alternate source of water besides the municipal
worth noting that commercial activities in tap water for the residents to overcome this
Karachi have dramatically increased, thereby insufficient supply of water.
causing an increase in water usage. This
paper provides an estimate of the commercial The municipal water usage varies by water
water demand for Karachi, using the demand categories; domestic, commercial,
statistical software package SPSS. The industrial, irrigation, and thermo-electric power.
information has been gathered through a Usually municipal water demand is measured in
field survey. Results from the survey along gallon per capita per day(gpcd) for comparing
with discussion of the results have been water use between utilities and other sectors.
included in this paper. According to the Karachi Water and Sewerage
Board’s water supply planning in Karachi, the
Keywords—Commercial water demand; SPSS; average water requirement should be 52 gallons
drinking water use; cleaning water use. per capita per day [5]. However, the current
supply of Karachi is only 28gpcd[6].This makes
I. INTRODUCTION it almost half of the actual requirement.
Water, an essential element of the world’s Domestic water consumption constitutes 55% of
ecological system, is one of the vital needs of total water supply, industrial 5%, commercial
life. Only 3% of world’s total water is fresh; and l5%, and 35 % water loss in leakage, as shown
this fresh water is 2.5% in frozen form, and only in Figure 1[5].
0.5 % is available for human use[1]. Pakistan,
previously a water-surplus country, is now Commercial water usage has increased
considered as a water deficit country [2]. The considerably in the last three decades and this
rainfall is insufficient to meet the growing has led to the need of more water[7].
requirements of water [2]. Furthermore, it is
predicted that the constant increase in water
demand will lead to a severe scarcity of water in A. Motivation
the future.
The proportion of water consumption in
According to Ahmed [3], Pakistan’s gross water commercial units usually ranges between 10% to
demand for non-irrigation purposes was 20% of the total water demand in the urban
estimated at about 8.5 billion m3 in 2007, which water supply, and there is a big potential of
is expected to increase up to 11.2 billion m3 in water saving in this category. Sustainable water
year 2025, with the growth rate of 1.5 % per resource management and future forecasting can
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FAST-NU Research Journal (FRJ), Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2016
The information on commercial water use per Karachi water supply faces major challenges
with respect to water quantity and quality.
employee can be estimated with the help of two
Karachi Water and Sewerage Board’s water
primary sources. The most common source is
supply is the only water resource, which is
the National Census and the second more insufficient for Karachi city.
specific source is the individual state or regional
survey undertaken as part of a research project III. METHODOLOGY
on water management [10]. Karachi is the In commercial units, water is consumed mainly
commercial and financial hub of Pakistan, and it for drinking, cleaning, and washroom uses. To
is selected for the study for estimation of estimate the water demand in commercial units,
commercial water demand in different a questionnaire was designed to obtain water use
commercial areas as shown in Figure 2. for drinking, cleaning, washroom and other uses
according to their commercial activity. As the
Mostly the business area is composed of shops main emphasis of this study is per capita
of shoes, garments, beauty parlor, hair dressing estimation and water use per unit area; therefore,
saloons, grocery and general stores, eating area of the commercial units and the number of
places, confectionery, ice cream parlors, banks employees and employers are also recorded
and cassettes/CD's stores, jewelry, eye glasses during this survey.
and photographers' studios [7].
This study is a part of optimized water demand
estimation for different land uses in which
commercial land use is separated from
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FAST-NU Research Journal (FRJ), Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2016
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FAST-NU Research Journal (FRJ), Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2016
There are various kinds of commercial activities some shops which sample size was very small
in Karachi. Among them are grocery and general that it can’t put in individual categories. For
stores, garment, jewelry, electronic, crockery, these shops major water used in cleaning and
shoes, meat shop, toys, beauty salon, barber drinking. The remaining shops have almost same
shops, cosmetic, books &stationary, electronics water demand.
&mobile, health center, restaurant, car washing/
petrol pump, and interior decoration, etc. The V. CONCLUSIONS
total water consumption is broken down in four The water utility estimation for commercial
categories, namely drinking, cleaning, units of Karachi is explored in this study.
washroom use, and other as shown in Figure 4. Generally, the commercial water demand is
estimated at 10% to 20% of the total water
demand. The results show that the mean total
water use in commercial area is 10.5 gpd, which
comprises drinking (3.88gpd), cleaning
(3.30gpd), washroom (2.27gpd), and other uses
(1.34gpd). The water demand per employee is
2.3 gal per employee per day, which could be
considered as the water consumption per capita
for commercial units. This estimation is almost
8% of the total domestic water consumption per
capita which is 28 gpcd. This reveals that
commercial water consumption estimation is
Fig.4: Water demand distribution in commercial quite high in comparison to commercial
units of Karachi.
(including offices and public places) water share
for Karachi city which is only 5% of total water
It has been found out that most of the water is demand [5]. Due to lack of availability of water,
consumed for cleaning and drinking purposes in the average domestic water use for Karachi is a
restaurants. Medical Centers that included small very small value (i.e., 28 gpcd), in comparison
clinics have the second highest share in total with per capita daily water demand for different
commercial water demand with majority of international cities, e.g. Tokyo-Japan (77gpcd)
drinking water utility. New York-USA (161 gpcd) Colombo-Sri Lanka
(60gpcd) and Mumbai-India (43gpcd)[11]. The
Water consumption in barber shops, beauty only solution of this condition is the use of an
salons, and meat shops are almost same and for alternate water resource and sustainable water
butcher shops most of the water is used for management that not only reduces the water
cleaning purposes, but in beauty salons and demand or use but also increases water demand
barber shops mostly water used for bathing and per capita. The water demand with reference of
drinking. Comparatively, utensil and cosmetics geological location or per unit area is estimated
shops have the lowest share of water use, which as 0.031 gal/ ft2 and this coefficient is very
included mostly for drinking purposes. Other helpful for calculating water demand on spatial
places include car washing/ petrol pump and and as well as temporal bases.
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FAST-NU Research Journal (FRJ), Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2016
With respect to the types of commercial area, it Water: Ozwater Convention & Exhibition, Perth,
has been observed that restaurant is the biggest pp. 6-10. 2003.
water consumer and the least water usage is
shown in cosmetic shops. As in this study [9] R. Tabassum, M. Arsalan, A. Osmani and A.
Khalid, "GIS for estimating optimized water
Offices and public buildings etc. It is concluded
demand using sustainable water resource
that commercial water demand estimations management for a planned city", in Aerospace
indicate that all results could be are probably Science & Engineering at Institute of Space
right. It will be very useful for calculating Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2015.
optimized water demand by using alternate
resources. [10] L. Mercer and W. Morgan, "Estimation of
Commercial, Industrial and Governmental Water
Moreover, this research can be extended by use for Local Areas", Journal of the American
estimating the reduction in water demand using Water Resources Association, vol. 10, no. 4, pp.
different water conservation practices such as 794-801, 1974.
use of water efficient fixtures and recycling of
grey water. The water conservation not only [11] E. M. M. Syed R. Qasim, Guang Zhu, Water
Works Engineering: Planning, Design, and
saves the water but also reduces the water
Operation: Prentice-Hall Of India Pvt. Limited,
demand. 2000, 2000.
REFERENCES
[1] World Business Council for sustainable ABOUT THE AUTHORS
development, "Facts and trends: Water", World
Business Council for sustainable development,
Rabia Tabassum has been associated with the
Geneva, 2006.
National University of Computer and Emerging
[2] M. Akram Kahlown and A. Majeed, "Water- Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan, as a Lecturer since
Resources Situation in Pakistan: Challenges and August 2003. She teaches physics, basic
Future Strategies", Journal of Science for electronics and computer digital logic design.
development, vol. 7, no. 3 & 4, pp. 33-45, 2002. She is a research scholar and doing M.Phil.
leading to Ph.D. in space science from ISPA
[3] A. Parveen Azad and R. Ahmed, "A University of Karachi. Her research areas are
Geographical Study of Land-use in the space science, geo informatics and remote
Commercial Heart of Karachi sensing, watershed modeling, groundwater
(Saddar)", Pakistan Geographical Review, vol. modeling, and conjunctive use of surface and
61, no. 2, pp. 64-82, 2006.
ground water. She has presented her research
[4] S. Asim, "Water usage habits in Karachi: An
studies on drought monitoring, optimized water
averting expenditure approach," Institute of demand and conservation of water in various
Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan, national and international conferences.
2010.
Mudassar Hassan Arsalan is an Associate
[5] Ihsanullah, "Evaluation and Prospects of Professor at Institute of Space and Planetary
Scientific Management of Water Resources in Astrophysics. He started his research and
Karachi City: A GIS Perspective", University of teaching career in 1999 at the department of
Karachi, Islamabad, 2010. geography, University of Karachi. He has also
served and taught geo-informatics at National
[6] "KW&SB, Karachi Profile", Kwsb.gov.pk, 2011. University of Sciences and Technology, Institute
[Online]. Available: http://www.kwsb.gos.pk/.
of Space Technology and Bahria University. His
[7] A. Parveen Azad and R. Ahmed, "Geographical
research areas are applied geo-informatics and
Analysis of Commercial Structure in Clifton, sustainable development. He has produced more
Karachi", Pakistan Geographical Review, vol. than 25 research papers in national and
62, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2007. international journals of good repute and impact
factor. He has supervised research in the same
[8] Chanan, Vinita, Stewart White, Carol Howe, and disciplines for many M.S and Ph.D. students and
M. Jha. "Sustainable water management in has presented his research in conferences and
commercial office buildings." In Innovations in workshops.
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FAST-NU Research Journal (FRJ), Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2016
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