Script

This is the stage that explores the brief transition from the oral form of communication to printing.
Distance and time are the factors to be considered. As communication travels on distant places and over
different period of times, there emerges problem and difficulties because language relies on the capacity
of our memory and scientifically we know that memory of people also expires and transmission of
messages may not reach the level of accuracy.

Writing has its own evolution and developed from cave paintings, petroglyphs, and hieroglyphics. Early
writing systems began to appear after 3000 B.C.E, with symbols carved into clay tablets to keep account
of trade. These ‘cuneiform’ marks later developed into symbols that represented the syllables of
languages and Ancient Egypt created one of the most popular writing surfaces which is the papyrus, with
script on sheets of papyrus and parchment, humans has medium that catapulted globalization. If
globalization is considered the economic, cultural, and political integration of the world, then surely script-
the written word- must be considered an essential medium.

Printing Press

With the advent of the printing press, first made with movable wooden blocks in China and then with
movable metal type by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, reading material suddenly was cheaply made
and easily circulated. In the Philippines the first ever book that was printed is entitled, Doctrina Christiana.
It contains the basic elements of the Christian religion based on the catechism of Saint Robert Bellarmine
this was originally in Chinese, then a new version was released just a few months later using the ancient
Tagalog Script known as baybayin.

For Lule (2014), two overarching consequences, however, can be suggested from her work.

1. The printing press changed the very nature of knowledge.

2. Print encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority because of its ability to circulate
competing views.

The printing press however, encouraged the literacy of the public and the growth of schools. Too, the rise
of inexpensive, easily obtained magazines and daily newspapers brought news from around the world to
people. Printing press helped foster globalization and knowledge of globalization.

Electronic Media

In the 19th century, a host of new media would revolutionize the ongoing processes of globalization.
Scholars have come to call these “electronic media” because they require electromagnetic energy to use.
The telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television are the usual media collected under electronic media.
The vast reach of these electronic media continues to open up new vistas in the economic, political, and
cultural processes of globalization.
The telegraph was a sensation with significant consequences. Samuel F. B. Morse began work on a
machine in the 1830s that eventually could send coded messages- dots and dashes- over electrical lines.
The ability to transmit speech over distance was the nest communication breakthrough and its speedily
capture the globe is the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell. Alongside the telephone and telegraph is
the invention of radio. And in 1973 with the invention of cellphones, it dominated the world and becomes
the most popular device since it can penetrate even the farthest area across cosmic distances and a
progressive flexibility in social interaction.