Republic of the Philippines

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Civil Engineering

CE 519
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

GROUP 8

First Report
Continuation of Flood Control

SUBMITTED BY:

Callangan, Joanne D.
Casia, Ma. Cristina B.
Gabutin, Elvira Clarisse S.
Maranan, Maria Pilar L.

BSCE 5E

SUBMITTED TO:

Engr. Marjun B. Macasilhig

Instructor
Channel Modifications
» performed to improve the conveyance characteristics of stream channel

Nonstructural Measures
» used to modify the damage potential of permanent structures and facilities in order to
decrease the susceptibility of flooding to reduce potential damages
e.g.
∴ Flood proofing
∴ Flood warning
∴ Land-use control alternatives

Flood Proofing
» consists of a range of nonstructural measures designed to modify the damage potential of
individual structures susceptible to flood damage
The primary objective of flood-proofing is to reduce or avoid the impacts of coastal flooding
upon structures.
Includes:
∴ Elevating structures
∴ Waterproofing of exterior walls
∴ Rearrangement of structural working space

Flood-proofing measures are widely applied in the USA where two types of flood-proofing
are widely recognised: wet and dry.
Wet flood-proofing reduces damage from flooding in three ways;

(1) allowing flood waters to easily enter and exit a structure in order to minimise structural
damage;
(2) use of flood damage resistant materials; and
(3) elevating important utilities.
On the other hand, dry flood-proofing is the practice of making a building watertight or
substantially impermeable to floodwaters up to the expected flood height (FEMA, 2008).

Flood-Warning Preparedness Plan

» reduces flood damage by giving the public an opportunity to act before flood stages
increase to damaging levels.
» a critical component of other flood-damage-reduction measures. An FWP provides
leadtime
notice to floodplain occupants in order to reduce potential damage. The lead time
provides the opportunity to elevate contents of structures, to perform minor proofing, and
to remove property susceptible to flooding. The greatest value of flood warning is to reduce
or eliminate the loss of life. Flood warning requires real-time flood forecasting and
communication facilities to warn inhabitants of floodplains. FWP plans may reduce social
disruption and risk to life of floodplain occupants.

FLOOD DAMAGE AND NET BENEFIT ESTIMATION

Damage Relationships
Flood damages are usually reported as direct damage to property, but this is only one of five
empirical categories of damages
∴ Direct Damages
∴ Indirect Damages
∴ Secondary Damages
∴ Intangible Damages
∴ Uncertainty Damages

Indirect Damages
» result from lost business and services, cost of alleviating hardship, rerouting traffic, and
other related damages.

Secondary Damages
» result from adverse effects by those who depend on output from the damaged property
or hindered services.

Intangible Damages
» include environmental quality, social well being, and aesthetic values.

Uncertainty Damages
» result from the ever-present uncertainty of flooding.
 Republic of the Philippines
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Civil Engineering

CE 519
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

GROUP 8

Second Report
Design of Spillways and Energy Dissipation for Flood Control Storage and Conveyance
Ssystem

SUBMITTED BY:

Callangan, Joanne D.
Casia, Ma. Cristina B.
Gabutin, Elvira Clarisse S.
Maranan, Maria Pilar L.

BSCE 5E

SUBMITTED TO:

Engr. Marjun B. Macasilhig

Instructor
Gates and Valves

Some important terminologies associated with gates:

 Counter weight

A weight used for opposing the dead weight of a gate so as to reduce the hoisting
capacity. A counter weight may also be used for making the gate ‘Self closing’.

 Frame

A structural member embedded in the surrounding supporting structure of a gate,

which is required to enable the gate to perform the desired function.

 Hanger

A device meant for suspending or supporting a gate in the open position when
disconnected from its hoisting mechanism.

Gate groove or gate slot

A groove or slot is a recess provided in the surrounding structure in which the gate
moves rests or seats.

 Leaf

The main body of a gate consisting of skin plate, stiffeners, horizontal girders and
end girders.

 Lip

The lower most segment of a gate which is suitably shaped from hydraulic
consideration.

 Seal (Bottom, side and top)

A seal is a device for preventing the leakage of water around the periphery of a gate.
A bottom seal is one that is provided at the bottom of the gate leaf. Side seals are those that
are fixed to the vertical ends of gate leaf. A top seal is one that is provided at the top of a
gate leaf or gate frame.

 Sill

This is the top of an embedded structural member on which a gate rests when in
closed position.

 Guide
 That portion of a gate frame which restricts the movement of a gate in the direction
normal to the water thrust.

 Guide rollers

Rollers provided on the sides of a gate to restrict its lateral and/or transverse
movements.

 Guide shoe

A device mounted on a gate to restrict its movement in a direction normal to the

water thrust.

 Horizontal and vertical girders

Horizontal girders are the main structural members of a gate, spanning horizontally
to transfer the water pressure from the skin plate and vertical stiffeners (if any) to the end
girders or end arms of the gate. Vertical girders (also called vertical stiffeners) are the
structural members spanning vertically across horizontal girders to support the skin plate.

 Hydraulic down-pull

The net force acting on a gate in vertically downward direction under hydrodynamic
condition.

 Hydraulic uplift

The net force acting on a gate in vertically upward direction under hydrodynamic
condition.

 Lift of a gate

The maximum vertical travel of a gate above the gate sill.

 Lifting beam

A beam (with a gripping mechanism) suspended from a gantry crane or a traveling

hoist and moves vertically in a gate groove for lifting or lowering a gate or a stop-log.

 Lifting lugs

Structural members provided on a gate to facilitate handling of the gate during

erection, installation or operation.

 Air vent
 A passage of suitable size provided on the downstream of the gate for venting
/admitting air during filling/draining a conduit or for delivering a continuous supply of air to
the flow of water from a gate.

 Anchorage

`An embedded structural member, transferring load from gate to its surrounding
structure.

 Bearing plate

A metal plate fixed to the surrounding surface of the frame to transfer water
pressure to gate frame.

 Gate Frame or Embedded Part of Embedment

A structural member embedded in the surrounding supporting structure of a gate,

which is required to enable the gate to perform the desired function.

 Thrust Pad or Thrust Block

A structural member provided on a gate leaf to transfer water load from the gate to a
bearing plate. It could also be a structural member designed to transfer to the pier or
abutment that component of water thrust on a radial gate, which is normal to the direction.

 Skin plate

A membrane which transfers the water load on a gate to the other components.

 Track Plate

A structural member on which the wheels of a gate move.

 Trunnion axis

The axis about which a radial gate rotates.

 Trunnion Pin

A horizontal axle about which the trunnion hub rotates.

 Trunnion Tie

A structural tension member connecting two trunnion assemblies of a radial gate to

cater to the effect of lateral force (normal to the direction of flow)

 Block out
 A temporary recess/opening left in the surrounding structure of a gate for installing
the embedded parts of a gate.

 Liner

Steel lining generally provided in the gate groove and its vicinity for a medium or high
head installation.

 Filling Valve

A valve fixed over a gate to create balanced water head conditions for gate
operation.

Classification of Gates Based on Location of Opening with Respect to Water Head

 Crest type gates

1. Stop-logs/flash boards

2. Vertical lift gates 3. Radial gates

6. Sector gates 7. Inflatable gates

8. Falling shutters

9. Float operated gates 10. Two-tier gates

OUTLET TOWERS

► found in reservoirs usually near to the dam

► the tower sits above an outlet pipe

► used to transport water out of the reservoir

► Built to house controls for opening and closing valves or

gates that control flow of water through the outlet

COMPENSATION WATER.

When a dam is constructed across a river valley, an outlet pipe, usually in a tunnel, must be
provided from the reservoir to allow some water to continue to flow in the
river downstream.

Sufficient water must be let through to maintain the fish and wildlife that use the river, and
the natural vegetation in and around it. This water is called compensation water.

► The scour is an outlet pipe or tunnel that runs through the bottom of the dam. It is usually
large because of its uses.

► The scour can be used in an emergency, for example, when a dam is damaged and poses
a threat of imminent collapse. It can be opened to let water out of the reservoir very quickly.

► The scour is also opened to flush sediment out of a reservoir when too much has
collected behind the dam. The fast flowing water carries the sediment through the scour
and downstream.

► Valves or gates are used to control the flow of water through the scour.

A Scour and a water supply pipe

running through a tunnel under a dam
STILLING BASIN

► A stilling basin provides a means to absorb or dissipate the energy from the spillway
discharge and protects the spillway area from erosion and undermining.

► An outlet erosion control structure such as a headwall/endwall, impact basin, United

States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Type II or Type III basin, baffled
chute, or plunge pool is considered an energy dissipating device.

► The performance of these structures can be affected by the tailwater elevation. The
tailwater elevation is the elevation of the water that is flowing through the natural stream
channel downstream during various flow conditions.

HEADWALLS AND ENDWALLS

► located at or close to the end of the discharge conduit will provide support and reduce
the potential for undermining.

► is typically constructed of concrete, and it should be founded on bedrock or have an

adequate foundation footing to provide support for stability.

► can become displaced if it is not adequately designed and is subject to undermining.

► Displacement of the headwall/endwall can lead to separation of the spillway conduit at

the joints which could affect the integrity of the spillway conduit.

► If a concrete structure develops the structural defects mentioned in the opening

paragraphs, or if the discharge spillway conduit does not have a headwall/endwall, then a
registered professional engineer should be contacted to evaluate the stability of the outlet.

IMPACT BASINS
► is an energy dissipating device located at the outlet of the spillway in which flow from the
discharge conduit strikes a vertical hanging baffle.

► Discharge is directed upstream in vertical eddies by the horizontal portion of the baffle
and by the floor before flowing over the endsill.

► Energy dissipation occurs as the discharge strikes the baffle, thus, performance is not
dependent on tailwater. Most impact basins were designed by the United States
Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service and the United States
Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.

U.S. Department of Interior & Bureau of Reclamation Type II and Type III Basins

► Type II and Type III basins reduce the energy of the flow discharging from the outlet of a
spillway and allow the water to exit into the outlet channel at a reduced velocity.

► Type II energy dissipators contain chute blocks at the upstream end of the basin and a
dentated (tooth-like) endsill.

► Baffle piers are not used in a Type II basin because of the high velocity water entering the
basin.

► Type III energy dissipators can be used if the entrance velocity of the water is not high.

► They contain baffle piers which are located on the stilling basin apron downstream of the
chute locks. Located at the end of both the Type II and Type III basins is an endsill.

► The endsill may be level or sloped, and its purpose is to create the tailwater which
reduces the outflow velocity. If any of the severe defects associated with concrete
structures are observed, a registered professional engineer should be contacted to evaluate
the stability of the basin.
BAFFLED CHUTES

► Baffled chutes require no initial tailwater to be effective and are located downstream of
the control section.

► Multiple rows of baffle piers on the chute prevent excessive acceleration of the flow and
prevent the damage that occurs from a high discharge velocity.

► A portion of the baffled chute usually extends below the streambed elevation to prevent
undermining of the chute.

PLUNGE POOLS

A plunge pool is an energy dissipating device located at the outlet of a spillway.

Energy is dissipated as the discharge flows into the plunge pool.

Plunge pools are commonly lined with rock riprap or other material to prevent excessive
erosion of the pool area. Discharge from the plunge pool should be at the natural streambed
elevation.

Typical problems may include movement of the riprap, loss of fines from the bedding
material and scour beyond the riprap and lining.