In the widest sense, grammar is the complex set of relations. Grammar isa device that specifies the infinite set of well-formed sentences and assigns to each of them one or more structural descriptions. Grammar may be practical and theoretical. The aim of practical grammar is the descriptiption of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences, Theoretical ideals with the language as a complex func. tional system, The grammatical structure of language comprises two major parts — morphology and syntax. ‘The two areas are obviously independent and together they constitute the study of grammar. a Morphology deals with pragmatic and syntagmatic properties of mor- phological units — morphemes and words. Itis concerned with the internal structure of words and their relationship to other words and word forms within the paradigm. Morphology studies the morphological categories and their realization. | MORPHOLOGY > UNIT 1. THE NOUN § 1. General Information ‘The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word. There are four kinds of nouns in English: ‘Common nouns: dog, man, table Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs, Smith, Tom Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy Collective nouns: crowd, flock, group, team “The noun has the following morphological characteristics: 1. Nouns that can be counted have two numbers: singular and plural (a girl — girls) 2. Nouns denoting living beings (and some nouns denoting lifeless things) have two case forms: the com- mon case and the genitive case. 3. In Modern English grammatical category of gender is hardly ever expressed by means of grammatical forms 4. A noun can also be in a possessive case, (Tom’s books) “The noun has certain syntactical characteristics. The chief syntactical function of the noun in the sentence is that of the subject and the object. Eg: — Tomarrived. (the subject of the sentence) saw Tom. (the object of the sentence) It may also be used as an attribute or a predicative. Eg: Tom likes winter holidays. (an attribute) ‘Tom is an actor, (a predicative) A noun preceded by a preposition (a prepositional phrase) may be used as an attribute, prepositional indi- rect object, and adverbial modifier. Ege: The center of the town is very beautifl (an attribute) ‘The teacher explained to the students (prepositional indirect object) some difficult rules, ‘The teacher comes into the classroom at 8 o'clock. (adverbial modifier) ‘The noun is generally associated with the article. In some cases only articles can show that the word is noun.‘Anoun can be modified by an adjective, a pronoun, or by another noun. Bg: — Tomisagood student (modified by an adjective) This is his book. (modified by pronoun) He has no winter coat. (modified by another noun) § 2. The Category of Number English countable nouns have two numbers — singular and plural. 1. The plural of a noun is usually made by adding -s to the singular; -s is pronounced in different ways: [2] after voiced consonants and vowels: days, dogs; {s] _afier voiceless consonants: caps, texts, books; [iz] when--sis placed after -ce, -ge, -e,-2e (an extra syllable is added to the spoken word): houses, bridges, places. 2. Nouns ending in -0 or -ch, -sh, -8s, -x form their plural by adding -es: tomato— tomatoes brush — brushes church— churches box — boxes cargo — cargoes potato — potatoes 3. But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in -o add -s only: Eg: dynamo —dynamos —_ kimono — kimonos piano — pianos kilo — kilos photo — photos soprano — sopranos solo — solos portfolio — portfolios ‘When -es is placed after -ch, -sh, -s8 or -x an extra syllable ({iz]) is added to the spoken word. 4. Nouns ending in -y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies Eg: baby—babies country—countries fly — flies Nouns ending in -y following a vowel form their plural by adding -s: Bg: — boy—boys day — days donkey — donkeys 5, Nouns ending in -f or -fe drop the -f or -fe and add -ves: Eg: calf—calves half — halves knife — knives life — lives leaf—leaves believe — believes. loaf — loaves self—selves sheaf — sheaves shelf — shelves thief — thieves wife — wives wolf — wolves, ‘The nouns hoof, scarf and wharf take either -8 or -ves in the plural: Eg: hoofsorhooves —scarfsor scarves wharfs or wharves Other words such as dwarf, giraffe, muff, proof, sheriff, elf, plaintiff tariff ending in -f/-fe add -s in the or dinary way: Bg: — dliff—cliffs handkerchief — handkerchiefs __safe — safes 6. A few nouns form their plural by vowel change: Eg: foot—feet mouse—mice — woman— women ox —oxen man—men goose—geese tooth —teeth child — children brother — brethren louce —lice 7. Nouns ending in -th add -s only: Eg: —bath—baths oath — oaths path — paths smith—smiths month—months myth — myths, 8, In some nouns the plural form does not differ from the singular one: Eg: deer sheep —swine_— fish — trout — fruit9. In compound nouns the plural is formed in different ways. Normally the last word is made plural: Eg: boy-friends —travelagents.—_lady-bird — lady-birds But where man and woman are prefixed both parts are made plural: Eg: mendrivers women drivers ‘Some compound nouns form the plural by adding -s to the head-word: | Eg. editor-in-chief — editors-in-chief brother-in-law — brothers-in-law looker-on —lookers-on If there is no noun-stem in the compound, -s is added to the last element: Eg: forget-me-not — forget-me-nots merry-go-round — merry-go-rounds 10. Initials can be made plural by edding -s Eg: MPs (Members of Parliament) OAPs (old age pensioners) UFOs (unidentified flying objects) VIPs (very important persons) 11. Words with the meaning of garments, tools, and instruments consisting of two parts are always plural and take a plural verb. Translate these words into Ukrainian, Eg: breeches, binoculars pants, pliers Pyjamas. scissors, = trousers spectacles As well as some other words: Eg: — police pains (trouble / effort) arms (weapons), earnings goods savings wares outskirts clothes premises valuables, surroundings greens (vegetables) stairs 12. Some words with the meaning of certain diseases and games are plural in form but singular in meaning: Eg: mumps billiards _ rickets darts. shingles, draughts bowls, news, dominoes, Itis interesting to know ‘A. Some words which retain their original Greek or Lat of Greek and Latin. ‘Translate them into Ukrainian, crisis — crises hypothesis — hypotheses ‘oasis — oases parenthesis — parentheses basis — bases, analysis — analyses forms make their plural according to the rules 10thesis — theses erratum —errata__ nucleus — nuclei ‘memorandum — memoranda fungus — fungi, curriculum — curricula aa stimulus — stimuli ca ‘medium — media terminus — termin bacterium — bacteria__ = radius — radii datum — data a criterion — criteria syllabus — syllabi / syllabuses ae formula — formulae (is used by scientists), cactus — cacti / cactuses_ Yet others follow the English rules: dogma —dogmas formula—formulas gymnasium — gymnasiums Sometimes there are two plural forms with different meanin; appendix — appendixes or appendices (medical term) appendix — appendices (addition / s to a book) index — indexes (in books), indices (in mathematics) Musicians usually prefer Italian plural forms for Italian musical terms. But -8 libretto — libretti,librettos tempo — tempi, tempos B. Names of certain creatures do not change in the plural. Fish is normally unchanged. Fishes exists but is uncommon. Some types of fish do not normally change in plural: carp pike salmon trout cod plaice turbot mackerel but if used in a plural sense they would take a plural verb. Others add -s: crabs herrings sardines eels lobsters, sharks C. Sportsmen who shoot duck, partridge, pheasant, etc. use the same form for singular and plural, but other people normally add -s for the plural: ducks, partridges, pheasants. also possible: ‘The word game, used by sportsmen to mean an animal / animals hunted, is always in singular, and takes a singular verb. Exercises Exercise 1. Write the plural form of each noun. 1. foot _ 10. thief = 2. flash 11. chief. 3.hero 12. custom 4, knife _ 13. donkey____ S.wolf 14, mouth, 6. quiz, 15, memo, 7.wideo__ 16, mystery 8. deer _ 17. potato, 9.0%. 18. quality. Wee Exercise 2. Write the correct singular or plural form. Model: mouse mice SINGULAR PLURAL, 1. pocket teeth tomatoes women 5. branch 6.friend 7.duty 8. highway 9. belief 10. radio LL offspring 12, season 13. business 14 centuries, 15, sheep 16. 17. family loaves 18, roof 19, wharf Exercise 3. Write the plural of each word from the box in the correct category. baby sheep apple daffodil daisy fox potato grape lily mouse bean aunt daughter deer pea child husband cow wolf pear rose cherry wife son horse banana hare Model: Common fruits include pears, apples, cherries, grapes, bananas 1. Common vegetables include. 2. Common farm animals include 3. Common flowers include. 4, Family members include, 5. Common wild animals include. Exercise 4. Use the correct plural forms of the nouns in the list to complete the sentences. Use each word only once. bacterium datum ‘oasis crisis hypothesis phenomenon criterion ‘medium stimulus curriculum ‘memorandum thesis 12Model: Graduate students are often required to write long papers in which they state an opinion and give evidence to support it. These papers are often referred to as thesis. 1, Thunder and lightning are of nature, 2, Before the students began their chemistry experiments, they stated theories to explain what was going to happen in their experiments. In other words, they made 3. The government ofthat country is unstable. The country has faced many political _ __in the last ten years. It has had to face one problem after another. 4, The office supervisor, Ms, Hall, is well known for the large number of. she sends to her staff She believes it is necessary to write many notes to remind the staff of things that need to be taken care of, 5. The mass __ include radio, television, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet. 6. The teacher wanted to make sure the students understood the standards by which she would make her judgments. She carefully explained the she would use to judge the students’ work. 7. All of the departments at the university provide descriptions of their in the school catalog, Look there to find out what courses each department offers. 8. Certain factors cause plants to grow. These are light, water, and fertile soil. 9. Very small living things that can cause disease are called getms. Germs are forms of _ 10. In a desert, there are places where water is available and a few plants grow. These areas are called 11. ‘The researcher assembled numerous facts through months of investigation. She used the __ she had gathered to write a report for a scientific journal. g Exercise 5. Translate from English into Ukrainian. Pay attention to using of the nouns. The road to ruin ‘The M25, the motorway around London, opened in 1986. Today people call it the biggest car park in Eu- rope. Every morning on the radio we hear about jams, and road repairs, and crashes, and which parts of the ‘M25 to avoid. One day soon we will hear “There isa traffic jam all the way round the M25 in both directions. Ifyou are driving to work, we advise you to go back home.’ ‘Winston Churchill described the car as the curse of the twentieth century. This will probably be true of the next century, too. It can be very funny to compare advertisements for cars with the reality of driving them. Cars are symbols of freedom, wealth, and masculinity. But when you are stuck in a traffic jam, all cars are just little metal boxes to sit in. Cities and towns all over the world have a huge problem, and no government really knows what to do. For ‘once it is not a matter of technology which is stopping us. If we want to build two-level roads, we can do it. If we want trains which can travel at hundreds of miles an hour, we can build them. The problem is a ques tion of principle. Should we look to road or rail for our transport needs? Should the government, or private companies, control them? And either way, who should pay? ‘The people who believe in roads say that cars represent a personal choice to travel when and where you want to. But on trains and busses — public transport — you have to travel when the timetable says you can. "These people think that if you build more roads, the trafic will move more quickly, but research shows that if there are more roads, there will be more cars to fill them. Inthe next decade, the number of cars on our roads will double, Environmentalists are saying that we should put more money into public transport. Cars often carry just one person. Ifthe public transport system works, more people will use it, If trains carry more people, the roads won't be so crowded, and cars pollute the air more than trains. ‘One characteristic of the people of our century is that we are a race on the move. But itis just possible that soon we won't be able to move another inch, and we will have to stay exactly where we are! 13| Exercise 6. Translate from English into Ukrainian. halt knives leaves __ lives loaves sheaf shelves thief baths - oaths path smiths myths brother-in-law editors-in-chief a ookers-on crises hypothesis oases parentheses breeches — spectacles valuables outskirts analyses thesis, = erratum - - fungi curricula ‘memorandum media termini bacteria S data criteria phenomena - Exercise 7. Match the word to its translation. Pay attention to using of the nouns. 1. minister without portfolio 2, forwarding agent 3. chemical agent 4, crisis legislation 5. criterion of taxation 6. parenthesis, 7. curriculum 8. memorandum 9. data 10. data bank 11, data processing 12. appendix 4. ximisia pevonitia, peakras . soarox (x0 noxystenra) & xpyrni ayant nani, pigomocri, inpopmanin €. o6po8nexia aamx; po6ora inxbopmauicio £ nagsnievaiine saxonopancro0 {g Kphtepiit ononarxynannis fi, waBsanpnici nan, nporpavena i mpminomarisHa HOTA je Save namex K. otinictp 6es noprdpenn 1. excnesperop Exercise 8. Translate from Ukrainian into English. Pay attention to using of the nouns. ni6pero mpucara, KnaTBa. opens. omicKa, ininexc; noxasnnx ante popmyma__ ‘oceneneut, ery nibkama, Ginoxne, ‘counika (saxBopIonaHii) rmiamxxt (rpa), ariraxk KopaGns. mopripenp, nama, catim o6epemox, BasannKa, TansHMns, GyxaHKa, x76. psicrans; npuvat TpHG; nricHaBa, ABI, CHIMCOK APYKaPCbKUX HONHITOK_ Gnigo-KoBTiit HapUne. fee aherne oer eat oxommti, nepenmicta, yamicea. posyKri« BupOGHHNTBA, Gyainns 3 npinernow pinaHKoW, xomrropxocti, yinnocti, nist pest g Exercise 9. Translate from Ukrainian into English. NepuoxypcHukam nontaschknx enue posqaBaTumyTe nytiBH¥KH A6st1onaxst Ta pipsata opientyBamica y supi MononDKHorO xGtrTA TlonTaBs, creniambHO AYIA HX crBOpIE rw nyrinnnk, Y Hhomy — nce: noMmnaiosn Big Mepenixy Ta anpec sakranis BinTOwsMKy, AosBintA Ta chopty 14no nikapenb ra paisisainis mininii. «lllo6 nepmoxypenuk, skit anepiie npwixas no Tomrans, 11a, ux0 xpi "UUAIKK roABa i raBH, Ha KE He THMMO MOXKHA KTH, € AY>Ke Gararo HhikaBOTO, Iho MME MO>KeMO samportortyBArH. Bynp-nacka — «llontasa — vepurtopin snopos's: pci nauti cranion, wci Hani Gacefir, KopaaHiKit, 10 pes, — ici, ne Moxxita saitwaritca dpiskynbrypor i crioprom. [Je Mo>ki.a rapHo BigINO“HTX: IHCKOTEKI, GyRUIIKIC KY Ab~ 1PM, PosBarkarbH NHTPH, MAHIPyBATH TE Ne €: My3ei, AMCTARKH, — ckasan mep TlonTanHt ANpilk Markon- coxa Taxi 6pomypst orproiac Kooxext nepwwOoKypeH. Bria, NyTIBHIK KYABTYpHM NOTABCDKIIM OKITTAM — rime opin 8 wanpantin, zxyoe wicexa Braga 6epersca OKYMEIYpIOBATH OKPEMIK NpeACraBHKn MOROROCO noxoninsia. Tpygotepantia ra 6ouycu y Burnsii GesKOMITOBHNX MpeCTIOKHNX JMCKOTEK — HACTYHi KPOKHK. (O6nacne Komynanone indiopmauiiine azenmemeo «Hosur Honmasuunu» — Hosur) Exercise 10. Listen to the song. Copy out the nouns from the song and write their plural form where it is possible. Happy Nation is the debut album of Ace of Base, a pop music group based in Sweden. It was released in early 1993 in Europe, Af rica and Latin America on Festival Records. "The album is the third highest-selling debut. album by a group after Guns N’ Roses and Linkin Park. It reached the number one posi- tion in at least 14 countries, and it has sold somewhere in the region of 21 million copies worldwide. Happy Nation Laudate omnes gentes laudate fh Ideas by man and only that will last Magnificat en secula Et anima mea laudate Magnificat en secuiala Happy nation living in a happy nation“ pe Where the people understand. And dream of perfect man A situation lead to sweet salvation For the people for the good For mankind brotherhood ‘We're travelling in time ‘And over time we've turned to the past ‘That no man’s fit to rule the world alone ‘Aman will die but not his ideas Happy nation.. ‘We're travelling in time ‘Travelling in time ‘Tell them we've gone too far ‘Tell them we've gone too far Happy nation come through And Iwill dance with you Happy nation Happy nation, 15e OT Oe § 3. Countable and Uncountable Nouns ‘Nouns can be divided into countable and uncountable. A countable noun is one that can be counted: Eg.: book — one book, two books, three books, four books, student — one student, two students, three students, person — one person, two people, three people, ... child — one child, two children, three children, ... Countable nouns may be preceded by a/an in the singular and they take a final -s/-es in the plural. Uncountable nouns are also known as non-count nouns or mass nouns. An uncountable noun is one that } cannot be counted: Eg milk — you cannot say one milk, two milks, Uncountable nouns are not immediately preceded by a/an and have no plural form. Many non-count nouns refer to a ‘whole’ that is made up of different parts: Eg: furniture — represents a whole group of things that is made up of similar but separate items sugar — represent whole masses made up of individual particles or elements It is possible, however, to count some uncountable nouns if the substance is placed in a countable con- tainer: Ey glass of milk — one glass of milk, two glasses of milk, ... It is very important to know if a noun is countable or uncountable. It helps to avoid mistakes. To decide if noun that you are not sure of is countable or uncountable, decide if you can say: one____ ora For example, you can say ‘one book’so it isa countable noun. You cannot say “one money’ s0 itis uncount able noun. The following nouns are considered uncountable: 1. Names of substances considered generally: | Eg: — bread gold wine cloth cream wood gin soap butter stone coffee ice jam paper beer water | oil glass tea dust | 2. Many abstractions: | pity horror advice experience | fear death beauty information relief ‘mercy courage suspicion | help work hope knowledge 3. Also considered uncountable in English: Eg: baggage camping weather shopping luggage parking damage furniture 4. Languages: Eg: Arabic Chinese English Spanish 5. Fields of stud) Eg: chemistry engineering history mathematics literature psychology 6. Recreations: Eg: baseball ‘soccer tennis chess bridge 7. Activiti Eg: — driving studying swimming _tavelling 168, Natural phenomena: Ege Uncountable nouns are always singular and are not used with a/an: Eg. ‘These nouns are often preceded by some, any, no, ali Ege fog hail heat humidity rain thunder sunshine —_lightning snow sleet darkness electricity She doesn’t want any advice or help. She needs (some) information. Thave no experience in this sort of work. le, etc. or by nouns such as bit, piece, abit of news agrain of sand a drop of oil a pane of glass a sheet of paper a cup of coffee apiece of advice apiece of chalk It is interesting to know ‘A. Many of the nouns in the above groups can be used in a particular sense and are then countable. They can take a/an in the singular and can be used in the plural. Some examples are given below. Eg: Eg: hair — all the hair on one's head is considered uncountable, but if we consider each hair sepa- rately, we say one hair, two hairs, ete. Her hair is black. Whenever she finds a grey hair she pulls it out. ‘We drink tea, coffe, beer, but we can ask for a (cup of) tea / coffee, a (glass of) beer, ete. We drink wine, but we enjoy a good wine. We can walk in a wood / woods. experience — meaning ‘something which happened to someone’ is countable: He had an exciting experience / some exciting experiences. The word time can be either countable or non-countable depending on the context. When it ‘means an occasion, it is countable. When it means a number of hours, days, years, etc. itis non- countable: We have spent too much time on this homework. (non-count) She has been late for the class six times this semester. (countable) B. Some abstract nouns can be used in a particular sense with a/an: ahelp: My children are a great help to me. A good map would be a help. arelief: Eg: Itwasareliefto sit down. aknowledge of Eg: She had a good knowledge of mathematics. alove / hatred of: Eg: —alove of music a hatred of violence pity / a shame can be used with that-clause introduced by it: Eg. Ttsa pity you weren't here. It’sa shame he wasn't paid. It-+ be + a pity / shame + infinitive is also possible: Bg: Tt would be a pity to cut down these trees 7ee a fear / fears, a hope / hopes, a sus ‘These can be used with that-clauses introduced by there: Eg: There isa fear | There are fears that he has been murdered. We can also have a suspicion that... Something can arouse a fear / fears, a hope / hopes, a suspicion / suspicions. €. Collective nouns crew, family, team, etc., can take a singular or a plural verbs singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit: 2g. Our team is the bes oor plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals: ‘Our team are wearing their new T-shirts. ‘When a possessive adjective is necessary, a plural verb with their is more usual than a singular verb with its, though sometimes both are possible: ‘The jury is considering its verdict. ‘The jury are considering their verdict. § 4. The Category of Case Case is the form of the noun indicating the relations of the noun (or pronoun) to the other words in the sentence. ‘There are two cases of nouns in English: the Common Case and the Possessive/ Genitive Case. English nouns denoting living beings (and some nouns denoting lifeless things) have two cases: the Com mon Case which has no special case endings and the Possessive / Genitive Case which has the case ending with singular and plural nouns not ending in ‘The Common Case. The Common Case is an uninflected form so the relation of the noun in the Common Case to other words in the sentence is indicated by its position and by means of prepositions (to, for; by, with, of Eg. Toften write letters to my sister. We have a present for you. ‘The novel is written by a famous writer. like writing with a pencil. ‘The cover of the book attracted my attention, ‘Anoun in the Common Case with the preposition to or for may express the relations which are expressed by the Ukrainian Dative Case. The combination of a noun in the Common Case with the preposition of expresses the relations which are expressed by the Ukrainian Genitive Case. A noun in the Common Case preceded by prepositions by or with may express the relations which are expressed by the Ukrainian Instrumental Case. ‘The Possessive / Genitive Case. ‘We normally use ~’s for people or animals: Eg: thegitl’sname the horse’s tail Mr Evan's daughter awoman’shat the manager's office __Sarah’s eyes ‘Where is the managers office? (not ‘the office of the manager’) What colour are Sarah's eyes? (not ‘the eyes of Sarah’) “The Possessive / Genitive Case is formed by adding ”’s (the apostrophe s) to the noun in the singular and to the plural form not ending in Eg: aman'sjob the people's choice woman's intuition women’s clothes child’s toy children’s toys oe (the apostrophe) is added to plural form ending in -s: Eg: the students’ hostel a boys’ school 18‘Classical names ending in -s usually add only the apostrophe: Eg. Pythagoras’ Theorem Archimedes’ Law Other names ending in -s can take -’s or the apostrophe alone: Eg: Mr. Jones's (or Mr. Jones’) house is very comfortable. Dickens’ (or Dickens's) novels are popular. ‘With compounds, the last word takes the ~’s Eg: Mybrother-in-law’s car is expensive. ‘Names consisting of several words are treated similarly: Eg: Henrythe Fight’s wives the Prince of Wales's helicopter scan also be used after initials: Eg: the MP’sbriefcase the VIP's escort ‘When the Possessive / Genitive Case is used, the article before the person or thing ‘possessed’ disappears: Eg: the daughter or the politician = the politician's daughter the invention of America = America’s invention the plays of Shakespeare = Shakespeare's plays As to its use, the Possessive / Genitive Case falls into: © the Dependent Geni © the Absolute Genitiv “The Dependent Genitive is used with the noun it modifies and comes before it. Eg: men’s work a child’s voice It is used in some set expressions: Eg: for heaven's God's) sake to one’s heart’s delight at one’s wit's end astone’s throw ‘The Absolute Genitive may be used without any noun or be separated from the noun it modifies: Eg: — Youcan buy itat the chemist’. She is going to the dentist's. We had dinner at my granny’s, (at my gram ’s house) Note that we say a woman’s hat (= a hat for a woman), a boy's name (a name for a boy), a bird's egg (an egg laid by a bird), etc. For things, ideas, etc, we normally use of (... of the book/ ... of the restaurant, etc.) g, the door of the garage (not the garage’s door) the name of the book the owner of the restaurant We normally use of (not noun + noun) with the beginning / end / top / bottom / front / back / middle / side, etc. E, the back of the car (not ‘the car back’) the beginning of the month You can usually use ’s or of for an organization (=a group of people) Eg. the government's decision or the dec »n of the government the company’s success or the success of the company Itis also possible to use ~’s for places. You can say: Eg: thecity’snew theatre the world’s population _ Italy's largest city You can also use -’s with time expressions (yesterday / next week, etc.) Eg. Have you still got yesterday's paper? Next week's meeting has been cancelled. 19In the same way you can also say today’s / tomorrow's / this evening’s / Monday's, etc. We also use -’s (or -’s with plural words) with periods of time: Eg: — Pve gota week’s holiday starting on Monday. Jill has got three weeks’ holiday. I live near the station — it’s only about ten minutes’ walk. Itis interesting to know |A. The Possessive Case is chiefly used when talking of people, countries or animals as shown above. It can also be used when talking of ships and boats (the ship’s bell); of planes, trains, cars and other vehicles, though the “of construction” isused more often (a glider’s wings or the wings ofthe glider: the train's heating system or the heating system of the train); in time expressions (a week’s holiday, today’s paper, ten minutes’ break, two hours’ delay), though a one-week holiday, a ten-minute break, a two-hour delay are also possible. B. We can say either a winter’s day or a winter day and a summer's day or a summer day, but we can not make spring or autumn possessive, except when they are personified: Autumn's return, Names of owners of some business can be used in the possessive case without the second noun: Sotheby's, McDonald’. some well: known shops call themselves by the possessive forms and some drop the apostrophe: Foyles, Harrods. C. Nouns can be used as modifiers. When a noun is used as a modifier, it is in its singular form: Eg: The soup has vegetables in it. — Itis a vegetable soup. “The building has offices in it. — It is an office building, When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number expression, the noun is singular anda hyphen (is used: Eg ‘The test lasted two hours. — It was a two-hour test. Her daughter is four years old. — She has a four-year old daughter. § 5. The Category of Gender It is doubtful whether the grammatical category of gender exists in Modern English, for it is hardly ever expressed by means of grammatical forms. There is practically only one gender-forming suffix in Modern English, the suffix -ess, expressing the feminine gender. Itis not widely used. Eg: _ heir —heiress lion — lioness poet — poetess conductor — conductress actor — actress ‘manager — manageress waiter — waitress steward — stewardess host — hostess tiger — tigress But nowadays -person is used instead of -man, -woman: salesperson, spokesperson, salesman (saleswoman) ‘We can divide the words into three groups according to the things they denote / objects they name: Masculine: men, boys and male animals (pronoun he/they) Feminine: women, girls, female animals (pronoun she/they) ‘Neuter: inanimate things, animals whose sex we don’t know and sometimes babies whose sex we don't know (pronoun it/they) Exceptions: ships and sometimes cars and other vehicles when regarded with affection or respect are con- sidered feminine. Countries when referred to by name are also considered feminine. 20can ugh nor not sof ell- en Bg: The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side. Scotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions. Masculine / feminine nouns denoting people have different forms: Eg: —boy—girl gentleman — lady nephew — niece bridegroom — bride son — daughter king — queen husband — wife bachelor — spinster prince — princess man — woman widower —widow duke — duchess father — mother uncle — aunt earl — countess Some main exceptions are: Eg: — baby infant relative child parent spouse cousin relation teenager ‘The majority of nouns indicating occupation have the same form: E artist cook driver assistant dancer doctor Domestic animals and many of the larger wild animals have different forms: Eg: bull—cow — duck—drake stag — doe cock—hen gander — goose stallion — mare Exercises Exercise 1. Add final -s/-es to the italicized noun if necessary. Do not add, omit, or change any other words. Model: Jackie has brown hair and gray eyes. Chair’ — unchanged; eye — eyes) My parents gave me some good advice. . 1 always drink water when I’m hot and thirsty. We ate some sandwich for lunch. A gambler needs alot of Thave a lot of homework to do tonight. Maria took some good photograph at the wedding party. Our country has made a lot of progress in the last 25 years. : That book has a lot of good idea. 9. An encyclopedia contains a lot of information. 10, I've learned a lot of new vocabulary. 11. Olga knows @ lot of American slang. 12. Every day, I learn some more new word in English. 13, We bought some new clothing. 14, Lbought a pair of leather glove. 15. At rush hour there are a lot of car on the highway. Although normally it takes us twenty minute to drive from home to work, at rush hour it can take an hour because of the heavy traffic. 16. Ann likes to wear jewelry, Today she is wearing four ring, six bracelet, and a necklace. 17. [had meat, rice, vegetable, and some tea for dinner. 18. Butterfly begin as caterpillar and then are transformed into beautiful insect with vividly colored swing. PNOVAYNE 21fr a | 19, Traveling can impart a great deal of education as well as enjoyment. When people travel to another country, they can learn about its history, economy, and architecture, as well as become acquainted with its various custom. 20, Although everyone believed the accused man was guilty of murder, he was acquitted. The prosecut- ing attorney did not have enough evidence to convict him, nor even any proof that he had been able to enter the murdered man's house. 21. You need more calcium in your diet, Mrs. Abbott. Itis found in milk and milk product, in dark green vegetable such as broccoli, and in fish such as sardine. You need vitamin, too. Do you take vitamin pill? | 22, Last night we heard about a new political crisis in our country. Do you have any more information about it? Are there any reports of violence? We've heard a lot of rumors about what may be happening, but we're anxious to know the truth. We need fact, not gossip. 23, We received a:postcard from Melissa today. She’s on vacation in the country, staying in a f dred-year-old inn. She says that the area has fantastic scenery and a wonderful golf course. She's hav- ing a lot of fun. | Exercise 2. Make the italicized nouns possessive by adding apostrophes and final -s/-es. Model: He puts the mail in the secretary's mailbox. 1. There are three secretaries in our office. The secretary mailboxes are in the hallway. ‘Tom has two cats. The cat food and water dishes are on a shelf in the laundry room. Thave one cat. My cat feet are white, but the rest of her is black. |. My child name is Olaf. "Their children names are Pablo and Gabriella. 5. My supervisor names are Ms. Anderson and Mr. Johns. ‘Your supervisor name is Mrs. Wright. I'm interested in other people ideas. . This month issue of that magazine has several interesting articles. All of the performers in the play did well. The audience applauded the actor excellent performances. ‘An actor income is uncertain. ES eeuaneen 1 | | Exercise 3. Add apostrophes, if necessary, fo mark a possessive noun or a contraction with | a pronoun. | Model: Mary’s father works at the Northgate Medical Center. (a possessive noun) | ‘He's a dentist. (a contraction with a pronoun: He is a dentist.) | 1. Jacks parents live in Georgia. His parents home is in Atlanta. | 2. Our teachers last name is Wells. Shes one of the best teachers in the school. 3. Our teachers last names are Wells, Hunt, and Moore. Theyre all good teachers. 4, Ms, Wells husband is also a teacher. Ms, Hunts husband is an engineer. 5, Its well known that a bear likes sweet food. Its favorite food is honey. 6, Anns telephone number is 555-8989. Ours is 555-8998, People often confuse hers with ours, so we get frequent calls for her. 7. The tiger is a beautiful animal, Its coat is orange and white with black stripes. Although its found in the wild only in Asia, people throughout the world appreciate its beauty and power. Even though ti- gers are protected by laws, many scientists predict their extinction within twenty to thirty years. How much poorer our childrens and grandchildrens lives will be when the earth no longer has a place for | tigers, elephants, wolves, and numerous other animals whose fates rely upon the wisdom and com- passion of humankind. 22| Exercise 4. Think of common expressions in which the given nouns are used to modify other nouns. Model: flower —a flower vase, a flower garden cotton . grammar birthday. chicken airplane telephone -. mountain . government__ 9. football a bedroom i Exercise 5. What do you call the following? Model: someone who rob banks — a bank robber someone who fights bulls —a bullfighter |. someone who collects stamps _ someone who train animals . someone who tells stories someone who collects taxes >. something that opens cans something that wipes a windshield . someone who earns wages someone who manages an offic . someone who programs computers 10. someone who keeps books __ 11, something that removes spots 12, something that holds pots_ 13, someone who makes troubles 14. someone who reads minds __ 15, something that dries hair 16, something that peels potatoes_ 17. someone who plays tennis 18. someone who fights fires 19. someone who carries mail Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the nouns in the parentheses. Use the singular or plu- ral form if appropriate. Include hyphen (-) as necessary. Model: They sell toys at that store. It is a toy store. (toy) 1. Hike salads. [ike salads that contain__. (tomato) 2. Thave a garden. I grow many different kinds of. __.. (vegetable) 3. Some people are addicted to _. They are addicts. (drug) 4, We drove down an old, narrow highway that had only __ We drove down a ___ highway. (two + lane) 235. Igavea speech in class. My speech lasted for _ (five + minute) 6. TheWatkinsliveina__ house. Anyhousethati usually needs a lot of repairs. (sixty + year + old) Exercis 7. Add final -s/-es where necessary. Do not change, add, or omit any other words in the sentences (except verbs) Model: A bird cares for its feathers by cleaning them with its beak, 1. There are many occupations in the world. Doctor take care of sick people. Pilot fly airplane, Farmer raise crop. Shepherd herd sheep. 2. An architect design buildings. An archeologist dig in the ground to find object from past civilizations. 3. The first modern computer were developed in the 1930s and 1940s, Computer were not commercially available until the 1950s. ‘There are several factory in my hometown. The glass factory employ many people. Kangaroo are Australian animal, They are not found on any of the other continent, except in z00. Mosquito are found everywhere in the world, including the Arctic. " Atone time, many people believed that tomato were poisonous. . Bird, fish, insect, and mammal are different species. Each group of these life form shares physical characteristic. 9. Most of the creature in the world possess the five sense of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. However, these sense are often more highly developed in one species than another. Bird have a highly developed sense of sight. For instance, an eagle can spot a small lizard from high in the air. the lizard ‘would be undetectable by a human being from the same distance. Animal that hunt by following a trail on the ground may have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell. For example, dog see a blurred, gray world because they are nearsighted and cannot see colors. However, they can smell thousands of times better than human being can. exes Exercise 8. Write the correct form of the nouns in parentheses. Model: I met some interesting men at the meeting last night (man) 1. Ineed some _ to light the fie (match) 2. The baby got two new, (tooth) 3. The farmer loaded his cart with _ of ftesh vegetables to take to the market. His cart was pulled by two. (box, ox) 4, Alex saw some. ce __ running across the floor (mouse) 5. The north side of the island has no There are only steep No one can climb these steep walls of rock (beach, cliff) 6. Ifa house plant is given too much water. Its lower = turn yellow (lea!) 7. Before Marie signed the contract, she talked to two __ (attorney) 8, New scientific are made every day in _ _ throughout the world (discov- ery, laboratory) 9. On our trip in the mountainous countryside, we saw some Sees and wild _ wolf fox, deer, sheep) 10. When we spoke in the cave, we could hear ___ of our voices (echo) 11. The music building at the university has 27 Students need to sign up for practice times (piano) 12, Thunder and lightning are _____ of nature (phenomenon) 24eee f 13. People get most of their news about the world through the mass that is, through radio, television, the Internet, newspapers, and magazines (m ium) Exercise 9. Make the nouns plural where necessary. Do not change any other words. Model; Bacterium are the smallest living thing, — wrong, Bacteria are the smallest living thing. — right 1. Bacterium are the smallest living thing, They are simple organism that consist of one cell. 2, Bacterium exist almost everywhere. They are in the air, water, and soil, as well as in the body of a liv. ing creature, 3. There are thousand of kind of bacterium. Most of them are harmless to human beings, but some cause diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. 4, Virus are also microscopic organism, but virus live in the cell of other living thing, By themselves, they are lifeless particle that cannot reproduce, but inside a living cell they become active and can multiply hundred of time. 5. Virus cause many disease. ‘They infect human being with such illness as influenza, the common cold, measles, and AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) 6. Virus are tiny. The virus that causes AIDS is so small that 2300 million of them could fit on the period at the end of this sentence. . Today health official are expressing great concern about our health in the future. They feel that today there is an epidemic of infectious condition that are difficult or impossible to treat, such as AIDS, 8. In addition to this concern about new life-threatening viral infections, health official have discov- ered that bacterial infection that were once easily handled developed resistance to antibiotics and are evolving into form that are unaffected by all known medications. 9. In a world where antibiotics don’t work, the simplest infection are capable of escalating into fatal ill- nesses. Every year more people are dying of infection that every drug doctor try to prevent. The potential ineffectiveness of antibiotics is a frightening prospect. Exercise 10. Complete the sentences with the possessive form of the nouns in parentheses. ‘Model: (Mrs. Smith) Mrs. Smith's husband often gives her flowers. 1. (boy) “The hat is red, 2. (boys) ‘The __ hats are red. 3. (children) The a e toys are all over the floor. 4, (child) I fixed the bicycle 5. (baby) ‘The = x toys are in the crib, 6. (babies) ‘The z toys are in their cribs. 7. (wives) ‘Tom and Bob are married. Their names are Cindy and Judy, respectively. 8. (wife) ‘That is my = = coat 9. (Sally) = a last name is White. 10. (Phyllis) last name is Young. 11, (boss) ‘That's my : office. 12. (bosses) ‘Those are my rae “offices 13, (woman) Thisisa _ purse 14, (women) “That store sells clothes. 15, (sister) Do you know my ae husband? 16, (sisters) Do youknow my __ husbands? 17, (yesterday) Did you read ___ newspapers? 25(= a | 18, (today) ‘There are many problems in E ___ world. 19. (month) It would cost me a _ salary to buy that refrigerator Exercise 11. Correct the mistakes in the use of the possessive nouns by adding apostrophes and final -s/-es necessary. Model: I enjoy visiting friend houses. — wrong enjoy visiting friends’ houses. 1, When I was in Chicago, I stayed at a friend house. 2. My uncle is my father brother. 3. Ihave four aunts. All of my aunt homes are within walking distance of my mother apartment. 4 5. Mike's aunt oldest son is a violinist. Five astronauts were aboard the space shuttle. The astronaut safe return to earth was a welcome sight to millions of television viewers. 6. The children favourite part of the circus was the trapeze act. | 7. When the child toy broke, I fixed it. 8, Iborrowed the secretary pen to fill out the application form. 9. Its the people right to know what the city is going to do about the housing problem. 10. Bill wife isa factory worker. 11, Bess husband is a housepainter. 12. Quite a few diplomats are assigned to our city. Almost all of the diplomat children attend a special school. 13. A diplomat work invariably involves numerous meetings. Exercise 12. Complete the sentences with the nouns in the parentheses. Use the singular or plural form as appropriate. Include hyphen (-) as necessary. Model: (shoe) They sell shoes at that store, It isa shoe store. 1. (flower) My garden has init. Itisa__ garden 2. (bean) This soup is made from black Itisa soup. 3. (baby) People can buy special food in small jars for — It is called food. 4. (child) Dr. Adams is trained as a psychologist for She is a__ psychologist. 5. (salad) ‘Ata formal dinner, there are usually two forks on the table. The smaller fork is | for ie a | 6. (fax) In our office we have a machine that sends and receives__. It is called a | machine. | 7. (can) A kitchen tool that opens iscalled a opener. 8. (potato) A tool that peels iscalleda__ pele. 9. (airplane) Seats on ___ are uncomfortable. seats should be made more comfortable and convenient for the passengers. 10, (mosquito) In tropical climates, sometimes it is necessary to hang a net over a bed to protect the sleeper from Itis called a___ net 11, (two+hour) The plane was late. We had a_______ wait. We had to wait for 12, (ten + year + old) My brother is brother. 13. (ten+ speed) Joe can shift his bicycle into i Hehasa bike. 2614, (six + game) ‘The basketball team has won ina row (ce. they haven’t lost one of their last six games) They have a winning streak. 15, (three + letter) “Arm” and “dog” are Words, Each word has Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with the given nouns, adding final -s/-es if necessary. Use each noun only once. Model: Ihave some coins in my pocket. In other words, I have some change in my pocket. junk progress information luggage thunder homework baggage stust hardware music trafic screwdriver . The Mississippi, the Amazon, and the Nile are well-known . [like to listen to operas, symphonies, and folk songs. I enjoy ‘The street is full of cars, trucks, and busses. Iti full of . I put some banana peels, empty jee cartons, and broken bottles in the waste can. The can is fll of 5. They have a rusty car without an engine, broken chairs, and an old refrigerator in their front yard. ‘Their yard is full of. 6. Paul has books, pens, papers, notebooks, a clock, scissors, a tape recorder, and some other things on his desk. He has a lot of. = on his desk. 7. The children got scared when they heard __ during the storm, Tools that are used for turning screws are called 9. I went to the store to get some nails, hammers, and screws. In other words, I bought some 10. Tonight Ihave to read twenty pages in my history book, do 30 algebra problems, and write a composi: tion. In other words, [ have alot of. ___to do tonight. 11. Ann took three suitcases, a shoulder bag, and a cosmetics case. In other words, she took a lot of on her trip. “oronto is 365 ft./109 m. above sea level. ‘The average annual precipitation in Toronto is 3 ‘The population of the metropolitan area is over 3,000,000. I found (this these) in the encyclopedia. 13, Ididn't feel good. Ann said, “You should see a doctor.” Nick said, “You should go home and go to bed.” Martha said, “You should drink fruit juice and rest.” I got from three people, 14, My English is slowly getting better. My vocabulary is increasing, It’s getting easier for me to write, and I make fewer mistakes. I can often understand people even when they talk fast. 'm satisfied with the T've made in learning English. Exercise 14. Add final -s/-9s to the nouns in italics if necessary. Do not add or change any other 12. /81em. words. Model: Isabel always has fresh egg available because she raises chicken in her yard. Isabel always has fresh eggs available because she raises chickens in her yard. 1, [have been in Mexico three time. I've spent a lot of time there. 2. There are typewriter, copier, telephone, and stapler in atypical business office. A business office needs alot of equipment. 27EE EO 3. The air is full of smoke, dust, carbon monoxide, and many other harmful substance. We must seek to reduce air pollution. 4. I like to read good literature. 1 especially like to read novel, poetry, and essay. My favorite poet are Longfellow and Wordsworth. I have always liked their poem. 5. Llike to experience different season. | like both hot and cold weather. 6. Being a parent has brought me a lot of happiness. Parenting requires a lot of patience, but it provides many reward, 7. You can find alot of time-saving machine in a modern factory. Modern factory need modern machin- ery. 8, Experienced traveler learn to travel with minimal luggage. My globe-trotting aunt can pack everything she needs into two small suitcases, whether her trip will last for three day or three month. I'm not an experienced traveler. When I travel, [invariably take along too much stuff Last month I took a three- day trip to Chicago with twice as many clothes as I needed, 9, Recycling is important. Regular garbage will typically contain many things that can be recycled: maga- zine, envelope, cardboard box, old phone book, glass bottle, jar, copper, brass, tit can, etc 10. There are more star in the universe than there are grain of sand on all the beaches on earth, Exercise 15. Add -s/-es if possible. Otherwise, write a slash () in the blank. Model: I'm learning a lot of grammar / We ar: City streets usually have a lot of traffic 2. Thestreets are full of automobile 3. We enjoyed the scenery 4, Nepal has high mountain _ 5. [have some important information 6, [have some important fact__ 7 8 studing count and non-count nouns. . Olga knows a lot of English word .. Olga has learned a lot of new vocabulary 9. The children learned a lot of new song 10, Lenjoy listening to music : = 11, Can you give me some suggestion 12, Can you give me some advice 13, Tlike to read good literature 14, Tike to read good novel 15, Thad sand___ 16, Florida is famous for its white sand beach Exercise 16, Add -s/-es if possible. Otherwise, write a slash () in the blank. Model: I made some mistakes on my algebra tes. 1. Inwinter in Alaska, there (is,are) snow 2, Alaska has a lot of cold weather a 3. Wehavealotofstorm ae _ in the winter. 4, There (is,are) some chalk in this classroom. 5. Be sure to give the new couple my best wish : 6. Twant to wish them good luck a es 7. Thunder andllightning___ can be scary for children and animals. 8. Gold (is, are) expensive. Diamond_____(is, are) expensive too. 28must seek to ite poet are it provides 1 machin- 9, Ladmire Prof. Yoo for her extensive knowledge of organic farming methods. 10. Prof. Yoo has lot of good idea _____and strong apinion 11. Teaching children to read requires patience 12, Doctors take care of patient __ . 13, Mr. Fernandez’s English is improving. He’s making a lot of progress 14, Automobiles are the biggest source of pollution in most cities. 15, Engineers build bridge ___across river________ and other body of water ) Exercise 17. Write the correct plural of each of these words below in the correct space within @ the crossword puzzle. Good luck! Across Down 7 rT 2.die 1. goose F 4 ry 6. crisis 2. deer a 7 4 S.bacterium 3. child | 2 9. loaf 4. radius | 10. donkey 5, mouse F Pease elses) 12. life 7. roof 7 7 14, stimulus LL, spoonful TF E 16.0x 12 louse - - 19. shelf 13. echo TF rT 4 20, passerby 15. tooth ht _| 21.mouthful 17, piano - 18.fly Exercise 18. Complete the sentences in Column A with words from Column B. The completed sentences will be common sayings in English. Model: Ignorance is bliss. (“Ignorance is bliss” isa saying, It means: If you know about problems, you have to worry about them and deal with them. If you don’t know about problems, you can avoid them and be happy, bliss = happiness. Do you agree with this saying?) Column A. Column B 1. Ignorance is D A the best teacher. 2, Honesty is_ B the best medicine, 3, Time is C power. 4. Laughteris_____—_| D bliss. 5, Beauty E in the eye of the beholder, 6. Knowledge is___| F money. 7. Experience is G the best policy. 29ee ee ee eee Exercise 19. in group or by yourself, complete the lists with abstract nouns. (Abstract nouns are usually non-count. To find out if a noun is count or non-count, check your dictionary) A. Name four good qualities you admire in a person, 1) patiene = oe 2) a = 3) : 7 4) = = B Name bad qualities people can have. 1) greed a 2) : — 3) ee C. What are some of the most important things in life? 1) good health ee = = 2) = aa ee 3) = — 4) . z = D. Certain bad conditions exist in the world, What are they? 1) hunger. a ~ — 2) aa = oe 3) = ee - ee z = Exercise 20. Correct the mistakes. . Lions are wild animal. e ‘There are a lot of informations in that book. . The oil is a natural resource, . Twas late because there were too many traffcs. [drank two waters sr 9. Our teacher gives us too many homeworks. Nadia knows. lot of vocabularies. . Thad a egg for breakfast 9. There is many kind of trees in the world. 10. I’m studying the Englishes. _ 11. My cousin lives in United State, 12. Only twelve student were in class yesterda 13, I need some advices. = 14, Well have a few problem in life. 15, There were no job, and people didn’t have much moneys, 16. Idon’t know anything about farm animals except for chicken. 17, When Lama children, my family had abig farm with the hors 18. I live with two friend, One is from Chile, and the other is from Saudi Arabia. 19, think the English is difficult language. — 20. When people use a lot of slangs, I can’t understand them. 30Exercise 21. Translate from English into Ukrainian. Make up your own sentences using these expressions. for heaven’s (God's) sake to one’s heart’s delight ae utone Wirth ee astone’sthrow Exercise 22. Translate from English into Ukrainian. Make up ten sentences using these expres- sions. Pay attention to the use of the nouns. heir. heiress - conductor. __conduetress poet. poetess, ‘manager ‘manageress actor__ actress steward, stewardess, waiter waitress hero. heroine, host___ hostess__ tiger tigress. lion. lioness, oa salesman_______—_saleswoman_ Exercise 23. Find pairs and translate the words given below the table. boy father son gentleman earl man bridegroom daughter wife aunt woman girl bride spinster ‘usband widower king bachelor uncle nephew duke | lady widow duchess mother queen niece princess prince countess earl a bridegroom duke bachelor bride duchess. spinster. Smee countess g Exercise 24. Translate from English into Ukrainian. Desperately seeking someone Nicolette Morganti, 29, single Nicolette's friends can't understand why she joined a dating agency. She has a good job as a personal assis- tant with a television news agency, her own home, and a full social life. But the 29-year-old, who has a degree in English Literature, is so fed up with British men that she joined the English Rose dating agency to get in touch with single American males. 31 Lite ai “English men are usually materialistic and have no imagination,” she says. “I have spent years being bored by men who never do anything exciting, 'm almost thirty now and I would really love to find a husband and have children. I'd like to live in London for six months of the year and in the States for the other six months.” In her search for the ideal man, Nicolette once put an advertisement in a magazine for single people and had four hundred replies. But she says: “I only met one or two of them. Most of the others sounded very bor- ing”. Nicolette joined English Rose about eighteen months ago and has met five men since then. She says: “find that American men are more romantic and considerate than British men. I rang one in the States, and afterwards he sent me 200 dollars to pay for the call. I've met five so far but I’m looking fir someone very special. I'd like to fond a caring, well-educated, non-smoking animal-lover with a professional job and a sense ofadventure.” Nicolette is going to stay with English Rose until she finds her man, “My friends have said some horrible things, but I think it’s a great way to meet people.” SY Exercise 25. Translate trom Ukrainian into English HaiiGaxaniuii Hesambcni xkinKn cBity Cloranieno pefirinr naitGarxanimrx HesamikHix Knox, Bpstrancsxuit xyprian FHM nposis omrysania 8 MeTOW BUSHANHITH HaiGarkaninex HesaMixcnix xiNOK. ¥ peltrHMsry HaiGaxanininx napeennx yci xiwyara, ax 1a nig6ip, Garari i samersiTi. Tlepuse sticue 8 npomy peiitunry mocina 27-pisna jouKa pox-mysnxanra Posia Crioapra KimGepni Cr. apt. IIpyry cxonituxy nocina axropxa Kapmest Enexrpa, Ha tperilt cxoamsui (Necrioxivano pin pena FHM) ~ npusineca Bearpic, nowxa repuyormi Vopxcoxoi Capa epriocon i ymo6newa nny¥Ka Kopomtesit €nwsasetn IL. Yernepre icye picranoca nonynapuii cnivauni Capi Xappinn, yxacunugi 6psctantcoxi rpyrt Girls Aloud. HeujonasHo Xapainr crana me i Mogenmo, npesenrysamnse nony nintto 6imeanu vig, Ultimo 8 OHOMY 3 MOHRONCEKIX yuinepmaris, IT’sry cxomMHKy nocina akropKa Ckapnerr Moxaticcon, osjsaK syn Hei Ne HaneBHtO Me BAKAHBO, aIDKE HOHA BIKe H TAK OWOMIOE Bearis peitrHnin HAnGAKaNiMNx Ta HaitBpon- sminaex. Axopka Jini Jloxan nocina mocry cxonutiky. 3a janine KypHarty Forbes, Jloxan nocinae Tpevio cxo- Auuixy 8 pelrrontry naiiGararunix onwx axropox Lonisyay. Coomy cxonmky saiiwae pocificexa TexsicnerKa Mapia Lapantosa. 3i caocio mpuponHow npojov0 Ta MilbioHaMN HOsapiD m BarKy nova HaneKHTD NO Hait- Garxaninx napesensex. Oxpist Toro, Hapantosy Hasnann onnicio 3 npeTeHjeHTOK Ha orpustariua mpecrHOx- voi cnoprusuoi npemii Laureus Award, ay we HasHsaiors crioprisiim Ockapow. Sik 8aBxIH He OGitimnocH ti Ges chitcDKO! emi Tlepic XinroH. CagKoemmys Garatominsitonno’ ro- renbxoi ivmepit nporowkye xsimosaru Yonosiwitit posym i cepiys. Bpxraxcexa monen» Kini Xaaen socina eB’siTy cxonutKy. Bona saxonmerbca autrnificnKolo mpemep-nirow i pasa yuacto y oro cecil y yr6on- ax Gpitrancoxux Kny6in. Atcropka Kefipa Haitrai, crpysika aipka [iparis KapGeokoro mopa, saKinuye Hecaky HaitGarcaninnx HesaMixnix xiH0x (http://www.korrespondent.nel) SJ Exercise 26. Translate into English. a aI Yomra Mostra — nosamuti rrax. Yeecw vac Ha Boni MpoBosHTb. Hapirh rsisqo w nei nnapyse. 3uaiie voMra Kynty craporo ropiumboro ovepery, HaHlocurTe TyAHE MAKIN KOpiNHKin, Mip’ssKa it ynaurrye rniaqo. Y raKoMy riigai i nramtenar sisomirs, BoM, AK TinKK BiMyrINsTHCs, ninpasy 2« TUIABATHE MODKYTH. Llu eH YoMTA 3 nramenaTaM Ho O3epy niaBae. A AK Maeva HaTOMINTHCA, Saige NO warepi Ha cmMy i cHjHTD. ThaBae omra ro o3epy it nramieHar Ha COGi BosseTs, (F. Cepe6uypxuit, B. Yannina) 32“Bnglishman in New York” is a song by Sting, from his 1987 album ...Nothing Like the Sun ‘The “Englishman” in question is the famous eccentric Quentin Crisp. Sting wrote the song not long after Crisp moved from London to an apartment in New York’s Bowery. Crisp had remarked jokingly to the musician “.that he looked forward to receiving his naturalization Papers so that he could commit a crime and : ‘not be deported.” i : Englishman in New York > I don’t drink coffee, I take tea, my dear Tike my toast done on the side 7 ‘And you can hear it in my accent when [talk sO Coma Sarak 'm an Englishman in New York s See me walking down Fifth Aenue ‘A walking cane here at my side take i everywhere [walle Tm an Englishman in New York Refrain: Oh-oh, I'm an alien, I'ma legal alien T'man Englishman in New York Oh-oh, I'm an alien, I'ma legal alien 'm an Englishman in New York If ‘manners make a man” as someone said a ‘Then he’s the hero of the day maa ase It takes a man to suffer ignorance and smile Be yourself no matter what they say Refrain: Modesty, propriety can lead to notoriety You could end up as the only one Gentleness, sobriety are rare in this society At night a candle’s brighter than the sun THE STING ‘Takes more than combat gear to make a man ‘Takes more than a license for a gun 33Ssaeeeeeeessseg seer esageasceee ragga aaggeaa agg aaa Ese ace EE eee Confront your enemies, avoid then when you can ‘A gentleman will walk but never run If'manners make a man’ as someone said Then he’s the hero of the day It takes a man to suffer ignorance and smile Be yourself no matter what they say / 3 times Progress Test 1. complete the sentences, using the italicized nouns as a modifier. ‘That handbook is for students. Ttisa__ ‘Their baby is ten months old. They have a . Our trip lasted for three days. We took a She is a psychologist for children. She is a Iywrote a check for fifi dollars, T wrote a . Lwill get three credits for that course. It isa . Their house has nine rooms. It is a__ . That food is for dogs. Itis__ ‘That room is for guests. Itisa Thave a sister who is fen years old and a brother whois twelve years old. Thavea. Byoenayeerrg 2. Add apostrophes as necessary to mark a possessive noun or a contraction. 1, [borrowed my sisters car. Its old but reliable. 2. A polar bears sense of smell is keen. Its ability to small prey over a mile away is important to its sur- vival in the vast expanses of snow and ice where he lives. 3. Texas is leading producer of petroleum and natural gas. Its one of the worlds largest storage areas, for petroleum. 4, Psychologists have developed many kinds of tests. A “personality test” is used to evaluate an individuals personal characteristics, such as friendliness or trustworthiness. 5, Many mythological stories tell of heroes encounters with giants or dangerous animals. In one story, the he- roes encounter with a dragon saves a village from destruction. 6. Childrens play is an important part oftheir lives. It teaches them about their environment while they are having fun. For instance, they can learn that boats float and can practice ways to make boats move across water. Toys are not limited to children, Adults have their own toys, such as pleasure boats, and children have theits, such as miniature boats. Adults toys are usually much more expensive than childrens to Ld 3. Look at the italicized nouns in the sentences. Write “C" above the cont nouns and “NC” above the noncount nouns. 1. [bought some chairs, tables, and desks. In other words, I bought some furniture. 2. Ann likes to wear jewelry. Today she is wearing four rings, six bracelets, and a necklace, 3. We saw beautifull mountains, fields, and lakes on our trip. On other words, we saw beautiful scenery. 4, Gold and iron are metals. 345. Tused an iron to press my wrinkled shirt. 6. In the united states, baseball is called the national pastime. To play it you need a baseball and a bat. [ios] 4, Add final -s/-es to the nouns in italics if necessary. Do not add or change any other words. 1. Thad chicken and rice for dinner last night. 2. Outside my window, I can see a lot of tree, bush, grass, dirt, and flower. 3. Jane gave me some good advice. Nadia also gave me some good suggestion. 4, Yoko learned several new word today. She increased her vocabulary today. 5. [drank two glass of water. 6. Window ate made of glass 7. Mr. Chu wears glass because he has poor eyesight - § 8, It took mea lot of time to finish my homework. had a lot of assignment. oe i - | Total oo - £ " 7 Final Test 1. Write the plural form of each noun. j 1. street, i 21. woman, | 2, rose 2, 22. deer os | 3. dish, | 13. 23. fish__ 4. match jouw 24, sheep 7 5. lass 15. 25, offspring —_ 6. box 16. 26, species id 7. baby _ 7 27. bacterium i 8. city 18. | 28. cactus. Bese . 9. toy. 1, 29. crisis, BOs eee 20. Becerra ereeeees 30. phenomenon. . 2, What do you call the following? 1, someone who makes trouble__ 2, something that dries hair _ 3. something that peels potatoes 4. someone who plays tennis 5. someone who carries mail 6 7. 8 9 someone who fights fires . something that holds pots . something that washes dishes something that holds copies. 10. something that opens tins 35PASSIVE VOICE § 24. General Information |. Uses of the Passive Voice In fluent English the Passive Voice occuts s Active into Passive. ‘The Passive Voice is sometimes chosen in preference to the Active Voice especially when a speaker does not ‘want to commit himself to opinions, actions or statements of fact of which they are not completely certain, ‘We use the Passive Voice: 1) when it is more convenient or important to stress the thing done than the doer of it. Bg This task was done. (It is much more usual in English than: they did this task) ‘The room is cleaned twice a week. 2) when we have forgotten or don’t know exactly who did the action. Eg: — Wewere told that.. He is being met at the station. Passives without agents are common in accident and scientific writing for this reason, 3) when the subject of the active verb would be ‘people’. Eg: Sheis suspected to be guilty. (People suspect her...) He is supposed to be working at ‘Avon’ company. (People supposed that he works...) 4) where other European languages might prefer an indefinite pronoun subject like one, Eg: The agreement has to be signed. ‘This news is heard everywhere 5) to avoid an awkward or ungrammatical sentence, It is usually done by avoiding a change of subject Eg: When we were in the country my granny looked after the dog t When we were in the country the dog was looked after by my granny. 6) for psychological reasons. The speaker may know who performed the action but want to avoid telling the name. Eg: This cake has been eaten! In passive sentence the agent or doer of the action is very often not mentioned, When the agent is men- tioned, itis preceded by the preposition by. Eg: — Mr. Smith wrote this article. (Active) This article was written by Mr. Smith. (Passive) Note: The use of by must be limited. tis used only when the active subject is necessary for complete sense. Agents are mentioned in only about 20 per cent of passive clauses. After the Past Participle of some stative verbs (§ 12 — Present Progressive Active), including some which are used like adjectives, other prepositions can be used instead of by. Eg: ‘They were worried about (by) his behavior. We are frightened of rats, ‘The preposition with is used when we talk about an instrument which is used Eg: —_Ttwas written with a pencil, Passives without mentioning the agent are common in academic and scientific writing for this reason. We often prefer to begin a sentence with some facts that are already known, or that we are already talking about. spontaneously and naturally without a conscious change from byan agent to do an action. Ba Intl sive ing inte the forIn this case we place new information at the end of the sentence. This is another reason for choosing the Pas- sive Voice which includes agents. Eg: — She was writing a letter (Active verb so that new information about, a letter, can go to the end) ‘twas written by Kelly. (Passive verb so that new information about, the writer can goto the end) Itis important to stress the fact that it’s wrong to consider the Passive Voice to be another way of express- ing a sentence in the Active Voice. Most sentences that are good in the Active Voice are just funny when put into the Passive Voice. Eg: — Peterlikes sweets. But: Sweets are liked by Peter. (In English it sounds funny) ‘Note: The tenses of the Passive Voice are used according to the same rules as the corresponding tenses of the Active Voice. I, Form of the Passive Voice You cannot express an idea in the Passive Voice without using an auxiliary verb to be. ‘The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be with the notional verb in the third form — the Past Participle. ‘The general formula is: CE) stores, CB) mores, ‘The forms of the Passive Voice are given in the Appendix 16. Ill, Some intransitive verbs may not be passive. ‘They are: become, get, have, lack, et, ike, resemble, suit, fall, fit (in the meaning ‘to be the right size’) But: 1. Get sometimes may be used instead of be in the Passive Voice. When: ‘© we want to talk about things that happen suddenly ot by accidents Eg: — Hisleg got broken in an accident; © we talk about things that people do to themselves. Eg: — Achild got combed in a hurry. 2, Have (get) something done indicates a service for somebody by someone else or something bad that happens to somebody or something. Eg: — Hehad his hair cut. She got her leg broken. Some intransitive verbs with prepositions (phrasal verbs) are used in the Passive Voice. ‘They are: agree upon laugh at arrive at object to care for operate on (for sth) comment on rely on (relied) depend on refer to (referred) dream of provide forinsist on speak of about listen to send for ook at think of look after wait for ‘The preposition is used after the verb in the Passive Voice. But we translate such sentences into Ukrainian starting with the preposition, Eg This doctor is often sent for. — Jlikaps vacro pirkassxaiors, (3a nixape acto nocunators) This novel is much spoken of. — [po powsax 6aravo ronopsr, Itis interesting to know Many verbs (give, send, lend, show) can be followed by two objects — a direct object and indirect one. These usually refer to a thing (direct object) and to a person (indirect object) In this case two passive structures are possible, Eg: Hewastold some information about the conference. Some information about the conference was told to him, The choice between two passive structures may depend on what has been said before, or on what needs to be put last in the sentence. Some verbs (build, cut, close, pack) refer to actions that produce a finished result. Others (live, carry, hit, push, speak) do not. The Past Participles of finished-result verbs and some of their passive tenses can have two ‘meanings. They can refer to the action or they can describe the result ‘The monument was built ten years ago. (refers to the action of building) ‘When we came to the park we found that the monument was built (refers to state of being built — the result of the action) Because of this, the Present Simple Passive forms can have similar meanings to the Present Perfect Passives. Eg: The monument has already been built § 25. Translation of Passive Constructions from English into Ukrainian English active verbs might be translated by passive or reflexive verbs in certain other languages, and some English passives might be translated by active or reflexive verbs. Eg: German is spoken here. My sister was born in 2003. Some verbs can be used in both active and passive forms with similar meaning (to drown — to be drowned; to worry — to be worried) Sometimes active and passive infinitives can be used with very similar meanings: Bg: There was much work to do (to be done) ‘The passive verb-forms are translated into Ukrainian: 1) by verbs with the particle -ox (-cw); Egi The building of a new modern school was being finished at that time. B roit vac saxisraynanoca GyaivaxtTB0 Kono! cysacnoi mom. 2) by combinations of the verb 6ymu with predicative verbal forms ending in -10, -mo; Eg. This book was written in 1967. Lo xxury 6yno Hancano » 1967 pout 436 da to a3) by combinations of the verb 6ymu with Past Participle Passive (nienpuxaerix nacusHoro crany smusnynoro acy); Eg: The National Aviation University was founded in 1933. Hauionanunit anianiiinni yninepcurer Gys sacnonanni » 1933 poui. 4) by verbs in the Active Voice in indefinite-personal sentences; Eg: This book is much written about. TIpo mmo xitury Gararo memyre. 5) if the subject of the action of a passive construction indicated, the English Passive Voice may be ren- dered in Ukrainian by the verb in the Active Voice in a definite-personal sentence. Eg: These pills were found by a little boy. Ui nirynes snaiimon manenbxnii x10n4HK. Exercises @ Exercise 1. Answer the questions. 1. When were you asked by your teacher? 2. What problems were discussed at the last meeting? 3. Is your classroom aired during the break? 4, Are you often invited to the theatre? 5. Will you be given a dictionary to translate the text? 6. Is the picture much spoken about? 7. Was this exhibition attended by many people? 8. Were you given the opportunity to fulfil the task? Exercise 2. Make up sentences of your own using the suggested words. Use the Passive Voice. 1. Foreign languages — to teach. 2. A book — to publish — last year. eee aes 3. New sports camps — to build — next year. 4. The language laboratories — to equip — already. 5, The computers — to adjust — often. __ 6 7. 8 . The closed-circuit television system — to apply — usually. . Tape-recorders — to install sometimes. . Electronic laboratories — to build — as a rule. 9, Calculations — to perform — sometimes. 10. The program — to transmit — sometimes. 11. A lot of English words to learn — usually. 12. ‘The article — to translate — just. Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Simple Passive. 1. In most large cities, many cars (steal) each year and not all of them (recover) by the police. Apparently, some (export) to neigh- pouring countries and quickly (sell) 2, When a ship reaches a port, it (Gearch) if the Customs officers think there may be drugs on it. IFdrugs (find) on the ship, somebody may be arrested. 3. If safety precautions (not take) on building sites, a company may be prosecuted by the Government. 4, In the morning, vegetables. (take) to the market and (buy) by housewives. Usually, these vegeta- 437bles ee (wash) before they__ (sell) Poor quality or bad vegetabes oe ta errant eES (iho) away 5. Rain (collect) in reservoirs and __ ——____ (store) unti ed) The weber see cies eee (rays) Oa Re eservoits ang ne (Creat) to ensure that itis pure. Chemical agay fa dirt ———(remove) Then the water —— (pump) to service res ervoirs near centres of population. Exercise 4. This time you must decide whether the active or passive form of the verb is required, Put in a suitable form of the Present Simple tense of the verbs in brackets, 1. This report (consist) of three parts. It (believe) to have been written by an expert in horticulture. 2. That car = belong) to my father. t__(clean) every day, soit always oe ——___ (look) in excellent condition: ee ia ng a (ects) arctic In some cases, crimes_____" (cause) by poverty or unemployment, 4. Beforetheseradios________(leave)thefactory,they (inspect) toseethat they —_____(not contain) any flaws. Unsatisfactory producis Seca (eject) by the quality controllers, who then (enquire) into the causes of the defect ‘When necessary, improvements__" (made) in the production process => Exercise 5. Which sentences cannot be tumed from Active into Passive. : 1. They didn’task her name. 2. Michael saw Mary in the park. 3. Has anyone answered your ques. tion? 4 They danced all night. 5. On Sunday evening we all met at my friend's, 6 Someone told neg funny Story Yesterday. 7. You can't park your car in the street before this office. 8. This kind of lowers docen’ bloom 120 offen 9 His parents have brought him up tobe polite. 10. The plane from Los Angeles was several hours late, 11. The fire has caused considerable damage. 12. My shoes don’t fit me, 13, People must obey the law. 14, He was having a bath. 15. A famous designer will decorate the hall, Exercise 6. Open the brackets. 1. The porter will ____ (bring / be brought) your luggage to your room, 2. Your luggage will ae (bring / be brought) up inthe it. 3. You may ___(Ieave / be left) your hat ant seat in the cloak-room downstairs. 4. They can____(Ieave/bele the ey with the lerkdownetinr 5 moe the station they will _ (take / be taken) straight to the hotel. - Tomorrow he wil ee ffake (be taken) them to the Opera-house, 7. At the station they will (meet, be mad by aman from the travel bureau. 8. She will___ (meet /be met) them in the Fall upstaire Exercise 7. Transfer from Active into Passive paying attention to the place of tho preposition. Model: We often speak about her. — She is often spoken about. 1, We thought about our friend all the time. 2. The doctor will operate on him in a week. 3. The teacher sent for the pupil's parents. 4. They looked for the newspaper everywhere. 5. Nobody sleptinthebed. 6. The neighbour asked for the telegram. 7. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention, 8. The senior students laughed at the freshman, 9. The group spoke to the headmistress yesterday. 438ables 10. The young mothers look after their babies with great care. 11. Nobody lived in that old house. _ 12. They sent for Jim and told him to prepare a report on that subject. Exercise 8. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Active or Passive Voice. 1, Nobod} (to see) him yesterday. 2. ‘The telegram (to receive) tomorrow. 3. He (to give) me this book next week. 4. The answer to this question can (to find) in the encyclopaedia. 5. We ____(to show) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation. 6. You can_____(to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book. 7. Budapest__ (to divide) by the Danube into two parts: Buda and Pest. 8. Yuri Dolgoruki___(to found) Moscow tave | in 1147.9. Moscow University. (to found) by Lomonosov. 10. We (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation., va % Exercise 9. Change the following verbs into the Passive Voice (Simple Past Tense) ses, ‘Model: ‘The window was cleaned (clean) by my mother last night. le My cactnnee (check) a year ago. that 2. Because of the war, all the houses. (destroy) at that time. <2 3. The students. (ask) to stay after class. ect. 4, The fund (set) up in 1980. 5. The film — (make) in 2005 6. The poorcat_______—————_(leave) unattended on the street. 7. We (tell) to keep our classroom clean. es 8. The plants (water) by the maid an hour ago. ny 9. Thecake (prepare) to celebrate Mary's birthday. om 10. The letters (post) in the morning. urs .W. Exercise 10. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice. 1. Lam sure I (ask) at the lesson tomorrow. 2. They told me that the new student, (speak) much about. 3. The hostess said that one more guest (expect) 4. The newspaper said : that an interesting exhibition _____ (open) in the Hermitage the next week. 5. This new dictionary ni (sell) everywhere now. 6. All the texts______(look) through yesterday and not a single 7” istake (find) 7. Two reports on Hemingway's stories (make) in our group last ™ month, Both of them were very interesting. 8, He said that grandmother's letter____(receive) the day — before. 9. Two new engineers just_____({ntroduce) to the head of the department. 10. Don't worry, - everything will be all right: the children __ (take) to the theatre by the teacher and they, (bring) back to school in the evening. Exercise 11. Change the following sentences to the Passive Voice in either the Present Simple or Past Simple tense. z Model: ‘The beggar stole his wallet. His wallet was stolen by the beggar. 1. The postman delivers letters in the afternoon. Letters by the postman in the afternoon. 2. The boy bought the orange. “The orange __ by the boy. 3. The woman drove the car. The car, i 439st .).,lhlhrwLlU 4. The workman repaired the washing machine. 10. ‘The washing machine sara 5. My father reads the newspaper every morning, ul ‘The newspaper _ _every morning. 6. The students decorated the classroom. 12 The classroom : ee 7. Peter writes the report every week. 2B ‘The report ___ = every week. 8. A thief hurt a man last night. v Aman __ last night. Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences and then write them down in Passive. : 1. The Persian army attacked Greece about five centuries before our era. 2, Persian soldiers invaded the 1 country. 3. They attacked the country though a narrow pass between the mountains and the sea 4.'The Spar. fans guarded that pass. 5. The Greek people drove them back. 8. The people who defended their freedom ond 1 independence won the victory. 9. They broke the strength of the army of the invaders, Exercise 13. Put the following into the Passive Voice. You need to mention the agent only in sen- tence 11. 1, You should open wine about three hours before you drink it. 2. Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice. | 3. Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit, 4, We use this room only on special occasions. 5. You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission. 6. In some districts farmers use pigs to find trufles, 7. Someone switched on a light and opened the door. 8, Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife 9. They are pulling down the old theatre. 44010. Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in? 11. ‘The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots. 12, The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were not returning books, 13. ‘The police asked each of us about his movement on the night of the crime, 14, Someone will serve refreshments. 15, People must not leave bicycles in the hall. 16. Members may keep books for three weeks. After that they must return them, 17. The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door. 18, I've bought a harp. They are delivering it this afternoon. (Do not change the first sentence.) 19, Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 20. They rang the church bells as a flood warning, 21. No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information. 22, People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago, 23. The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month. 24, They will say nothing more about the matter if someone returns the stolen gun. 25. Itis high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child. 26. A thief stole my dog and brought him back only when I offered £20 reward for him. 27. The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine. 28. They make these artificial flowers of silk. Exercise 14. Put the following into the Passive, mentioning the agent where necessary. Where there is an indirect and a direct object, make the indirect object the subject of the Passive verb. Model: They gave her a clock. She was given a clock. ‘The gerund after certain verbs is replaced in the Passive by should be + Past Participle. Model: ‘They advised employing part-time workers. “They advised that part-time workers should be employed.1. They feed the seals at the 200 twice a day. ; 2 Whowroteit? ee. | 2 3, Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any other laundry has washed. ae 4, Fle expected us to offer him the job. _ _ a | 7 | 5. They showed her the easiest way to do it 6. Lightning struck the old oak, | 7, Titian couldn't have painted it as people didn’t wear that style of dress till after his death. 8. A jellyfish stung her. 9, The author has written a special edition for children. | 10, Judges used to carry sweet herbs as a protection against jail-fever. 11 What did he write it with? — He wrote it with a matchstick dipped in blood, 12, An uneasy silence succeeded the shot. 13, Did the idea interest you? 14, ‘The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle’s will 15, Beavers make these dams. | 16. They used to star these engines by hand. Now they start them by electri | 18, Students are doing alot ofthe work. 19. The Prime Minister was to have opened the dry dock. | 20. They recommended opening new factories inthe depressed area. (Use should) 21, The closure of the workshops will make a lot of men redundant. 20, Anyone with the smallest intelligence could understand this instruction. 23. We will not admit children under sixteen. 44224, Boys of sixteen to eighteen are to man this training ship. 25, A rainstorm flooded the gypsies’ camp. 26. The howling of wolves kept him awake all night. 27, They suggested making the tests easier (Use should) 28. Children couldn't have done all this damage. Exercise 15. Put the following into the Passive. 1, Peter bought the house. 2, Mary will bring the wine. 3, My friends are repairing the car. 4, Most students speak English in this class. 5, An elderly couple sheltered her. 6. A policeman helped him. 7. She finished her work by nine o'clock. 8, Nobody can repair this broken ch: 9. They carried him into the hospital. 10. Are they typing the letters? Exercise 16. Rewrite and translate into Ukrainian the following sentences; pay attention to what kind of Ukrainian sentences can transmit the sense of the English Passive Voice: 1. As German was constantly spoken around him, he soon became familiar with the language. 2. This new invention is much spoken about. 3. The mill will be given all the machines necessary for the increase in out- put. 4. Great attention is paid to the development of this industry. 5. This young engineer will be chosen to explore the mineral wealth of the district. 443Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with a passive construction, using the verbs given in the form suggested. 1, Much of London (destroy) by fire in the seventeenth century. (Past Simple) 2. The man who (bite) by a snake was given a serum. (Past Perfect) 1 3. Aleader should be a man who can (respect) (Infinitive) 4, Many slums (demolish) _ ___to make way for new buildings. (Present Continuous) 1 5. The police instruct)_______to take firm action against hooligans. (Present Perfect) 6. He (save) from bankruptcy by the kindness of a friend. (Past Simple) TA eae fare (xprect) tetera (eclare) etree ee lgter thle week (Present Simple, Infinitive) 8. A great deal of research (do)_into possible causes of cancer. (Present Perfect) 9, The worker claimed that he (victi 10. ‘The tenant (evict) _ AL It (think) by his employers. (Past Continuous) for not paying his rent. (Past Simple) that the Government would do something to help. (Past Perfect) 12, Three hundred new houses (build) _ ____by the end of next year. (Future Perfect) { 13, Because of a strike, work on the building had to (discontinue). ___. (Infinitive) ’ 14. ‘The witness strongly objected to (cross-examine), ___. (Gerund) by 15, (Threaten). _ bya blackmailer, he immediately informed the police. (Perfect Participle) th 16, Tam not accustomed to (treat). _ in that way. (Gerund) w 17. Thepassengersought (inform) thetrain (withdraw) ne from service. (Perfect Infinitive, Past Perfect) w 18. Customers (ask). ___ to ensure that they (give) v rect change before leaving the shop, as mistakes cannot afterwards (rectify) b (Present Simple, Present Perfect, Infinitive) 19, Was he very upset at (not offer) 20. The man was sent to prison for s Participle) the job? (Gerund) — guilty of fraud, (Perfect months, (find) _ Exercise 18. Rewrite these sentences in an alternative passive form, beginning your sentences | with the words in italics. / 1. It is said that he is an honest, hard-working man. considered that this surgeon is a brilliant practitioner. now thought that some redundancy in the Midiands is inevitable. 4 Tt was proved that the statements he had made were false. 5. Itwas understood that Mr. Smith was willing to meet the British Prime Minister. 6. Itis believed that the Chancellor is thinking of imposing special taxes to raise extra revenue. i 7. Itis expected that the electricity supply industry will be running into surplus capacity by next year. | 8. It is reported that several American motor manufacturers are planning to set up assembly plants over- seas, 4449, Itis expected that the brewers will raise the price of beer in the near future, 10, Tt was claimed that the drug produced no undesirable side-effects. LL Tris said that the police acted with great restraint, despite provocation. 12. It was alleged that the Prime ‘Minister had misled the House 13: It is believed that the Government has had second thoughts on this problem. 14, It was believed that the explosion had been caused by a mine. 15: Teis presumed that the ship’ radio equipment was put out ofthe action during the fire. Exercise 19. Convert the paragraph to the Active Voice for practice. “The room was entered by Dr, Wheeler, at which point words of advice regarding active verbs were spoken by him, Itwas decided by the rebellious class that the final paper of the semester would be written entirely in the passive voice, Remarks were made by a distraught Wheeler; protests were made by the students. A seat was gotten out of by one student, is desk was stood upon by him, and a vow was ‘made by him that he would waver write another active sentence. He was challenged to a duel. Blood was shed. Butts were kicked. Lives vere lost. Shrieks could be heard. The halls of Henderson were run down by people who were concerned. Whemthe room was entered by them, carnage was seen by them, When Wheeler was found standing over the bodies, only these words were spoken by him: “Mistakes were made, Exercise 20. Translate into English. 1. Pyxit onpi6no marti repent xox mpitionow ix. 2. Kian orpi6no peryna Ho ‘mpopirpionari. 3, Kimmy rpeba ronysarstpu60r0. 4, CoGaxy noxkna ronynanit com i OBOwAMIE © Therma norpi6uo na- aru pyr. 6. Kit norpi6Ho rioxnacet» mad. 7. Lo xapruy sforcia noc Wt xaMinon. 8. 51K Moma neperiacri we croso? 9. Kya Moxa nocrapiH Banisn? 10. Moxcra xlimxy samuurrit popi? 11. Ha mo rionpi6xo anepayri ysary? Exercise 21. Translate into English. 1. Tfsoro nixaps sacro nnkmtxaror. 2. Ha noxsani foro sapxkay syerpivaror» npyes. 5. Bany kori avo sausngpa matin? A, Tlonowenvx mposens y penn 3a. 5. hi anpany pours xnaci? 6 2ro wanna ted imer? 7. ¥srait6yrmbomy pow ro8ynyion» Gararo mix. 8. la poGora Gyne saxinvena acryTmoro Oe wes unoro nei emnotben. 10, Konn Gyan nocannceai wi xGnyni? 11, Bixcrierys toro wacro oraynam |” popvit npo nuoro, 12. Hac sycrpinyre na cranni 13 Biamosin Gyne nianpanniena 92 xinska Min 14, Kon 445Tebe sammerynani? 15, Heit nepesran Syne saxinrenst tepes kinsKa suis. 16, Lio KRuAry nonepUyT® Buacyay 17. Ha noxsai oro syctpine 6arono. 18. Kapruna 6yna nanncavia » XVI cronitr. 19. TU-xHHTH aikopnere. Bylorbcst yim poSory? 20. B Irani nant noKaxkyrb 6araro BusHa‘HNX naM’TOK. 21. 3a HM HOnORIK nemitesna 1opGa, 22. Korn iran nony postonigs, xroch mocrykap y npepi. 23. Bac ye aanpocsiny na neuip? 24. Kons Manta npuiimira, o6%n Gyno yaxe swapeno. OM ina Exercise 22. Translate into English. 1. Co6op Crstroro Hanna 6ynysas apxirextop Pen. 2. Kons wamicann micra? 3. Kyi noxstam kina? 4. Tlpo re6e nannutyr», 5. ¥ Keni Gynyiorb Gararo Gyaunxis. 6. Thopx aurnificskux i aMepuKantcbKHX ney MenHKiB BuIRAIOTE y BcboMy cxiri, 7. Bipmi PoGepra Bepuca suaior y Gararsox xpaitiax cBity. 8. Kone Mlapnoo ikkentc Gyn mareubKum xionsnKoM, ‘toro Garbka nlocaaaxt x0 6oprosoi asm. 9. La onepa 6yna uancaia cro poxis Tomy. 10. Llefi pomast yace nepeKanenii m’trona Mopansn. 11, O6is rotypany, Kon mpiiitos xonoMy. 12. Ha Toit ac, aK BM npwixas, nucra Gyno mKe OrpyaHo. 13. Haun BysutHox, sapas pestouryioTe, 14. Kono came sanuryion», 15. Kairit make mpratecn 3 GiGniorexn? 16, Let xinioreaxp 6yp no6yowaxmit no Toro, AK Mit mpuixanst cions. 17. Tle sapaa nam pat? — Moro nocnann 10 pas, 18, Tpo Bac TinbkH IMo rowopunn. 19. Yjoma 3 Hei nocmiamtcs, 20. «Mexi tinbiat ujo HaKasas BpecTH no. nowenioo, ~ ckasan compar. 21. Xro nanvicas uboro mucra? 22, Ifi knit TisskM AHO sippann. 23. TeGe syopa pocu npuiirss panne? 24. ¥ maii6yrupomy pou foro r'eca 6yne nocrannena B uboMy TeaTpi. 25. 3a yyt porpecopom saBrcit nociuTalorh y eKagux cHryarti, Exercise 23. Translate into English. 1. Mewie wexaiorn? 2. Iv noctasiuin tpi cknajni samirantii. 3. 3a zuperropom yoke nocnanst, Jleuyo 2a- wekaitre. 4. Yeix sanpociuut y nenvxnit aan. 5, Li nuicrn mepernanyri, [x Moxa pigmpannana, 6, Ha cram ix ayerpis rin i ninpis y rorens. 7. Li xypriann nonsntti GyrH nonepnyti n 6i6nioveKy Ha HactynHoMy THK 8. Ha nanmtx sanareax 6araro yar npaginsersca nuwosi. 9. Isaony aneninn nonchsctu, 4oMy BiH mponye- kae sanatra, 10, Mee sanpocar Ha pau nevip? 11. Jfireit saxmumin B Gyaunxy camsix. 12, Ham noxasann Ayxe anbiy kaprinty. 13. TeGe myxaior». 1qH AonOMy. 14. Bac ycix a6epyrb y aauti i poskarkyT npo Bci suite sunxinbuiit nporpasi 15, Tomy 3 nvoro samen cwitoroca? 16. Hane ycint nan KBICTKH Ha BHICTABKY. 17. Jlex- ui uboro sHamenuroro npodpecopa saBKIK CiyxaIOTH 3 BETHKOIO yBATOWO. Exercise 24. Translate into English. 1. Lo crarno wanstcas onmn anraiitcoxnit xypuanicr. 2. [fporo nipuia nos BBUATK BCI crypeNTE amioi rpyn. 3. Crarra nopyana 6yrH nepertapena no n'aoi roxwnin. 4 TlepeKan Gyne saKinsenit BYaC- xo. 5. Kon a mpuitunna goqomy, obi 6yxo yoxe spapeno. 6. Ix Gyayrs nanyarH anrnificoKoi Mosu. 7. Komi aGnyko Gyno s'ixeno, aivuunnKa nana nAMbKY i nimuta w xinary. 8, Kou 6yse warvicana pauwa Kura? 9. Yci Ui KiiHC nasi 9 6i6niorexr. 10. uncranT Gys spam Biexanaveni nica jlanouuKa, 11. $1 ayaa, wo x16 8 onito Kynutrb Moa cectpa. 12, HaBecki ue none Syste HoKpATO aenenow tpavowo i kBiraM. 13. YpoKst Gyms npurotonneni, xuuira i soumnrn noxrayeni 8 Hoprben». 14. Thicra Gyno saamueno Ha croni. 15. XnonayKy ne jlosBominu xynarvcs 8 piu. 16. Tlicns OGiay nocyy, Gyno wuNutTo. 17. Ticra Gyno warNcaHo yuopa. 18, Crarra 6yna nepexnagena 6e3 rlomsut0x. 19, Ham noxaaann Gararo Kpaciux pevel. 20, Bipi Gye Bi- eH Hartan'nTb. 21. PoGora Gyna BuxoHaHa Aya AoGpe. 22. KinMry noKaass 10 tay. Exercise 25. Translate into English. 1. Lho posnosigy o6ronopum na ypoui nireparypu. 2. Moro puxosana cecrpa. 3. He Typ6ylica, fiomy yono- Moxy» y poGori. 4. ¥ nauioMy paiton 6ynyIothcH Tp How miKOMH. 5. Mee npescrasuni ii GaTbKoBi BuOPA. 6, Konu 4 nonepnyca xonomty, yci moi sanisn Oynyt» yoxe ckaianeni. 7. Ha aKuth migpyaane sx nocwnaerecs Y Balt OnORIA 8. Xi6a nei Taip Sys HancaHMt yo Toro, AK BK apobWAN Yononine? 9. Ir cnyxanH HeyBAR- 446so, i yee, io Boxa Kasaira, Gyno HesaGapom sa6yre. 10. [Ipo Heft emisoy Gararo ronopsrTs y namiomy 6yaNERY. 11, Hac mpovemt xo sani i sanpononysami Hast rapyi sticys. 12, Tlocnam sa aixasen? — Tax, ix mykaiorD, {3 Lleit mice me 6yayersca. Bin Syaysanca, Koni # Horo ynepuse, 14. Koni noNan is RonoMarans, erarti pe mepexnayiasn. 15. Koa s upsiny noxomy, o6in 6ynyr» roryBar, Exercise 26. Translate into English. 1. Bin mons posttoniniac wast wo-He6ygs wiKane. 2. Vlomy mona poanopinaior» myo0-He6yn» wiKane. 3, vacro nociutaio nutcrH apyaist 4, Mente sacro nocwAaiorb Ha HisjeHD. 5. HI samKnBExBamO soi npysin. 6 Mene saga xpansit» ygowa. 7, HocyGorn Taro noxasye miayceni Moi ouisKs. 8. HlocyGorm rary OKA: syiore MoT omit 9. Mut sacro sranyemo pac. 10. Hac sacto arajtytors y cei. 11, Men nasors cix mtopanty: 12, Lllopantry s 1a10 Kinny. Mon0Ko. 13, Mene vacro sanpoutylorb y ki. 14. Moifi cecrpi wacto nonosaraior> ymikoni, 15. 5 inom sa6ynano naaTi monenHMk, 16. Bix mute Garato nucris. 17. Kuru A. Kpicti ancraroro Jinrrepecon. 18. CoGakit moGnars xicrks, 19, Co6ax mlo6naT» y 6aratbox ponMax. 20. Kom y Bautiik ponvat orb Wai? 21. [le s6epiraior» crapi nicru? 22. Yomy wi npasina sawK saGyparors? 23. omy nt sani sabysacre 1 mpasvina? 24, [le xunyro nami xpysi? 25. He xynytorb xni6? 26, Konu crasnar nutrastia? Exercise 27. Translate into English using the verbs in the Active or Passive Voice. 1. Yeopa a nonpocus yustrena yorioorru Mew, 2. Yuopa Mee HonpocimH HONOMOFTH OMTFOKTACHKOBI 3. Mmynma nitow mamas cecrpy nanats. 4. Munyans nirom Mee apie manaru. 5. A nopajs ‘hoenry pyry nocrynirri criopritany cexwiio. 6. Meni nopagiinn nlocrynims 8 croptasity cexwito. 7.1 m0 xeagan nikapro coo} Sy6M. 8. Mexte rlokagamnt nixapi. 9. 51 aB cBoemy coGanti tpynwy uyKpy. 10. Meni zamena Gin cyn. 11. Yaopa Hays nocrassim Gararo samira’ Ha ypouti. 12. A ninnonis wa nei sarsrranuia. 13. Yoo ‘ren nocrann meni rapuy oujnky. 14. YnoMa mene noxnanwau. 15, Uli acta mpunteci panKom. 16. Mili noprdent xynuns Topik, 17. Ui ropixs a'imn nuopa, 18. Ze Bu xyrovom 10 Kusary? 19. He Kyrenst wo KENT? 20. Koni mpurorysann o6in? 21. Kon posGunx say? 22, Kom ru poadup samixy? 23. Io fiomy obtuse? 24, Konu nonaroxaimm saunnny? 25. Kons petmpaniin nomny? Exercise 28. Translate into English. 1, 3arpa st mpanecy Hosstit binbat. 2. Saarpa npunlecyrs Kosi cpinba. 3. Mit apyr HonoMorke sett 9 a ‘remarikoro, 4. Moeaty apyrosi fouomoxsyr» 3 HimeN(DKOW. 5. AL xyniuto Moposttpa, 6. Hopi Komsanit KyIUUET sanrpa. 7, bax lonpocitrs mete joriomorris fiomy. 8. alta Nonpocat» PosTOBicTH TIpo cBOr0 HOROPOX. 9. Ti- ap rionpocstts Mexe wigxpitra por. 10, JIikaps nonpocars siutikyoarst mene. 11. Kevrka mpittecyt sapTpa 12, Jmwtanr Bynyr nucatst 8 Hactynruit Bistopox. 13. Many nompocstr» He TypGyparstca. M4. Masti nanyrs srauewy xapst, 15. Maya noaxye nikapro, 16, Tererpanta Gye nismpasmiena sapas xe. 17. Kyun riosicar® Ha rity. 18. Kun noKagyro na nomnyo 19. Kons nepenipsr» xorponsity poGory? 20, Ax 6ynyt» poGwri 110 posory? Exercise 29. Translate into English: |A. 1. ¥ npomy paitoni cnopympxyersent nensxnit exonorisno Gesnewsnit sanon. 2. $1 meBeH, mo 6yne a6yonano aravo naGopatopii, axi Synyt» noGpe OGnaguani. 3. Baravo crynenteoKx osnoponsstx Ta6opiB noByyonaHio Ha nisjtenHoMy Gepesi Kpumy. 4. Yci pospaxyikut sqificniororeca 3a HomoMorow Kost TEPID. 5, IHoseMiti MoBH BuBYaroTHcsL Ha ncix ¢pakynbrerax yuinepewTeTy. 6. loro cnyxanu 3 nenukuM inttepecom. 7. Yomy tomy nocraswmi Garato saruirann? 8. le mponaiorsca wi kuru? 9, Kin ust xHutra Gyna nepexnatena YkpaincnKow MoBOWO i jle BoM ToryeTDcA AO MPyKy? 10. Konu Syne numymena y coir ux xuura? 11. Voro onpociins nignosicts Ha Tpit rorrasms. 12. Sixmo poGora Gyye saxinwena saprpa, wit oieMo 9a atic. 13, He saxonsre p aysutopito, Tas exsaMentyiorn crygeHta, 14. Ha nogin Komertyerber B cvoromimitix raserax. 447eee. | | B. 1, Meni senins pains c1onu 0 W's ron. 2, Hlomy we nann sMorn nigrorysatica Ho Buctyny. | 3. Iau ne woxasann jtoport 20 sautoro xowy. 4. Haw ne mpraimors Kar nomrTo1, 5, Ix upoeKsaxtenyaye, xa agarnicth 20 uiel poGors. 6, Bac sycrpinyr» neaxi wens neneranil. 7. JMcri 6ynyrs Bismpasneni nvacny 8, Taserit npunocars parto-spanni, 9. Tenerpama 6yna npuHeceia roquny Tomy. 10. 3a naMM Ke Tlocrany, 11. Tpo nux rosopsim, tk po xopomsx crenianictie. — Exercise 30. Answer the following questions and explain. a e ‘Asa young child: &* © were you sent to bed at a certain time? a « were you allowed to watch as much TV as you liked? © were you made to do your homework every night? © were you allowed to eat as many sweets as you liked? L @ were you bought a lot of toys? Jem © were you ever smacked? will Asa teenager: alo © are you allowed to wear what you want? app © are you given a certain time to be in at night? © are you allowed to go out as often as you want? «© are you allowed to have parties at home? . . are you given a large amount of pocket money? = are you made to help with the housework? — Exercise 31. Transform the sentences into the Passive Voice as in the example: Model: ‘They will do these exercises tomorrow. — — ‘These exercises will be done tomorrow. f 1. She is typing a business letter and she will send it in the afternoon. 2, From the console the teacher moni- : tors the students and controls the class. 3. They are building a new gym and a swimming pool for the students. : 4, They installed the new tape-recorders in the laboratory booths. 5. They equipped the language laboratories - with new booths. 6. We are discussing very important questions at the conference. 7. The professor is examin- ing my friend now. 8, Who has given you this book? 9. They took great care of their library. w Exercise 32. Rewrite the sentences in the Active Voice as in the example. Translate them into Ukrainian. Model: ‘The delegation was met at the station by the interpreter. — ‘The interpreter met the delegation at the station. 1. Our production plan will be carried out. 2. ‘The students of various specialities are trained at 16 faculties of the University. 3. Foreign languages are taught at all the faculties of the University. 4. English is spoken in England. 5. The computers have been adjusted by the students. 6. The radio is widely used for political, cul- tural and educational work. 7. The meeting was held yesterday. 8. This book must be read by all the students of the group. 9. The book is being translated by my friend now. 448Exercise 33. Transfer from Active into Passive and make sentences negative and interrogative. 1. Iread the book last week. 2. We visited the exhibition a month ago. 3. The engineers will discuss the prob- Jem for a long time. 4. They carry out important scientific work. 5. We fulfilled the task successfully. 6. They will solve the problem very soon. 7, The workers of our research group improved this device. 8. He makes a lot of experiments. 9. We attend scientific conferences. 10. I shall visit my native town. 11. We tested the apparatus yesterday. 12. The student submitted his project a few days ago. Exercise 34, Look at these phrases. Where do you expect fo see them? Decide whether they would be improved by using passive forms and whether the agent should be included. a. People who wear this garment must wash in cold water only. 'b, We apologise that the operations manager has cancelled flight KL167 because of weather conditions. <. The waiters will serve drinks in the hotel lounge at 6 o'clock. 4. Passengers can obtain refunds from the ticket office. €. The staff in this shop accept payment by credit cards. f. The director filmed this movie on location in Ireland. Exercise 35. Transfer sentences into the Passive Voice. 1. You must do three of these exercises tomorrow. 2. You can find the book you need in any library. 3. We must send these letters at once. 4. You must take the box to the station. 5. You can cross the river on a raft. 6, The workers can finish the building of the house very soon. 7. You must return the books the day after tomorrow. 8. I can easily forgive this mistake. 9. You can find such berries everywhere. 10. You must do this work very carefully. 11. The doctor says they must take her to hospital, 12. You can do the work in three days, 13. The students must return all the library books before each summer vacation. 14, Monkeys can climb ever the tallest trees. 449Exercise 36. Transfer from Active into Passive. 1, We received this letter after his departure. 2. Have dogs ever attacked you? 3. Bees gather honey from flowers. 4. The storm drove the ship against a rock, 5. Who discovered the circulation of blood? 6. They are selling delicious fruit ice-cream there now. 7. The old man showed us the way out of the wood. 8. They of- fered her some interesting work. 9, The doctor prescribed her new medicine. 10. They often speak about him. 11. Everybody laughed at this funny animal. 12. We have been looking for you the whole morning 13. We shall insist on strict discipline. 14. They teach three foreign languages at this school. Exercise 37. Rewrite the text using active structures. Then listen to the text to check your answer. Who do you think the burglar has been? Thave a friend. Her name is Ann, She has been away on a business trip for several days. Her house was broken into last week. She is back home now. What can she see? The front door and the living room win- dows have been broken, The drawers have been emptied on the floor. The TV and the video have been taken. ‘The jewellery box haven't been opened, so the jewellery haven't been stolen. The office door haven't been unlocked, so her papers haven't been taken. Hier cat has been frightened, but it hasn't been hurt. Some flow- crs from the garden were picked. The flowers were put in a vase. The vase was left on the kitchen table with the note saying “Thanks!” 7 at av fold tieth from 9.Wi in? felt Pers 18.8 your noveExercise 38. Transfer from Passive into Active using all possible subjects. 1. This mountain has never been climbed before. 2. She told me that those newspapers had been carefully put away where they would not be lost. 3. Why have these cups been put here in this cupboard? 4. Nick was fold to go home at once. 5. Invitations have been sent to all the old pupils to be present at the school’s thir- tieth anniversary. 6. All the passengers in the bus were listening to the story of the boy who had been saved from drowning by the quickness of the driver. 7. The work was finished in time. 8. The child is taken care of. +9, When was it done? 10. What museums were visited last year? 11. Have your compositions been handed in? 12. What has been said is true. 13. After the facts had been thoroughly explained to her, she no longer felt worried. 14, He was fined for crossing the street in the wrong place. 15. The Greeks were attacked by the Persians from the sea. 16, This book must be read by every student. 17. This film can be seen at our cinema, 18. Spartan children were taught by their parents to endure all hardships. 19. Which article was translated by ‘your brother? 20. They were being taught drawing at that lesson. 21. This name was seldom mentioned in his novels. 22. [am often told about it. 23. This man has been much spoken of. Exercise 39. Write P if the sentence is passive. Write A if the sentence is active. 1) Rockets were invented by the Chinese about AD 1000. 2) Gunpowder was packed in bamboo tubes and ignited by means ofa fuse. 3) ‘The Regent Diamond is one of the world’s most famous and coveted jewels. '4) These rockets were fired by soldiers at enemy armies and usually caused panic. 5) A slave discovered the 410-carat diamond in 1701 in an_ Indian mine. (6) Over the years, people stole and sold the diamond several times, 7) In 1717, the regent of France bought the diamond for an enormous sum, but during the French Revolution, it disappeared again. 4518) In thirteenth-century England an improved form of gunpowder was introduced by Roger Ba. con. 9) As a result, rockets were used in battles and were a common — although unreliable — weapon 70) In the early eighteenth century a twenty-pound rocket that travelled almost two miles was con. structed by William Congrever, an English artillery expert, ____11) Someone later found it in a ditch in Paris. 12) Eventually, Napoleon had the diamond set into his ceremonial sword. 13) Atlast, when the French monarch fell, the government placed the Regent Diamond in the Lou. ‘yre, where it still remains to be enjoyed by all. 14) By the late nineteenth century thought was given to supersonic speeds by the physicist Ernst ‘Mach. 15) The sonic boom was predicted by him. 16) ‘The first liquid-fuel rocket was launched by the American Robert Goddard in 1926. 17) A pamphlet written by him anticipated almost all future rocket developments. 118) Asa result of his pioneering work, he is called the father of modern rocketry. 19) Mushrooms were added to the salad, by mom, just before the salad was served. 20) Delegates to the convention have already been selected. Exercise 40, Transfer from Passive into Active. Use all possible subjects. 1. ‘The light has been turned off. 2, The boy was punished for misbehaving. 3. By three o'clock everything had been prepared. 4. The dictation was written without mistakes. 5, Who was the poem written by? = 6. Heer dress was washed and ironed. 7. Twas not blamed for the mistakes. 8. The papers had been looked through and corrected by the next lesson. 9. This house was built last year. 10. ‘The letter has just been sent. 11, This article will be translated at the lesson on Tuesday. 12, When will this book be returned to the library? 13, The room was cleaned and aired. 14, Have all these books been read? 452 15, 16. 17, 18 16. Who were this letters written by? “The letter has just been typed. She showed me the picture which had been painted by her husband. . [shall not be allowed to go there. 19. He has been told everything, so he knows what to do now. 20. All the questions must be answered. 21. The door has been left open. 22, Betty was met at the station. 23. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert. 24, She said that the new time-table had not yet been hung up on the notice-board. 25. The chicken was eaten with appetite. 26. It was so dark, that the houses could net be seen. Exercise 41. Tum the following sentences into the Active Voice. Where no agent is mentioned __ one must be supplied. Model: School notice: This door must be kept shut. Students must Keep this door shut. 1. Why don't you have your eyes tested? (... get an optician to ...) 2. This speed limit is to be introduced gradually. 3, The runaways are being lengthened at all the main airports. 4, Itis now 8 a.m, and we have just been given a wake up call. 5, Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes. 6. By tradition, any sturgeon that are caught by British ships must be offered to the Queen. 7. This notice has been altered. 8, The owners went away last March and since then their houseboat has been used continuously by squat- ters, (Use a continuous tense and omit “continuously”.) 453SS ., — 9, The damaged ship was being towed into harbour when the towline broke, 10, Have a lift put in and then you won't have to climb up all these stairs. 11, Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but this was cancelled bya Joss of seventeen million pounds which was made in the second six months. 12. Evening dress will be worn, 1 Se ee i | 13. The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land. | 14, Someone will have to be found to take her place. 15, He was made to surrender his passport. 16. This rumour must have been started by our opponents. 17. My paintings are to be exhibited for the first time by New Arts Gallery. 18. This scientific theory has now been proved to be false. 19. ‘The car which was blown over the cliff yesterday is to be salvaged today. 20, The house where the dead man was found is being guarded by the police to prevent it from being entered and the evidence interfered with, 21, Why wasn’t the car either locked or put into the garage? 22, It is being said that too little money is being spent by the government on roads. 23. Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank 24, For a long time the earth was believed to be flat. 25. This copy hasn't been read. The pages haven't been cut. 26. ‘The stones were thrown by a student, who was afterwards led away by the police. 27. Carrier pigeons are said to have been used by early Egyptian and Greek sailors. 28, The referee was being escorted from the football field by a strong police guard. Exercise 42. Memorize the following proverbs with the Passive form of the verbs. Give their Ukrainian equivalents. | A) 1. The road to hell is paved with good intentions. 2. Aman is known by the company he keeps. 4543. Never ask pardon before you are accused. 4. The cobbler’s (shoemaker's) wife isthe worst shod. (Whois the worst shod than the shoemaker’s wife?) 5, What may be done at any time is done at no time. 6. A liar is not believed when he tells the truth. 7. Fire that’s closest kept burns most of all. 8. Allittle fire is quickly trodden out. 9. A name is sooner lost than won. 10. Advise when most needed is least needed. 11. Desires are nourished by delays. 12. Forewarned is forearmed. 13, Marriages are made in heaven. 14, He who handles a nettle tenderly is soonest stung. 15. A threatened blows seldom given. 16. Danger foreseen is half avoided. ittle thieves are hanged, but great ones escape. 18. ‘The mouse that has but one hole is quickly taken. 19. The ass is known by its ears. 20. A bad wound is cured, not a bad name. 21. What is done cannot be undone. B) 1. Rome was not built ina day. 2. Almost was never hanged. 3. Fingers were made before forks. 4, Acorns were good till bread was found. ©)1. Youth will be served. 2. The fish will soon be caught that nibbles at every bait. 3. What may be done at any time will be done at no time. 4, Ask no questions and you will be told no lies. Exercise 42. Fill in the blanks of the following proverbs with the verbs in the Passive Voice (Pre- sent Simple Tense) given in brackets at the end. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the proverbs. 1. Well begun half done. (do) 2. The road to hell with good intentions. (pave) 3. The devil is not so black as he (paint) 4, Don't count your chickens before they. (hatch) 5. Footprints on the sands of time __not by sitting down, (make) 6. Abald head __ soon (have) 7. A fool's bolt soon . (shoot) 8. A spot most. ‘on the finest cloth. (see) 9. A fault confessed half (redress) 10. Money spent on the brain never _ in vain. (spend) 11. The moon _not ‘when the sun shines. (see) 12. Abird by its note, and a man by its talk. (know) 13. The biter__ sometimes _. (bite) 14. Don't cry before you - (hurt) 15, By-and-by _easi (say) 16. The damage ~ (do) 17. Many but few - (call, choose)18, Eaten bread soon _ __. (forget) 19. Know which side one’s bread__________(on) (butter) 20. ‘The worth ofa thing best __ by the want of it. (know) 21. He not ___at that laughs at himself first. (laugh) 22. The devil is not so black ashe - (paint) 23, Poets are born, not 24, Aslice off cut bread____ never _. (miss) 25. What. ‘by night appears by day. (do) 26, A short horse soon __. (curry) 27. He who is born a fool never _ (cure) 28. Life ____oflittle things. (make up) » Exercise 44. Define the tense form of the verb in the Passive Voice in each of the following quotations. Explain why it is used. Translate the quotations into Ukrainian. 1, Even when laws have been written down, they ought not always to remain unaltered. (Aristotle) 2. We may affirm absolutely that nothing in the world has been accomplished without passion. (W. Hazlitt) 3. When peace has been broken anywhere, the peace of all countries everywhere is in danger. (F.D. Roosevelt) 4, Alittle neglect may breed mischief ... for want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of a shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost. (B. Franklin) 5. Persons attempting to find a motive in this narrative will be prosecuted; persons attending to find a moral in it will be banished; persons attempting to find a plot in it will be shot. (M. Twain) 6. This agglomeration which was called and which stil cals itself the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire. (F. Voltaire) 7. Almost everything that is great has been done by youth. (B. Disraeli) 8. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. (R. Emerson) 9. I shall dine late; but the dining room will be well lighted, the guest few and select. (W.S. Landor) 10, Laws were made to be broken. (Ch, North) 11. have put away sorrow like a shoe that is worn out and muddy, for it is I have had a life that will be envied by great companies. (J.M. Synge) 12. One of the Seven was wont to say: “That laws were like cobwebs; where the small flies were caught, and. the great break through.” (F. Bacon) 13. The human heart has hidden treasures, In secret kept, in silence sealed; — ‘The thoughts, the hopes, the dreams, the pleasures Whose charms were broken if revealed. (Ch. Bronte) 14, Whereas it was long been known and declared that the poor have no right to the property of the rich, wish italso to be known and declared that the rich have no right to the property of the poor. (J. Ruskin) Exercise 45. Read and translate the text below. The Smoking Machine ‘One can demonstrate the dangers of smoking by this very simple experiment, and last year the children of an English Junior School used it. ‘They prepared a special apparatus. They then carried out the experiment as follows. First they cut off the filter tip of a Piccadilly No. 7 cigarette. Then they fitted the rest of the cigarette into a glass tube, which they loosely filled with cotton wool.“They used a flexible rubber tube to connect the cigarette “holder” to the vertical tube. They fixed it in a posi- tion about 2.5em below the level of the water in the flask. They did this to show how the pump was drawing the air through the apparatus, and to condense and dissolve as much material as possible. “They placed the flask in a large bowl of water to improve the condensation effect. They turned the filter pump on and adjusted it to give a slow stream of air through the apparatus, then they lit the cigarette, Imme- diately the vacuum produced by the pump filled the apparatus with fumes from the cigarette, Just behind the cigarette, they saw a yellow, oily liquid condense. By the time the apparatus had “smoked” half the cigarette, the fumes had stained the previously white cotton wool a pale yellow. By the time it had “smoked! it completely, the fumes had stained the wool deeply, and had deposited some tarry material on the tube. ‘The apparatus “smoked” three cigarettes in this way. “The wool was now dark brown and the fumes had deposited a large quantity of brown tar on the tube. ‘The “water was brownyellow ang flecks of insoluble yellow material were floating on it. They tested it, and found that it was slightly alkaline. The gas in the flask smelt horrible, They then replaced the “holder” by a clean piece of glass and fresh cotton wool, and the apparatus “smoked” another cigarette, this time complete with filter tip. They then compared the two pieces of cotton wool. The filter tip had definitely reduced the staining effect, but only by 10-20%, “The experiment strongly impressed the children, and many of them said that after watching the experi- ment, they didn't want to smoke any more. “The children’s teacher wrote a report of the experiment, which was published in a newspaper. Naturally, he wrote it in the usual impersonal style that we use for technical and scientific description. Here it is. Can you complete it? Smoking Machine ‘The dangers of smoking can ‘demonstrated by this very simple experiment, and last year it used in an English Junior School. The apparatus was as shown in the diagram. The experiment. __ then carried out as follows. ‘The filter tip __ ofa Piccadilly No. 7 cigarette, The rest of the cigarette then fitted into a glass tube, which loosely with cotton wool. ‘A flexible rubber tube __ to connect the cigarette “holder” to the verti- cal tube. This —~in a position about 2.5cm below the level of the water in the flask. This to show how the air drawn through the apparatus, and to condense and dissolve as much material as possible. The flask ina large bowl of water to improve the condensation effect. ‘The filter pump onand to give a slow stream of air through the apparatus, then the cigarette Immediately, the apparatus Just behind the cigarette, a yellow, oily liquid ‘with fumes. seen to condense. By the time the ciga- rette half smoked, the previously white cotton wool a pale yellow. By the time the cigarette completely the cotton wool, deeply and some tarry material on the tube. ‘Three cigarettes ‘smoked’ in this way. The wool was now dark brown and a large quantity of brown tar on the tube. The water was brown-yellow 457i (¥\kx\ "i and flecks of insoluble yellow material were floating on it. It______ tested, and__ to be slightly alkaline. The gas in the flask smelt horrible. aa ce thoden eg bya clean piece of glass and fresh co. ton wool, and a fourth cigarette z ____ The ‘holder’ and cotton woo again and another cigarette “smoked” tha ime complete with filter tip. ‘Thetwo pieces ofcotton woo! then, __Thestainingeffect__ definitely by the filter tip, but only by 10-20%. ‘The children : most and many of them sid that afer watching the experiment, they didn’t want to smoke any more Exercise 46. Comment on the meaning of negation and the Passive Voice implied in the fol. oO lowing phrases. Match them with the definitions given in brackets at the end. Use & these phrases in sentences of your own. 1. escape sb’s attention / notice 2. avoid punishment, ete. 3. pass sb’s comprehension 4, pass all understanding 5. come / fall into disuse 6. circumstances beyond one’s control (be too difficult for sb to understand or accept; be missed, not be observed or noticed by sb; not be punished; beno longer used; be impossible to understand, lie beyond the range of the human mind; conditions or events one is not responsible for, is powerless to affect, and hence should not be blamed for) Exercise 47. Put the verbs into the correct passive tense. 1. Ifonly we (to tell) how to do it! We wouldn't have made that awful mistake. 2, He seems to have a lot of pain. Yes, he (to treat) for terrible headaches at the moment. | 3. (to interview) the President by the Prime Minister yesterday evening? 4. (to expect) you to clean your bedroom every day? Exercise 48. Make questions and put the verbs in the correct tenses. Answer the questions with the verbs in the passive. 1, (to found) / when / Amnesty International. In 1961. 2. (to investigate) / the police / Tom’s case / now Yes, at the moment. 3. (to bring up) / the orphan / in a civilized way | Yes, she is brought up in a sound atmosphere. 4584, (to build) / in 1433 / the cathedral No, 1436. 5. (to clear) / the table / yet Yes, just. Exercise 49. Fill in the blank with the Passive Voice of the verb in brackets. 1, Traffic regulations by drivers as well as pedestrians. (must / obey) 2. Adriver by the police. (might / stop) 3. Adriver to get out of the car. (could / ask) 4, A driver, to the police station. (might / take) 5, Drunk drivers, a sobriety test. (may / give) 6. Drivers of their rights. (must /inform) Exercise 50. Change the following sentences to the passive voice. 1. You must put out all smoking materials. 2, You must fasten the seat belt. 3. They will demonstrate safety precautions. 4, You should read the safety instructions. 5, You can store small packages in the overhead compartment. 6, When the seatbelt light goes off, you may remove the seatbelt. 7. They may serve ameal. 8, ‘They might show a movie. 9. They will serve coffee. Exercise 51. Fill in the blanks with the Active or the Passive Voice of the verb in brackets. Use modals. 1. Safety precautions . (will / demonstrate) 2, Flight attendants, meals. (will / serve) 3. Passengers. their seatbelts. (must / fasten) 4, Passengers coffe. (will / serve) 5, Passengers the safety precautions. (should read) 6, Passengers to put out smoking materials. (will / tell) 7. Passengers the safety rules. (should / obey) 8 Amovie. SSS on some flights. (might / show) 9, Some movies sex and violence. (may / contain) 10. Some viewers by sex and bad language. (might / offend) 459Exercise 52. Complete the sentences with a passive construction, using the verbs given inthe form suggested. 1, Much of London (destroy) by fire in the seventeenth century. (Past Simple 2. The man who (bite) ____ bya snake was given a serum. (Past Perfect) 3, Aleader should bea man who can (respect) __.. (infinitive) 4, Many slums (demolish) to make way for new buildings. (Present Con. tinuous.) 5. The police (instruct) to take firm action against hooligans. (Present Perfet) 6. He (save) from bankruptcy by the kindness of a friend. (Past Simple) 7. A cease-fire (expect) _ (declare) (Present Simple, Infinitive) 8. A great deal of research (do)__ ater this week, into possible causes of cancer (Present Perfect) 9. ‘The worker claimed that he (victimize) by his employers. (Past Continuous) 10. The tenant (eviet)__ for not paying his rent. (Past Simple) 11. It (think) that the Government would do something to help. (Past Perfect) 12, Three hundred new houses (build) _by the end of next year. (Future Perfect) 13, Because of a strike, work on the building had to (discontinue) _ = (nfinitivey 14, The witness strongly objected to (cross-examine) (Gerund) 15. (Threaten) _ by a blackmailer, he immediately informed the police. (Perfect Participle) 16, Lam not accustomed to (treat)____in that way. (Gerund) 17. Thepassengersought (inform), ____thetrain (withdraw) _— from service. (Perfect Infinitive, Past Perfect) 18, Customers (ask) ___to ensure that they (give) __the cor. rect change before leaving the shop, as mistakes cannot afterwards (rectify) (Present Simple, Present Perfect, Infinitive) 19. Was he very upset at (not offer) the job? (Gerund) 20. ‘The man was sent to prison for six months, (find) guilty of fraud. (Perfect Participle) Exercise 53. Rewrite the sentences in the passive, making the words in italics the subject of the sentence or clause in which they appear. 1. They gave the oldest councillor the freedom of the city. 2. They denied access to the secret documents to all but a few. 3. Someone showed the child how to use the telephone. “They declared him persona non grata and allowed him only forty-eight hours to leave the country . They gave him artifical respiration. 6. Why didn’t they offer him the job? Didn’t they promise you a rise in salary at the beginning of the year? 8, Someone left him a legacy of $10,000. 4609. When he looked at the stamps, he found they had sold him forgeries. 10, What did they pay you for doing the job? LL. Someone should tell him never to do that again. 12, They asked you to meet me here at 11 o'clock, not half past. 13. Will someone send me the details? 14, We shall send you the goods as soon as they are available. 15, Someone must teach that boy a lesson! g Exercise 54. Translate from Ukrainian into English. 1. Ane mjo-70 aa cnosMHOK, KOMM MOIHt BHTpaviaior» Poaynony eHepriio Ha MOpOrxt Saas, BUCHADKVIOTS coiit Moaox HikYemnint MipKysantias po cnpapy, ski ix He TopkaroTsca i He 6yayrs ropKarsiex (B. Tix- Morini) 2, Mic tinbxt i ayant mpo Keni i mocreni, sxi cxopo arpitorbca anop (B. Hlewsyx) 3, Komsce OoKpeno1o Kontieto jocrannan GypaKnt 10 uyxponapai. Tenep ix noxuuyrb jorsarx (B. Bapxa) 4. Tran poex- “aii p Tepanoniit ronosi mswAko ynoxcs Hicist Toro, i Bix sapas >ke BHCTyMHB Hacepeg cBitmiui i Horo ‘cue siGpazinx xnnmo ysark (I. Opartxo) 5, To xati nocssoca Xpuctome newextrypaxu ({l. Morpati) 6, His we [Moxkere Bit Ment ckasatH, 8a io KOHKpeTHO Meme SaapeMiTOBaHO, 8 YOMY Mevie o6ssmynanyiorH? (I. Barpait) 7. Tlonepeny ypca experir xoniar — wocb Tam Korlan, (B, Ienuyk) 8, Brke soncio creativzo, Konst Ocanynom. JTicosyem Gyno saxinvexo posnanarn ynisepcann (H. PuGax) 9. [linwossins snogiis, — a ix rox Gararo Gyno ‘no cemax — sasamt wou uskomy poburH GarbKoni (I. Ppasiko) 10. I6parina 6yayrb wuurrH prtryany KOpOHyDa- "ax, ax nin Mae noBosyeTHce y nepuli tai cynranyBanni (P.InaxeayK) 11, Morin nasko BMMBABCA Hap RemKOIO {HOIO MiCKOIO, HOBTO & XPYCKOTOM B TABU TPYIH PYKY 06 PYKY, XOw icant Bix i KTM SHAM, INO PYKHE sce oslHo He nigainorbca (T. Trorionsnsk) 12, Jypxe cxopo crap Tlonixapm onus is wafimepenoninnns i Haske ‘xininnoc opranisaropin cinscexoro Koonepysaus. Cnovariy Jopyuiin itosy KoneKTuMBisyBaTH ORHE Cen0, YyosHonakivn fioro-TyAM: He MoMYz BOX THDKKLiD — i nepuutit TCOS y patioxt naponpmcs (10. 36aHampxati) 13. Ckasano jocitr» mposopo. Bes cyuitiny, Kosax saxoxaHit y ixio yoHbKy ite mpsxonye moro (B. Mame) 14, 2Konp, ni6w xara n cremy, rpesrtasn Bix poskout; loro MosOK ni 190 xBw7HO it cuaBRi craBan MepeXeI0, BB aKy nOBINTACA HenmKa i mana pw6a (I, Heayi-Tlesmbxasi) 15. I Kon 6 wit Mornst si6paris moxcoKy eeprito, ‘Mo MapHo TpaTitTsca B TAK snantix OCOGHCTHX CrOCyHKAX, KOM 6 MONK cKepyHanK Ti B PosyMORY Npatto. (B. Timmorsmmuntii) 16. Moro ne Gann pigroni, aK spanky foro sa6pan cnigei (I, Barpanini) Exercise 55. This exercise will help you to practice Present Perfect and Past Perfect Passive. E,W Heony came home, be wap very annoyed that nothing had been done about the house. He started complaining, but he didn’t want to accuse his wife Janet, so he said all his complaints in the Passive, without mentioning the doer of the action or actually the non-doer. HENRY: Wall, Jane, I see that the room has not been aired; the beds have not been made; the carpets have not been vacuum-cleaned; the furniture has not been dusted: the flowers have not been watered; the birds have not been given food or drink; the dog has not been taken out; the meat has not been cooked; the kettle has not been boiled the tea has not been made ...Now go on yourself, Give as many complaints as you can think of. Do this exercise twice, the second time in the indirect speech. Begin with the words: “Henry said to Janet that the rooms had not been aired, the beds have not been made”, etc, Mind the Past Perfect Passive in these sentences. S| Exercise 56. Translate from Ukrainian into English. Hagseuyaini noaii 6 Nanayi Yapieunx Ka30K Y tperiti kamepi ai6ynanucs sonci neanmuatini pevi, Kon Korsropouxo 3 Becnankow niniiimny Ao Hei, TaMt racan nenerencoKish AMKH KaGAK, HAMAraIOdHCs CROIMM MoryTHin ikNaMM po3s6uTH ToRcTi rparu, [orim y Hux Ha O¥ax Ka6aH pantom OGepHYBca Ha MaeHDKY MMILKY, WO XoTina NpoUIMMrHyT ix rpavan Axe tiei >« witti rparit mepernopuimica Ha rycry craneay cirky. Tosi mmumka neraiinio oepiynacs na Komapa, Ta 3aMicTp ciTkH Ke Gy0 MitIHe TOBCTE CkNO, i KOMap GescHITO saRaiOKaB, CIOGMTCS O6 HEOTO, Trax Gea kinust. Hi, po BuaBonenHst smiM repoam KasoK roy 6yiI0 Hi yysavn! ‘Ta ne 2« Taxit naw Mopox? Becuanka 3 KoTiropomikom ypke npofaunn mainke nce nixsemenna, a mpo poro ni cnyxy ni ayy. I panrtom y Haiiqamsmomy xyrKy KopHixOpa SanyHaB rPOMOBM To.LOG, KN mMTyKyBAB HefMoBipa poKbonH it TaKy Gpytanony naiixy, ago Becusika MiMOXiqe novepnonis i sarymuD Byxa. To GyB ronoc nmaxia Mopoxa, Ane myo Tpannocn? Youy sits rax naernca? — Auwncs! Jlupncn! — cxpaknys Koraropourxo. ~ S1>x r06i Kasas! Becnanka rianys TyAH, kyqu noKasysas Korsropouko. ¥ kpaiiiit kawepi 3a ToncruM rparasi cin via nigyiosi Tpons i ripko nmaKa, piTHpaiown cmbo3K CBOEI HartAHOT GopomoI. A Mlepes| KAMepOw crosita ‘aKaCh AUBOBIEKHA CHOPYA, IMO HarajtyBaLta HemKINi CaMOBap. BeCHAHKA MAbHO HPUJMBAABCA, CHAKYIONUCS no6asniTH nara Mopoxa, ron0c sxoro morino ‘typ. TIpore MapHo. — Al ne Gay iioro, — Hapeurri npwananes poaryGnewnti Becnsia, — [ nikon# He noGasn, — ckasan Koruropouko, — I naarani nixto foro renep wikonx Ginbuwe ne noGawwrs, Bitt tam, y nacru Tax, ne 6yna npasja. Xurpuit i niqerynwmit nad Mopox, skit Bene 2Kax y copay Beix i aki air nepexiiTpuTH it OGAypHTH KOTO 3aBTORMO, HOMABCA, AK AyPHE MUCH, B TACTKY, cHeYiaTAHO HOByAOBaxy ANA HeorO conAEHHM saituHKAMM, MacrKa ust 6ysa sanmyrasaM naGipynTOM, BBisIKH HeMOAKMBO BYEITH. Yei xoaut Gyno naGipwry spoGueuti s wapinninx jsepKan. Y na6ipuitr Gyno nywjeHo Rcsoro muLe OnH — cnt npominsnx con, ane, nig6unarounch Big ABepKAr, BiH TAK sckPanO ocpiMIOBAD YBecb AaGipu, ‘Mfo, AKGX saraauyrH TyAH, TO MoxKHa Gyno 6 ocainHyTi. 2Koawoi resntoi wyimHEKH, KOAHO! WoHa‘iatenmol umnapo4Ks, Kpisb AKy Mir 6 npoHMKHyTH TAH MopoK, ne Gyno w na6ipuxri, Tan Mopox Gy mpupesexiit nivHo KPYKIATH B LIbOMY MOpi Chita, He sHAXORAN suxouy. Cai sBinounsca nig cporo Haitcrpaninimioro, HakBeceniuioro i HaiiepnopuMiuioro Bopora. BaxkKO onucati panict», 3 axow ayctpinw yo spicrky 8 Kpaini Consunnx 3aitsnxin. ¥ anani Yapisnux Kasox ‘BnaurtyBanM TaKHit GeHKET, AKOFO UIE B OATH KAIT He Gyno. BUHO MHNOCA... (B.Hecmaiixo) ) Exercise 57. Find the answers to the questions in the wordsearch and circle them. Give the an- ® _ swers to the questions using the correct passive tense. 1, Who invented the Light Bulb? (Last Name) 2. In what country was the first Nuclear Power Plant established? 3. Who was the Greek philosopher that discovered static electricity? 4, What type of lamp did Edmund Germur invent? 462 Oe lez{r[a]2]/<[c]vjalvlo m[-|—|vjo]-[>|4}rjol< olm|[r|x|rjo|>|mia\six zlolrHlzlo]|m[rjolciz mi[m|c|s[>]o|a/rlo|m|o ° 5, What did Benjamin Franklin tie a key to and then fly in a lightning storm? 6. What was the first battery called? Exercise 58. 1) Using the words in the box, complete the following statements: GD themotoryte the aqualung tea bags jeans the sandwich adhesive tape the zip thetelephone the ballpoint pen theaeroplane the safety pin the aerosol spray can X-rays liquid paper Discoveries and Inventions Worksheet 1 i LTT TET - Theilerhone ‘was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. ____ was invented by Gottlieb Daimler. ‘were invented by Thomas Sullivan, ‘was developed by Gideon Sundbach. ‘was invented by the Wright brothers. were discovered by W. K. von Roentgen. was invented by the Biro brothers. ‘was invented by Bessie Nesmith, ‘was invented by Cousteau and Gagnan. was invented by Eric Rotheim. ‘were invented by Levi Strauss. was invented by Richard G. Drew. was invented by John Montagu. wwas invented by Walter Hunt. 2) Check your answers on Worksheet 2 and find out when each of these inventions and discover- jes took place.Worksheet 2 ADHESIVE TAPE Richard G. Drew (1886-1956) invented masking tape and clear adhesive tape (also called cellophane tape or Scotch tape) in 1930. Drew was an engineer for the 3M (Minnesota Mining) company. AEROSOL SPRAY CAN ‘The first aerosol can was invented by Erik Rotheim of Norway. On November 23, 1927, Rotheim pat- ented a can with a valve and propellant systems could hold and dispense liquids. AEROPLANE ‘The first working aeroplane was invented, de- signed, made, and flown by the Wright brothers, Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) On De- ‘cember 17, 1903, the “Flyer” flew a distance of 37 m for 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, AQUALUNG ‘The aqualung is a breathing apparatus that sup. plies oxygen to divers and allows them to stay under water for several hours. It was invented in 1943 by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan. ‘This safe, easy-to-use, and reliable device was the first modern scuba system. SANDWICH ‘The sandwich was invented by John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792) In 1762, the story goes, he was too involved in a card game to have a formal meal, so he instructed his cook to put some meat between two slices of bread to save him time. He named the snack after himself. ZIP ‘The zip was developed in 1913 by the Swedish- American engineer, Gideon Sundbach. He was suc- cessful at selling his invention, which he called the Hookless 2. He sold these fasteners to the US Army, who put zips on soldiers’ clothing and equipment during World War I LIQUID PAPER Liquid Paper is a quick-drying, paper-coloured (white) liquid that is painted onto paper to correct printed material. Liquid Paper was invented in 1951 by Bessie Nesmith (1922-1980) Nesmith was a sec- retary in Texas, USA, before the time of word pro- cessors. She began selling her popular invention, and soon ran the very successful Liquid Paper company. Her son, Michael Nesmith, was a member of the Six- ties rock group ‘The Monkees SAFETY PIN ‘The safety pin was invented by Walter Hunt in 1849, Hunt's pin was made by twisting a length or wire, Hunt invented the safety pin in order to pay 4 debt of $15; he eventually sold the rights to his patene for $400. JEANS Levi Strauss (1829-1902) was an entrepreneng who invented and marketed blue jeans. In 1873, Strauss patented the idea of using copper rivets atthe stress points of sturdy work trousers. They were sold ally to the miners of the Californian Gold Rush, ‘TEA BAGS Tea bags were invented by ‘Thomas Sullivan around 1908. The first bags were made from silk. Sul. livan was a tea and coffee merchant in New York who began packaging tea samples in tiny silk bags. Many of his customers brewed their tea in the bags rather than in the traditional way of brewing loose tea in a teapot, and the tea bag was born MOTORCYCLE A gas-powered motorcycle was invented by the German inventor Gottlieb Daimler in 1885. His mostly wooden motorcycle had iron-banded wheels with wooden spokes, This bone-crunching vehicle was powered by a single-cylinder engine. ‘TELEPHONE ‘The telephone (meaning “far sound” is the most widely used telecommunications device. It was in- vented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. His device transmitted speech sounds over electric wires. BALLPOINT PEN ‘The first non-leaking ballpoint pen was invented in 1935 by the Hungarian brothers Lazlo and Georg Biro, Lazlo was a chemist and Georg was a newspa- Per editor. The brothers patented their invention and then opened the first ballpoint manufacturing plant in Argentina, South America. X-RAYS X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Konrad von Roentgen. He was a German physicist who discov- ered that, with the help of radiation, he could photo- graph objects (including part of his own skeleton) that were hidden behind opaque shields. Roentgen called these waves “X-radiation” because so litle was known about them, 464Exercise 59. Here are some typical English menus. Prepare a talk on English meals using the in- formation you get from the menus. 1.) Traditional English Breakfast. This is the sort of breakfast English people ike to eat when they have plenty of time: cereal or fruit juice or porridge, fried eggs and bacon, toast and ‘marmalade, tea or coffee; b) Normal English Breakfast. This is the sort of breakfast English people have when they hurry to work and only have time for a quick breakfast: cereal, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. 2, a) Sunday Lunch. Sunday Lunch is usually the best meal of the week: roast pork with apple sauce, roast or mashed potatoes, Brussels sprouts, apple pie and cream; b) Pub Lunch. On week days many people eat only a little lunchtime, in a pub or snack bar: sandwiches (ham, cheese, tomato, etc.) or bread and cheese, beer. 3, a) Dinner, This menu is for a fairly normal meal of the sort one might eat at a restaurant or when entertaining guests at home in the evening. For a quicker and less formal meal the fish course is often ‘omitted: soup, fish, meat and vegetables, sweet or cheese and biscuits, coffee; b) High Tea. Many peo- ple, particularly in the North England, have their main meal, called “tea” or “high tea”, at about six o'clock in the evening: cold meat and salad, bread and jam, cakes. Exercise 60, Listen fo the song. Fill in the following vebs, using them in correct tense-form either in Active or Passive Voice. "Lemon Tree" isa song by German britpop band Fool's Garden, from the album Dish of the Day, which was released as a single in 1995 and became a major international hit in 1996, The single reached number 26 in the UK charts and remained at number one for several weeks in Germany. The band recorded a new ver- sion ofthe song in prior for their 2009 release High Times — The Best of Fools Garden. The singles "Wild Days’ and "Suzy" were also re-recorded for this album. SIT HAPPEN = HAND. MISS FEEL WAIT WASTE SEE DRIVE Go TELL TURN = WONDER CHANGE 465Lemon Tree ie here in the boring room 106 just another rainy Sunday afternoon I my time I got nothing to do see around, bee for you But nothing ever and I wonder 1_____ around in my car i too fast,1_ too far Pid like to my point of view feel so lonely, T___ for you But nothing ever ‘and I wonder Chorus: 1 how,I__why Yesterday you ‘me ‘bout the blue, blue sky ‘And all that I can _is just a yellow lemon-tree I my head up and down Y'm turning turning, turning, turning, turning around And all that I can is just another lemon-tree I here,I____the power Ta like to go out taking a shower But there’s a heavy cloud inside my head 1_____so tired, Put myself into bed While nothing ever _and | wonder Isolation is not good for me Isolation I don’t want to sit on the lemon-tree Pm steppin’ around in the desert of joy Baby anyhow I'll get another toy ‘And everything will happen and you wonder ‘And I wonder, wonder Chorus: ee how ee ly Yesterday you__ ‘me ‘bout the blue, blue sky And all that I can is just a yellow lemon-tree if my head up and down T’m turning turning, turning, turning, turning around And all that I can is just another lemon-tree Chorus: i how, why Yesterday you _ ‘me ‘bout the blue, blue sky Andall that Tcan is just a yellow lemon-tree 1___ my hhead up and down T'm turning tuming, turning, turning, turing around And all that Tcan : And all that can, ‘And all that I can is just another lemon-tree. 466Exercise 61. Use this dialogue to talk about famous works of art: Famous Artists B Sheet o painted / sculpted? It was painted / sculpted by __? Buavatte "When was it painted / sculpted? Tt-was painted / sculpted in__? os hese teary ‘It was painted with / sculpted from. Tet me get this straight: It was painted / sculpted by | Thats right / correct. in____with / from Date: Materials: ‘Name:"The Scream Name: Mona Lisa Artist: Munch Artist Da Vinci Date: 1893 Date: 1503-1506 Materials: Oi Paints ‘Materials: Oil ‘Name: Mobius Strip ‘Artist Escher Date: 1963 ‘Materials: Woodeut 467Famous Artists A Sheet ‘Who painted / sculpted? twas painted /sculpted by__ ‘When was it painted / sculpted? twas painted / sculpted in _ Name: Sunflowers Name: The Thinker Name: The Ox Artist: Van Gogh Artist Artist: Joong: sup Lee Date: 1889) Date: Date: Inthe 1950s Material: Oil Paints Materials ‘Materials: Oi paints | ‘Name: The Scream ‘Name: David ‘Name: Mona Lisa | Arist Artist Michelangelo Arise | Date Date 1301-1508 Date Materials Material Marble Matra Name: Guernica Name: Mobius Strip Artist Picasso Artist: Date: 1937 Date: Materials: Oil Paints Materials 468Exercise 61. Listen to this text about making wine. 4. Now complete the sentences below using the underlined verbs from the text. Use the Present Simple Passive. The past participles you need are in the bo: added distributed pressed ——_—_producedh Model: Wine is produced all over the world. 1. The grapes in vineyards. 2. The grapes. when they are ripe, 3. They. to thie winery. 4, Then the grapes __ 5. The grape juice into barrels 6. Sugar to help fermentation. 7. The wine for several years. 8. When ready, the wine : 9, The bottles to the wine dealers. 10. The cases of wine to shops and businesses. 11, The final product ____all over the world. 2. Now write questions for these statements. Model: Where is wine produced? 1, Where are the grapes — 2. When. ee Progress Test 1. Choose the correct form of each verb. What Is Wonderful About the Brain? Inside your head is a remarkable organ, the brain. You use it to understand and remember things that 1 (to happen) around you. “The brain is soft and spongy. It___2___(to make up) of billions of tiny parts called cells. Three coats or membranes__3___(to cover) the brain. 469‘The 5____ (to control) your body functions and keeps all parts of your body working together. Thousands ‘of messages from all parts of the body _6 __(to send) to and from the brain, Messages (to carry) to the brain by sensory nerves. Special places, or centres, on the brain receive sensory messages from all parts of the body. When messages (to receive) by centres, the brain___9 interpret) them. Allday long your musclesand your brain__10__(towork) Bytheendoftthe day they___1]_ (to be tired) Then your brain and your muscles 2 (to start) to relax. Before long, you go to sleep, brain sometimes __4__ (to call) the busiest communication centre in the world. ‘The brain — (to As you sleep, the big muscles in your body relax. 1 11. 12, A)arehappened _B) are happening __C) happens A) is made up B) makes up C) made up A) is covered B) covered C) cover | Ajis called B) has called ©) calls | A)iscontrolled _B) controlled C) controls A) send, B)are being sent) has sent A) are carried B) was carried ©) carried | Ajarereceived _B) willbe received C) will receive A)isinterpreted _B) interpreted ©) interprets A) are worked B) is worked C) are working | A)havebetired _B) are tired ©) are being tired A)are started B) started ©) start 2. Put in the correct option. 1. The castle__ built in the 15th century. (a) was (yis (hasbeen (4) willbe 2. Ishe___ arrested as we speak? (a)be (b) been (0) being (@) will be 3. All these houses _neglected for decades. (@)willbe (by are being (hasbeen (d) have been 4, There's no question that they _ delighted when they see her tomorrow. (a)have been (b) will be (had been (d) willl have been 5. That building left unoccupied since 1950. (a) would be (b) would being (c) hasbeen —_(d) will be 6, The children _ taken to school by bus every day. (a) are (b) have (owas (@) had 7. Lcan assure you that this box never been opened before I opened this morning, (a) was (b) will (is (@ had 8. That ceremony _ enacted on Tuesday next. (a)hasbeen ——(b) is (0) is being (a) have 9. How many times have you your house broken into? (a) been (b) had (be (@) have 10, I'm sorry you can’t come in at the moment because we ___the house decorated right now. (@havehad — (b) will have (had (@) are having [oT] 4703. Rewrite these sentences, putting the verbs in the Passive. 1, My car / damage / last night, (past) 2. This computer / make / in the USA. (present) —_ 3. The machines / make / in Scotland. (present) 4, The President / kill /last night. (past) 5, The money / change into dollars /at the bank. (present) 6. The parcel / post / yesterday. (past) 7. Cheese / make / from milk. (present) fhe children (give / ome (00d: (past) oe 9. The house / paint / every year. (present) 10. Several people / hurt / in an accident last night. (past) 4. Transfer from Active into Passive. 1. took him around the city. She will forget your telephone number. We shall book tickets tomorrow. We met her at the corner of the street. . They will build a new cinema in this street. A young architect designed that beautiful buildin, 2, = 4 a 5, We discuss such problems at our meetings. 6. 7. 8 .. [have done this task. Final Test Choose the variant that can't be used in the sentences. 1. These plants three times a week. a) you should water ») can be watered ©) should be watered 2. You many questions. a) won't be asked b) didn’t be asked ) weren't asked 3. Ashe behaves badly, he a) won't be asked ») didn’t be asked ©) weren't asked . The logs, too long for our fireplace. a) were cut by have to be cut «have been cut