CHAPTER 2.

TIDAL OBSERVATION

Tidal observation are carried out for at least 30 days continuously. The
elevation in tidal observation has a reference of the same height as the
reference height (Z) in the topographic survey. To facilitate the binding of the
sea level position to elevation on land, one of the four new BMs installed in this
work field investigation is placed near the tide measurement station.

The equipment for tidal measurements is an automatic water level

gauge (AWLR). The output of tidal measurements is the tidal characteristics of
the sea at the location of the power plant. From these tidal characteristics,
important water level elevations are then calculated, such as MSL, HHWL,
HWL, LWL, and LLWL.

2.1. Implementation of Tidal Observation

The implementation of tidal observation has been carried out for 30 days
starting from January 18, 2019 at 00:00 Center Standard Time (CST) until
February 16, 2019 at 23:00 CST. Within this observation, the range of high
tides are obtained during full moon and new moon conditions.

2.2. Location of Tidal Observation

The implementation of tidal observations was carried out at the Beach

of North Parak Village, Bontomanai Sub Regency, Selayar Islands Regency of
Sulawesi Selatan Province at the coordinates of 6o 04' 33.6" S and 120o 27'
14.1" E.
2.3. Tools for Tidal Observation

The equipment for tidal observations is described as follows :

 AWLR (Automatic Water Level Recorder) to find out sea level, measured
from a particular datum.
 Garmin GPS 78s to determine AWLR coordinates.
 Topkon AT-B4 Waterpass for binding AWLR to measuring stakes and
BM topography.

2.4. Tidal Observation Method

Tidal Observations are obtained from the recording AWLR devices that
read sea level elevation using ultrasonic wave sensors. The tool utilizes
electrical power from battery of 12 Volts supplied from solar cells. The
recording results are stored on SDcard media and then automatically sent in
the form of an SMS containing the measurement time (date, hour, minute and
water level). Measurement of tide was also backed up by reading manually
using tidal signs (peilschaal) to anticipate disruption of AWLR equipment due
to weather, electricity supply and run out of pulses.
 Figure 2-1. Display of AWLR device for Tidal Observation

2.5. Data of Tidal Observation

The results of Tidal Observations are 30 days (18 January - 16 February

2019) with a time interval of 1 hour as presented in the following table.
 Table 2-1. Tidal Observation data of Beach of North ParakVillage,
BontomanaiSub Regency ofSelayar Islands Regency
Tim e of Observation
No. Date
0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 012:00 013:00 014:00 015:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

1 18 Januari 2019 140 121 101 81 58 43 56 80 100 120 127 137 140 129 121 121 117 126 133 144 157 171 183 171
2 19 Januari 2019 150 125 101 53 33 22 32 52 82 103 127 135 139 137 131 123 117 122 132 151 158 171 186 177
3 20 Januari 2019 162 139 113 57 22 12 1 5 42 76 103 137 149 156 149 138 125 117 125 124 145 177 184 199
4 21 Januari 2019 185 162 48 36 21 13 9 6 9 49 57 109 131 148 158 151 138 125 116 118 144 149 171 186
5 22 Januari 2019 194 196 181 137 72 50 30 10 7 22 61 95 118 167 195 182 166 158 144 135 147 172 186 195
6 23 Januari 2019 212 225 206 185 157 127 62 46 39 37 57 81 119 158 173 188 187 176 144 127 128 119 146 173
7 24 Januari 2019 205 225 239 220 181 141 109 55 46 29 40 69 100 131 155 172 190 177 153 144 120 107 106 120
8 25 Januari 2019 140 176 190 195 176 147 122 89 59 41 35 44 60 122 146 163 196 177 163 154 128 106 97 96
9 26 Januari 2019 111 132 153 170 179 160 140 112 96 72 52 63 84 102 127 148 167 192 178 165 145 121 103 82
10 27 Januari 2019 85 103 126 142 147 151 142 130 105 96 70 56 56 83 111 138 168 182 185 167 151 129 112 92
11 28 Januari 2019 74 52 64 106 126 134 139 136 126 119 101 85 82 84 107 119 151 176 172 169 163 150 123 97
12 29 Januari 2019 75 60 54 60 80 102 120 123 125 117 109 102 98 93 108 122 139 154 177 177 177 159 137 123
13 30 Januari 2019 96 70 50 58 58 70 96 104 120 125 125 115 106 106 108 113 135 141 158 163 163 169 158 146
14 31 Januari 2019 125 100 71 42 38 48 68 88 103 122 125 121 119 116 115 110 121 131 139 156 171 177 170 152
15 01 Februari 2019 122 103 72 50 40 34 46 66 82 110 120 130 145 135 131 120 118 123 127 140 155 168 166 150
16 02 Februari 2019 141 121 85 67 48 30 34 49 68 88 114 136 135 128 136 130 122 115 120 132 144 153 166 172
17 03 Februari 2019 160 136 113 85 50 40 27 30 48 62 99 126 140 148 155 142 138 121 123 115 135 143 160 169
18 04 Februari 2019 160 145 122 106 70 40 30 26 38 58 73 108 138 147 146 144 140 131 122 113 121 139 154 169
19 05 Februari 2019 163 146 133 101 87 57 38 32 34 49 69 103 131 150 164 153 140 126 118 111 107 126 137 151
20 06 Februari 2019 165 171 165 138 102 80 56 38 36 42 62 96 122 143 154 145 143 134 122 114 107 114 122 143
21 07 Februari 2019 155 172 164 147 125 96 70 50 36 40 54 77 107 134 147 154 154 141 135 124 104 98 110 124
22 08 Februari 2019 140 163 172 153 132 112 89 79 57 39 50 76 96 112 148 162 160 153 137 121 107 97 101 109
23 09 Februari 2019 127 143 155 155 143 124 101 82 61 47 48 67 88 114 134 154 165 147 144 137 114 95 96 87
24 10 Februari 2019 117 143 134 148 139 127 109 88 70 64 53 67 87 108 129 155 159 163 153 133 117 98 84 82
25 11 Februari 2019 92 104 116 128 134 128 112 98 80 69 61 63 84 98 121 146 157 159 146 142 122 105 85 68
26 12 Februari 2019 62 86 103 112 128 125 119 112 100 81 78 87 83 95 114 142 156 165 161 147 132 120 97 88
27 13 Februari 2019 64 64 66 81 89 97 119 118 110 107 98 89 92 98 108 128 151 159 168 162 154 132 112 91
28 14 Februari 2019 57 41 61 62 74 84 108 114 118 118 118 112 105 100 108 118 134 150 163 167 167 154 128 99
29 15 Februari 2019 70 52 42 54 57 67 88 102 114 120 124 117 109 106 108 117 128 141 156 169 174 164 148 123
30 16 Februari 2019 91 62 41 28 27 42 58 80 108 118 131 131 128 119 114 114 122 130 145 158 173 165 148 116

(Source : Field data, 2019)

From the above data, the graph of tide with envelope pattern (tidal
envelope) is depicted as follows.
 Figure 2-2. Graphic of Tidal Observation on Beach of North Parak Village,
Bontomanai Sub Regency of Selayar Islands Regency
(source : Data analysis, 2019)

2.6. Harmonic Analysis of Tide

Based on observational data, the tidal analysis is performed to calculate

amplitude and phase difference of nine tidal constants. In this analysis, the
analytical method of separating the components is utilized by the Least Square
method. The nine main tidal constituents are as follows :
M2 : Principal lunar semidiurnal
S2 : Principal solar semidiurnal
N2 : Larger lunar elliptic semidiurnal
K2 : Lunisolar semidiurnal
K1 : Lunar diurnal
O1 : Lunar diurnal
P1 : Solar diurnal
M4 : Shallow water overtides of principal lunar
 MS4 : Shallow water quarter diurnal

Tidal constituents as results of analysis of observational data is

presented in the following table :

Table 2-2. Amplitude and Phase Differences of Tidal Constituents

S0 M2 S2 N2 K1 O1 M4 MS4 K2 P1
A (cm)
115.7 40.2 13.1 10.3 31.6 17.6 1.2 1.2 5.9 14.2

go 0.0 37.4 289.2 124.6 67.5 129.1 167.5 359.0 119.1 9.9

(Source: Data analysis, 2019)

After the tidal constants are known, the type of tide can be defined based
on the following formula :

𝐴(𝐾1 ) + 𝐴(𝑂1 )
𝐹=
𝐴(𝑀2 ) + 𝐴(𝑆2 )

where :

F < 0,25 : semi-diurnal

0,25 < F < 1,5 : Mixed tides prevailing semi diurnal

1,5 < F < 3,0 : Mixed tides prevailing diurnal

F > 3,0 : diurnal

With the above equation, the Formzahl (F) value of the tidal location is
about 0.9235 which means the characteristic of tidal wave is considered Mixed
Tide Prevailing Semidiurnal. The tidal pattern indicates that 2 times of tidal
period in one day with different heights.

2.7. Sea Water Level Elevation

From the nine tidal components, somevalues of front sea water level
elevation are determined as follows :
 HAT = LAT + 2 AK1 + AO1 + AS2 + AM2
= 13.2 + 2 31.6 + 17.6 + 13.1 + 40.2
= 218.2 cm
HHWL = LAT + 2 AS2 + AM2 + AK1 + AO1
= 13.2 + 2 13.1 + 40.2 + 31.6 + 17.6
= 169.0 cm
MHWL = LAT + 2 AM2 + AK1 + AO1
= 13.2 + 2 40.2 + 31.6 + 17.6
= 142.8 cm
MSL = 115.7 cm
MLWL = LAT + 2 AS2 + AK1 + AO1
= 13.2 + 2 13.1 + 31.6 + 17.6
= 88.6 cm
LLWL = LAT + AK1 + AO1
= 13.2 + 31.6 + 17.6
= 62.4 cm
LAT = MSL - AK1 - AO1 - AS2 - AM2
= 115.7 - 31.6 - 17.6 - 13.1 - 40.2
= 13.2 cm

2.8. Datum Plane

The depth of sea water is determined through map that indicates the
approximate minimum depth of sea water. In other words, the minimum water
level is usually used aschart datum. The calculation of chart datum is different
depending on its purpose.

The overall vertical measurement of the height of ground level and the
depth of sea water must be referred to zero level called datum planes. Several
datum planes are considered as zero level and vertical reference. In this study,
the utilized datum plane is the mean sea level (MSL) or the average front sea
water. Based on the results of tidal data analysis, the MSL value is 1.157
meters on the AWLR recording device.
2.9. Range of Tide

With taking the MSL value of 0.000 meter as the vertical datum, the
range of tide in locational study can be presented in figure as follows:

HAT
102.5 cm

HHWL
53.3 cm

MHWL
27.1 cm

MWL Range of Tide Range of Tide

at Neap Tide at Spring Tide
= 54.2 cm = 106.6 cm
MLWL -27.1 cm

LLWL -53.3 cm

LAT -102.5 cm

Figure 2-3. Range of Tide on Beach of North Parak Village, Bontomanai Sub
Regency of Selayar Islands Regency
(Source: Data analysis, 2019)

2.10. BM Elevation Based on MSL

The mean sea level (MSL) binding to BM points or leveling is conducted

by waterpass measurement with double standing. From this measurement, the
height difference between BM points and MSL can be obtained (Figure 6-13).
 Figure 2-4. Levelling of BM elevation to MSL

(A) MSL at AWLR = 119.58 cm (the result from Least Square analysis based on tidal observation for 30 days)

(B) ΔH Prev. BM.4 - AWLR = 378.85 cm (levelling with waterpass)

Previous BM.4 Elevation= 259.3 cm MSL (B) - (A)

= 2.593 m MSL

Peil

BM

259.27 cm
378.85 cm MSL

119.58 cm

Figure 2-5. Levelling of previous BM.4 elevation to MSL (Mean Sea Level)