Organizational

Behavior

Que-01 Arjan is an employee who is never on time for work or meetings. He has been issued
several warning memos but in vain. The management is not able to take stringent action against
him as he is very good at his work and is one of the top performers. As his reporting authority you
still feel that he should respect time and be disciplined. From the different elements of
reinforcement which one should his manager choose to get the desired behavior? Conclude by
giving why it (the one which you chose) is the best suited

1. Reinforcement is a process through which a certain type of behavior is

strengthened in an individual. This type of theory seeks to explain behavior
without depending on factors such as needs, thoughts, etc.
There are four types of reinforcement: positive, negative, punishment and
extinction

Positive Reinforcement.: - This type of reinforcement means awarding

rewards for good behavior. It helps in increasing the frequency of some positive
behavior of a person regularly as it provides additional rewards to someone. For
example, when an employee completes his given set of work before time then he
is awarded with incentive which encourages him to do the same regularly.

Negative Reinforcement: - This type of reinforcement means encouraging good

behavior among employees by removing the situation that may lead to
undesirable behavior. For example, if an employee is in danger of being demoted
so somehow, he tries to change his attitude if the manager shows that he is
hiding those negative points of an employee.

Punishment: - It involves situations which do not allow any wrong behavior or

outcomes. For example, an employee is suspended for not performing his work
according to rules built up by the organization. It helps others to bring a lesson
to not follow such steps in future.

Extinction: - This is the worst case in which actions done are never tolerated
which can only result in elimination or dismissing of the person. For example,
any employee harassing the other people for some work which can lead to some
unexpected result is never tolerable in any organization.

For Arjan, the manager should choose negative reinforcement as it is not a

punishment but is hides the wrong or bad behavior of any employee just to
encourage his positive behavior. Arjan being a valuable and best performer of
the company, the organization wants him to stay there. Company can help him
to provide more projects so that he starts learning new ways to enhance his
skills and more work load will automatically help him to be on time to remain at
the top most position of the employee chart as he always wants that he works
should be appreciated by everyone. Only the thing is by negative reinforcement
manager should stimulus his behavior of coming late to work for some days.
When the organization will award Arjan for his work then he will work much
herder.
Que-2 “Determinant of demand are the important factor which influences the decision of the
consumers to purchase commodity or a service”
With respect to the above statement discuss any 5 determinants of the individual demand.

Ans :- A communication style is the way people communicate with others,

verbally and nonverbally. It combines both language and nonverbal cues and is
the meta-message that dictates how listeners receive and interpret verbal
messages.
 direct/indirect communication style
 elaborate/succinct communication style
 personal, or person-centered/contextual communication style
 instrumental/affective communication style
These styles are present in all cultures, and the use of different styles varies depending
on the context (e.g., formal or informal situation, personal distance or current
relationship of the interact ants). Culturally, one particular style might however be
considered more appropriate in a given situation. In Finland, for instance, direct,
succinct and instrumental styles are in general preferred when presenting information in
professional contexts. There are, however, situations when Finns may become very
indirect also in professional contexts. These involve, for instance, occasions where there
is a need to express criticism.

Indian Communication Style

India is one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations dating back over 5,000
years. Today it is attracting business people from around the world who need to
learn more about the social and business practices of this rapidly changing
country that is still steeped in tradition in so many ways.

Indirect
Imply/suggest what is meant. You need to read between the lines and develop a
good relationship.

High Context
The way people interact is determined by the relationship.

Formal
Sensitivity to hierarchy/face saving very important.

Emotionally Expressive
Trust and credibility established by displaying emotion in communications.
Visible display of feelings through nonverbal behavior

Circular
Message may weave and wander
Non-Verbal Dynamics

Gestures:
It is considered rude to snap your fingers. Pointing is done with the chin, as it’s
insulting to point with fingers. Grabbing your ears is a sign of sincerity, since
ears are considered sacred. Waving a hand side to side with palm facing
 forward, as one would to indicate “hello” in western cultures, is interpreted as
“no” or “go away”.

Touching:
Men and women do not touch when they are meeting. Western women can offer
their hand to an Indian businessman who is familiar with western customs.
However, businessmen commonly touch each other and back-slap as a common
greeting. Public displays of affection between young men imply they are good
friends (not gay). Displays of affection between opposite sexes—even a kiss— is
considered inappropriate.

Space:
Indians value their personal space and expect to be at least an arm’s length away
from
others. Out in public, population density crowds’ people close together.

German Communication Style

Germany is valued around the world for its precision engineering, especially in
the auto industry. At the same time, for many cultures, working in Germany can
be challenging because of the direct communication style and high need for
detailed information.

Low Context
Little attention is given to non-verbal cues & body language.

Restrained
Emotions are discredited as unprofessional; in a business context, trust and
credibility are developed through suppression of emotions; tendency to be more
emotionally expressive with family and friends, particularly in southern
Germany.

Formal/Reserved
Comfort in knowing the rules; protocol important; sensitivity to position and age.

Non-Verbal Dynamics

Gestures:
A polite nod accompanied by a firm handshake is a common greeting, both in a
business as well as social context; eye contact is made and held during a face-
to-face conversation.

Touching:
Hugs and embraces are common in a social context; the occasional pat on the
back (from the older superior to the younger subordinate) may be seen in a
work environment. In general, not a high touch culture.

Space:
In public, space is less of a physical concept: people bump into each other in the
street and push others when queuing; it is more a concept of the mind. People
tend not to smile in public with people they don’t kno
Ans 3. a. In any industry changes are necessary as it leads to a better result but with
that a change in type of leadership is also necessary. Until or unless both the changes
are performed simultaneously no progress can be seen. So, some the skills required by
the leader to bring change in his leadership are -

Communication: - It plays a very important role in any industry or project. A

leader should have perfect communication skills so that he is able to transfer the
information effectively to others following him. Good listeners are also
categorized under good leader as he has perfect communication skills with the
other people and he is listening to them to plan the strategy for the goal. At last
his communication skills are most important.

Motivation: - Leaders need to motivate the workers to achieve a goal. It can be

done in many ways either by rewarding, providing responsibilities and other
ways also.
Leaders need to remind the workers every day that what is our main aim
and from where we have started.

Vision: - Possibly the most important ability of a change leader is to envisage a

future where the organization is performing at a higher level. Identifying how
organization will be performing differently and how they can get there is the key
skill for the leader. This is not simply copying the practices of a competitor or
advancing processes in the same way as they have done in the past, but seeing a
vision that goes beyond traditions and accepted practices.

Creativity: - As a leader, you have to make a number of decisions that do not

have a clear answer; you therefore need to be able to think outside of the field.
Learning to try nontraditional solutions, or approaching problems in
nontraditional ways, will help you to solve an otherwise unsolvable problem.
Most employees will

Ans 3.b In any industry changes are necessary as it leads to a better result but with
that a change in type of leadership is also necessary. Until or unless both the changes
are performed simultaneously no progress can be seen. So, some the skills required by
the leader to bring change in his leadership are -

Communication: - It plays a very important role in any industry or project. A

leader should have perfect communication skills so that he is able to transfer the
information effectively to others following him. Good listeners are also
categorized under good leader as he has perfect communication skills with the
other people and he is listening to them to plan the strategy for the goal. At last
his communication skills are most important.

Motivation: - Leaders need to motivate the workers to achieve a goal. It can be

done in many ways either by rewarding, providing responsibilities and other
ways also.
Leaders need to remind the workers every day that what is our main aim
and from where we have started.

Vision: - Possibly the most important ability of a change leader is to envisage a

future where the organization is performing at a higher level. Identifying how
organization will be performing differently and how they can get there is the key
skill for the leader. This is not simply copying the practices of a competitor or
advancing processes in the same way as they have done in the past, but seeing a
vision that goes beyond traditions and accepted practices.

Creativity: - As a leader, you have to make a number of decisions that do not

have a clear answer; you therefore need to be able to think outside of the field.
Learning to try nontraditional solutions, or approaching problems in
nontraditional ways, will help you to solve an otherwise unsolvable problem.
Most employees will

also be impressed and inspired by a leader who doesn't always choose the safe,
conventional path.

Commitment: - It is important for leaders to do what they commit with

themselves or with their followers, either for the rewards or an office party after
completion of any project.
3.b. Manager is doing things right whereas leader is doing the right things.
Leadership is a skill and the person who possess this ability is known as a leader.
On the other
hand, Management is a discipline, and the practitioner of this discipline is known
as the manager.
The difference between leader and manager are
 The manager uses transactional leadership style. As against
this, transformational leadership style is used by the leader.
 A leader sets direction, but a manager plans detail.
 A manager takes decision while a leader facilitates it.
 A leader influences his subordinate to achieve a specified goal,
whereas a manager is a person who manages the entire organization.
 A leader and the manager are that a leader has followers while the
manager has the employees.
 The leader focuses on people while a manager focuses on the Process
and Procedure.
 A leader possesses the quality of foresightedness while a manager
has the intelligence.
 Leaders promote change, but Managers react to the change.
 A leader aligns people, while a manager organizes people.
 A leader strives for doing the right things. Conversely, the manager
strives for doing the right things.
 A manager avoids conflicts. On the contrary, a leader uses conflicts
as an asset.
 A leader aims at the growth and development of his teammates
while a manager aims at accomplishing the end results.