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HomePapersFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTDESI
GN,
CONSTRUCTI
ONANDQUALI
TYCONTROLBy
Tam-
JonesAt
uboyedia

FLEXIBLEPAVEMENTDESI
GN,
CONSTRUCTI
ONANDQUALI
TYCONTROLByTam-
Jones
Atuboyedi
a

ByMyEngi
neer
s-Apr
il13,
2019

FLEXI
BLEPAVEMENTDESI
GN,
CONSTRUCTI
ONANDQUALI
TYCONTROL

Tam-
JonesAt
uboy
edi
aPhD,
FCI
HT,
FNSE

Abst
ract

Goodr oadsdonotcomecheapi ntermsofmoney ,ti

meandmat erials.Thedesi gnelement sfor
aroadcanbenumer ousbutitt akesalotof‘t hinkingt hrough’toachi evetheulti
mat egoal to
provi
dingcomf or t
able,aestheticsandsaf eridingsur f
aces.Thedesi gnpar ametersint he
curr
entusageofourr oadsseem i nadequateorout dated;wor kmet hodologyisnearabsentand
quali
tycont rolatsour ceishar dlymonitored.Ift hedesi gnlif
eoft heser oadsshoul dat tai
ntheir
minimum 20- y
earspan, weneedt orevi
seexi stingl awsandr einforceot herssuchasr oadt axes
onov erloadi
ng, i
ndiscri
minateabuseoft hepav ement .Goodr oadsdependonpr opert r
affi
c
cl
assifi
cat i
on,r outeselecti
on, soilmanagement ,aggregateblendi ngandqual it
yasphal t
concrete.Eachoft heselegs, wheni mproperlyhandl ed,wi l
lgi
v edef ectiveresul
tandt hereby
null
if
yt hedesi gn.Itisimpor t
antt onotethatt hewor ldhasmov edonf rom 20-yearli
fespant o
Perpetual r
oadsandt heSuper pavedesigns.

1.
0 I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thetopicoft
hislectur
eashighli
ghtedencompasseswhatcouldmakef oragoodroad,when
cont
rolsfort
heset hr
eeel
ement sareproperl
yfoll
owed.Thechoi
ceonr out
esel
ect
ion,
geometri
cdesign,pavementdesign,const
ruct
ionmethodandquali
tycontr
olar
everyimport
ant
i
fthebasisofdesignmustbeachi eved.

Hi
ghwayCl
assi
fi
cat
ionSy
stem

Usuall
y,t
hef ir
stpl
acetost arti
st odeci deonwhatt ypeofroadthatisrequi
red–Earthroads,
Singl
eCar r
iageways,Dual Carr
iageway s,Cont r
olledAccessHighway ,
Mot or
wayorTrunkRoads.
Highwayscanbecl assif
iedbydi ff
erentcl assi
ficati
onschemes:Theclassifi
cat
ionofhi
ghway s
i
nt odi
ff
erentoperati
onal syst
ems, funct i
onalclasses,orgeometri
ctypesisnecessar
yfor
communi cati
onamongengi neers,admi nistr
ators,andthegeneralpubli
c.

Diff
erentcl assifi
cationschemeshav ebeenappl iedfordif
ferentpur posesi ndi fferentruraland
urbanr egions.Cl assif
icati
onofhi ghway sbydesi gntypesbasedont hemaj orgeomet r
ic
featur
es( e.g.f r
eeway sandconv entionalst
reetsandhi ghway s)ist
hemosthel pf ulonef or
highwayl ocat i
onanddesi gnpr ocedures.Classif
icati
onbyr out enumber ing( e.g.NGR, State,
andLGA)i st hemosthel pfulfortraf
ficoperati
ons.Admi nistrativ
eclassifi
cat ion( e.g.National
HighwaySy stem orNon- NationalHighwaySy stem)i susedt odenot et helev elsofgov er
nment
responsiblef orandt hemet hodoff i
nancing,highwayf aci
li
ties.Functional classificati
on, t
he
groupingofhi ghway sbyt hechar act
erofser vi
cet heyprovidei sconsistentwi t
ht he“ Poli
cyon
Geomet r
icDesi gnofHi ghway sandSt reet
s”.

Classi
fi
cati
onbydesignt
ypesbasedonthemaj
orgeometr
icfeatur
es(
e.g.expressway
s,
conventi
onalst
reet
sandhighways)
,whi
chismostusef
ulf
orhighwayl
ocationanddesign
procedur
es.

Administ
rat
iveclassi
ficat
ion(e.g.Feder
alTr
unkA,Tr
unkB,TrunkC,
Stat
ePrimaryandLocal
GovernmentFeederRoads)usedt odenotet
helev
elofgov
ernmentr
esponsi
bil
i
tyfor,
and
methodoffinancingfacil
i
ties.

Functi
onalclassif
icat
ion,whichist
hegroupi
ngofhighwaysbythechar
acterofser
vicethey
provi
de,part
icular
lytheirr
elati
veemphasi
sontrav
el mobi
li
tyver
susaccesstopropert
y(e.g.
pri
nci
pal ar
teri
al,minorart
erial
,col
l
ector
,Local
Str
eet,et
c.)

Funct
ionalclassi
fi
cat
ionhasbeenusedasani
mportantpl
anni
ngtool
forcomprehensi
ve
tr
ansportat
ionplanni
ngschemesandisnowaccept
edasthepredomi
nantmethodof
cl
assif
yinghighwayfaci
li
ti
esandsyst
ems.
Thecl
assif
icat
ionofRoadsi
nNigeri
aandt heNi
geri
anroadnetworkfr
om t
hecol
oni
alday
sto
thepr
esentday,hav
ebeenmajorl
yclassi
fi
edint
othree,
namelyTrunksA,
B&C.

Hi
erar
chyofRoads

ROADCLASSI
FICATI
ONSUMMARYBYSELECTEDCOUNTRI
ES

S/
NO.UNI
TEDSTATES UNI
TEDKI
NGDOM EUROPEANUNI
ON NI
GERI
A

1. Fr
eeway
s PRN:
Mot
orway
s(A-
Class) Mot
orway
s Tr
unk-
A*

2. Ar
ter
ial
s(Expr
essway
s) SRN:
Mot
orway
s(A-
Class) Expr
essway
s Tr
unk-
B

3. Col
l
ect
ors Secondar
yRoads: Ot
herRoads Tr
unk-
C

4. Di
str
ibut
ors – BCl
ass

– Cl
assi
fi
edun-
number
edr
oads

– Uncl
assi
fi
edr
oads

St
ateRoads

5. Local
s Local
s

*Seef
urt
hercl
assi
fi
cat
ionoft
heTr
unkr
oadsi
nto‘
F’and‘
A’r
oads
2.
5.1Uni
tedSt
atesandCanada

1)Fr
eeway
s

Atthetopoft hehi
erarchyar
eli
mitedaccessroadsFr
eewaysorExpressways,
includingmost
tol
lroads.Theseroadsprovi
delar
gelyuni
nter
ruptedt
rav
el,
oft
enusingparti
alorfullaccess
control
,andaredesignedforhi
ghspeeds.

2)Ar
ter
ial
s

Ar
ter
ialsar
emaj ort
hroughroadst
hatar
eexpectedt
ocarryl
argevol
umesoftraf
fi
c.Ar
ter
ial
s
ar
eoftendivi
dedint
omaj orandmi
norart
eri
als,
andrur
alandurbanar
ter
ial
s.

3)Col
l
ect
ors

Coll
ect
ors(
nottobeconf usedwithcol
l
ectorl
anes,whichreduceweav
ingonfr
eeways)
,col
lect
tr
aff
icfr
om l
ocalroads,
anddi st
ri
butei
ttoart
eri
als.Tr
affi
cusingacol
lect
ori
susual
l
ygoingto
orcomingf
rom somewher enearby.

4)Local
roads

Att
hebottom oft
hehi
erar
chyar
elocalst
reet
sandroads.Theser
oadshav
ethelowestspeed
l
imi
t,andcar
rylowvol
umesoftr
aff
ic.I
nsomeareas,t
heseroadsmaybeunpaved.

Thenet
wor kisbasedonagr i
d,wit
hevennumberedrout
esrunningeastt
owest,andodd
number
edr outesrunningnor
tht
osouth.Lowernumberedr outesareinthesouthwest
whil
ehighernumber edrout
esareint
henort
heast
.Majorr
out essuchascoasttocoastor
bor
dertobor derr outesendina0ora5.

2.
5.2Uni
tedKi
ngdom

1)Mot
orway

Motorways,si
mi l
art
of r
eeways,t
hesehigh-speedroadsaredesignat
edwit
hanM prefixor(
M)
suff
ix.e.
g.M1, A1(M).Thespeedli
miti
sgener al
ly70milesperhour(110km/h)andtherei
sa
hardshoulder
,anoftensli
ght
lynarr
owerlanenexttolane1,whichisusual
lyonl
ytobeusedin
casesofanemer gency.
2)Pr
imar
yA-
road

Greenonmapsandsi gns.Amainrecommendedr out

ethesecanbesi ngletrackasinNort
h
WestSuther
landormor eusual
l
ysingl
ecarr
iagewayordualcarr
iageway .Theprimar
yroad
networ
kisfull
yconnected,
meaningyoucanreachanypartfr
om anyot herwi t
houtl
eavi
ngthe
networ
k

3)Br
oad

Regional
innat
ureandusedtoconnectareasoflesseri
mport
ance.Usuall
yshownasbr
ownor
yel
lowonmapsandhav ethesamewhi t
esi gnsasnon-Pr
imar
yA-Classroutes.

4)Cr
oad

Croadsar eusedaslocal
author
it
ydesi
gnati
onsf
orrouteswit
hint
hei
rar
eaforadmini
str
ati
ve
purposes.Theserout
esarenotshownonroadmaps,buthav
eoccasi
onal
lybeenknownto
appearonr oadsi
gns.

2.
5.3NI
GERI
A

1)Tr
unk-
ARoads

Theser oadsf ormtheskeletonofthenationalroadgr i

d.Theycutacrossregi
onalboundar
iesin
thecount ryandevenext endtotheinter
nationalbordersofnei
ghbouringWestAfr
icancountr
ies.
Thesecat egoriesofroadsareunderFeder alGovernment’sownershi
p.Theyaredesigned,
constructed,maintai
nedandf inancedbytheFeder algovernmentthr
oughtheFederalMini
str
y
ofWor ks.TheFeder al RoadMai nt
enanceAgency( FERMA)i sinchargeofcar
ryi
ngout
maintenanceoft hisclassofroads.

2)Tr
unk-
BRoads

Theser
oadsar
ethesecondcat
egor
yofmai
nroadsi
nNi
ger
ia.Theyl
i
nkt
hemaj
orci
ti
eswi
thi
n
Stat
eswiththeStatecapit
als.Theseroadsaredesi
gned,developed,
financedandmai nt
ained
bytheStategover
nment sthroughthei
rMini
str
iesofWorks,Transpor
torI nf
rastr
uctur
e.The
pri
maryobjecti
vesofTrunkBr oadsaretoenhancethesoci
o-economicdev elopmentofthe
vari
ousStatesi
nthecount r
y.

3)Tr
unk-
CRoads

Theseroadsarelocal f
eederroadsconstr
uct
edandmai ntai
nedbytheWorksDepar t
mentof
LocalGovernmentAut hori
ti
esinNiger
ia.Thi
sclassofroadsarepr
imari
lynotconcret
e
asphal
tedandareaf fectedbyseasonalweat
herchanges.Theroadsli
nkvil
lagesand
communi t
iesint
her emot epart
sofeachlocalgover
nmentregi
on.

2.
5.4 FEDERALHI
GHWAYSACT

AnActt ovestt
hepower sofmanagement ,dir
ecti
onandcont r
olofFederalhighways
throughoutNigeri
ai ntheMinisterofWor ksandHousi ng,inrespectofplanning(i
ncl
udi
ng
researchanddesi gningofFederalhighways) ,
theconstructi
onandmai ntenance,the
supervisionofusersofsuchhi ghway sandt heregul
ati
onoft raff
icther
eon.[1971No.4.
]

TheActhasat
tempt
edt
odef
inet
hev
ari
ousr
oadsasf
oll
ows:

Expressways–( usingt heprefix‘E’

)arewhatt heNigerianauthorit
iesconsi
derthemot orwaysin
thecountry
.From aEur opeanper specti
ve,manyoft heser oadslacktheli
mitedaccessnat ur
e
whichgivesmot orway stheirdefini
ti
on.Whenmappi ngexpr essway si
nNigeri
a,payattenti
onto
thedetai
lsofther oad( i
.e.arejuncti
onsgr ade-
separated?Ar etheregapsinthecentr
al
reserv
ati
onbet weent hecar ri
ageway s?).Thisshouldpr ov
ideenoughi nf
ormationtomapt he
roadsaseitherhighway =mot orwayorhighway =tr
unk.

Trunkroads–( usi
ngtheprefi
x‘A’
)arewhatmakeupt hebulkofthemai
nnetwor
kofroadsi
n
Niger
ia.Theseroadsshouldberepresentedashi
ghway=t
runkroads,
orwher
erepl
acedby
paral
lelexpr
essways,r
epresent
edashi ghway=pr
imar
yroads.

Feder
alr
oads–(
usi
ngt
hepr
efi
x‘F’
)F1xxr
oadsr
uneast
-westwhi
l
stF2xxr
oadsr
unnor
th-
sout
h.
Theseroadsf
ormthepr
imar
yli
nksbetweenthemaint
runkr
out
esacr
osst
hecount
ry.Thus
theser
oadsshoul
dbemappedashighway=pr
imar
y.

Expr
essway
s

E1 Expr
esswayLagos(
Ojot
aInt
erchange)–I
badan–Oj
o(A1)

Ar
oads

A1 ApapaWhar
f–I ganmu–West er
nAv enue–Idi
–Or oRoundaboutacr
oss–I
korodu
Road–lkor
odu–Shagamu–l badan–Oy o–l l
ori
n–Jebba–Kontagora–Yelwa–Koko–
Jega–Tambawal–Soko-–Il
lel
aNigerborder

A1-
1 Mal
uRoad(
Oval
Int
erchange)(
Al)–Ki
ri
ki
rimaxi
mum secur
it
ypr
ison

A1-2 Juncti
onofBroadSt
reetwi
thMar
ina–EkoBr
idge–j
unct
ionwi
thAl
atWest
ernAv
enue
(Aor
taI
nter
change)

A2 Kongol
am (Ni
gerbor
der
)–Daur
a–Kano–Zar
ia–Kaduna–Abuj
a–Lokoj
a–Auchi
–
Beni
nCit
y–War r
i

A3 Roadov
errai
lwaybr
idgeonthePor
tHarcour
t-t
ownshi
pboundar
y–Aba–UmuUy o–
Ower r
inta–Umuahia–UmuDur u–Okigwi–Awgu–Oj iRi
ver–14.
4kil
omet
resCornerOt
ukpa
–Ot urkpo–Ali
ade–Makurdi –Laf
ia–Akwanga–Wamba–Jos–Bauchi –KariPoti
skum –
Maidugur i
–Gamboru

A3-
1 Thedual
car
ri
agewayEnugu–Por
tHar
cour
t

A4 Cal
abarTownshi
p–Mbar
akom –Ugep–I
kom –Ogoj
a–Kat
sinaAl
a–Jal
i
ngo–Yol
a
Gombi
–Bama–Mai dugur
i

Fr
oads

EAST‐
WESTERLYROUTES

F100 Lagos(
ApapaRoadFl
yov
ersout
hofI
ganmu)–Badagr
y–Beni
n

F101 I
kor
odu(
A1)–Agbowa–Epe–Sunmageandt
ermi
nat
ingnearOso(
A121)

F101-
1Sunmage(
F101)–I
wopi
n

F102 Shagamu(
Al)–Owode–Abeokut
a–Meko–I
ll
ara–Beni
n(RNI
E4)
F103 Ef
fur
un–Ughell
i–Uwherum –Pat
ani
–Mbi
ama–Ahoada–Rumukor
oshe–Nchi
a–
Opobo–Eket–I
kotUbo–Oron

F103-
1Okr
ika–Nchi
a(F103)

F104 Aba–Azumi
ni–Et
inam –Ndi
ya–I
kotUbo(
F103)

F105 Awbel
e(Beni
nbor
der
)–Oj
aOdan–I
lar
o–Owode(
Fl02)

F106 Ower
ri–Ngur
u–Et
it
i(A3)

F107 Umuahi
a–Bende–Ohaf
ia(
F234)

F108 Ar
ochukwu–I
kotOkpor
a–Or
ir
a(A4)

F109 Amukpe(
A2)–Eku–Abr
aka–Obi
aruku–Umut
u

F110 Por
tofKol
o–Ol
ogbo(
A2)

FROADS

NORTH‐
SOUTHERLYROUTES:

F.
200 Ther
oadst
art
ingf
rom apoi
ntnearMar
ogbo,
aboutni
net
eenKi
l
omet
resEastofBadagr
y
onF.
100

cont
inui
ngt
hencet
oIl
aro‐
Abeokut
aIsey
ing‐
AgoAr
eandt
ermi
nat
ingatKi
shi
onTr
unkRoadA.
7.

F.
201 Theroadstart
ingf
rom Kai
amaonTrunkRoadA.
7,cont
inui
ngt
henceonWawa‐
New
Bussaandt
erminati
ngatYel
waonTrunkRoadA.1.

F.
202 Theroadstar
ti
ngfr
om AgoAr
e,cont
inui
ngt
hencet
oShaki
‐I
lesha‐
Okut
aandt
ermi
nat
ing
at
KosubosuonTrunkRoadA.
7.

F.203 Theroadst
art
ingf
rom Kambaonthefront
ierwit
htheRepubli
cofBeni
n,cont
inui
ng
thenceto Kal
goBi
rni
nKebbiandter
minat
ingatArgunguonF.132.

F.204 Ther
oadstart
ingfr
om I
toki
nonF.
101,cont
inui
ngt
hencet
oIbef
un‐
Ij
ebuOdeand
termi
nati
ngatI
diAyunreonTr
unkRoadA.1.
F.
205 Theroadstart
ingfr
om I
jebuOdeonA.121,cont
inui
ngthencet
oIj
ebuI
gbo‐
Il
e
I
fe‐
ShekonaOshogbo‐
Offaandt
er mi
nat
ingatAj
asseonA. 123.

3.
0 ROADWAYDESI
GN

3.
1Geomet
ri
cDesi
gn

Geomet r
icr
oadwaydesigncanbebr
okenintothreemainpar
ts:al
ignment
,pr
ofi
l
e,andcr
oss-
sect
ion.Combined,
theyprov
ideat
hree-
dimensional
lay
outforaroadway.

Rout
eLocat
ion

3.
1.1.
1TheEnv
ironment
sofHi
ghwayEngi
neer
ing

Iti
smor eusual thannott oconcentrat
eengi neeri
ngont hecomputati
onalaspectsofaproblem,
withtheresul
tthatpeopl ebecomecondi t
ionedtoequat i
ngnumericalsol
uti
onswi t
hproblem-
solvi
ng.Problem- sol
ving,however,i
mpliesdecision-makingwhi
chinturnimpli
esnumer ous
compr omiseswit hprevaili
ngenvi
ronment alcondit
ionsand,par
ti
cular
lyforpubl
icsect
or
probl
ems, wit
ht hepol it
icsofthebudgetaryprocess.

Theengi neer’
sroleint hedecision-makingpr ocesscanonl ybeenhancedbyaf ullappreci
at i
on
ofhowt heenvir
onmentf acil
it
atesorconst rainsal ternat
ivesol ut
ionstohis/herpr obl
ems.The
engineercannotstandbysmugl yont heside-lineswi t
hthe‘ best’sci
enti
fi
candt echnol
ogical
soluti
on, obl
iv
ioustot heenv ir
onmentr elat
ingt oi tsapplication.He/shemustappr eci
atethat
theresultofallofhi
s/ hercomput at
ionsistheest abl i
shmentoft echnicalboundar yconditions,
andt hatintheanalysishe/ shemustr ecommenda‘ good’or’ opt
imum’ courseofact i
on, i
.e.,one
thatisacceptablet
ot heul t
imatedeci si
on-maker s.

3.
1.1.
2St
ati
ngt
hepr
obl
em
Thehi ghwayengi neeringpr oblem, l
i
keanyot herprobl
em, existsi
nacompl exenv i
ronmentt hat
mustbet akeni ntoaccounti ndecision-maki ng.Theengineermustanal yseapar ti
cularproblem
and, onthebasi soft hisanal ysis,maker ecommendat i
onswhi charenotonl yscienti
fical
ly
soundbutar eal soadapt ablet othephy sicalenv i
ronment,technologicall
yachi evable,
economi callyviable,f
inanciallyattai
nable, andi nthefi
nalanal ysi
s,social
lyaccept able.Whatar e
theseenv ir
onment sandhowdot heyimpi ngeont heengineer i
ngproblem- solvi
ngpr ocess?To
i
ntegr at
eall thesepar amet ersi nt
osev erall
yaccept abl
ehighwayt akestime.I ntheUK, some
mot orwayt akemor ethan10y earsforplanni ng.

a)Thephy
sical
env
ironment

Thishast radi
ti
onallybeentheenv ironmentofmostconcer nt oengineers,andincludest he
foll
owingf act
ors:t
opogr aphy,geology ,soi
ls,mat er
ials,naturaldrai
nage, v
egetati
on, landuse,
rai
nfall
,andclimate.Eachoft hesef actorsmaybef urtherdefinedbyv ari
ouschar acterist
ics
thatassisttheengineerinanalysisanddesi gn.Forexampl easoi lt
hroughwhi char oadmaybe
l
ocat edwillbecharacter
isedbyt ype, geotechnicalpr opert
ies,depthtobedr ock,l
andf orm seri
es,
physicalboundari
es, et
c;orrainfal
lmi ghtbechar act eri
sedbyi ntensit
y,durati
onandf requency
peryear.

Thephy sical env i

ronment alfactorsandchar acteri
sticsofi nterestareshowni nFig.3.1along
wit
hani ll
ust rationoft heat t
endantanaly ses.Highwayengi neersquicklycomet oknowt he
eff
ectoft opogr aphyonal ignmentandgr adientorofgeol ogyonl ocationanddept hofcuts,or
ofmat erialsonpav ementdesi gnorofv egetati
ononcl earingandgr ubbi ng.Theyalsocomet o
appreciatet he‘ remot e’rel
ationshipsbetweent hef actorst hemsel v
es, forexampl e:aknowledge
ofthety peofv egetati
ononl ymi ghtgivesomecl ueast othet y
peofsoi l:t
hepar entgeologyof
anareai nt eract swithther ainf
allandclimat etoproducecer tai
ntypesofsoi ls(parti
cular
lythe
l
ateri
ti
csoi lsf oundi ntropicalareas):t
opogr aphyisnoti ndependentofgeol ogy,anddr ai
nage
patt
ernsr ev eal informationaboutsoi landgeol ogical str
ata.

Fi
gur
e3.
1Env
ironment
alAnal
ysi
sofPhy
sical
Fact
ors

b)TheTechnol
ogi
cal
Env
ironment

Thetechnol
ogicalenvir
onmenti nwhichasoluti
onmayhepr escri
bedseriousl
yaffectsthe
successofi
tsimpl ementati
on,whethersuccessismeasuredint
er msofquali
ty,completi
onor
ti
me.Technologicalf
actorsthataf
fecthighwayengineer
ingdeci
sionsi
nclude:t
echnological
l
iter
acyandawar eness,ski
ll
edmanpower ,managementmanpower ,manpowertraini
ngcapacit
y,
tool
sandequi
pment
,const
ruct
ionmateri
als,
const
ruct
iont
echnol
ogy
,haul
i
ngcapaci
ty,
anal
yti
cal
andcomput
ati
onalcapaci
ty.

c)TheEconomi
cEnv
ironment

Someoft hefact orst

hatdefinet heeconomicenv i
ronmenti nsof arasitaffectshighway
engineer i
ngdeci sionsareasf oll
ows: gr
ossnat i
onalproduct(GNP)orgr ossdomest i
cpr oduct
(GDP) ,recessionar yt
rends,unempl oymentrates,i
nfl
ationrates,percapitaincome, vehiclesper
capita,sizeofi nformalsector,cashversusfoodcropcul ti
vati
on, agr
icul
turalversusindust ri
al
production, di
stributi
onofeconomi cacti
vi
ty,costoflabour,equipmenthi r
er at
es, costofl i
vi
ng,
debtser viceratio,competingdemandsf orgovernmentf unds,forei
gnexchanger eserves; oi
l
i
mpor tbill
;expor t-
importr
atio.

b)TheFi
nanci
alEnv
ironment

Inmanyway sfi
nancei ssocl oselyalli
edtoeconomi cst hatiti
sdebat ablewhet heritshouldbe
i
dentifiedasasepar ateenv ironmentf orconsi
der at
ion.Howev er, t
her easonforthisseparation
i
st oemphasi sethedisti
nctionbet weeneconomi cviabil
it
yandf inancialfeasi
bil
it
y,parti
cularly
from thepointofv i
ewofengi neeringeconomics.Thef actthatanengi neeringeconomi c
analysis,whichproperlyconsi der
st heeconomi candt echnologicalenv i
ronment ,
clearl
y
i
ndicatest hatthebenef i
t-
costr ati
oofapar ti
cularmai ntenancepr ogrammeov erthenextf i
v e
yearsexceedsanyot heralternati
vei nvest
menti ntheeconomyi sonet hi
ngWhet herthe
fi
nancingwi llbeavail
abletor eal
i
set hi
sbenefitisanot her.Thefinancialenvir
onment alfactors
i
nclude:

Nat
ionalcr
edi
trat
ing;i
nter
nat
ional
credi
trat
ing;
aidr
eci
pient
s;nat
ional
debt
;bankl
endi
ng
pol
i
cies;
bondi
ng;insur
ance.

c)TheSoci
alEnv
ironment

Asment i
onedear li
eranyhi ghwayengi neeri
ngdeci si
onmustul t
imatelybesociallyacceptableif
i
tist obesuccessf ullyi
mpl ement ed.Thisi sparti
cularl
ythecasewi throadpr ogrammesi n
areaschar acter
isedbysubsi st
encef arming,non- marketeconomi cs,l
owpopul ationdensiti
es
andnon- mot ori
sedlocal t
ransportation—t heso-call
edr ur
al ar
eas.Inthiscontext,thefol
lowing
factorsaresuggest edast hosedef iningthesoci alenvi
ronment :
seasonal unemploy ment;
perennialunderempl oyment ;populati
ondensi tyanddi str
ibuti
on;technologicaldev el
opment ;
skil
llevel
;educat i
onal l
evel;percapitaincome; meansoft ransport;
l
ocationanddi stri
but
ionof
soci
alser
v i
ces;l
ocat
ionanddistr
ibuti
onofmarket
s;f
oodst
oragecapaci
ty;
tri
ppr
opensi
ty;
l
atentt
raveldemand;educat
ionalopport
uni
ti
es.

Socialacceptanceisav i
talfactorinhighwayplanni
ngandengi neeri
ng.I
ntherapidexpansi
on
ofhighway si
ndev elopedcount ri
esfollowi
ngtheSecondWor l
dWar ,manyengineeri
ng
soluti
onswer efrust
ratedintoabandonmentbecauseofsoci al
ly-
unaccept
ableconsequences,
suchasnei ghbourhooddisintegrati
on,noiseandairpoll
uti
on,defi
lementofthenatural
envir
onment ,andsoon.Env ironment alimpactst
atementsbecamet heorderofthedayandany
roaddev el
opmentpl ancouldbet iedupi nyearsofli
ti
gati
on.

Havingknownthety
peofr oadandrout
eoftraf
fic,
younowapplyt
hebasi
cdesi
gncont
rol
s.
Thesecontr
olsandcri
ter
iaincl
udebutnotl
i
mi t
edtothefol
l
owing:

DesignVehi
cles:
Ther
earebasi
cal
lyt
woclassesofvehi
cles–passengercar
sandt
ruckst
obe
used.AASHTOhasabouttendesi
gnvehi
clesf
orthi
spurpose.

Tr
aff
icv
olumeandcomposi
ti
on

Desi
gnSpeed

Capaci
tyandl
evel
ofser
vice

AccessCont
rol

3.
2 PAVEMENTDESI
GN

3.2.
1Flexi
blePavement:Thefl
exi
blepavementi
sthatwhichmayconsi
stofarel
ati
vel
ythi
n
wearingsur
facebuil
toverabasecourseandsubbasecourse,
andt
heyrestupont
he
compactedsubgrade.

Fl
exi
blePav
ement(
USTy
pe)
3.
2.2Def
ini
ti
onofHi
ghway(
UK)

Ahighwayis“awayoverwhichthepubli
chaveari
ghtt
opassandr
epassasofr
ightandnotby
suf
feranceorbyl
i
cence”.I
tisanint
erest
ingpoi
ntt
onotet
hatawater
waycanbea‘highway
’.

SomeTer
minol
ogychangesi
ntheUKandEUSt
andar
dsasf
rom Januar
y2002:

‘
Sur
facecour
se’` –r
epl
aces –‘
wear
ingcour
se’

‘
bindercour
se’ –r
epl
aces –‘
basecour
se’

‘
base(
roadbase)
’ –r
epl
aces –‘
roadbase’

‘
mat
eri
alst
oBS4887’ –r
epl
aces –‘
macadam’

SECTI
ONTHROUGHPAVEMENT(
UKTYPE)
3.
2.3 Axl
eLoads

I
nNi geri
a, t
heaxl el
oadi sabout80kN( 8158kg( 8.2t
ons)).Thisloadi
snomor er
eali
sti
caswe
havev ar
y i
nghigheraxleconf i
gurati
onsandl oad.Howev erfrom theHighwayActsev eralaxl
e
l
oadshav ebeensuggest edrangingfrom 11tonnest o32t onnes.Howev er
, t
heECOWASt reat
y
hasallowedv ari
ousaxl el oadli
mi t
sfordi f
ferenttypeofv ehicl
esrangi
ngf rom 18tonnesto84
tonnes.Itimportanttonot ethatourr oadswer enotdesi gnedandconst ructedwiththi
s
parameterinmi nd.Forinst ancethecementt ractor-
trai
l
ersandf uelt
anker shaveaxleloadsof
between45t onnes( 441.3kN)and60t onnes

(
588kN)
.Defi
nit
ely
,thesel
oadswi
l
lrapi
dlydamaget
her
oad.Thesadaspecti
swhatt
he
Hi
ghwayActsays:

Sect
ion26(
2). Vehi
clesnott
oexceed32t
onnesgr
osswei
ght
,et
c.

(1)Novehi
cleshal
lbeusedonaFeder
alhi
ghwayi
fthesi
ngl
eaxl
eandt
andem axl
ewei
ght
exceeds

10tonnesand16t onnesr
espect
ivel
yorift
hegrossweightoft
hevehi
cleexceeds32tonnes
exceptasspeci
fi
edinPart
sIandIIoftheSchedul
etotheseRegul
ati
ons. [ Schedul
e.]

(2)Notwithstandingthefor
egoingprovisionsoft hi
sregul
ati
on,anyauthori
sedofficermaygr ant
aper mitf
orapar ticul
aroccasi
onoroccasi onsfortheuseofamot orvehi
cleortrail
erwhich
doesnotconf or
mt ot
herequir
ement soft heseRegulati
onsandsuchper mitshal
l besubjectto
suchcondi t
ionsasmaybei mposedt hereonandshal lbecarr
iedbythedriverofthemot or
vehicl
eonal loccasionsandbepr oducedbyhi m ondemandbyapol iceoff
iceroranauthor i
sed
offi
cer.
(3)Anownerofamot orvehi
cleabov
et entonnesbutnotexceedi
ng32tonnesshall
obt
ainan
annualpermi
tinsuchfor
m ast heMi
nistermaydeter
minetooperatet
hesaidvehicl
eonany
Federalhi
ghway.

Sect
ion26(
3).Est
abl
i
shmentofwei
gh‐
bri
dges

(
1)TheMini
stermayi
nst
all
atsuchl
ocati
onsonanyFederalhi
ghwayashemaydetermine,
wei
gh‐
bri
dgesfort
hepur
poseofwei
ghingofvehi
clesi
npursuanceoft
heseRegul
ati
ons.

(
2)Anauthor
isedofficermay ,
ifhesor equir
eswiththeassi
stanceofapoliceoff
icer
,atany
t
imeandforreasonablecauser equi
reav ehi
cleaff
ectedbytheseRegulat
ionstobedriventoa
wei
gh‐
bri
dgelocati
ont ohav eit
snet,grossoraxleweightascert
ainedandthepersondriv
ing
t
hevehi
cleorincharget her
eofshallcomplywithsuchrequir
ement .

(3)Theprovi
sionsoft
heseRegulat
ionsshal
lnotappl
ytoanomnibus,bei
ngavehi
clecapabl
e
ofcarry
ingaloadofnotl
essthan750kgdesignedandconst
ruct
edf ort
hesol
epurposeof
carr
yingpassenger
sandthei
rluggage.

Sect
ion26(
4).Penal
ty

(1)Nopersonshallcauseorper
mitt
obeusedonanyFederalhi
ghwayort
hereonhavecharge
ofamot orvehicl
eoratrai
l
erwhichi
snoti
nall
respect
sinaccor
dancewit
htheprovi
sionsof
theseRegul
ations.
(2)Anypersonwhooperat
esamot orvehi
clei
ncontrav
enti
onoft
heseRegulat
ionsshal
lpayat
theweigh‐
bridgel
ocat
ionapenal
tyofN100andinadditi
on,t
heownershal
lathisownri
skand
expense,r
emov et
heexcessl
oadf r
om hisvehi
cle.

(3)Anypersonwhof ai
lst
opayt hepenalt
yinparagraph(
2)ofthi
sRegul at
ionorwhofail
sto
compl ywit
horactsincontr
aventi
onofanyprovisi
onoftheseRegul
ationsshallbegui
l
tyofan
offenceandli
abl
eonsummar yconvi
cti
ontoafineofN200ortoimprisonmentforaperiodnot
exceedingsixmonthsortobothsuchfineandi
mpr i
sonment.

3.
3 Var
iousDesi
gnMet
hods

Cali
forni
aBeari
ngRat i
o(C.
B.R.
)Desi
gnMethod;Ni
geri
a(CBR)DesignMet hod;Brit
ishDesi
gn
Procedure;
TheAsphaltI
nst
it
uteDesi
gnMethod;
Nati
onalCrushedStoneAssociat
ionDesign
Method;Hveem Method;
AASHTODesignGui
de;Mechani
sti
cDesignMet hods;

3.
3.1 I
nfor
mat
ionRequi
redf
orPav
ementDesi
gn

3.
3.1.
1Tr
aff
icLoads

US:Tyr
eLoads’
AxleandTy
reConfi
gurat
ions,
Typi
cal
Axl
eLoadLimit
s,Repet
it
ionsofAxl
e
Loads,
Traf
fi
cDist
ri
buti
on(
ByDir
ecti
onandLane)andTr
aff
icPr
oject
ions.

UK:TheNumberofcommer ci
alvehi
clesexpect
edtousetheroadinit
iall
y,t
heesti
matedannual
rat
eofcommer cial
traf
ficgrowth,t
hedesignedli
feper
iodoftheroad,thelevel
ofthenat
ural
watertabl
einrelati
ontot heproposedformati
onlev
el,
thetypeofroadst r
uctur
ewhichwil
lbe
usedinbuil
dingthepav ement.

3.
3.1.
2Ser
viceabi
l
ityI
ndex
Serv i
ceabili
tyisaconceptder iveddur i
ngt heAASHORoadTest .Thisconcepti srelat
edt othe
primaryf unctionofapav ementst r
ucture:topr ovidet het ravel
li
ngpubl i
cwi thasmoot h,
comf ortable,andsaf eri
de.ThePSIi sobtainedf rom measur ement sofroughnessanddi str
ess,
e.g.cracking,pat chingandr utdept h(forfl
exi bl
e)dur ingt heser viceli
feoft hepav ement.Since
roughnessi ssuchani mportantconsi derati
onf ort hedesi gnofpav ements, t
hechangei n
roughnesswi llcont r
oltheli
fecy cleofpav ement s.I nthisr egard,thequal i
tyofconst ruct
ionwill
i
nf l
uenceper f
or manceandt helifecycleoft h3edesi gnatedpav ement .Thei nit
ialpavement
smoot hnessi sani mpor t
antdesi gnconsider ati
on.Forexampl e, t
hel if
ecy cleofapav ement
i
nitial
lyconst ructedwi thasmoot hnessorPSIof4. 5wi l
l hav easi gnifi
cantlylongerli
fecy cl
e
thanoneconst ructedtoaPSIof4. 0.Thusqual it
ycont r
ol intheconst r
ucti
onofapav ementcan
haveabenef i
cialimpactonper f ormance( li
fecy cle).Ascal erangi ngfrom 0t o5isusedt o
evaluateapav ement ’
spresentser vi
ceabili
tyindex( PSI);pav ementwi t
har atingofzer oi
s
i
mpassabl eandar ati
ngof5. 0woul dbeper f
ect l
ysmoot h.

3.
3.1.
3Rel
i
abi
l
ity(
Conf
idenceLev
el)

Theconceptofreli
abil
it
yasappl iedtopavementdesigncanbedefi
nedastheprobabi
l
ityt
hat
thepav
ementwi ll
perform asintendedunderthedesigntr
aff
icl
oadi
ng,andothercr
uci
aldesi
gn
i
nputs(mater
ial
pr opert
ies,envi
ronmentalfact
ors,
etc.)
.

3.
3.1.
4Mat
eri
alChar
act
eri
zat
ion

Cal
i
for
niaBear
ingRat
io(
C.B.
R.)Desi
gnMet
hod

WhentheCBRofsubgradeandotherl
ayersar
eknown,thet
hicknessofover
lyi
ngmat
eri
alt
o
pr
ovi
desati
sfact
orypavementcanbedetermi
ned.Thi
smethodofdesigni
ngisempi
ri
cal
.

Ni
ger
ia(
CBR)Desi
gnMet
hod

TheCBRmet hodwasfir
stdevel
opedbytheUSCor psofEngi
neer
sandmodifi
edbytheBri
ti
sh
Transport
ati
onandRoadResear chLabor
ator
y(TRRL)andhavebeenadopt
edbyNiger
iaand
arecontai
nedintheFederal
HighwayManual.
Al
ter
nat
ivewayt
ofi
ndCBR

TheDynamicConePenetr
ometer(
DCP)andot herf
ormsofconepenetrat
iontestcanbeused
asanalt
ernat
ivemeansofmeasuri
nganapproximateCBR.Therel
ati
onshipdevel
opedby
EnochGeorgeandTam-JonesAt
uboyedi
a(2007)couldbeusedasshownbel ow:

LogCBR=3.
06–1.
45LogS(
Wher
e,S=penet
rat
ionandmeasur
edi
nmm/
blow)

From t
heFlexi
blepav
ementdesi
gncur
ves,
thev
ari
oust
hicknessesoft
hel
ayer
scanbe
deter
mined.

3.
3.1.
5Dr
ainageChar
act
eri
sti
cs

I
nr oadwork,
themai
ndrai
nager
equi
rement
sfal
li
ntot
wocat
egor
iesa)Sub-
soi
lDr
ainageb)
Drainageoft
hecar
ri
ageway.

Sub-
soi
lDr
ainage

Thisi
susual l
yassociatedwit
ht heconstructionofnewr oads.Greatcaremustbetakentokeep
thewat ert
ablebel
owt heroadfor mati
onlev el.Thisinl
ow-l
yingwetareas,mayrequi
rethe
provi
sionofasy st
em oflanddrains,coll
ectordr ai
nsandal ongoutfal
lpi
peoropenditchbefor
e
thegroundcanbedr ainedsuff
icient
lyforthest ructur
alworkoftheroadbuil
dingt
obest ar
ted.

Dr
ainageoft
heCar
ri
ageway

Thesurfaceofthewatermustbekeptclearofstandi
ngwateri
nor
dernottoi
ncreasethe
dangerstoroaduser
s.Toaccomplishthi
sr oadsshoul
dbecamberedwhenstr
aight,
lai
dt o
crossf
all
sonbends,andadequatel
yprovidedwithgull
i
esorgri
pst
odisposeofrai
nwat erwhi
ch
f
all
sont
hecar
ri
ageway
.

4.
0 THECONSTRUCTI
ONPHASE

Thisisav er
yimportantaspectoftr
anslatingt
hedesignintophysicalr
eali
ty.Thisaspectcan
i
nvali
dateallthehar
dwor kinthedesignphase, dependi
ngonanumberoff actor
s:materi
al
sel
ectionandcharacteri
zati
on,r
ightchoiceanduseofequi pment,contr
olof“ hol
dpoints”
,
especial
lyatthebat
chingplantandalsot heuseofasphaltproducts.

4.
1Const
ruct
ionMat
eri
als

4.
1.1Soi
l

Soi
l
smaybedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreemai
ncl
asses:

Coar
se-
grai
nedsoi
l
s,al
soknownasnon-
cohesi
ve;

Fi
ne-
grai
nedsoi
l
,al
soknownascohesi
ve

Or
gani
csoi
l
s.

Compact
ion:
Iti
simportantt
hatf
il
lmater
ial
usedtoform embankmentsiscompactedtot
he
maxi
mum drydensi
tyandtoanaccur
atesurf
aceprof
il
e.Thefactor
sthatdeter
minethi
sare:

mat
eri
alchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hef
il
l

moi
stur
econt
entoft
hemat
eri
al

t
ypeofcompact
ionequi
pmentbei
ngused

mass(
wei
ght
)oft
heequi
pmenti
nrel
ati
ont
oit
swi
dthofr
oll
erorbasepl
ate
t
hicknessoft
hel
ayerbei
ngcompact
ed

numberofpassesrequir
ed( Thenumberofpassesneededt
oachiev
et hedesi
redcompact
ion
dependsontheli
ftt
hickness,cont
actpr
essure,andsoi
lmoi
stur
econtent.
)

4.
1.2Aggr
egat
es

Theaggregateinhot-
mixasphal
tprovi
desast r
uct
uralskeletont
hatwil
ldistr
ibut
etr
affi
cand
envi
ronmentalstr
esses.Thei
ndi
vidual
fract
ionsofthetotalaggr
egat
egr adati
onaredesignat
ed
asfoll
ows:

Coarseaggregat
e(materi
alret
ainedonthe4,
75mm siev
e)fineaggr
egate(mat
erialpassi
ngt
he
4,
75mm si eveandret
ainedonthe0,075mm siev
e)andfi
ll
er(mater
ial
whichsubstanti
all
y
passesthe0,075mm sieve)
.

Thecoarseaggregateinanasphal
tmixnor
mall
yconsi
stsofcr
ushedstoneorblast
-f
urnace
sl
ag.Itshoul
dbeuni f
orminquali
ty,
andfr
eefr
om del
eter
iousmat
terandweatheredand
di
sint
egratedpart
icl
es.

Thepar t
icl
esofcoarseaggregat
eshouldi
deall
ybecubi
c.Thetext
ureandshapeoft
he
aggregatepar
ti
cleswil
linf
luencethest
abi
li
tyofthemi
xtur
e.Angul
arrat
herthanr
ounded
part
icl
esareprefer
red.

Thef i
neaggregat
emaybeamat er
ial
suchassand,
gravel,
crushedst
oneorsl
ag,
orabl
endof
these.I
tshouldbecl
eanandf
reefr
om cl
ayoranyotherdel
eteri
ousmatt
er.

Theshapeofthepar
ti
clesoft
hefineaggregat
esigni
fi
cant
lyaf
fect
sthewor
kabi
l
ityoft
he
asphal
tmixt
ureaswell
asitsresi
stancet
odeformati
on.

Fi
ll
eri
smi neralmattercomposedofparti
clessmal
lerthan0,
075mm.Mi ner
alfi
l
lermayconsi
st
off
luedust,stonedust,fl
y-
ash,hydr
atedl
ime,Port
landcementorbl
ast
-f
urnacecement,
mill
ed
bl
ast-
fur
nacesl ag,
oranycombi nati
onofthese.

Inanasphaltmixthefi
ll
eract
sasanext endertothebinderandper
for
mst woimportant
functi
ons.Fi
rst
ly,
itact
sasav oids-f
il
li
ngmat erial
tohelpgiv
eadense,dur
ablemix.Secondl
y,i
t
sti
ffensthemixandimprovesresist
ancet oplasti
cdeformati
on.

4.
1.3Asphal
t
MIXDESI
GN:Theover
all
objecti
vei
nthedesi
gnofhot-
mixasphal
tist
oar
ri
veataneconomi
cal
bl
endofaggr
egat
eandbi
nder.Ther
esul
tantmixwi
ll
contai
n:

suf
fi
cientbi
nderoft
hecor
rectt
ypeandasui
tabl
eaggr
egat
egr
adi
ngt
oensur
eadur
abl
elay
er

suff
ici
entresi
stancetoplasti
cdefor
mati
onandtocr
acki
ngt
oenabl
eitt
ocar
ryt
heex
pect
ed
tr
aff
icwithoutsigni
fi
cantdist
ort
ionorcr
acki
ng

suff
ici
entairvoi
dsinthecompact
edmi xt
oal l
owf orpossi
bleaddi
ti
onal
compact
ionunder
tr
aff
icwithoutfl
ushi
ng,bl
eedi
ngorlossofresi
stancetoplasti
cdef
ormati
on,

4.
2Const
ruct
ionEqui
pment

Forsoi
lcompact
ion,
weneed:

Roll
ersofvar
ioust
ypes–smoot
hwheel
wit
horwi
thoutv
ibr
ati
on,
gri
d,t
ampi
ng,
sheepf
oot
,
pneumati
c

Vi
brat
ingpl
ates–f
ibr
otamper
s,powerr
ammer
s,dr
oppi
ngwei
ghtcompact
ors

Const
ruct
ionMet
hods

Forl
argepr
ojects,
STAGECONSTRUCTIONcouldbeencour
aged.Theappr
opr
iat
euseofr
ight
equi
pmentfortheri
ghtj
obwi
ll
enhancethedesi
gnparamet
ers.

5.
0 QUALI
TYCONTROL

5.
1 Soi
l

Duri
ngthecompact i
on:Howmanyt i
messhouldthecompactorpass?Whattypeofcompact
or
doyouusef orwhattypeofsoi
l
?(Pneumat
ic-
tyr
edr ol
l
er,
tandem rol
ler
,deadweightst
eel
rol
l
er,
sheepf
ootroll
er,
etc)
Aggr
egat
es

Whatisthequali
tyofgranitechi ppings?Diff
erenttypesoft estonaggregatel
i
keimpacttest,
abrasi
ontest,
crushi
ngv aluet est,soundnesstest,etc.Thereseemst obeanabuseofthe0–
50mm stonebasemat erials.Thisneedst obechecked.Fori nstance,
ther
ecouldbemorefines
thantherequi
red50mm.Thi scoul dbeamaj orsourceoff ail
ureoftheroadwit
hdynamicload.

Asphal
t

Theentir
edesi gnoftheasphal tconcr
etecanbechangedandmadei rrel
evantbytheOper ator
(owner)ofthebatchi
ngpl antifthevari
oussizesofaggregat
es,
asphaltcementquali
ty,quanti
ty
andthi
cknesst obepl acedarechanged.Thisiswheremostdubiouscontract
orsmaket heirso
call
ed‘prof
it’
.Thisi
swhyt her
emustbea‘ holdpoi
nt’bet
weenthecl
ientandthecontractor,
pri
ortoloadingthebat chi
ngplant.

5.
3.1 Asphal
tPav
ing:
Temper
atur
e&Ti
ming

5.
3.1.
1 Mi
xTemper
atur
e

Wheni tarri
vesatthejobsite,hot -
mixasphal ti
snormal l
ybet ween275and300degr ees
Fahrenheit(1350Cand1490C) .Fortheiniti
alrol
li
ng, t
hetemper atur
eoft hemixneedst obe
between220and290degr eesFahr enheit(930Cand1430C) .Ifthemixtemperaturefall
sbelow
approximately185degreesFahr enheit(850C)bef or
et hefinal compaction,i
twil
lbetoost if
fto
compactpr operly
.Howl ongthecont ractorhast ocompl etecompact i
ondependsont he
thi
cknessoft hecourse;thi
nnerl ayer
swi ll
cool f
asterthant hickerones.Howev er,
theambi ent
temperature,windspeedandgr oundtemper atur
eal soaffectt herateatwhichtheasphal twil
l
cool.

5.
3.1.
2 Ambi
entTemper
atur
e

Theambi entorai
rtemper
aturei
st hemeasurementwithwhichmostpeoplear efamili
ar.Most
appl
icat
ionsrequi
rethatt
heambi entt
emperatur
eisatleast50degreesFahrenheitandrisi
ng
whil
etheasphalti
sbeinginst
all
edandcompact ed.I
fthewindveloci
tyishi
gh,theasphal twi
ll
coolf
ast
er,
soonext
remel
ywi
ndyday
s,t
heambi
entt
emper
atur
emayneedt
obeabov
e50
degr
ees.

5.
3.1.
3 Gr
oundTemper
atur
e

Thegr oundtemperat
ureisthetemperatur
eofthebaseonwhi chtheasphaltwillbeinst
all
ed.
Thiscanbesi gni
fi
cantl
ylowerthantheambienttemperature,
especial
lyintheear l
ymorning
fol
lowingacol dni
ght.Mostcontract
orsuseaninfr
aredthermomet ertomeasur etheground
temper at
ure,whi
chneedstobeatl east50degr
eesFahr enhei
tandr i
singthroughoutthe
process.

5.
3.1.
4 TheI
mpor
tanceofTemper
atur
e

Ther easonthatthemix,groundandambi enttemperatur

esarecri
ti
cal i
sthatsat
isf
actory
result
swi l
lnotbeachievediftheasphaltisnotsuffi
cient
lycompacted.Pavementthatcoolstoo
rapidl
ywi l
lnothavethedensityrequi
red,sot hepavementwill
ravel
,leavi
ngthesurfacerough
andpr onetoretai
nwat er
.Thepav ementwi llnotl
astaslongasitshouldorprovi
det hesmooth,
attr
activesurf
aceforwhichasphal ti
sfamous.

6.
0 AREASOFCONCERN

6.
1TheEngi
neerseem t
obeapr obl
em tohi
mself
.Weundercutoursel
vesi
nourprofessi
onal
i
ntegr
it
ybywayofourquot
ati
ons,const
ruct
iont
echni
quesandlackofknowledge.

6.
2Ther
ehast
obeami
nimum l
evel
ofpr
icesf
orel
ement
sofwor
ktobedone.

6.3They oungerEngineersar
etoomuchinahasteto“makeit
”.Engineer
ingConsul
tancyi
snot
easy.Youcangot oj ai
liff
oundli
abl
einei
therapr
ofessi
onal
mi sconductorawrongopini
on
expressedonadesi gn.
6.4Asanengi
neer
ingcommunity
,weneedt oadver
ti
set
hevar
iousar
msofengi neer
ingonTV
andpri
ntmedi
a.Thereasoni
sthatwi
thoutengi
neeri
ngt
her
eisnociv
il
isat
ion.

6.
5 I froadproj
ectsarepr
operl
ygazet
tedandthemoneymadeav ai
l
ablebyHousesof
Assembl yi
nthei
rbudgetappr
ovalpr
ocesses,t
heExecut
ivear
m shal
lbefor
cedtocont
inue
pr
ojectsthatwerestar
tedbyt
heirpr
edecessor
s.

7.
0 CONCLUSI
ON

Goodroadmeansappr opr
iat
edesign,supervi
sionontheconst r
ucti
onsit
eandquali
tycont
rol
s
atthebat
chingpl
ants.I
tmeansappr opr
iatereviewofsoi
l,
traffi
candasphaltpar
ameter
s.A
fai
l
ureineachofthesewil
lnotachi
ev ethedesigner
sdream, hencethedesi
gnlif
eofthe
pavement.

REFERENCES

AASHTO(
1994)
,APol
i
cyonGeomet
ri
cDesi
gnofHi
ghway
sandSt
reet
s

AASHTO(
1993)
,AASHTOGui
def
orDesi
gnofPav
ementSt
ruct
ures

FGN,
Niger
ia(
1971)Feder
alHi
ghwayAct

Geor
ge,
E.A.
J;At
uboy
edi
a,
T-J;
(2007)
Det
ermi
nat
ionofCBRusi
ngLi
ght
-Wei
ghtDy
nami
cCone
Penet
romet
er

Gi
chaga,
F.J;
Par
ker
,A.
N.(
1988)Essent
ial
sofHi
ghwayEngi
neer
ing

Kendr
ick,
P;Col
son,
M;Ber
esf
ord,
S;McCor
mick,
P;(
2004)Roadwor
k–Theor
yandPr
act
ice(
5th
Edi
ti
on)

Oguar
a,T.M.,(
2006)HighwayEngineer
ing:PavementMateri
als,
Design,Const
ruct
ionand
Maint
enance.Classi
fi
cat
ionofvehi
cletypesinNiger
ia,
1stNiger
ia:
Mal t
housePressLimi
ted

Shar
ethi
s:

Twi
tt
erFacebook41Li
nkedI
nPi
nter
est
Pocket
Tel
egr
amWhat
sApp

Pr
evi
ousar
ti
cl
e

Chi
neseSci
ent
ist
sCr
eat
eMonkey
sWi
thHumanBr
ainGenes

Nextar
ti
cle

HighwayEngi
neersi
naugur
ateOr
iakhi
as2ndChai
rman;
cal
lforr
evi
sionofexi
sti
ngl
awson
Roadconstr
ucti
on

RELATEDARTI
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Busi
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Federal
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