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Trigonometric
Identities and
Formulas

Below are some of the most

important definitions, identities

and formulas in trigonometry.

1.

Trigonometric
Functions of Acute
Angles

sin X = opp / hyp = a / c , csc X

= hyp / opp = c / a

tan X = opp / adj = a / b , cot X

= adj / opp = b / a

cos X = adj / hyp = b / c , sec X

= hyp / adj = c / b ,
2.

Trigonometric
Functions of
Arbitrary Angles

sin X = b / r , csc X = r / b

tan X = b / a , cot X = a / b

cos X = a / r , sec X = r / a

3.

Special Triangles
Special triangles may be used

to find trigonometric functions

of special angles: 30, 45 and

60 degress.

4.

Sine and Cosine

Laws in Triangles

In any triangle we have:

1 - The sine law

sin A / a = sin B / b = sin C / c

2 - The cosine laws

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2 b c cos A

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2 a c cos B

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2 a b cos C
5.

Relations Between
Trigonometric
Functions

cscX = 1 / sinX

sinX = 1 / cscX

secX = 1 / cosX

cosX = 1 / secX

tanX = 1 / cotX

cotX = 1 / tanX
tanX = sinX / cosX

cotX = cosX / sinX

6.

Pythagorean
Identities

sin 2X + cos 2X = 1

1 + tan 2X = sec 2X

1 + cot 2X = csc 2X

7.

Negative Angle
Identities

sin(-X) = - sinX , odd function

csc(-X) = - cscX , odd function

cos(-X) = cosX , even function

sec(-X) = secX , even function

tan(-X) = - tanX , odd function

cot(-X) = - cotX , odd function

8.
Cofunctions
Identities

sin(π/2 - X) = cosX

cos(π/2 - X) = sinX

tan(π/2 - X) = cotX

cot(π/2 - X) = tanX

sec(π/2 - X) = cscX

csc(π/2 - X) = secX

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9.

Addition Formulas
cos(X + Y) = cosX cosY - sinX

sinY

cos(X - Y) = cosX cosY + sinX

sinY

sin(X + Y) = sinX cosY + cosX

sinY

sin(X - Y) = sinX cosY - cosX

sinY

tan(X + Y) = [ tanX + tanY ] / [ 1

- tanX tanY]

tan(X - Y) = [ tanX - tanY ] / [ 1

+ tanX tanY]

cot(X + Y) = [ cotX cotY - 1 ] / [

cotX + cotY]

cot(X - Y) = [ cotX cotY + 1 ] / [

cotY - cotX]

10.

Sum to Product
Formulas
cosX + cosY = 2cos[ (X + Y) /

2 ] cos[ (X - Y) / 2 ]

sinX + sinY = 2sin[ (X + Y) / 2 ]

cos[ (X - Y) / 2 ]

11.

Difference to
Product Formulas

cosX - cosY = - 2sin[ (X + Y) /

2 ] sin[ (X - Y) / 2 ]

sinX - sinY = 2cos[ (X + Y) / 2 ]

sin[ (X - Y) / 2 ]

12.

Product to
Sum/Difference
Formulas

cosX cosY = (1/2) [ cos (X - Y)

+ cos (X + Y) ]

sinX cosY = (1/2) [ sin (X + Y)

+ sin (X - Y) ]
cosX sinY = (1/2) [ sin (X + Y) -

sin[ (X - Y) ]

sinX sinY = (1/2) [ cos (X - Y) -

cos (X + Y) ]

13.

Difference of
Squares Formulas

sin 2X - sin 2Y = sin(X + Y)sin(X

- Y)

cos 2X - cos 2Y = - sin(X +

Y)sin(X - Y)

cos 2X - sin 2Y = cos(X +

Y)cos(X - Y)

14.

Double Angle
Formulas

sin(2X) = 2 sinX cosX

cos(2X) = 1 - 2sin 2X = 2cos 2X

-1

tan(2X) = 2tanX / [ 1 - tan 2X ]

15.

Multiple Angle
Formulas

sin(3X) = 3sinX - 4sin 3X

cos(3X) = 4cos 3X - 3cosX

sin(4X) = 4sinXcosX - 8sin

3XcosX

cos(4X) = 8cos 4X - 8cos 2X +

16.

Half Angle Formulas

sin (X/2) = + or - √ ( (1 - cosX)

/2)

cos (X/2) = + or - √ ( (1 +

cosX) / 2 )

tan (X/2) = + or - √ ( (1 - cosX)

/ (1 + cosX) )

= sinX / (1 + cosX) = (1 - cosX)

/ sinX

17.

Power Reducing
Formulas

sin 2X = 1/2 - (1/2)cos(2X))

cos 2X = 1/2 + (1/2)cos(2X))

sin 3X = (3/4)sinX -

(1/4)sin(3X)

cos 3X = (3/4)cosX +

(1/4)cos(3X)

sin 4X = (3/8) - (1/2)cos(2X) +

(1/8)cos(4X)

cos 4X = (3/8) + (1/2)cos(2X)

+ (1/8)cos(4X)

sin 5X = (5/8)sinX -

(5/16)sin(3X) + (1/16)sin(5X)

cos 5X = (5/8)cosX +
(5/16)cos(3X) +

(1/16)cos(5X)

sin 6X = 5/16 - (15/32)cos(2X)

+ (6/32)cos(4X) -

(1/32)cos(6X)

cos 6X = 5/16 +

(15/32)cos(2X) +

(6/32)cos(4X) +

(1/32)cos(6X)

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18.

Trigonometric
Functions
Periodicity

sin (X + 2π) = sin X , period 2π

cos (X + 2π) = cos X , period

2π

sec (X + 2π) = sec X , period

2π
 csc (X + 2π) = csc X , period

2π

tan (X + π) = tan X , period π

cot (X + π) = cot X , period π

19. Trigonometric Tables.

20. Properties of The Six

Trigonometric Functions.

Graph, domain, range,

asymptotes (if any), symmetry,

x and y intercepts and

maximum and minimum

points of each of the 6

trigonometric functions.

More References and links

on Trigonometry

Trigonometry .

Solve Trigonometry Problems .

Free Trigonometry Questions with

Answers .
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