ASEAUVVLEL Le ES PROPERTIES AND SELECTION Edition Ninth Edition Kenneth G. Budinski * Michael K. Budinski } International i eee reer 4 = SSE Uae ay Mater — SS ineeringContents Chapter I The Importance of Engineering Materials I 1.1 What Is Materials Engineering? 1 1.2. The Language of Materials 2 13 Role of Materials in Product Success 3 1.4. Inspection to Prevent Failures 5 1.5 Engineering Materials as They Apply to Your World 10 1.6 AMaterials Repertoire 11 1.7 Global Considerations 12 Chapter 2 Forming Engineering Materials from the Elements 17 24 The Origin of Engineering Materials 17 22 ThePeriodie Table 22 2.3. Forming Engineering Materials, from the Elements 22 24 ‘he Solid State 24 25 The Nature of Metals 25 26 The Nature of Ceramics 28 2.7 The Nature of Polymers 31 28 ‘The Nature of Composites 32 29 Global Considerations Chapter 3 The Role of Chemical and Physical Properties in Engineering Materials 41 3.1 The Property Spectrum 41 3.2 Chemical Properties 44 33. Physical Properties 46 34 Global Considerations $5 Chapter 4 The Role of Mechanical Properties in Engineering Materials 59 4.1 Mechanical Properties 60 42 Tensile Testing 60 4.3. Significance of Stress-Strain Testing 66 44 Shear Properties 68 45° Hardness Tests 69 4.6 Toughness 72 4.7 Long‘Term Serviceability 74 48 Manufacturing Considerations 77 49 Property Information — 83 4.10 Preventing Mechanical Failures 83 4.11 Global Considerations 89 Chapter 5 The Role of Tibology in Engineering Materials Contact Mechanics 97 Friction 98 Definition of Wear 105 ‘Types of Erosion 106 ‘Types of Wear 108 Bearings 114 Lubricants 119 Materials for Tribosystems 122 5.10 Preventing Wear Failures 123 5.11 Global Considerations—Tribology Chapter 6 The Role of Corrosion in Engineering Materials 6.1 The Nature of Corrosion 134 6.2 Factors Affecting Corrosion 139 63 Types of Corrosion 142 64 Determination of Corrosion Characteristics 149 5 Corrosion Control 154 665 Preventing Corrosion Failures. 158 6.7 Global Considerations 163 Chapter 7 Principles of Polymeric Materials 167 7.1 Polymerization Reactions 168 7.2. Basie Types of Polymers. 171 73 Altering Polymer Properties 173 7.4 Global Considerations 186 Historical Studies of Friction and Wear 95 96 127 133Chapter 8 Polymer Families 19] 8.1 Identification of Polymer Families 192 8.2. Thermoplastic Commodity Plastics 193 8.3 Thermoplastic Ethenic Engineering Plastics 199 84 Other Engineering Thermoplasties 201 85 ‘Thermosetting Polymers 212 8.6 Bio-based Polymers 216 8.7 Elastomers 218 88. Selection of Elastomers 223 8.9 Global Considerations 227 Chapter 9 Plastic and Polymer Composite Fabrication Processes 233 9.1 Thermoplastic Fabrication Processes 234 9.2 Thermoset Febrication Processes 238 9.3. Polymer Composites 241 94 Composite Fabrication Techniques 250 9.5 Application of Polymer Composites 253 9.6 Process Specitication 256 9.7 Recycling of Plastics 259 9.8 Global Considerations 261 Chapter 10 Selection of Plastic/Polymeric Materials 267 10.1 Methodology of Selection 268 10.2. Plastics for Mechanical and Structural Applications 269 10.3. Wear and Friction of Plasties 284 10.4 Plastics for Corrosion Control 294 10.5 Plastics for Electrical Applications 300 10.6 Polymer Coatings 300 10.7 Adhesives 306 10.8 Global Considerations 317 Chapter Il Ceramics, Cermets, Glass, and Carbon Products 323 11,1 The Nature of Ceramics 323 11.2 How Ceramics Are Made 325 11.3 Microstructure of Ceramics 328. 1L4 Properties of Ceramics 331 11.5 Conerete 335 11.6 Glasses 335 11.7 Carbon Products 340 118 Cemented Carbides 342 11.9 Ceramies for Structural Applications 347 11.10 Ceramics for Wear Applications 355 11.1 Ceramics for Environmental Resistance 356 11,12 Electrical Properties of Ceramics 358 11.13 Magnetic Properties of Ceramics 359 11.14 Global Considerations 361 Chapter 12 Steel Products 365 12.1 Iron Ore Benefication 366 12.2 Making of Steel 368 123. Steel Refining 368 124 Converting Steel Into Shapes 376 12.5 Steel"Terminology 380 12.6 Steel Specifications 382 12.7 Global Considerations 384 Chapter 13 Heat Treatment of Steels 13.1 Equilibrium Diagrams 390 13.2 Morphology of Steel 393 133. Reasons for Heat Treating 397 134 Direct Hardening 401 13.5 Diffusion Treatments 406 13.6 Softening 417 13.7 Atmosphere Control 420 138 CostofHeat Treating 422 13.9 Selection and Process Specification 423 13.10 Global Considerations 427 Chapter 14 Carbon and Alloy Steels 14.1 Alloy Designation 434 14.2 Carbon Steels 437 143 Alloy Steels 446 144. Selection of Alloy Steels 451 145. High-Strength Sheet Steels 454 146 High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels 454 14.7 Special Steels 456 148. Selection and Specification 458 149 Global Considerations 460 433Chapter 15 Tool Steels 1s 152 183 184 155 1 187 158 465 Identification and Classification 466 Tool Steel Metallurgy 467 Chemical Composition of Tool Steels 473 Steel Properties 478 Tool Steel Selection 481 “Tool Steel Specification 492 “Tool Steel Defects 495 Global Considerations 497 Chapter 16 Stainless Steels 501 16.1 162 163 16.4 165 166 16.7 168 Chapter 17 1 12 193 14 15 176 17 18 m9 Metallurgy of Stainless Steels 502 Alloy Identification 509 Physical Properties 513 Mechanical Properties 513 Fabrication 518 Corrosion Characteristics 523 Alloy Selection 528, Global Considerations 531 Cast Iron, Cast Stee! and Powder Metallurgy Materials 537 Casting Processes $38 Casting Design 543 Graylron S45 Malleable Iron SSI Ductile Iron 553, White Alloy Irons 555 Steel Castings 556 Casting Selection 559 Powder Metals 560 17.10 Process Selection 565 17.11 Global Considerations 568 Chapter 18 Copper and Its Alloys 181 18.2 183 18.4 185 18.6 187 573 Extraction of Copper from Ore 574 Alloy Designation System 574 Copper Products 578 Metallurgy $78 Properties 582 Heat Treatment 583 Fabrication 583 18.8 Wear Resistance 585 189 Corrosion 589 18.10 Alloy Selection 590 18.11 Global Considerations 592 Chapter 19 Aluminum and Its Alloys 597 19.1 General Characteristics 598 19.2 Alloy Designation 599 19.3. Aluminum Products 601 19.4 Metallurgical Characteristics 602 19.5 Heat Treatment 603 19.6 Surface Treatments 605 19.7 Corrosion 607 19.8 ' Alloy Selection 609 19.9 Global Considerations 614 Chapter 20 Nickel, Zinc, Titanium, Magnesium, and Special Use Metals’ 619 20.1 Nickel 620 20.2 Zine 624 20.3. Titanium 628 204 Magnesium — 632 20.5 Refractory Metals 634 20.6 Cobalt 637 20.7 Beryllium 630 208 Gold 639 209 Silver 640 20.10 Global Considerations 641 Chapter 21 21.1 Anatomy of a Solid Surface 647 22 213 Surface Engineering 645 Cleaning 651 Surface Modification Processes 651 Organic Coatings 659 Inorganic Coatings— Electroplating 660 Inorganic Coatings—Other Metallic Platings 664 Inorganic Coatings—Conversion Coatings 665 21.8 Thin-Film Coatings 667219 Hardfacing 670 21.10 Thermal Spraying 671 21.11 Process/Material Repertoire 673, 21.12 Process/Material Selection 680 21.13 Specifications 684 21.14 Global Considerations 686 Chapter 22 Nanomaterials 691 2.1 222 23 24 25 Nanomaterials Characterization Tools 694 Nanoparticles and Polymer Nanocomposites 700 Nanosurfaces and Films 704 Nanoreactive Materials and Catalysts 707 Nanotechnology Methods and. Processes 710 Global Considerations 714 Chapter 23. The Methodology of Material 2a 232 233 Ba 23S 236 23.7 238 239 Selection 719 Step 1—Part and Material Requirements 720 ‘A Materials Repertoire 731 Step 2—Selecting a Material System 732 Stop 3—List Candidate Materials 734 Step 4—Match Candidate Properties to Requirements 736 Step 5—Select the Best Match and Specify It 737 ‘Materials for Typical Machine Components 739 Selection Case Histories 739 Global Considerations 744 Appendix 749 Symbols and Names of Elements 761 Index 763