Solutions of 2nd exercise

Problem 1L:

1. variant

equation of forces: F = mx
 + γx + kx

 = 1 ⋅ F − γ ⋅ x − k ⋅ x
 : x
solve with respect to x
m m m
 to x: double integration
from x x = ∫ x dt und x= ∫ x dt

2. variant: create a dependency tree starting at the output signal

xa = x = ∫ x dt

x = ∫ x dt

 = 1 Fres
x
m

(
Fres = F − Fγ + Fk )

Fγ = γx

Fk = kx
Problem 2:

a)

b) – both voltmeters must have identical internal resistances RMV

– it must be valid

RMV >> (R x , Rr )

Ux Ur
c) it holds: I0 = I0 =
Rx Rr

Ux U Ux
also = r → Rx = ⋅ Rr
R x Rr Ur

Problem 3H:

a)

R123 = R1 + R2 + R3

R 4 ⋅ R 123 15
R 4123 = = Ω = 3,75 Ω
R 4 + R 123 4

b) for Ri=5 Ω (i=1, 3, 4) and R2=10 Ω R 4123 = 4 Ω = R E

for Ri=10 Ω (i=1, 2, 3) and R4=10 Ω R 4123 = 6 Ω > 4 Ω = R E

for the first resistor assignment it is possible

Problem 5:

To determine the equivalent internal resistance R i , the circuit must be viewed from the open
terminals A and B.
 R1R 2
R 3 in series connection with parallel connection of R1 and R 2 : Ri = R3 +
R1 + R 2

UK
equivalent circuit: IK =
Ri

measuring instrument with R M in series connection with R i

Uk Ri
measuring current: IM = = IK
Ri + RM Ri + RM

 Ri  RM
difference of currents: ∆I = IK − IM = IK 1 −  = Ik
 Ri + RM  Ri + RM
∆I RM R
relative error: = ≈ M if R M << R i
IK Ri + RM Ri

∆I RM 0,5
with Ri = 10 Ω and RM = 0,5 Ω : = = ≅ 4,76 %
IK Ri + RM 10,5

When the ammeter is connected to an active two-terminal device, it must be Ri >>RM .

 currents must always be measured with an ammeter with low internal resistance!

Problem 7L:

R1 ⋅ R 4 200 Ω ⋅ 600Ω
a) R1⋅R4 = R2⋅R3 = R2⋅R0⋅α  R0 = = = 120 Ω
R2 1000 Ω
b) Ud = U1 - U3

U1 R1 U0 ⋅ R 1
= → U1 =
U0 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2

U3 R0 ⋅ α R0 ⋅ α
= → U3 = U0 ⋅
U0 R4 + R0 ⋅ α R4 + R0 ⋅ α

 R1 R0 ⋅ α 
Ud = U0  − 
 → solve with respect to α
 R1 + R 2 R 4 + R 0 ⋅ α 

 R1 Ud  R 4  200Ω 0,003 V  600Ω

 
R + R − U  ⋅ R  − ⋅
10 V  120Ω
 1 2 0  0  1200Ω
α = = = 0,9978
  R1 Ud    200Ω 0,003 V 
1 −  −  1 −  − 
  R 1 + R 2 U0 

  1200Ω 10 V 

The resistance R3 has been changed by 0.22%.

Problem 8:

for R 4

 R4 R2   R − ∆R R0 
Ud = U0  −  = U0  0 − 
 R 3 + R 4 R1 + R 2   2R 0 − ∆R 2R 0 + ∆R 
 R − ∆R  ∆R 
−1
1 ∆R 
−1 
U d = U0  0 1 −


 − 1 + 


 2R 0  2R 0  2 2R 0  
 
 R − ∆R  ∆R  1 ∆R 
U d ≅ U0  0 1 +

 − 1 −
 2


 2R 0  2R0   2R0 

 1 ∆R ∆R ∆R 2 1 ∆R  U0 (∆R)2
Ud ≅ U0  − + − 2
− + =−
 2 2R 0 4R 0 4R 0 2 4R 0  4 R 20

or for R 1

 R1 R3   R + ∆R R0 
Ud = U0  −  = U0  0 
  2R + ∆R − 2R − ∆R 
 R1 + R 2 R 3 + R 4   0 0 
 R + ∆R  ∆R 
−1
1 ∆R 
−1 
U d = U0  0 1 +


 − 1 −




 2R 0  2R 0  2 2R 0  
 
 R + ∆R  ∆R  1 ∆R 
U d ≅ U0  0 1 −

 − 1 +
 2


 2R 0  2R 0   2R 0 

1 ∆R ∆R ∆R 2 1 ∆R  U0 (∆R)2
Ud ≅ U0  + − − 2
− − =−
 2 2R 0 4R 0 4R 0 2 4R 0  4 R 20