Solutions of the 5th Exercise

Problem 1L:

L3
deflection s(L) = F
3⋅E⋅I

force 1
general: spring model deflection = = F
spring cons tan t c

3⋅E⋅I
comparison provides: c =
L3

1 c
undamped spring pendulum: f = mw : effective mass
2π mw

mw = mp + msystem mp : mass of the deposited particles

Zeitpunkt t = 0 : keine Partikel am Filter, also mw = msystem

1 3EI
fsystem = 3
2π L msystem

3EI  1 1 
b) mp = mw − msystem = − 2
4π L  fw fsystem 
2 3  2

moment of inertia of an annular surface: I =

π 4
4
(
R − r4 )

mp =
( )
3E R 4 − r 4  1
−
1 
= κ
1
 −
1 
with κ=
(
3E R 4 − r 4 )
16πL3  fw2 fsystem
2 

 2 2 
 fw fsystem  16πL 3

1 1 
c) mp = κ 2 − 2
f 
 w fsystem 

∂mp
linearisation at the point fSystem : mp (fw + ∆fw ) = mp (fw ) + ⋅ ∆fw
∂fw fsystem

∂mp
∆mp = mp (fw + ∆fw ) − mp (fw ) = ⋅ ∆fw
∂fw fsystem
  2 2κ
∆mp = κ − 3  ⋅ ∆fw = − 3 ∆fw
 f  fsystem
 w  fsystem

3 3
fsystem fsystem
normalize: ∆fw = − ∆mp PT0 element with K = −
2κ 2κ

Problem 2:

∫
x a(t) = K ⋅ x e + K I x e ⋅ dt
0 t<0 0 t<0
jump function σ (t) =  ; Ramp function (rise) α (t) = 
1 t≥0 t t≥0

a) jump response: x e = 1 at t ≥ 0

∫
t ≥ 0 : h(t) = K ⋅ 1 + K I 1 dt = K + K I ⋅ t

b) ramp response: xe = t at t ≥ 0

t²
∫
t ≥ 0 : a(t) = K ⋅ t + K I t dt = K ⋅ t + K I ⋅
2

Problem 4L:

a) bilance equation: FD − FR = FB

coupling relationships:

pressure force: FD = A ⋅ ∆ p acceleration force: FB = m ⋅ ∆ c = ρ ⋅ A ⋅ L ⋅ ∆ c

friction force: FR = U ⋅ L ⋅ τ = 8 ⋅ π ⋅ L ⋅ ν ⋅ ρ ⋅ ∆ c
λ ⋅ ρ ⋅ ∆c2 64 ⋅ ν
U = π ⋅D , τ = , λ=
8 ∆c ⋅ D
 D2 D2
inserting in balance equation and normalize: ⋅ ∆ c + ∆ c = ⋅ ∆p
32 ⋅ ν 32 ⋅ L ⋅ ν ⋅ ρ

differential equation: xa + T1 ⋅ x a = K ⋅ xe

D2 D2 m2 ⋅ s
b) PT1 element, T1 = = 27,85 s; K= = 2,79.10− 4
32 ⋅ ν 32 ⋅ L ⋅ ρ ⋅ ν kg

 −
t   −
t 
   m
solution of the differential equation: ∆c = K ⋅ ∆p ⋅ 1 − e T1  = 2,79 ⋅ 10
−2
⋅ 1 − e 27,85 s 
    s
   

m m
at t → ∞ : ∆c∞ = 0,0279 and thus c∞ = c0 + ∆ c∞ = 0,0779
s s

Problem 5:

balance equation: equilibrium of forces FD-FR-FT=0

coupling relations: FT = m ⋅ a = m ⋅ s = m ⋅ v

FR = r ⋅ v
FD = p ⋅ A

m A
inserting in balance equation and normalize: v+ v= p
r r

differential equation: xa + T1 ⋅ x a = K ⋅ xe

m A
PT1 transmission element with T1 = and K =
r r

Problem 6:

m
 in − m
 out = m
 container

coupling equations: m
 out = b p − pa

 container = p ⋅ V

mcontainerRT = pV → m
R⋅T
m
 in = a ⋅ y;
inserting in balance equation:

V
a ⋅ y − b p − pa = ⋅ p
R⋅T

b V 
y = p − pa + p non-linear differential equation y = y(p, p )
a RTa

linearisation at the operating point (p 0 , p 0 ) :

∂y ∂y
y(p0 + ∆p, p 0 + ∆p ) = y(p0 , p 0 ) + ⋅ ∆p + ⋅ ∆p
∂p p ∂p p
0 ,p 0 0 ,p 0
 

∂y ∂y
∆y = y(p0 + ∆p, p 0 + ∆p ) − y(p0 , p 0 ) = ⋅ ∆p + ⋅ ∆p
∂p p ∂p p
0 ,p 0 0 ,p 0
 

b 1 V b 1 V
∆y = ⋅ ∆p + ⋅ ∆p = ⋅ ∆p + ⋅ ∆p
a 2 p − pa RTa p0 ,p 0 a 2 p0 − pa RTa
p0 , p 0

2 p0 − p a V 2a p0 − pa
normalise: ⋅ ⋅ ∆p + ∆p = ⋅ ∆y
b RT b

differential equation: T1 ⋅ x a + x a = K ⋅ x e

2a p0 − pa 2 p0 − p a V
→ PT1 transmission element with K = and T1 = ⋅
b b RT

Problem 7H:

a) balance equation: Maschensätze UC + UR − Ue = 0; Ua = UR

1
coupling equations: UR = I ⋅ R ; UC =
C ∫ I ⋅ dt
inserting in balance equation:

1 d
C ⋅R ∫U a ⋅ dt + Ua − Ue = 0
dt

 + U = C ⋅R ⋅U
C ⋅R ⋅U  ⇒ DT1 ; T1 = C ⋅ R ; KD = C ⋅ R
a a e

differential equation: T1 ⋅ x a + xa = KD ⋅ x e

b) KD = T1 = C ⋅ R = 10 µF ⋅ 100 Ω = 1 ms
Problem 8:

a) balance equation: Node point set with the assumption that voltage measurement takes place
without current consumption

applies to both blue and green marked nodes: IL = IC + IR

dQL dUC UR
coupling equations: IL = Ic = C IR =
dt dt R

Ua = UC = UR

dQL dUC UR
inserting in balance equation: =C +
dt dt R


 +U = R ⋅Q
b) CR ⋅ U ⇒ DT1 ; T1 = C ⋅ R; KD = R
a a L

t
−
KD T1
c) transition function: h(t) = ⋅e
T1
KD
at t=0 h(t = 0) =
T1
t
−
K T1 K
h (t) = − D2 ⋅ e ; h (t = 0) = − D2 ;
T1 T1

~ K K K  t 
tangente at t=0: h = D − D2 ⋅ t = D 1 − T 
T1 T1 T1  1 
T1
~ K −
K
at h = 0 ⇒ t = T1; h(T1) = D ⋅ e T1 = 0,368 ⋅ D
T1 T1
Problem 9H:

i⋅c ic(1 − ib) cb + ic cb c

a) z1 = = = = +i
1 + i ⋅ b (1 + ib)(1 − ib) 1 + b 2 1+b 2
1 + b2

c 2b 2 c2 c 2 (1 + b 2 ) c
| z1 |= [Re(z1 )]2 + [Im(z1 )]2 = + = =
(1 + b ) (1 + b )
2 2 2 2
(1 + b )
2 2
1 + b2

a + i ⋅ c (a + ic)(1 − ib) a + ic − iba + cb a + cb c − ba

b) z 2 = = = = +i
1 + i ⋅ b (1 + ib)(1 − ib) 1+b 2
1+b 2
1 + b2

(a + cb)2 (c − ba)2
| z 2 |= [Re(z 2 )]2 + [Im(z 2 )]2 = +
(1 + b )2 2
(1 + b ) 2 2

a2 + 2abc + b 2 c 2 + c 2 − 2abc + b 2 a2 (a2 + c 2 )(1 + b 2 ) a2 + c 2

| z 2 |= = =
(1 + b )
2 2
(1 + b ) 2 2 1 + b2

D D(1 − a2 − ib) D(1 − a2 − ib)

c) z 3 = = =
1 − a2 + i ⋅ b (1 − a2 + ib)(1 − a2 − ib) (1 − a2 )2 + b 2

D(1 − a2 ) bD
z3 = 2 2 2
−i
(1 − a ) + b (1 − a2 )2 + b 2

D2 (1 − a2 )2 + b 2D2 D2 [(1 − a2 )2 + b 2 ] D
| z 3 |= 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
=
(1 − a ) + b (1 − a ) + b (1 − a2 )2 + b 2
E E E[−bd − id(1 − a2 )]
d) z 4 = = =
id(1 − a2 + i ⋅ b) − bd + id(1 − a2 ) [−bd + id(1 − a2 )][−bd − id(1 − a2 )]

E[−bd − id(1 − a2 )] Ebd Ed(1 − a2 )

z4 = 2 2 2 2 2
=− 2 2 2 2 2
−i
b d + d (1 − a ) b d + d (1 − a ) b d + d2 (1 − a2 )2
2 2

E2b 2 d2 + E2 d2 (1 − a2 ) E2 d2 [(1 − a2 )2 + b 2 ] E
| z 4 |= 2 2 2 2 2
= 2 2 2 2
=
b d + d (1 − a ) d [b + (1 − a ) ] d b 2 + (1 − a2 )2