Introduction

In this experiment the concentration of a binary acid mixture was determined by potentiometric
titration.The acids mixture is titrated with standard base. Because the pH does not change
abruptly at either equivalence point to permit estimation with visual indicators, a potentiometric
titration with a pH meter and glass pH electrode-reference electrode pair is employed. A plot of
pH vs. volume of base added yields a curve similar to Figure 11-6(a) in Harris. From the pH vs.
volume curve the two end points, and thus the amount of acid present, can be found. However, a
more accurate estimate of the end points can be made from a derivative plot; that is, δ(pH)/δ(vol)
vs. volume of base added. A mixture of two acids can be analyzed with a precision of a few parts
per thousand, provided the dissociation constants of the two acids differ by at least 103 to 104
and the weaker acid is not so weak that its end point is completely obscured. The normality of
the sodium hydroxide

titrant is determined by titration of a standard acid. For highest precision the end points of the
standardization and the acid being titrated are taken at the same pH; this procedure corrects for
any error due to carbonate that may be present in the base. Because two end points at
substantially different pH values are obtained in this experiment, calculation of two different
effective concentrations for the same sodium hydroxide titrant is required.

Potentiometric titration involves the measurement of the potential of a suitable indicator

electrode with respect to a reference electrode as a function of titrant volume. A reference
electrode, is a half-cell whose potential is known and remains constant throughout the
experiment. An indicator electrode’s potential varies with concentration of the analyte. [1]

To determine the end point, several methods can be employed; drawing a titration curve and
determining the midpoint, doing gran plots or first and second derivatives. For the First
Derivative plot, ((□pH/□volume)/volume), the maximum point of the peak represents the point
of inflection. For a second derivative, ((□ (□pH/□volume))/volume) the maximum point
represents the point of inflection. A problem with using derivatives however, to find the end
point of a titration is that the values tend to be less accurate right near the end point because
buffering is minimal and electrode response is sluggish.
Abstract

By the use of potentiometric titration, the concentration of a weak and strong acid mixture
(Acetic and Hydrochloric acid respectively) was found. By using 1 cm3 increments of
standardized NaOH to titrate the acid solution in the presence of indicators, the rough
equivalence volume and pH changes was determined. The volumes were found to be 14.05 ml
(for strong acid) and 35.72 ml (for weak acid). The values obtained were then used to create
gran plots which were analyzed to determine the concentration of each acid in the mixture. With
an idea of where the equivalence point was, 0.1 ml of restandardized NaOH was the added to the
mixture near this point such that the more accurate reading of equivalence volume could be
taken. The values obtained were then used to plot first and second derivatives and determine the
concentration from the extrapolated equivalence volumes. When comparing the concentrations
using the different methods, it was found that the concentrations varied by +/- 0.005 M and thus
it can be said that all methods were precise. However, the method with the greatest accuracy was
the gran plot as this uses linear regression and not extrapolation in order to determine the
equivalence volume. The average concentration for the weak and strong acid was 0.131 M and
0.054M respectively
Methodology

500cm3 of approximately 0.1M Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) was prepared and stored in a
500cm3 polyethylene bottle. Approximately 0.3g of Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP) was
weighed out in triplicate, 50cm3 of distilled water was added to the mass of KHP in a 250cm3
conical flask. NaOH was standard against KHP using the phenolphthalein indicator.

The pH electrode was calibrated using 100cm3 of acid solution.

25cm3 of the acid solution was pipetted into a 150cm3 beaker, two drops of methyl was added
and the pH reading recorded. The initial reading from the burette was noted. NaOH was titrated
against tis acid solution by adding 1cm3 increments and noting the pH reading ad burette reading
each time. This was done up to 2cm3 past the equivalence point. Hereafter, 2-3 drops of
phenolphthalein was added and the method of adding 1cm3 increments was repeated until 5cm3
past the equivalence point.

NaOH was restandardized and the pH electrode was recalibrated. The acid mixture titrated in the
same manner as above except at 2cm3 before the equivalence point, NaOH was added drop wise
until the equivalence point was passed by about 2cm3 while noting the burette and pH readings.
Introduction

Many Acid-Base titrations are difficult to accomplish using a visual indicator for one of
severalreasons. Perhaps the analyst is color-blind to a particular indicator color change;
there may not be a suitable color change available for a particular type of titration or the
solutions themselvesmay be colored, opaque or turbid. It may be desired to automate a
series of replicatedeterminations. In such situations, potentiometric titration, using a glass
hydronium ion selectiveelectrode, a suitable reference electrode and a sensitive
potentiometer (a pH meter) may beadvantageous.
Table 10: Mass of KHC8H4O4 (KHP) used to Re-standardize NaOH

Weight/g Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3

KHP+ beaker 29.9580 30.3549 30.0148
weight of beaker - KHP 29.6665 30.0748 29.6538
weight of KHP 0.2915 0.3407 0.3610

Table 11: Calibration Of pH Meter at the Beginning and End of the Experiment Using
Buffer Solutions

pH
Buffer solution Beginning End
4 4.03 4.10
7 7.00 7.03
10 10.01 9.99

Table 12: Volume of NaOH used in each Flask for Re-standardization against KHC8H4O4

Run
Volume/cm3 Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3
Final 22.19 16.49 32.99
Initial 8.98 1.00 16.49
Used 13.21 15.49 16.50

KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaKC8H4O4 (aq) +H2O (l) Equation 1

NaOH+ CH3COOH  CH3COONa + H2O Equation 2

Concentration of NaOH for flask 1

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃 =
𝑅𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃
 0.2915
= = 1.427 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐾𝐻𝑃
204.22 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Since the mole ratio of KHP: NaOH is 1:1, moles of NaOH equals 1.427 × 10−3

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
[NaOH] =
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

1.427 × 10−3
= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒅𝒎𝟑
0.01321

By extension, for flask 2 and 3 the concentration of NaOH was found to be 0.1077 and 0.1072
mol/dm3 respectively.

The Average Concentration of NaOH is: 0. 1076M

Table 13: change in ph and volume used to determine first and second derivatives parameters

Cumulative pH ∆𝑽 ∆ 𝒑𝑯 Vavg/ ml First Derivative Vavg/ Second

volume/ ml ml
∆𝒑𝑯 Derivative
∆𝑽 ∆𝒑𝑯
∆ ( ∆𝑽 )
∆𝑽
0.92 1.63 1.07 0.05 1.455 0.046728972 1.9975 0.007204131
1.99 1.68 1.1 0.06 2.54 0.054545455 3.045 -0.000195672

3.09 1.74 0.92 0.05 3.55 0.054347826 4.0425 0.012506437

4.01 1.79 1.05 0.07 4.535 0.066666667 5.0525 0.020839254

5.06 1.86 1.02 0.09 5.57 0.088235294 6.07 0.003601441

6.08 1.95 0.98 0.09 6.57 0.091836735 6.8375 0.036026872

7.06 2.04 0.09 0.01 7.105 0.111111111 7.16 -1.01010101

7.15 2.05 0.13 0 7.215 0 7.2675 0

7.28 2.05 0.08 0 7.32 0 7.3425 0

7.36 2.05 0.01 0 7.365 0 7.37 0

7.37 2.05 0.01 0 7.375 0 7.3875 0

7.38 2.05 0.04 0 7.4 0 7.42 6.25

7.42 2.05 0.04 0.01 7.44 0.25 7.4575 -7.142857143

7.46 2.06 0.03 0 7.475 0 7.505 1.851851852

7.49 2.06 0.09 0.01 7.535 0.111111111 7.5675 -1.709401709

7.58 2.07 0.04 0 7.6 0 7.6225 4.444444444

7.62 2.07 0.05 0.01 7.645 0.2 7.6725 -0.606060606

7.67 2.08 0.06 0.01 7.7 0.166666667 7.7325 -2.564102564

7.73 2.09 0.07 0 7.765 0 7.8025 1.666666667

7.8 2.09 0.08 0.01 7.84 0.125 7.87 2.083333333

7.88 2.1 0.04 0.01 7.9 0.25 7.925 -5

7.92 2.11 0.06 0 7.95 0 7.975 5

7.98 2.11 0.04 0.01 8 0.25 8.025 -5

8.02 2.12 0.06 0 8.05 0 8.0875 1.481481481

8.08 2.12 0.09 0.01 8.125 0.111111111 8.1525 7.070707071

8.17 2.13 0.02 0.01 8.18 0.5 8.2025 -7.936507937

8.19 2.14 0.07 0.01 8.225 0.142857143 8.245 21.42857143

8.26 2.15 0.01 0.01 8.265 1 8.2925 -18.18181818

8.27 2.16 0.1 0 8.32 0 8.3525 5.128205128

8.37 2.16 0.03 0.01 8.385 0.333333333 8.41 -3.80952381

8.4 2.17 0.07 0.01 8.435 0.142857143 8.4575 7.936507937

8.47 2.18 0.02 0.01 8.48 0.5 8.505 -7.5

8.49 2.19 0.08 0.01 8.53 0.125 8.5575 3.787878788

8.57 2.2 0.03 0.01 8.585 0.333333333 8.61 -3.80952381

8.6 2.21 0.07 0.01 8.635 0.142857143 8.665 0.952380952

8.67 2.22 0.05 0.01 8.695 0.2 8.72 -4

8.72 2.23 0.05 0 8.745 0 8.7725 6.060606061

8.77 2.23 0.06 0.02 8.8 0.333333333 8.825 -1.666666667

8.83 2.25 0.04 0.01 8.85 0.25 8.8775 -1.948051948

8.87 2.26 0.07 0.01 8.905 0.142857143 8.9375 0.366300366

8.94 2.27 0.06 0.01 8.97 0.166666667 9.0025 1.831501832

9 2.28 0.07 0.02 9.035 0.285714286 9.0625 -0.649350649

9.07 2.3 0.04 0.01 9.09 0.25 9.115 -1.666666667

9.11 2.31 0.06 0.01 9.14 0.166666667 9.1675 0.606060606

9.17 2.32 0.05 0.01 9.195 0.2 9.2225 -0.606060606

9.22 2.33 0.06 0.01 9.25 0.166666667 9.285 -0.595238095

9.28 2.34 0.08 0.01 9.32 0.125 9.345 -2.5

9.36 2.35 0.02 0 9.37 0 9.385 25

9.38 2.35 0.04 0.03 9.4 0.75 9.4225 -12.22222222

 9.42 2.38 0.05 0.01 9.445 0.2 9.4675 6.666666667

9.47 2.39 0.04 0.02 9.49 0.5 9.515 -6.666666667

9.51 2.41 0.06 0.01 9.54 0.166666667 9.5625 11.11111111

9.57 2.42 0.03 0.02 9.585 0.666666667 9.61 -10.47619048

9.6 2.44 0.07 0.01 9.635 0.142857143 9.6625 6.493506494

9.67 2.45 0.04 0.02 9.69 0.5 9.7175 -6.493506494

9.71 2.47 0.07 0.01 9.745 0.142857143 9.7825 1.428571429

9.78 2.48 0.08 0.02 9.82 0.25 9.8425 16.66666667

9.86 2.5 0.01 0.01 9.865 1 9.875 -16.66666667

9.87 2.51 0.03 0.02 9.885 0.666666667 9.91 -7.619047619

9.9 2.53 0.07 0.02 9.935 0.285714286 9.9575 4.761904762

9.97 2.55 0.02 0.01 9.98 0.5 10.005 -5

9.99 2.56 0.08 0.02 10.03 0.25 10.0725 -0.326797386

10.07 2.58 0.09 0.02 10.115 0.222222222 10.1425 14.14141414

10.16 2.6 0.02 0.02 10.17 1 10.185 -16.66666667

10.18 2.62 0.04 0.02 10.2 0.5 10.2325 -5.982905983

10.22 2.64 0.09 0.01 10.265 0.111111111 10.3 6.984126984

10.31 2.65 0.05 0.03 10.335 0.6 10.35 46.66666667

10.36 2.68 0.01 0.02 10.365 2 10.38 -53.33333333

10.37 2.7 0.05 0.02 10.395 0.4 10.425 -1.904761905

10.42 2.72 0.07 0.02 10.455 0.285714286 10.48 14.28571429

10.49 2.74 0.03 0.03 10.505 1 10.53 -11.42857143

10.52 2.77 0.07 0.03 10.555 0.428571429 10.58 4.761904762

10.59 2.8 0.03 0.02 10.605 0.666666667 10.635 -5.555555556

10.62 2.82 0.09 0.03 10.665 0.333333333 10.6975 6.41025641

10.71 2.85 0.04 0.03 10.73 0.75 10.75 -6.25

10.75 2.88 0.04 0.02 10.77 0.5 10.7975 -1.298701299

10.79 2.9 0.07 0.03 10.825 0.428571429 10.85 4.761904762

10.86 2.93 0.03 0.02 10.875 0.666666667 10.8975 -3.703703704

10.89 2.95 0.06 0.03 10.92 0.5 10.94 25

10.95 2.98 0.02 0.03 10.96 1.5 10.9775 -25.71428571

10.97 3.01 0.05 0.03 10.995 0.6 11.0225 -4.848484848

11.02 3.04 0.06 0.02 11.05 0.333333333 11.075 8.333333333

11.08 3.06 0.04 0.03 11.1 0.75 11.135 -7.857142857

11.12 3.09 0.1 0.02 11.17 0.2 11.2075 5.333333333

11.22 3.11 0.05 0.03 11.245 0.6 11.27 2.4869E-13

11.27 3.14 0.05 0.03 11.295 0.6 11.3175 -2.222222222

11.32 3.17 0.04 0.02 11.34 0.5 11.365 2.22045E-13

11.36 3.19 0.06 0.03 11.39 0.5 11.43 -3.75

11.42 3.22 0.1 0.02 11.47 0.2 11.505 7.857142857

11.52 3.24 0.04 0.03 11.54 0.75 11.56 -6.25

11.56 3.27 0.04 0.02 11.58 0.5 11.605 -3.333333333

11.6 3.29 0.06 0.02 11.63 0.333333333 11.6525 7.407407407

11.66 3.31 0.03 0.02 11.675 0.666666667 11.7 -10.47619048

11.69 3.33 0.07 0.01 11.725 0.142857143 11.7475 19.04761905

11.76 3.34 0.02 0.02 11.77 1 11.7975 -14.14141414

11.78 3.36 0.09 0.02 11.825 0.222222222 11.8625 1.481481481

11.87 3.38 0.06 0.02 11.9 0.333333333 11.925 3.333333333

11.93 3.4 0.04 0.02 11.95 0.5 11.98 -4.166666667

11.97 3.42 0.08 0.02 12.01 0.25 12.04 0

12.05 3.44 0.04 0.01 12.07 0.25 12.0975 0.649350649

12.09 3.45 0.07 0.02 12.125 0.285714286 12.15 7.619047619

12.16 3.47 0.03 0.02 12.175 0.666666667 12.2 -10.47619048

12.19 3.49 0.07 0.01 12.225 0.142857143 12.2575 2.93040293

12.26 3.5 0.06 0.02 12.29 0.333333333 12.3225 -0.732600733

12.32 3.52 0.07 0.02 12.355 0.285714286 12.39 -2.040816327

12.39 3.54 0.07 0.01 12.425 0.142857143 12.4475 7.936507937

12.46 3.55 0.02 0.01 12.47 0.5 12.4925 -4.761904762

12.48 3.56 0.07 0.02 12.515 0.285714286 12.545 1.904761905

12.55 3.58 0.05 0.02 12.575 0.4 12.61 -4.126984127

12.6 3.6 0.09 0.01 12.645 0.111111111 12.6825 0.740740741

12.69 3.61 0.06 0.01 12.72 0.166666667 12.75 2.777777778

12.75 3.62 0.06 0.02 12.78 0.333333333 12.81 -2.777777778

12.81 3.64 0.06 0.01 12.84 0.166666667 12.87 2.777777778

12.87 3.65 0.06 0.02 12.9 0.333333333 12.925 -1.666666667

12.93 3.67 0.04 0.01 12.95 0.25 13.1825 -0.151020901

12.97 3.68 0.89 0.16 13.415 0.179775281 13.9275 -0.032413226

13.86 3.84 1.16 0.17 14.44 0.146551724 14.995 -0.030039799

15.02 4.01 1.06 0.12 15.55 0.113207547 16.035 0.000442079

16.08 4.13 0.88 0.1 16.52 0.113636364 17.015 -0.032139578

16.96 4.23 1.1 0.09 17.51 0.081818182 18.025 0.001471021

18.06 4.32 0.96 0.08 18.54 0.083333333 19.07 -0.005421817

19.02 4.4 1.16 0.09 19.6 0.077586207 20.14 0.002234994

20.18 4.49 1 0.08 20.68 0.08 21.13 -0.005555556

21.18 4.57 0.8 0.06 21.58 0.075 22.055 0.007177033

21.98 4.63 1.1 0.09 22.53 0.081818182 23.025 -0.013774105

23.08 4.72 0.88 0.06 23.52 0.068181818 24.02 0.012175325

23.96 4.78 1.12 0.09 24.52 0.080357143 25.07 0.011123136

25.08 4.87 1.08 0.1 25.62 0.092592593 26.09 -0.005417652

26.16 4.97 0.8 0.07 26.56 0.0875 27.01 0.025

26.96 5.04 1 0.11 27.46 0.11 27.96 0.01

27.96 5.15 1 0.12 28.46 0.12 28.725 0.088050314

28.96 5.27 0.06 0.01 28.99 0.166666667 29.0175 0.606060606

29.02 5.28 0.05 0.01 29.045 0.2 29.07 0

29.07 5.29 0.05 0.01 29.095 0.2 29.1225 -0.606060606

29.12 5.3 0.06 0.01 29.15 0.166666667 29.185 -0.595238095

29.18 5.31 0.08 0.01 29.22 0.125 29.255 -1.785714286

29.26 5.32 0.06 0 29.29 0 29.3175 3.636363636

29.32 5.32 0.05 0.01 29.345 0.2 29.3675 1.111111111

29.37 5.33 0.04 0.01 29.39 0.25 29.4125 -1.111111111

29.41 5.34 0.05 0.01 29.435 0.2 29.4525 -5.714285714

29.46 5.35 0.02 0 29.47 0 29.4925 3.174603175

29.48 5.35 0.07 0.01 29.515 0.142857143 29.545 0.952380952

29.55 5.36 0.05 0.01 29.575 0.2 29.6025 -0.606060606

29.6 5.37 0.06 0.01 29.63 0.166666667 29.6525 3.703703704

29.66 5.38 0.03 0.01 29.675 0.333333333 29.7025 -3.787878788

29.69 5.39 0.08 0.01 29.73 0.125 29.7625 1.153846154

29.77 5.4 0.05 0.01 29.795 0.2 29.8175 -4.444444444

29.82 5.41 0.04 0 29.84 0 29.8625 4.444444444

29.86 5.41 0.05 0.01 29.885 0.2 29.91 0

29.91 5.42 0.05 0.01 29.935 0.2 29.955 3.333333333

29.96 5.43 0.03 0.01 29.975 0.333333333 30 -3.80952381

29.99 5.44 0.07 0.01 30.025 0.142857143 30.05 3.80952381

30.06 5.45 0.03 0.01 30.075 0.333333333 30.1 -3.80952381

30.09 5.46 0.07 0.01 30.125 0.142857143 30.15 3.80952381

30.16 5.47 0.03 0.01 30.175 0.333333333 30.2 -3.80952381

30.19 5.48 0.07 0.01 30.225 0.142857143 30.2525 1.948051948

30.26 5.49 0.04 0.01 30.28 0.25 30.31 -2.083333333

30.3 5.5 0.08 0.01 30.34 0.125 30.3725 1.153846154

30.38 5.51 0.05 0.01 30.405 0.2 30.43 9.23706E-13

30.43 5.52 0.05 0.01 30.455 0.2 30.48 -3.55271E-13

30.48 5.53 0.05 0.01 30.505 0.2 30.525 11.66666667

30.53 5.54 0.03 0.02 30.545 0.666666667 30.565 -11.66666667

30.56 5.56 0.05 0.01 30.585 0.2 30.61 -4

30.61 5.57 0.05 0 30.635 0 30.655 8.333333333

30.66 5.57 0.03 0.01 30.675 0.333333333 30.6975 -3.703703704

30.69 5.58 0.06 0.01 30.72 0.166666667 30.7475 0.606060606

30.75 5.59 0.05 0.01 30.775 0.2 30.8025 2.424242424

30.8 5.6 0.06 0.02 30.83 0.333333333 30.8525 -3.28133E-13

30.86 5.62 0.03 0.01 30.875 0.333333333 30.8975 -3.703703704

30.89 5.63 0.06 0.01 30.92 0.166666667 30.95 2.777777778

30.95 5.64 0.06 0.02 30.98 0.333333333 31.005 -1.666666667

31.01 5.66 0.04 0.01 31.03 0.25 31.0525 -1.111111111

31.05 5.67 0.05 0.01 31.075 0.2 31.1025 -0.606060606

31.1 5.68 0.06 0.01 31.13 0.166666667 31.1525 11.11111111

31.16 5.69 0.03 0.02 31.175 0.666666667 31.215 -2.564102564

31.19 5.71 0.13 0.06 31.255 0.461538462 31.305 -3.186813187

31.32 5.77 0.07 0.01 31.355 0.142857143 31.39 -1.81204E-13

31.39 5.78 0.07 0.01 31.425 0.142857143 31.4475 7.936507937

31.46 5.79 0.02 0.01 31.47 0.5 31.4925 -4.761904762

31.48 5.8 0.07 0.02 31.515 0.285714286 31.545 1.904761905

31.55 5.82 0.05 0.02 31.575 0.4 31.6025 -1.212121212

31.6 5.84 0.06 0.02 31.63 0.333333333 31.6575 4.848484848

31.66 5.86 0.05 0.03 31.685 0.6 31.7075 -2.222222222

31.71 5.89 0.04 0.02 31.73 0.5 31.7575 -3.896103896

31.75 5.91 0.07 0.02 31.785 0.285714286 31.815 1.904761905

31.82 5.93 0.05 0.02 31.845 0.4 31.8675 7.777777778

31.87 5.95 0.04 0.03 31.89 0.75 31.9125 -12.22222222

31.91 5.98 0.05 0.01 31.935 0.2 31.955 20

31.96 5.99 0.03 0.03 31.975 1 32 -11.42857143

31.99 6.02 0.07 0.03 32.025 0.428571429 32.05 31.42857143

32.06 6.05 0.03 0.06 32.075 2 32.1 -31.42857143

32.09 6.11 0.07 0.03 32.125 0.428571429 32.1575 3.663003663

32.16 6.14 0.06 0.04 32.19 0.666666667 32.2225 -1.465201465

32.22 6.18 0.07 0.04 32.255 0.571428571 32.2875 1.465201465

32.29 6.22 0.06 0.04 32.32 0.666666667 32.345 11.66666667

32.35 6.26 0.04 0.05 32.37 1.25 32.3975 -7.142857143

32.39 6.31 0.07 0.06 32.425 0.857142857 32.455 2.380952381

32.46 6.37 0.05 0.05 32.485 1 32.51 4

32.51 6.42 0.05 0.06 32.535 1.2 32.555 36.66666667

32.56 6.48 0.03 0.08 32.575 2.666666667 32.5975 -25.92592593

32.59 6.56 0.06 0.09 32.62 1.5 32.645 35

32.65 6.65 0.04 0.13 32.67 3.25 32.695 -5

32.69 6.78 0.06 0.18 32.72 3 32.745 95

32.75 6.96 0.04 0.31 32.77 7.75 32.7925 218.8888889

32.79 7.27 0.05 0.88 32.815 17.6 32.8375 225.5555556

32.84 8.15 0.04 1.11 32.86 27.75 32.8825 -385.5555556

32.88 9.26 0.05 0.52 32.905 10.4 32.93 -80

32.93 9.78 0.05 0.32 32.955 6.4 32.9825 -55.75757576

32.98 10.1 0.06 0.2 33.01 3.333333333 33.0325 37.03703704

33.04 10.3 0.03 0.15 33.055 5 33.0825 -65.90909091

33.07 10.45 0.08 0.11 33.11 1.375 33.135 62.5

33.15 10.56 0.02 0.09 33.16 4.5 33.1775 -82.85714286

33.17 10.65 0.05 0.08 33.195 1.6 33.2225 -4.848484848

33.22 10.73 0.06 0.08 33.25 1.333333333 33.2775 -2.424242424

33.28 10.81 0.05 0.06 33.305 1.2 33.33 -12

33.33 10.87 0.05 0.03 33.355 0.6 33.38 12

33.38 10.9 0.05 0.06 33.405 1.2 33.4275 -4.444444444

33.43 10.96 0.04 0.04 33.45 1 33.4725 1.57898E-12

33.47 11 0.05 0.05 33.495 1 33.5175 -1.57898E-12

33.52 11.05 0.04 0.04 33.54 1 33.56 -12.5

33.56 11.09 0.04 0.02 33.58 0.5 33.6025 -2.222222222

33.6 11.11 0.05 0.02 33.625 0.4 33.65 4.26326E-13

33.65 11.13 0.05 0.02 33.675 0.4 33.7 -1.13687E-12

33.7 11.15 0.05 0.02 33.725 0.4 33.7475 -47.77777778

33.75 11.17 0.04 -0.07 33.77 -1.75 33.8025 33.76068376

33.79 11.1 0.09 0.04 33.835 0.444444444 33.8725 -1.481481481

33.88 11.14 0.06 0.02 33.91 0.333333333 33.9425 -0.732600733

33.94 11.16 0.07 0.02 33.975 0.285714286 34 14.28571429

34.01 11.18 0.03 0.03 34.025 1 34.0525 -6.818181818

34.04 11.21 0.08 0.05 34.08 0.625 34.1175 -8.333333333

34.12 11.26 0.07 0 34.155 0 34.1825 9.090909091

34.19 11.26 0.04 0.02 34.21 0.5 34.2275 42.85714286

34.23 11.28 0.03 0.06 34.245 2 34.26 -44.44444444

34.26 11.34 0.03 0.02 34.275 0.666666667 34.2975 -14.81481481

34.29 11.36 0.06 0 34.32 0 34.345 10

34.35 11.36 0.04 0.02 34.37 0.5 34.395 -3.333333333

34.39 11.38 0.06 0.02 34.42 0.333333333 34.445 -1.666666667

34.45 11.4 0.04 0.01 34.47 0.25 34.49 6.25

34.49 11.41 0.04 0.02 34.51 0.5 34.53 12.5

34.53 11.43 0.04 0.04 34.55 1 34.5725 -17.77777778

34.57 11.47 0.05 0.01 34.595 0.2 34.6175 6.666666667

34.62 11.48 0.04 0.02 34.64 0.5 34.66 -6.25

34.66 11.5 0.04 0.01 34.68 0.25 34.7025 3.333333333

34.7 11.51 0.05 0.02 34.725 0.4 34.75 12

34.75 11.53 0.05 0.05 34.775 1 34.8075 -11.53846154

 34.8 11.58 0.08 0.02 34.84 0.25 34.8775 -1.428571429

34.88 11.6 0.07 0.01 34.915 0.142857143 34.9425 6.493506494

34.95 11.61 0.04 0.02 34.97 0.5 34.9975 -1.298701299

34.99 11.63 0.07 0.03 35.025 0.428571429 35.05 -8.571428571

35.06 11.66 0.03 0 35.075 0 35.0975 7.407407407

35.09 11.66 0.06 0.02 35.12 0.333333333 35.1475 8.484848485

35.15 11.68 0.05 0.04 35.175 0.8 35.2 -20

35.2 11.72 0.05 -0.01 35.225 -0.2 35.2475 15.55555556

35.25 11.71 0.04 0.02 35.27 0.5 35.3 -4.166666667

35.29 11.73 0.08 0.02 35.33 0.25 35.5875 -0.076647931

35.37 11.75 0.95 0.2 35.845 0.210526316 36.3475 -0.078060541

36.32 11.95 1.06 0.14 36.85 0.132075472 37.3625 -0.030307679

37.38 12.09 0.99 0.1 37.875 0.101010101

38.37 12.19
 14

12

10

8
pH

0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Cumulative Volume of NaOh/ ml

Graph 1: Titration Curve for the unknown binary acid mixture

 30 14

25 12

20 10

15 8
Axis Title

First Derivative Day 2

Titration Curve Day 2

10 6

5 4

0 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

-5 0
Volume of NaOH/ ml

Graph : Titration Curve of Acid Mixture and First Derivative Plot Coinciding Where Equivalence Points
are Located
 30

25

20

15
ΔpH/ΔV

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-5
Volume of NaOH/ml

Graph 9: Equivalence Volume at the Highest Inflection Point of the First Derivative plot
(ΔpH/ΔV) against Volume

Therefore equivalence volume for weak acid is 32.86 ml and for strong acid is 10.365 ml
 400
change in ph

300

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Δ(ΔpH/ΔV)/ΔV)

-100

-200
l

-300

-400

-500
Volume of NaOH/ml

Graph 6: second derivative plot against volume of NaOH for acid mixture
 300
y = -6716x + 220455
200 R² = 1
100
(Δ(ΔpH/ΔV)/ΔV)

0
-10032.78 32.79 32.8 32.81 32.82 32.83 32.84 32.85 32.86 32.87 32.88 32.89

-200
-300
-400
-500
Volume of NaOH/ ml

Graph 7: Equivalence Volume at which the Second Derivative (Δ(ΔpH/ΔV)/ΔV) is Zero for
weak acid

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = −6716𝑥 + 220455

−220455
𝑥= = 32.82 𝑚𝑙
−6716

Equivalence Volume for weak acid is 𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒍 using second derivative plot

60

40
y = -3333.3x + 34547
R² = 1
(Δ(ΔpH/ΔV)/ΔV)

20

0
10.345 10.35 10.355 10.36 10.365 10.37 10.375 10.38 10.385
-20

-40

-60
Volume of NaOH/ ml

Graph 8: Equivalence Volume at which the Second Derivative (Δ (ΔpH/ΔV)/ΔV) is Zero for
strong acid

Equivalence Volume for strong acid is 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝒍 using second derivative plot
 Table : Gran Plot Parameters used to determine the equivalence points for the strong and
weak acid

Volume of base (Vb)/ml pH 𝟏𝟎−𝒑𝑯 𝑽𝒃 × 𝟏𝟎−𝒑𝑯

0.92 1.63 0.023442288 0.021566905
1.99 1.68 0.020892961 0.041576993
3.09 1.74 0.018197009 0.056228757
4.01 1.79 0.016218101 0.065034585
5.06 1.86 0.013803843 0.069847444
6.08 1.95 0.011220185 0.068218722
7.06 2.04 0.009120108 0.064387965
7.15 2.05 0.008912509 0.063724442
7.28 2.05 0.008912509 0.064883068
7.36 2.05 0.008912509 0.065596069
7.37 2.05 0.008912509 0.065685194
7.38 2.05 0.008912509 0.065774319
7.42 2.05 0.008912509 0.06613082
7.46 2.06 0.008709636 0.064973884
7.49 2.06 0.008709636 0.065235173
7.58 2.07 0.00851138 0.064516263
7.62 2.07 0.00851138 0.064856719
7.67 2.08 0.008317638 0.063796281
7.73 2.09 0.008128305 0.062831799
7.8 2.09 0.008128305 0.06340078
7.88 2.1 0.007943282 0.062593065
7.92 2.11 0.007762471 0.061478772
7.98 2.11 0.007762471 0.06194452
8.02 2.12 0.007585776 0.060837922
8.08 2.12 0.007585776 0.061293068
8.17 2.13 0.007413102 0.060565047
8.19 2.14 0.00724436 0.059331305
8.26 2.15 0.007079458 0.058476322
8.27 2.16 0.00691831 0.057214421
8.37 2.16 0.00691831 0.057906252
8.4 2.17 0.00676083 0.05679097
8.47 2.18 0.006606934 0.055960735
8.49 2.19 0.006456542 0.054816044
8.57 2.2 0.006309573 0.054073044
8.6 2.21 0.00616595 0.05302717
 8.67 2.22 0.006025596 0.052241916
8.72 2.23 0.005888437 0.051347167
8.77 2.23 0.005888437 0.051641589
8.83 2.25 0.005623413 0.049654739
8.87 2.26 0.005495409 0.048744276
8.94 2.27 0.005370318 0.048010643
9 2.28 0.005248075 0.047232671
9.07 2.3 0.005011872 0.045457682
9.11 2.31 0.004897788 0.04461885
9.17 2.32 0.004786301 0.043890379
9.22 2.33 0.004677351 0.04312518
9.28 2.34 0.004570882 0.042417784
9.36 2.35 0.004466836 0.041809584
9.38 2.35 0.004466836 0.041898921
9.42 2.38 0.004168694 0.039269096
9.47 2.39 0.004073803 0.038578912
9.51 2.41 0.003890451 0.036998193
9.57 2.42 0.003801894 0.036384125
9.6 2.44 0.003630781 0.034855493
9.67 2.45 0.003548134 0.034310455
9.71 2.47 0.003388442 0.032901768
9.78 2.48 0.003311311 0.032384624
9.86 2.5 0.003162278 0.031180058
9.87 2.51 0.003090295 0.030501216
9.9 2.53 0.002951209 0.029216971
9.97 2.55 0.002818383 0.028099278
9.99 2.56 0.002754229 0.027514745
10.07 2.58 0.002630268 0.026486799
10.16 2.6 0.002511886 0.025520766
10.18 2.62 0.002398833 0.024420119
10.22 2.64 0.002290868 0.023412667
10.31 2.65 0.002238721 0.023081215
10.36 2.68 0.002089296 0.021645108
10.37 2.7 0.001995262 0.02069087
10.42 2.72 0.001905461 0.019854901
10.49 2.74 0.001819701 0.019088662
10.52 2.77 0.001698244 0.017865523
10.59 2.8 0.001584893 0.016784019
10.62 2.82 0.001513561 0.01607402
10.71 2.85 0.001412538 0.015128277
10.75 2.88 0.001318257 0.01417126
10.79 2.9 0.001258925 0.013583805
10.86 2.93 0.001174898 0.012759387
10.89 2.95 0.001122018 0.012218781
10.95 2.98 0.001047129 0.011466058
10.97 3.01 0.000977237 0.010720292
11.02 3.04 0.000912011 0.010050359
11.08 3.06 0.000870964 0.009650277
11.12 3.09 0.000812831 0.009038675
11.22 3.11 0.000776247 0.008709493
11.27 3.14 0.000724436 0.008164393
11.32 3.17 0.000676083 0.007653259
11.36 3.19 0.000645654 0.007334632
11.42 3.22 0.00060256 0.00688123
11.52 3.24 0.00057544 0.006629068
11.56 3.27 0.000537032 0.006208088
11.6 3.29 0.000512861 0.005949192
11.66 3.31 0.000489779 0.005710821
11.69 3.33 0.000467735 0.005467824
11.76 3.34 0.000457088 0.005375357
11.78 3.36 0.000436516 0.005142157
11.87 3.38 0.000416869 0.00494824
11.93 3.4 0.000398107 0.004749419
11.97 3.42 0.000380189 0.004550867
12.05 3.44 0.000363078 0.004375091
12.09 3.45 0.000354813 0.004289694
12.16 3.47 0.000338844 0.004120345
12.19 3.49 0.000323594 0.003944607
12.26 3.5 0.000316228 0.003876952
12.32 3.52 0.000301995 0.003720581
12.39 3.54 0.000288403 0.003573315
12.46 3.55 0.000281838 0.003511705
12.48 3.56 0.000275423 0.003437277
12.55 3.58 0.000263027 0.003300986
12.6 3.6 0.000251189 0.003164977
12.69 3.61 0.000245471 0.003115026
12.75 3.62 0.000239883 0.003058512
12.81 3.64 0.000229087 0.002934601
12.87 3.65 0.000223872 0.002881234
12.93 3.67 0.000213796 0.002764385
12.97 3.68 0.00020893 0.002709817
13.86 3.84 0.000144544 0.00200338
15.02 4.01 9.77237E-05 0.00146781
16.08 4.13 7.4131E-05 0.001192027
16.96 4.23 5.88844E-05 0.000998679
18.06 4.32 4.7863E-05 0.000864406
19.02 4.4 3.98107E-05 0.0007572
20.18 4.49 3.23594E-05 0.000653012
21.18 4.57 2.69153E-05 0.000570067
21.98 4.63 2.34423E-05 0.000515261
23.08 4.72 1.90546E-05 0.00043978
23.96 4.78 1.65959E-05 0.000397637
25.08 4.87 1.34896E-05 0.00033832
26.16 4.97 1.07152E-05 0.000280309
26.96 5.04 9.12011E-06 0.000245878
27.96 5.15 7.07946E-06 0.000197942
28.96 5.27 5.37032E-06 0.000155524
29.02 5.28 5.24807E-06 0.000152299
29.07 5.29 5.12861E-06 0.000149089
29.12 5.3 5.01187E-06 0.000145946
29.18 5.31 4.89779E-06 0.000142917
29.26 5.32 4.7863E-06 0.000140047
29.32 5.32 4.7863E-06 0.000140334
29.37 5.33 4.67735E-06 0.000137374
29.41 5.34 4.57088E-06 0.00013443
29.46 5.35 4.46684E-06 0.000131593
29.48 5.35 4.46684E-06 0.000131682
29.55 5.36 4.36516E-06 0.00012899
29.6 5.37 4.2658E-06 0.000126268
29.66 5.38 4.16869E-06 0.000123643
29.69 5.39 4.0738E-06 0.000120951
29.77 5.4 3.98107E-06 0.000118517
29.82 5.41 3.89045E-06 0.000116013
29.86 5.41 3.89045E-06 0.000116169
29.91 5.42 3.80189E-06 0.000113715
29.96 5.43 3.71535E-06 0.000111312
29.99 5.44 3.63078E-06 0.000108887
30.06 5.45 3.54813E-06 0.000106657
30.09 5.46 3.46737E-06 0.000104333
30.16 5.47 3.38844E-06 0.000102195
30.19 5.48 3.31131E-06 9.99685E-05
30.26 5.49 3.23594E-06 9.79194E-05
30.3 5.5 3.16228E-06 9.5817E-05
30.38 5.51 3.0903E-06 9.38832E-05
30.43 5.52 3.01995E-06 9.18971E-05
30.48 5.53 2.95121E-06 8.99529E-05
30.53 5.54 2.88403E-06 8.80495E-05
30.56 5.56 2.75423E-06 8.41692E-05
30.61 5.57 2.69153E-06 8.23879E-05
30.66 5.57 2.69153E-06 8.25225E-05
30.69 5.58 2.63027E-06 8.07229E-05
30.75 5.59 2.5704E-06 7.90397E-05
30.8 5.6 2.51189E-06 7.73661E-05
30.86 5.62 2.39883E-06 7.4028E-05
30.89 5.63 2.34423E-06 7.24132E-05
30.95 5.64 2.29087E-06 7.09024E-05
31.01 5.66 2.18776E-06 6.78425E-05
31.05 5.67 2.13796E-06 6.63837E-05
31.1 5.68 2.0893E-06 6.49771E-05
31.16 5.69 2.04174E-06 6.36206E-05
31.19 5.71 1.94984E-06 6.08157E-05
31.32 5.77 1.69824E-06 5.3189E-05
31.39 5.78 1.65959E-06 5.20944E-05
31.46 5.79 1.62181E-06 5.10221E-05
31.48 5.8 1.58489E-06 4.98924E-05
31.55 5.82 1.51356E-06 4.77529E-05
31.6 5.84 1.44544E-06 4.56759E-05
31.66 5.86 1.38038E-06 4.3703E-05
31.71 5.89 1.28825E-06 4.08504E-05
31.75 5.91 1.23027E-06 3.9061E-05
31.82 5.93 1.1749E-06 3.73852E-05
31.87 5.95 1.12202E-06 3.57587E-05
31.91 5.98 1.04713E-06 3.34139E-05
31.96 5.99 1.02329E-06 3.27044E-05
31.99 6.02 9.54993E-07 3.05502E-05
32.06 6.05 8.91251E-07 2.85735E-05
32.09 6.11 7.76247E-07 2.49098E-05
32.16 6.14 7.24436E-07 2.32979E-05
32.22 6.18 6.60693E-07 2.12875E-05
32.29 6.22 6.0256E-07 1.94566E-05
32.35 6.26 5.49541E-07 1.77776E-05
32.39 6.31 4.89779E-07 1.58639E-05
32.46 6.37 4.2658E-07 1.38468E-05
32.51 6.42 3.80189E-07 1.236E-05
32.56 6.48 3.31131E-07 1.07816E-05
32.59 6.56 2.75423E-07 8.97603E-06
32.65 6.65 2.23872E-07 7.30942E-06
32.69 6.78 1.65959E-07 5.42519E-06
32.75 6.96 1.09648E-07 3.59097E-06
32.79 7.27 5.37032E-08 1.76093E-06
32.84 8.15 7.07946E-09 2.32489E-07
32.88 9.26 5.49541E-10 1.80689E-08
32.93 9.78 1.65959E-10 5.46502E-09
32.98 10.1 7.94328E-11 2.61969E-09
33.04 10.3 5.01187E-11 1.65592E-09
33.07 10.45 3.54813E-11 1.17337E-09
33.15 10.56 2.75423E-11 9.13027E-10
33.17 10.65 2.23872E-11 7.42584E-10
33.22 10.73 1.86209E-11 6.18585E-10
33.28 10.81 1.54882E-11 5.15446E-10
33.33 10.87 1.34896E-11 4.49609E-10
33.38 10.9 1.25893E-11 4.20229E-10
33.43 10.96 1.09648E-11 3.66553E-10
33.47 11 1E-11 3.347E-10
33.52 11.05 8.91251E-12 2.98747E-10
33.56 11.09 8.12831E-12 2.72786E-10
33.6 11.11 7.76247E-12 2.60819E-10
33.65 11.13 7.4131E-12 2.49451E-10
33.7 11.15 7.07946E-12 2.38578E-10
33.75 11.17 6.76083E-12 2.28178E-10
33.79 11.1 7.94328E-12 2.68404E-10
33.88 11.14 7.24436E-12 2.45439E-10
33.94 11.16 6.91831E-12 2.34807E-10
34.01 11.18 6.60693E-12 2.24702E-10
34.04 11.21 6.16595E-12 2.09889E-10
34.12 11.26 5.49541E-12 1.87503E-10
34.19 11.26 5.49541E-12 1.87888E-10
34.23 11.28 5.24807E-12 1.79642E-10
34.26 11.34 4.57088E-12 1.56598E-10
34.29 11.36 4.36516E-12 1.49681E-10
34.35 11.36 4.36516E-12 1.49943E-10
34.39 11.38 4.16869E-12 1.43361E-10
34.45 11.4 3.98107E-12 1.37148E-10
34.49 11.41 3.89045E-12 1.34182E-10
34.53 11.43 3.71535E-12 1.28291E-10
34.57 11.47 3.38844E-12 1.17138E-10
34.62 11.48 3.31131E-12 1.14638E-10
34.66 11.5 3.16228E-12 1.09605E-10
34.7 11.51 3.0903E-12 1.07233E-10
34.75 11.53 2.95121E-12 1.02555E-10
34.8 11.58 2.63027E-12 9.15333E-11
34.88 11.6 2.51189E-12 8.76146E-11
34.95 11.61 2.45471E-12 8.57921E-11
34.99 11.63 2.34423E-12 8.20246E-11
35.06 11.66 2.18776E-12 7.67029E-11
35.09 11.66 2.18776E-12 7.67686E-11
35.15 11.68 2.0893E-12 7.34388E-11
35.2 11.72 1.90546E-12 6.70722E-11
35.25 11.71 1.94984E-12 6.8732E-11
35.29 11.73 1.86209E-12 6.57131E-11
35.37 11.75 1.77828E-12 6.28977E-11
36.32 11.95 1.12202E-12 4.07517E-11
37.38 12.09 8.12831E-13 3.03836E-11
38.37 12.19 6.45654E-13 2.47738E-11
Table: gran plot data for strong acid

Volume of base 𝑽𝒃 × 𝟏𝟎−𝒑𝑯

(Vb)/ ml
8.37 0.057906252
8.4 0.05679097
8.47 0.055960735
8.49 0.054816044
8.57 0.054073044
8.6 0.05302717
8.67 0.052241916
8.72 0.051347167
8.77 0.051641589
8.83 0.049654739
8.87 0.048744276
8.94 0.048010643
9 0.047232671
9.07 0.045457682
9.11 0.04461885
9.17 0.043890379
9.22 0.04312518
9.28 0.042417784
9.36 0.041809584
9.38 0.041898921
9.42 0.039269096
9.47 0.038578912
9.51 0.036998193
9.57 0.036384125
9.6 0.034855493
9.67 0.034310455
9.71 0.032901768
9.78 0.032384624
9.86 0.031180058
9.87 0.030501216
9.9 0.029216971
9.97 0.028099278
9.99 0.027514745
10.07 0.026486799
10.16 0.025520766
10.18 0.024420119
10.22 0.023412667
10.31 0.023081215
10.36 0.021645108
10.37 0.02069087
10.42 0.019854901
10.49 0.019088662
10.52 0.017865523
10.59 0.016784019
10.62 0.01607402
10.71 0.015128277
10.75 0.01417126
10.79 0.013583805
10.86 0.012759387
10.89 0.012218781
10.95 0.011466058
10.97 0.010720292
11.02 0.010050359
11.08 0.009650277
11.12 0.009038675
 0.08 y = -1.665E-02x + 1.953E-01
R² = 9.918E-01
0.07

0.06

0.05
Vb × 10-pH

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-0.01

-0.02
Volume of NaOH/ml

Graph 7: Gran Plot Vb × 10-pH against volume of NaOH for strong acid

The equation of the line y = mx + c, where y = Vb x 10-pH, m = Ka, x = Vb, and c = Vep as
shown below.

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = −0.01665𝑥 + 0.1953

−0.1953
𝑥= 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒍
−0.01665

The equivalence volume for the weak acid (acetic acid) is 11.73 ml
Graph 7: Gran Plot data for weak acid
Volume of base 𝑽𝒃 × 𝟏𝟎−𝒑𝑯
(Vb)/ ml
26.96 0.000245878
27.96 0.000197942
28.96 0.000155524
29.02 0.000152299
29.07 0.000149089
29.12 0.000145946
29.18 0.000142917
29.26 0.000140047
29.32 0.000140334
29.37 0.000137374
29.41 0.00013443
29.46 0.000131593
29.48 0.000131682
29.55 0.00012899
29.6 0.000126268
29.66 0.000123643
29.69 0.000120951
29.77 0.000118517
29.82 0.000116013
29.86 0.000116169
29.91 0.000113715
29.96 0.000111312
29.99 0.000108887
30.06 0.000106657
30.09 0.000104333
30.16 0.000102195
30.19 9.99685E-05
30.26 9.79194E-05
30.3 9.5817E-05
30.38 9.38832E-05
30.43 9.18971E-05
30.48 8.99529E-05
30.53 8.80495E-05
30.56 8.41692E-05
30.61 8.23879E-05
30.66 8.25225E-05
30.69 8.07229E-05
30.75 7.90397E-05
 30.8 7.73661E-05
30.86 7.4028E-05
30.89 7.24132E-05
30.95 7.09024E-05
31.01 6.78425E-05
31.05 6.63837E-05
31.1 6.49771E-05
31.16 6.36206E-05
31.19 6.08157E-05
31.32 5.3189E-05
31.39 5.20944E-05
31.46 5.10221E-05
31.48 4.98924E-05
31.55 4.77529E-05
31.6 4.56759E-05
31.66 4.3703E-05
31.71 4.08504E-05
31.75 3.9061E-05
31.82 3.73852E-05
31.87 3.57587E-05
31.91 3.34139E-05
31.96 3.27044E-05
31.99 3.05502E-05
32.06 2.85735E-05
32.09 2.49098E-05
32.16 2.32979E-05
32.22 2.12875E-05
32.29 1.94566E-05
32.35 1.77776E-05
32.39 1.58639E-05
32.46 1.38468E-05
32.51 1.236E-05
32.56 1.07816E-05
32.59 8.97603E-06
32.65 7.30942E-06
32.69 5.42519E-06
32.75 3.59097E-06
32.79 1.76093E-06
 0.0003
y = -4.04E-05x + 1.32E-03
0.00025 R² = 9.98E-01

0.0002

0.00015
Vb × 10-pH

0.0001

0.00005

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.00005

-0.0001
Volume of NaOH/ml

Graph 7: Gran Plot Vb × 10-pH against volume of NaOH for weak acid
Equivalence Volume for the strong acid is 32.673 ml
Sample Calculations for Concentration of the acids
 Concentration of weak acid using equivalence volume extrapolated from Gran plot

The equivalence volume for the weak acid is 32.67 ml

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐.× 𝑣𝑜𝑙
Conc. = 0. 1076M
Vol = 0.03267 dm3
Therefore moles of NaOH = 0.1076 M × 0.03267 dm3
= 3.52× 10-3 moles NaOH
Since the mole ratio is 1:1, then mole of NaOH =moles acid
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅
Concentration of acid = 𝒗𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅

𝟑.𝟓𝟐× 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
= 0.025

= 0.1406 M CH3COOH

 Concentration of strong acid using equivalence volume extrapolated from Gran plot
The equivalence volume for the weak acid is 11.73 ml
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐.× 𝑣𝑜𝑙

Conc. = 0. 1076M

Vol = 0.01173 dm3

Therefore moles of NaOH = 0.1076 M × 0.01153 dm3

= 1.24× 10-3 moles NaOH

Since the mole ratio is 1:1, then mole of NaOH =moles acid

𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅
Concentration of acid =
𝒗𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅

𝟏.𝟐𝟒× 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
=
0.025

= 0.0496 M HCL
Using the volumes obtained from the first and second derivative for both strong and weak acid
the concentration was calculated and tabulated in the table below

Table: Equivalence Volume obtained using the different techniques and the concentration
of the strong and weak acid in the acid mixture.

Techniques Equivalence Volume/ Volume Moles [HCl] / [CH3COO

ml of Acid mol/d H]/
Mixture m-3 mol/dm3
Strong Weak Acid used/ ml Strong Weak Acid
Acid Acid
First 10.365 32.86 25 1.12×10-3 3.54×10-3 0.0448 0.1414
Derivative
Second 10.364 32.825 25 1.115×10-3 3.531×10-3 0.0446 0.1413
Derivative

Gran plot 11.730 32.673 25 1.24× 10-3 3.52× 10-3 0.0496 0.1406