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Rolling cylinder on a
horizontal plane
A Pinto1 and M Fiolhais2
1
High School S Pedro, R Morgado de Mateus, P-5000-455 Vila Real and Physics
Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, Ap. 202,
P-5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal
2
Physics Department and Centre for Computational Physics, University of Coimbra,
P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
E-mail: apinto@utad.pt, tmanuel@teor.fis.uc.pt
Abstract
A cylinder on a horizontal plane, acted upon by a constant horizontal force,
provides a variety of physical situations, which are helpful for understanding
the behaviour and the role of friction in systems of particles. In our study,
we consider rolling with and without slipping and establish the conditions
for the frictional force to have the direction of the centre-of-mass velocity,
contrary to the common idea that this force is always opposite to motion.
In general, rolling without slipping requires static friction. However, under
some conditions, rolling without slipping may take place even in the absence
of a static frictional force. On the other hand, if the applied force and the
kinetic frictional force fulfil certain relations, a pure translation of the
cylinder may occur. The work done by friction is also discussed.
These difficulties have merited special plane, with emphasis on the direction of the
attention by quite a few authors. In this vein, we frictional force, then we briefly comment on the
report here a systematic study of a rigid cylinder work done by friction, and finally we present our
rolling on a horizontal surface, acted upon by a conclusions.
constant horizontal force. The system shows up
various situations, which have been very useful The direction of the frictional force
in helping our students to understand the subtle
Let us consider a rigid, homogeneous cylinder
differences between the behaviour of the frictional
with mass m and radius R, lying on a rigid and
force in systems of particles and for just one
horizontal surface, as shown in figure 1. The
particle, and this motivated this work. Let us
velocity of the contact point, vP , and the velocity
briefly mention the main ideas of other papers on
of the centre-of-mass, vC , are related by
the issue of the direction of the frictional force and
on the work done by this force. vP = vC + ω × R (1)
Shaw (1979) proposed an experiment using a
cylinder that rolls without slipping on a horizontal where ω is the angular velocity with respect to the
surface. The magnitude and the direction of axis of the cylinder and R is the position vector of
the frictional force are determined experimentally. point P relative to the centre-of-mass. The angular
Our study contains the situation described by velocity is ω = ωêz with ω > 0 if the cylinder
Shaw, but we also study the motion with slipping. rotates clockwise (êz points inward, relative to the
Salazar et al (1990) claimed that situations plane of the figure). Projecting equation (1) along
where the frictional force and the centre-of-mass the direction of x, one gets
velocity have a common direction are considered
paradoxical by some students. They used two vP = vC − ωR. (2)
examples illustrating that friction may be opposed
When the velocity of the contact point P is
to or in the direction of the centre-of-mass. In
zero, vP = 0, one has pure rolling and, from
particular, a sphere rolling without slipping is
equation (2), one gets the condition for rolling
considered to discuss the ‘apparent paradox’ of the
without slipping:
friction being in the same direction as the centre-
of-mass velocity. vC = ωR (3)
McClelland (1991) suggested that the word
‘friction’ should be applied only in situations while the condition for rolling with slipping can
where the contacting solid surfaces are in relative be expressed either by vP = 0 or by
motion. If such motion does not occur, he
proposed that such interaction be called ‘shear vC = ωR. (4)
adhesion’. These considerations are pertinent but
they do not explain the direction of friction. We assume that a constant horizontal force,
Regarding the work of the frictional force, F , is applied to the cylinder, at a certain height,
a study by Carnero et al (1993) was based on h, as shown in figure 1. The cylinder moves on
the pseudowork–energy theorem. They showed a horizontal plane acted upon by this force and
that the frictional force produces translation and by the frictional force, f , generated at the contact
rolling work with opposite signs, which, therefore,
cancel each other out, and the net work of the static
friction vanishes.
Sousa and Pina (1997) discussed the
dissipation effects in a rolling cylinder, in
connection with the laws of thermodynamics,
concluding that a better physical understanding
is achieved by considering mechanics and Figure 1. Cylinder on a horizontal plane acted upon
by the force F and friction f (which is tentatively
thermodynamics together. represented pointing to the right). The weight and the
In this article we first present a systematic normal reaction, which are equal in magnitude and
study of the motion of a cylinder on a horizontal have opposite directions, are not shown.
Figure 2 shows this function. where use has been made of equation (10). If
In the range 0 h < 23 R the frictional force
F 2h
is negative, i.e. it points in the opposite direction to µ< − 1 (12)
that shown in figure 1. It vanishes for h = 23 R and mg 3R
it becomes positive, i.e. pointing as in figure 1, the cylinder slips (and rolls) under the action of
in the range 23 R < h 2R. We consider this force F .
Table 1. Qualitative values of the velocity of the contact point, vP , and of the frictional force, f , for the rolling
cylinder, originally at rest, acted upon by a constant horizontal force, F , applied at different heights, h.
Case 1: rolling without slipping 0 h < 23 R vP = 0 f <0
F 2h
h = 23 R vP = 0 f =0
µ − 1
mg 3R 3
R < h 2R vP = 0 f >0
2
several interesting discussions in the pedagogical work are introduced for just a single particle and,
literature. in that case, these results never happen. Only to
The ‘centre-of-mass’ equation (Benson 1996), this extent can the mentioned results be considered
which relates the pseudowork with the variation of surprising, and, in fact, to some students they are!
kinetic energy (and the ‘rotation centre-of-mass Clearly, if a body has only sliding motion (no
equation’), is, of course, an appropriate tool to rotation) the study of its motion reduces to the
study rigid bodies. Using it one concludes that study of its centre-of-mass motion. As long as
the static friction produces zero net work, irrespec- rotations take place, the analysis of the frictional
tive of its direction. Considering a cylinder rolling force and the work it does requires a detailed
down an incline (without slipping), Carnero et al knowledge of the motion of the particle(s) where
showed that the pseudowork done by the frictional the frictional force(s) is (are) applied.
force associated with the translation of the centre- The rolling cylinder on a horizontal plane,
of-mass is equal in magnitude but has the opposite acted upon by a constant horizontal force, shows
sign to the pseudowork associated with the torque a variety of situations, which we found most
produced by friction relative to the centre-of-mass. clarifying with regard to the subtleties of the
When the force is not applied to the same direction of the friction and the work done by that
particle, Bruhat (1967) claims that the following force.
definition of infinitesimal work
Acknowledgments
δW = f · v dt (18)
We would like to thank B Lopes and J Morais
is more appropriate, v being the velocity of the for fruitful discussions. We are also grateful to
particle acted upon by force f . Considering P Alberto, L Brito, C Fiolhais and C Sousa for a
the work of the frictional force in the example critical reading of the manuscript.
discussed earlier, in (18) f is the frictional force
Received 23 January 2001
and one should replace v by vP in that equation. PII: S0031-9120(01)21263-5
Whenever rolling occurs without slipping, vP = 0
(see table 1) and (18) gives zero elementary work.
Therefore the total work is also zero. If slippage References
occurs, the directions of vP and f (now a kinetic Benson H 1996 University Physics revised edn (New
frictional force) are opposite (see table 1) and the York: John Wiley)
elementary work given by (18) is always negative. Bruhat G 1967 Mécanique 6th edn (Paris: Masson)
Carnero C, Aguiar J and Hierrezuelo J 1993 The work
The total work of the kinetic friction is negative,
of the frictional force in rolling motion Phys.
preventing the total kinetic energy of the cylinder Educ. 28 225–7
from increasing as it would if F were the only McClelland J A G 1991 Friction and related
horizontal force producing work. Associated with phenomena Phys. Educ. 26 234–7
slipping motion, there is dissipative work, whose Salazar A, Sánchez-Lavega A and Arriandiaga M A
1990 Is the frictional force always opposed to the
effect is to increase the temperature of the cylinder
motion? Phys. Educ. 25 82–5
and/or plane. We refer the reader to the interesting Shaw D E 1979 Frictional force on rolling objects
discussion by Sousa and Pina (1997) on the work Am. J. Phys. 47 887–8
of the frictional force in rolling cylinders and its Sousa C A and Pina E P 1997 Aspects of mechanics
relation with the laws of thermodynamics. and thermodynamics in introductory physics: an
illustration in the context of friction and rolling
Eur. J. Phys. 18 334–7
Conclusions
The direction of the frictional force on a rigid body
Afonso Pinto graduated in Physics in 1981 at the University
can be either the direction of the centre-of-mass of Coimbra, Portugal. He is a High School Teacher and
velocity or the opposite one. Moreover, that force Assistant Professor at the University of Trás-os-Montes e
may not do any work, although the centre-of-mass Alto Douro, where he is involved in the training of teachers.
of the system may move.
Manuel Fiolhais obtained a PhD degree from the University
These results can only be observed in systems of Coimbra in 1988. He is Associate Professor at that
of particles. However, the concepts of friction and university and Researcher in the field of hadron physics.