CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the present bonafide project

work was done under my guidance dissertation
entitled "REFRACTIVE INDEX OF DIFFERENT
WAVELEGTH” by Master KRISHNA KOUSHIK
BHOGI in partial fulfillment of AlSSCE for the
academic year 2018-2019.

Signature of Candidate: Signature of the Guide:

Signature of external Examiner:. Signature of Principal:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude

towards our chemistry teacher Mr.J.SUNDARAJAN for his
guidance, support and encouragement throughout the
duration of the project.Without his motivation and help
the successful completion of this project would not have
been possible.

My sincere thank goes to our principal Mr.

P.RAMCHANDRAN for incorporating the project with the
curriculum,which led to individual development.

I wish to express my deep thanks to the Navodaya

Family members,friends and my classmates for their
cooperation in completion of this project work.
 INDEX

 AIM
 INTRODUCTION
 LINE OF ACTION
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 CONSTRUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATION
 TABULATION
 GRAPH
 RESULT
 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
 DIFFICULTIES FACED
 LIMITATIONS
 APPENDIX
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

AIM
 TO FIND REFRACTIVE
INDEX OF MATERIAL OF
PRISM FOR DIFFERENT
WAVELENGTHS

INTRODUCTION

A beam of white light when it passes through a prism is

split up into its constituent colours and this is called
dispersion of light.The image thus formed on a screen is
called spectrum.
The spectrum consists of visible and invisible regions in
the visible region the order of the colours are from violet
to rea.The principle colours are given by "VIBGYOR" the
deviation produced for the violet rays of light is
maximum and for red it is minimum.

The refractive index for the material of the prism is

different wavelengths.The deviation and hence the
refractive index is more for violet rays of light. The
deviations of the yellow constituent are taken as the
mean value.

LINE OF ACTION
We have planned to study
1)The variation of refractive index of different
wavelengths by using spectrometer.
2)To determine
a)Angle of prism
b) Angle of minimum deviation of
wavelengths

Thereby we can find the refractive index of

the prism for different wavelengths.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Spectrometer
 Mercury vapor lamp
 CFL
 Reading glass
 Crown glass prism
  Black cloth
 Spirit level

CONSTRUCTION

The apparatus is made as shown in the

diagram the spectrometer is arranged
such that the position of collimator do not
change with the lamp. The telescope is
such that the system should not get
disturbed till the angle of deviation is
noted using a reading glass.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The prism is placed on the prism table in such way that

one of reflecting surfaces is facing the collimator that is
the telescope adjusted to the position where the
refracted position rays traces its path. The reading are
noted down as R1.

Now the prism is removed and the telescope is brought

in line with collimator.
D=R1-R2

The refractive index is calculated using the formula:

SPECTROMETER
 The dispersed light is passed through the
telescope before falling to the eye which is
placed just behind the eyepiece.

 A Vernier scale is attached to the telescope

which rotates on the horizontal circular scale
when the telescope is rotated.

 Leveling screws are provided under the main

base, the collimator tube, the telescope tube
and the prism table.

APPLICATIONS

 Measuring the angle of a prism.

 Measuring the minimum deviation for a prism for a
given wavelength.
 Variation of refractive index with wavelength.

PROCEDURE
Initial adjustment :-

Eye piece adjustment:

The cross wire are adjusted in such a way that they
are vertical and horizontal also. Eye piece is
adjusted so that a well defined image is seen.
Telescope adjustment: The telescope is focused to
distant object and is adjusted so that a well
defined image of distance object is seen through
the telescope.
Collimator adjustment: the telescope is turned in
such a way that is in line with collimator, collimator
slit is adjusted so that a well defined slit is seen
through the telescope.
Turn table adjustment: The turn table is checked
for planes using spirit level.

OBSERVATION

To find the least count of spectrometer:

Value of 1MSD= 0.5
No. of divisions in the vernier scale= N= 30
divisions
Least count: M.S.D./N= 0.5°/30= 30’/30= 1’
To find the angle of prism:
Face A Face B A 2A
Ver A Ver B Ver A Ver B
222°50’ 42°50’ 104°10’ 284°10’ 59°20’ 118°40’

To find angle of minimum deviation for all visible

wavelengths:
Direct reading
Ver A- 170° Ver B- 349°59’

MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP

 Color Vernier-A Vernier-B
MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR
Violet 129° 26’ 129°26’ 309° 29’ 309°29’
Indigo 129°30’ 28’ 129°58’ 309°30’ 25’ 309°55’
Blue 129° 15’ 129°15’ 309° 15’ 309°15’
Green 130° 0’ 130° 310° 0’ 310°
Yellow 130° 20’ 130°20’ 310° 20’ 310°20’
Orange 130°30’ 01’ 130°31’ 310°30’ 01’ 310°31’
Red 130°30’ 21’ 130°51’ 310°30’ 21’ 310°51’

CFL
Color Vernier-A Vernier-B
MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR
Violet 130° 0’ 130° 310° 0’ 310°
Indigo 130° 5’ 130°5’ 310° 5’ 310°5’
Blue 130°30’ 5’ 130°35’ 310°30’ 5’ 310°35’
Green 131° 0’ 131° 311° 0’ 311°
Yellow 131°30’ 16’ 131°46’ 311°30’ 16’ 311°46’
Orange 131°30’ 18’ 131°48’ 311°30’ 18’ 311°48’
Red 131°30’ 20’ 131°50’ 311°30’ 20’ 311°50’

TABULATION
 To find the refractive index of material of prism for
different wavelengths:-

MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP:

Direct reading
Ver A- 170° Ver B- 349°59’
Color Observed reading VI VII D=D1+ μ=sin(A+Dm)/2/sin(
D2/2
180°-Ver 180°-Ver
Ver A Ver B A B

Violet 129°26’ 309°29’ 50°34’ 50°31’ 50°32’3 1.543

0”
Indigo 129°58’ 309°55’ 50°02’ 50°05’ 50°03'3 1.538
0”
Blue 129°15’ 309°15’ 50°45’ 50°45’ 50°45’ 1.534
Green 130° 310° 50° 50° 50° 1.531
Yellow 130°20’ 310°20’ 49°40’ 49°40’ 49°40’ 1.528
Orange 130°31’ 310°31’ 49°29’ 49°29’ 49°29’ 1.525
Red 130°51’ 310°51’ 49°09’ 49°09’ 49°09’ 1.522

Angle of the prism= 59°20’

CFL:
Direct reading
Ver A- 170° Ver B- 349°59’
Color Observed reading VI VII D=D1+ μ=sin(A+Dm)/
D2/2
180°-Ver 180°-Ver
Ver A Ver B A B

Violet 130° 310° 50° 50° 50° 1.638

Indigo 130°5’ 310°5’ 49°55’ 49°55’ 49°55’ 1.632
Blue 130°35’ 310°35’ 49°25’ 49°25’ 49°25’ 1.627
Green 131° 311° 49° 49° 49° 1.618
Yellow 131°46’ 311°46’ 48°24’ 48°24’ 48°24’ 1.614
Orange 131°48’ 311°48’ 48°12’ 48°12’ 48°12’ 1.609
Red 131°50’ 311°50’ 48°50’ 48°50’ 48°50’ 1.598

GRAPHS
GRAPH-1
Line graph between the variation of
refractive index with different
colors/different wavelengths.

GRAPH-2
Bar graph between the variation of
refractive index with different
wavelengths.

RESULT
From:-
Graph-1:
We conclude that the value of refractive
index is decreasing linearly for increasing
wavelengths (VIBGYOR).
Graph-2:
We conclude that the value of refractive
index is highest for Violet and least for
Red.

DISCUSSION OF RESULT

From our observations it is concluded that

practical is very much related to theory.
According to Cauchys expression for the
refractive index of the material in the terms of
wavelengths of light. It is given by
μ=a+b/λ²+c/λ⁴
where a, b, c, are the Cauchy's constant. The
values of a, b, c depends on medium. From
equation (i) it is evident that the refractive
index of the medium decreases with increase
in wavelength of light.

The graph is plotted between μ and 1/λ is a

straight line. The intercept upon Y-axis gives
the value of a (Cauchy's constant) and the
slope of the line PC gives the value of b
(Cauchy's constant).
The refractive index of the material of the
prism is calculated by the formula

DERIVATION
Let the angle of minimum deviation be Dm.
For minimum deviation, i=l’ and r=r’
We have,
Dm=i+i’-A
=2i-A
i=(A+Dm)2..............(i)
Also,
r+r’=A or 2r=A
r=A/2......................(ii)
The refractive index is
μ=sin(i)/sin(r)
Using (i) and (ii),
μ=sin(A+Dm)/2/sin(A/2)

LIMITATIONS
 The project is not done for Flint glass,
Quartz glass, Soda glass etc.
 The project is not done for the liquids at
different temperatures.

APPENDIX
Spectrometer is an instrument which is used to produce
and study pure spectrum in visible region.
It consist of basically 3 parts:
 Collimator
 Prism table
 Telescope
Collimator: It consists of a long cylindrical tube fitted
with an achromatic converging lens at one end. The
incident light is passed through the collimator to make it
parallel before falling on the dispersing element.
Prism table: This is a horizontal platform which can be
rotated about its axis and whose height may be
adjusted. When the prism table rotates, a horizontal
circular scale rotates with it.
Telescope: lt is an astronomical telescope. The objective
lens is fitted at one end of a long cylindrical tube.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
TITLE : OPTICS
AUTHOR : SUBRAMANYAM BRIJ LAL
PUBLISHERS : S.CHAND & company LTD.

TITLE : PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12th

AUTHOR : N.K.BAJAJ
PUBLISHERS : TATA McGRAW HILL

TITLE : MODERN abc OF PHYSICS

VOLUME-2
AUTHOR : SATISH K. GUPTA
PUBLISHERS : MODERN PUBLISHERS