INDEX

S.No. TOPICS PAGE

NO.
1 Certificate 2
2 Acknowledgement 3
3 Declaration 4
4 Abstract 5
5 Introduction 6
6 Energy Losses 10
7 Uses 11
8 Applications 12
9 Precautions 14
10 Bibliography 15

1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that HIMANSHU , a student
of class XII has successfully completed the
project titled “Step – Down TRANSFORMER”
under the guidance of Mr. ABHISHEK
LUTHRA (Subject Teacher). During the
academic year 2019-20 in partial fulfilment of
physics practical examination conducted by
AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher

Signature of principal

2
 Acknowledgement

I would like to thanks the Physics Lab

Teacher Mr. Abhishek Luthra for giving
the extraordinary idea about this project
and guiding this project until finish line. I
would also like to thank our Principal Mr.
Deepak Singhal.

My thanks should not stop alone

with teacher. My friends and parents even
played a big part in it. I see this project as a
result of hardwork from us and innovation
from our teacher. So, I once again thank all of
them who put their hands in it and made it
successful.

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “STEP- DOWN
TRANSFORMER” submitted to the Mr. Abhishek Luthra is a
record of original work done by me under the guidance of,
Physics Teacher, of Saraswati Public School, Jagadhri and this
project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for Physics Practical.

Signature:
Name : Himanshu
Roll No.:
Date :

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 ABSTRACT

The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a

high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

5
 INTRODUCTION

 The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high

alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

A transformer which decreases the a.c. voltage is called a “step

down transformer.

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 In a step down transformer:-
 Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant = E s Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or

Ep I p = Es I s Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = k

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8
  Efficiency:-

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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 ENERGY LOSSES

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a

transformer:-

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2
is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

10
 USES

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

1· In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. In transmission of a.c. over long distance.

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 APPLICATIONS

A major application of transformer is to increases voltage before

transmitting electrical energy over long distance through wires.
Wires have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate
proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By
transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for low-
current) form for transmission and back again afterward,
transformers enable economical transmission of power over long
distance. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electrical
supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from
points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world’s electrical
power has passed through a series of transforms by the time it
reaches the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in electronic products to step

down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage
circuits they contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the end user from
contact with the supply voltage.

Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling

transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge unit weighing
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hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to interconnect portions
of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles, although the
range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the
need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are
still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household
(“mains”) voltage. Transformer are essential for high-voltage electrical
power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission
economically practical.

Single and audio transformer are used to couple stages of amplifier

and to match devices such as microphones and record players to the
input of the amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed telephone circuit
to carry on a two-way conservation over a single pair of wires. A balun
transformer converts a single that is referenced to ground to a signal
that has balanced voltage to ground, such as between external cables
and internal circuits.

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 PRECAUTIONS

1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I2 R, where I is

strength of current and R is the resistance of wires. To reduce
the power loss, a.c. is transmitted over long distance at
extremely high voltages. This reduces I in the same ratio.
Therefore, I2R becomes negligibly low.

2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer core must be

high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize loss of

energy due to eddy currents.

5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Physics textbook for class XII.

2. www.slideshare.net
3. www.wikipedia.com
4. www.google.com

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