Math107 Fall 2007

Calculus II University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Some “Tricks” for Integration

Trick Examples

Z Z
2 1
(1 + ex ) dx = 1 + 2ex + e2x dx = x + 2ex + e2x + C


Expand 2

Z Z  
1+x 1 x
dx = + dx
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Z Z
1 1 1 2
Split Fractions = 2
dx + du substitute: u = x + 1
x +1 2 u du = 2xdx
1 1
= tan−1 x + ln |u| + C = tan−1 x + ln x2 + 1 + C


2 2

2x + 2 − 2
Z Z
2x
dx = add and subtract 2
x2 + 2x + 1 x2 + 2x + 1
Z Z
2x + 2 1
= 2
dx − 2 dx split the fraction
x + 2x + 1 (x + 1)2
Add and Subtract u = x2 + 2x + 1
an Expression
Z
1
Z
1 du = (2x + 2)dx
= du − 2 dv substitute: and
u v2
v =x+1
dv = dx
2 2
+ C = ln x2 + 2x + 1 +


= ln |u| + +C
v x+1

Z Z
Example 1: 1 1 add and subtract 1 to
√ dx = dx
complete the square
p
2x − x2 1− (x2 − 2x + 1)
Z
1
= p dx
1 − (x − 1)2
Z
1 u=x−1
= √ du substitute:
1 − u2 du = dx
−1 −1
= sin u + C = sin (x − 1) + C
Z Z
Example 2: 1 1 1

2
dx = 1

1 dx add and subtract 4 to
4x − 2x + 9 2
4x − 2x + 4 − 4 + 9 complete the square
Complete the Square Z
1
= dx
1 2
2x − 2 + 35


4

u = √435 x − √135
Z
4 1
= dx substitute:
35
 2 du = √435 dx
√4 x − √1 +1
35 35
Z
1 1 1
=√ du = √ tan−1 u + C
35 u2 + 1 35
1  
= √ tan−1 √435 x − √135 + C
35

1
Trick Examples

x2
Z Z  
1 long division or
Divide Improper dx = 1− 2 dx
x2 + 1 x +1 synthetic division
Rational Fractions
= x − tan−1 x + C

Z Z  
2 1 1 half-angle formula:
cos x dx = + cos 2x dx cos2 θ = 21 + 12 cos 2θ
Trig Identities 2 2
1 1
= x + sin 2x + C
2 4

1 − sin x
Z Z
1 1 multiply and divide by
dx = · dx
1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 − sin x 1 − sin x
1 − sin x
Z
= dx expand denominator
1 − sin2 x
1 − sin x
Z
Pythagorean’s Theorem:
= dx
cos2 x cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
Z Z
Multiply and Divide 1 sin x
= 2
dx − dx split the fraction
cos x cos2 x
Z Z
= sec2 x dx − tan x sec x dx

= tan x − sec x + C