Cimpoeru Ionut-Alexandru clasa 1P/A

REFERAT ENGLEZA

Production and distribution of compressed air

I. a). The basic pneumatic system:

A basic pneumatic system, consists of two main parts:

- Air production and distribution system;

- Air consumption system.

Air production system

I. b). The components and their basic functions are:

compressor:

Air sucked at atmospheric pressure is compressed and supplied at higher pressure to the pneumatic
system. It therefore transforms mechanical energy into pneumatic energy.

 Electric motor:

Provides mechanical power to the compressor. Transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy.

 Pressure switch:

Controls the electric motor and also the pressure in the tank. It is dragged at a maximum pressure at
which the engine will be off and at a minimum pressure at which the distribution is made.

 Single-way valve:

Allows the passage of compressed air from the compressor to the tank and prevents the return of
the air when the compressor is closed.

 Tank:

Stores compressed air. Its volume is set according to the capacity of the compressor. The higher the
volume, the longer the compressor starts.

 Gauge:

Indicates pressure in the circuit.

  Automatic Download:

Evaporates all the condensate water present in the tank without the need for outside intervention.

 Safety valve:

Eliminates compressed air if the pressure in the tank rises above the prescribed pressure.

Dryer:

It drives the compressed air a few degrees above the freezing point and condenses most of the air
humidity. This will avoid the presence of condensate water in the downstream system.

 Line filter:

Positioned on the main line, the filter must have a minimum pressure drop and ability to move the
oil haze. It helps keep the dust, condensation and lubricating oil to the permissible limit.

I. c). Air consumption system

 Air intake:

For users, air is drawn to the top of the pipe to allow condensation occasionally to remain in the
main pipeline. When condensation reaches below the line, the water that gathers in the bottom of
the pipe flows into an automatic separator that will eliminate condensation.

 Automatic Separator:

The vertical pipeline that descends from the main pipeline must have a "escape" at the bottom. The
most effective method is to use an automatic separator that prevents the water from remaining in
the pipe, thus avoiding the need for manual interventions.

 Air treatment unit:

It treats compressed air to provide clean air at optimum pressure and occasionally adds lubricant to
extend the life of the pneumatic components of the system that require lubrication.

 Single-way valve:

Presses and alternately discharges the two ways of the cylinder to control the movement of the
cylinder.

 The pneumatic engine:

The pneumatic engine converts the potential energy of the air into mechanical work. We can have: a
linear cylinder, a rotary motor, a pneumatic tool, etc.

 Speed controller:

It provides simple and continuous control of the speed of motion of the pneumatic engine

II. Need for a compressor:

The automation by using compressed air, putting it under pressure, it normally does not exist under
pressure, thus determining the need for a compressor.
It is, therefore, necessary in a circuit a device capable of providing compressed air.

This device is called Compressor.

III. Operating a compressor:

Like all gases, the air does not have a definite shape. It changes its shape according to its
environment. The air is compressed (compressed) and tends to expand (expansion).

Compressors are used to compress the air, starting from an initial inlet pressure (atmospheric
pressure) up to a higher discharge pressure.

IV. Classification of compressors:

Compressors can be classified into two major families:

a) Volumetric compressors in which the compression is obtained by reducing the space that
contains the air sucked at atmospheric pressure. This first family includes:

Compressors of the alternative type: piston or diaphragm;

Rotary compressors: with screws, screws, gears.

b) Dynamic compressors in which the compression is obtained by transforming the suction air
pressure into pressure.

This second family group:

Centrifugal compressors;

Axial compressors.

The production of compressed air is a vast subject and the choice of the desired material must first
take into account, for a known use, the flow and pressure in the installation consuming this energy.
At the same time, it will also be taken into account that energy has risen and maintenance costs are
not negligible.

The compressors will be driven by electric or thermal motors.

In all cases, compressed air is the consequence of moving a piston inside a cylinder:

1) Depending on the position of the dampers, the compressor has a simple or double effect:

- Simple effect: Two dampers generally positioned at the head of a cylinder (suction and
discharge)

- Double effect: Pull and return movement of the piston generates compression of the air.

2) Depending on the desired pressure in the last phase, the number of floors varies:

Generation of compressed air at 4 bar: generally one floor is sufficient;

Compressed air generation at 7 bar: two floors, of which the first floor is at 2 bar and the second at 7
bar.

Compressed air generation at 150 bar: generally 4 floors.

A jerky compressor comprises a low pressure and a high pressure floor. Each cylinder can be
recognized by its size: at the same mass of air, the only one to intervene is the volume and
dimensions of the cylinder at low pressure are always higher than the dimensions of the high
pressure cylinder.

V. Compressor accessories:

The compressors group different elements: starting from the suction filter to the control cabinet
with the system control device. Depending on the desired air quality, various attachments are
required and constitute the central unit for compressed air production. So, treating the air at the
compressor outlet is indispensable.

As a result, different filters and coolers provide more or less complete cleaning, depending on the
applications in which the compressed air will be used, thereby protecting the equipment in the
pneumatic network.

 Tank:

This is a large balloon with a capacity of about 300 liters, made of welded steel sheet equipped with
cooling system. It serves as an energy reserve to avoid pressure drops and to start up the pneumatic
installation.

The main function is air storage, to an extent sufficient to meet the excess consumption, depending
on the capacity of the compressor, also having the function of reducing the compressor loading /
unloading frequency.

Provided with a cooling system, it allows precipitation of condensation in the bottom of the tank,
before the air is distributed into the grid.

The tank must be equipped with a safety valve, a pressure gauge, a condensate drain and inspection
caps for control and internal cleaning.

The valving value of the valve will be 7.5 - 8 bar. The tanks shall be checked at 10 years at a pressure
of 1.5 times the pressure of the safety valve load.

 For industrial installations, the practical rule for sizing the tank is:

The capacity of the tank is equal to the compressed air flow rate in one minute.

 Input filter:

Atmospheric air normally contains 40 million particles of powder, dust, pollen, etc. to 1 m3.

If this air is compressed to 7 bars, the concentration will be 320 million particles per 1 m3.

An essential condition for a good functioning of the compressor is to equip it with a filter. It does not
have to be too fine because the efficiency, therefore the efficiency of the copresor, decreases
because of the resistance to the air flow.

So very small particles (2-5mm) can not be retained.

VI. Simplified scheme of a compressed air production plant:

Aspiration of air at atmospheric pressure, purification and filtration;

Intake of this air in the first floor, then passing it to the second floor to reach the desired pressure in
the network of 6 to 7 bar.

Pressurized air is cooled and dried, then sent to a tank. From the tank, through the pipes, the air is
distributed in different installations.

The dimensions of the compressed air pipes are defined by the number of consumers.

The figure below shows us this kind of installation. :

The air is sucked from the outside into the compressor chamber, preferably located in the northern
part of the building, to get a lower temperature. A separator is installed before the tank.

The tank is installed outside the compressor chamber and is equipped with an automatic purge.

Most of the compressor separation systems are, unfortunately, not enough to solve the filtering
problem.

As a result, water always ends by condensing, depending on the cooling that occurs during the
distribution. In addition, the problem of extracting solid particles located in the distribution pipes is
not solved.

OBSERVATION:

As a result of the dehydration of existing installations, users claim the presence of rust that is
deposited in large quantities in the pipeline network.

The problem of filtering is therefore upstream of the pneumatic equipment.

VII. Protection of pneumatic installations:

Pneumatic installations must operate at a maximum efficiency, so the immobilisation times due to
the panels must be reduced to the maximum.

It is therefore necessary:

Elimination of water and solid particles,

Lubrication of mobile organs of pneumatic appliances,

The possible reduction of user pressure,

The use, especially after filtration, of non-oxidizing pipes.

The use of tightly sealed valves so as to minimize the risk of leakage or loss of power.
a) Insulation and purging valve

This allows the pneumatic installation to be isolated from the main compressed air supply network.

He can occupy four positions:

Position 1: The supply network is isolated and the plant has been purged;

Position 2: The main network feeds the plant, and the purge hole has been obstructed;

Position 3: The main feed network is purged.

Position 4: All holes are connected to each other, so the power supply and installation are
encouraged.

b) Security device:

All pneumatic circuits of a machine or plant must have upstream a 3-hole manual valve to allow
complete air drainage in the circuit in case of an intervention.

After emptying, no part of the equipment should remain under pressure. For visualization, a
pressure bulb must be placed on the equipment.

HYDRAULIC LIQUID
Hydraulic fluid is a fluid that is required for the transmission of energy in hydraulic systems.
Requirements for hydraulic fluids - especially for construction equipment:
• Good lubrication properties
• High aging resistance
• High moisture and adhesion capacity
• high ignition point
• low liquefaction point (the lowest temperature point where oil is still, eg -5 degrees Celsius)
• it is not allowed to attack the gaskets
• No resin and acids
• Low temperature influence on viscosity - both dynamic viscosity, which generally decreases in
temperature increase, and kinematic viscosity (the ratio of dynamic viscosity and density)
• Reduced compressibilityLichidele hidraulice sunt sintetizate diferit în funcţie de scopul utilizării şi
proprietăţile solicitate:
Based on mineral oils
The most commonly used hydraulic fluid is synthesized based on mineral oil with the appropriate
additives. It is also referred to as hydraulic oil. The requirements for these hydraulic oils have been
established in ISO 6743-4 with the designations HL, HM, HV. In Germany, the names HL, HLP, HVLP
according to DIN 51524 are common.

H and HH: Non-active mineral oil - no longer used in practice.

HL: with active substances to increase corrosion protection and aging resistance
HM: with active substances to increase corrosion protection, aging resistance as well as to reduce
friction wear in the mixed friction region
HLP: additionally to HL oils other active substances to reduce wear and increase resistance in mixed
friction region - most use in practice
HV and HVLP: as well as HLP, but with increased aging resistance as well as improved viscosity and
temperature behavior
HLPD: as HLP, but with additives to improve particulate transport (cleaning effect) and dispersibility
(water transport capacity) with active substances to increase corrosion protection (German name,
non-standardized)
Flammable liquids
HFAE: Oil-in-water emulsions
• The water content is over 80% and is mixed with a mineral oil-based or soluble polyglycol-based
concentrate
• there is a danger of segregation and growth of microbes in a mineral oil concentrate
• Highly flammable, usable for temperatures between + 5 ° C and + 55 ° C
HFAS: Synthetic concentrations dissolved in water
• no separation hazard, as there are real solutions, but there is a significantly increased sensitivity
for corrosion of hydraulic components
HFB: Water-in-oil emulsions
• water intake is over 40% and mixed with mineral oil. This emulsion is rarely used.
• Highly flammable, usable for temperatures between + 5 ° C and + 60 ° C.
• In Germany, HFB fluids are not allowed because of the deficient properties in terms of fire
protection
HFC: Water / glycol mixtures
• the water content is not more than 35% in a polymer solution,
• Highly flammable, usable for temperatures between -20 ° C and + 60 ° C.
• Usable up to pressures of 250 bar.
• HFD: Synthetic fluids
• HFD-R: Phosphoric acid ester
• HFD-S: chlorinated hydrocarbons without water
• HFD-T: Mixture of HFD-R and HFD-S
• HFD-U: other water-free composition (consisting of fatty acid esters)
• Synthetic liquids have a higher density than mineral oil or water (not HFD-U), they can cause
problems with the absorption behavior of pumps and attack many sealing gasket materials.
• Highly flammable, usable for temperatures between -20 ° C and + 150 ° C.
Biodegradable
Biodegradable hydraulic fluids are manufactured from vegetable oils (eg rapeseed) and used in
biologically critical environments (construction equipment in water protection areas, mountain
tracks, etc.). These fluids are Pollutant Pollutants of Class I pollution.
Labeling: HE = Hydraulic Environmental
Division:
• HETG (triglyceride base = vegetable oils),
• HEES (synthetic ester base),
• HEPG (polyglycol base),
• HEPR (other basic liquids, primarily Poli-alpha-olefins).

The water
Water is harmless in all respects as a hydraulic fluid (but without corrosion protection). Pure water is
not used in the high-performance hydraulic system, it is mixed with oil in a chip-like emulsion similar
to the cutting tool oil (this partly results in the separation problem). The first technical use of the
hydraulic was carried out with water as a fluid. The water has virtually constant viscosity.
Division:
• Network water (filtered)
• Technical Water (Water / Oil Emulsion)
• Sea salt or salt water (filtered, inappropriate due to aggression)
 Advantages, remarkable qualities and flexibility of hydraulic drives such as high power density,
optimal control of technological processes, high response speeds, excellent dynamic properties, the
affordability of the most modern means of driving (computers, microprocessors ), the facilities
offered by the interface elements, etc., have allowed a rapid improvement and adaptation to the
new requirements imposed by the ascendant development of science and technology, and thus the
continued use of a wide use of hydraulic drive and automation systems.

The widespread use of hydraulic drives and automation is also explained in terms of increased
productivity of machines, equipment and installations, their static and dynamic performance,
reliability and overall performance. The preference for such systems is evidenced by the increases in
production of these equipment registered in industrially developed countries such as Sua, Germany,
Japan, Russia, etc., where increases over a decade range from 50% to 480%. It is predicted that this
pace will remain in the next 10 years.

Studies on the failure of hydraulic drive systems have shown that 44% of operating failures are
due. seals, 30% electrical and mechanical controls of distributors, 10% of mechanical elements, 5%
of valves and 3% of filters. The same studies show that in the conditions of increasing working
pressures and the sensible reduction of the gauge of the components of the hydraulic systems, the
requirements of the hydraulic system are also increasing, which becomes the weakest link of the
system. The changes in the properties of the working fluids consequently affect the characteristics
and a weight of 80% of the defects occurring in the hydraulic installations. The line, the influence
exerted by the pressure, the speed and the temperature of the system on the liquid degradation and
, vice versa, the degradation of the working fluid influences the intensity of the active elements of
the system.

Consequently, increasing reliability and lifespan is conditioned by increasing the precision of

component execution, using materials with superior characteristics and appropriate heat treatment
methods, hydrostatic discharge of friction couplings, and the use of proper working fluids while
maintaining time of their optimal characteristics.

In the modern and modern machine building industry, the hydraulic drive is widely used. Hydraulic
drives are used in automated routing systems of metal cutting machines and automated lines of
manipulating robots and technological machines in the metallurgical, food and light industry, etc.

The use of hydraulic drives allows us to achieve high machine productivity, reliability and low
consumption of material. For example: For lathes and forging machines, hydraulic systems are used
to make the main movement, automatic and automatic movements of copying mechanisms of
operating the working organs, etc.

Hydraulic drive is a set of devices designed to put the mechanisms and machines into operation by
means of pressurized hydraulic systems. Volumetric hydraulic actuation is the total hydraulic and
volumetric machines and the hydraulic equipment of auxiliary and hydraulic machines.

Pumps - converts the mechanical energy of the trained motor into the potential energy of the fluid
pressure.

Hydraulic Motors - Transforms the energy of the fluid into translation, rotation and orientation of
the element at the outlet.
 Hydraulic drives are driven by hydraulic actuators (hydraulic motor pump), namely: safety valves,
reversible valve valves, droplets and distributors.

Control mechanisms are: manometers; pressure relays, temperature, level and time; positioning
reducers of the output element. According to the speed control principle, hydraulic systems with
drosel (resistive), volumetric and combined hydraulics are distinguished. In this case we have a
hydraulic system with drosel adjustment, which is mounted at the exit. The advantage of hydraulic
drive with drosel adjustment lies in high sensitivity and speed, the force required to move the
control elements by blocking the hydraulic manifolds, and the simplicity of hydraulic construction
and low price. However, the hydraulic drives with drosel adjustment have a low efficiency, subject to
the principle of stopping the flow of the working fluid.

Hydraulic drive system is a physical drive system consisting of generator (pump), engine and
attachments. The generator (ie the hydraulic pump) is designed to produce hydraulic energy. The
engine receives the energy in the form of a mass of liquid driven by the generator and transforms it
into mechanical energy. Attachments are secondary elements that help the main process of
transforming hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. They can be: pressure gauges, connections,
rigid and flexible pipes, valves, filters, radiators, pressurized tank, lubrication and drainage holes,
connection sockets. The resulting mechanical energy is intended to move a final device.