CHEMISTRY PROJECT ON

HARDNESS OF WATER

Submitted by

Raunak Thakur

Class 12 Sec F

Roll No :
 Acknowledgement

I express my gratitude to my teacher, Mrs.Leena

Stanley, without whose guidance and encouragement
this project would not have been successfully
completed.

I would also like to thank my school,my parents and my

friends who supported me this far.

Raunak Thakur
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Raunak Thakur of Class 12-F

has successfully completed the project on the topic
‘HARDNESS OF WATER’ and its experiment under the
supervision of Mrs.Leena Stanley (Subject teacher).

Teacher's Signature
 HARDNESS OF WATER

Hard Water is water that has mineral content. Hard

water minerals primarily consists of calcium (Ca2+),
magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, such as bicarbonates
and sulphates.
The degree of hardness depends upon the type and
amount of impurities present in water. Hardness of water
also depends on the amount of carbon dioxide in the
solution as carbon dioxide influences the solubility of the
impurities that causes hardness.
CAUSES

Hard water is often derived from the drainage of

calcareous (CaCO3) dissolves, releasing the Calcium,
Magnesium and other polyvalent may be added to a
natural system as it passes through the soil and rock
containing large amount of these elements in minerals
deposits.

Drainage from operating and abandoned mines site can

contribute calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and
other ions of minerals containing these constituents are
present and are exposed to air and water. This can
increase the hardness of stream.

The effluents from waste-water treatment plants

(WWTPs) can add hardness to the stream. The waste
waiter from our houses contains calcium, magnesium
and other cations for the cleansing agents, food residue
and human waste that we pit down our drains. Most of
these cations can be removed from water at WWTPs
before being discharged to stream, but treatment cannot
eliminate everything.

The hardening ions enter into water as a result of .

reaction between slightly acidic rainwater and mineral
deposits. Groundwater becomes hard as it flows through
underground limestone deposits. That is why, the water
from wells have great interactions with lime-stones.
MINERALS CAUSING HARDNESS

The following minerals causes hardness in around and

surface waters:

Calcium carbonates
It is alkaline and only lightly soluble. It causes carbonate
alkalinity in water. :

Calcium Sulphates
It causes non-carbonated hardness in water. Being
more soluble in cold water than in hot water, it separates
from the water boilers forms scale on the boiler tube.

Calcium Chlorides
lt causes non carbonate hardness in water. In stream
boilers and distillation units, the presence of calcium
chloride causes chemical reactions that can pit metallic
Tube.

Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom salt)

It adds to the non-carbonate hardness of water and ~
causes boiler scale (it amounts greater than 500 parts
per million in drinking water, it acts as laxative).
Magnesium Chloride
It has the same properties and the effects as calcium
chloride. However, this magnesium will continue to
contribute to the formation of magnesium hydroxide.

Manganese
Not encountered as often as iron, it is found on both
surface and groundwater. Its presence In water normally
causes grey or black appearance. The _ total
concentration of iron and manganese in potable water
should not exceed 0.3ppm".
 DAMAGES CAUSED BY HARD WATER

Damages caused by hard water are:

1. Hard water causes scaling which is the precipitation

of minerals to form hard rock called lime scale. Lime
scale can clog pipes and can decrease the life of
toilets flushes and water taps.

2. Hardwater and soap continue to form ‘soap scum’

that cannot be rinsed and form a ‘bathroom ring’ on
all the surfaces, and it dries leaving ugly dry spot on
dishes. Clothes washed in hard water often become
dingy and feel harsh and scratchy. The hard water
minerals combine with soil to form insoluble salt,
soil on clothes can even introduce fore mineral into
the wash water. Continuous laundering can damage
the fibres can shore the life of clothes.

3. Using soaps on the body in hard water can cause

formation of scum often known as ‘curd’. This curd
remains on the skin even after rinsing logging pores
and creating body odour. This can severe as a
medium for bacterial growth, Causing nappy rash,
minor skin irritation and skin that looks dry and that
get left behind from using regular shampoo in hairs
water tend to leave hair rougher and harder to
detangle.

4.In Industries, hard water contributes to scaling in

boilers, costing towers and other industrial
equipment. In these industrial settings, water
hardness must be constantly avoided to prevent
costly breakdown hence preventing the overall
deterioration of the industrial system.
 EXPERIMENT

AIM :

To determine the total concentration of calcium (Ca 2+)

and magnesium (Mg2+) ions in a sample of drinking
water.

APPARATUS :
1. 250 ml Conical flask
2. Test tube
3. Test tube stand
4. Filter paper

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

1. Standard EDTA
2. Buffer solution
3. Erichrome black T (EBT)

PROCEDURE

1. Take about 100ml of water to be analyzed. If the

water sample contains suspended impurities, it
should be subjected to sample filtration. If the water
sample is acidic to litmus, add 1M NH3 until it
becomes basic to litmus.

2. Rinse the burette with a Na2H2Y solution and then

fill it with the solution. Record the initial readings.

3. Pipette out 25ml of a given sample of water in the

conical flask. Add 1ml of buffer solution (PH=10)
and two drops of RBT indicator. The colour of the
solution becomes wine-red at this stage.

4.Titrate the above solution with standard solution

Na HY solution. At the end point the wine red
colour disappears and the solution becomes blue
(or purple) in colour. Note the final readings of the
burette. Repeat the titration 4 or 5 times to get
Concordant reading.

Observations
MOLARITY OF EDTA: 0.01M
Burette Readings:

1. Water sample from ANAND NIKETAN

SL. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Volume of EDTA

(ml) (ml) (ml)
1. 0 7.1 7.1
2. 7.1 14.2 7.1
3. 14.2 22.1 7.9

Concordant reading: 7.1ml

2. Water sample from DWARKA

SL. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Volume of EDTA

(ml) (ml) (ml)
1. 0 9.1 9.1
2. 9.1 18.2 9.1
3. 18.2 27.2 9

Concordant reading: 9.1ml

3. Water sample from NANAKPURA

SL. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Volume of EDTA

(ml) (ml) (ml)
1. 0 6.5 6.5
2. 6.5 12.5 6
3. 12.5 18.5 6

Concordant reading: 6ml

 CALCULATIONS

1. The first observation, Sample from ANAND NIKETAN

Volume of titrant used = 7.1mI

Molarity of titrant used = 0.01M
Moles of titrant used = (MxV(ml))/1000
= (0.01 x 7.1)/1000
= 0.000071

Moles of EDTA = moles of Ca2+

= 0.000071

Mass equivalent of CaCO3 = 100 x 0.000071 x 1000

= 7.1mg

Strength/hardness of CaCo3 = (7.1/25) x 1000

= 284mg/L
2. The second observation, Sample from DWARKA

Volume of titrant used = 9.1mI

Molarity of titrant used = 0.01M
Moles of titrant used = (MxV(ml))/1000
= (0.01 x 9.1)/1000
= 0.000091

Moles of EDTA = moles of Ca2+

= 0.000091

Mass equivalent of CaCO3 = 100 x 0.000091 x 1000

= 9.1mg

Strength/hardness of CaCo3 = (9.1/25) x 1000

= 364mg/L
3. The third observation, Sample from NANAKPURA

Volume of titrant used = 6.0mI

Molarity of titrant used = 0.01M
Moles of titrant used = (MxV(ml))/1000
= (0.01 x 6.0)/1000
= 0.000060

Moles of EDTA = moles of Ca2+

= 0.000060

Mass equivalent of CaCO3 = 100 x 0.000060 x 1000

= 6.0mg
Strength/hardness of CaCo3 = (6.0/25) x 1000
= 240mg/L

RESULT

Water sample from ANAND NIKETAN

Hardness : 284mg/L
Concordant reading : 7.1 ml

Water sample from DWARKA

Hardness : 364mg/L
Concordant reading : 6.0 ml
Water sample from NANAKPURA
Hardness : 240mg/L
Concordant reading : 7.1 ml