8

Fourier Series and Integrals

8- 1 Fourier Series
J . B . Fourier in 1822 published a very useful theorem by which any complex periodic
function can be analysed. The theorem states that any complex periodic , piecewise
continuous function f ( x ) may be expressed as a series of sines and cosines in the
form
oo oo

/ (A) = a0 + X an cos nx + X bn sin nx ... (1)

-
n 1 n= 1
The function / (JC) is said to be piecewise if it satisfies the following two conditions known
as Dirichlet conditions ;
( / ) The function must have finite number of maxima and minima.
( ii ) The function must have a finite number of finite discontinuities , in a period of one
oscillation.
The two conditions are sufficient ; but not necessary . In most of the physical problems
these conditions are satisfied. However, there are some functions which do not satisfy the
conditions, but may be expressed in the form of Fourier expansion.
The functions sin nx and cos nx for integral n are periodic having a period 2ft in the
-
interval ( ft , ft ) since sin n (A + 2ft ) = sin nx and cos n (A + 2ft ) = cos A. Therefore the
*

function / (A) represented by ( 1 ) is periodic having a period 2K in the interval (-71, ft ).

Evaluation of the coefficients of Fourier series. To evaluate the Fourier coefficients
a{ h an and bn ; we use the orthogonal property of the sine and cosine functions, i.e.,
+7C

I
-TT
+ 7t
sin mx cos nx dx =0
7t
. . . ( 2)

-
ITt
sin mx sin nx dx =
—1
7t
cos mx cos nx dx = K 6m„ for m , n * 0 ... ( 3 )

= 0 for m * n 1
= ft for m = n I
To evaluate a0, we integrate equation ( 1 ) between the limits (
+ 7t +7C +7C
— 7C, 7C )
+ 71
i.e.

I
oo

/ (A) dx = 0O dx + J-^ a ,, cos nx dx + £- i bn sin nx dx

- K

= 0Q
—
*
4
71

27t + 0 + 0
/1 1 4
—7C
n
-7t
( since all other integrals vanish )
+ 7C

—I
1
~ 2K f (x) dx ... (5 )
^ 7t

To evaluate a „ we multiply both sides of ( 1 ) by cos mx and integrate between the limits
(- ft . ft ) i .e.
Fourier Series and Integrals 645
X +7t

1 / (x) cos mx dx = a0 ]
-
cos mx dx

.. I
it

Z-
n 1
-
»
it
cos mx cos nx dx + z= *„ -j
n I *
it
cos mx sin nx dx

= 0 + an n 8m„ + 0 [ using ( 2) and (3)]

= am K
n

i -1 / 71
(JC) cos mx dx.

Replacing m by n ; we get
it

-71
l / (JC) cos nx dx . ... (6)

To evaluate bn we multiply both sides of (1) by sin mx and integrate between the limits
-
' 7C , +7t ) / . <?.
+7t
| / (x) sin mx dx = aQ
I sin mx dx + Z- «. 1 sin mx cos nx + z= *. } sin mx sin nx dx
-X -K

= 0 ++0 + bn
n 1
- It

n 8mn = bm n
/7 1
— *7T

K = i l— It
/ (JT ) sin mx dx .

Replacing m by n\ we get
+7C

bn i —f / Tt
(JC) sin nx dx. ... (7)
The coefficients of OQ, an and bn are given by equations (5), (6) and (7 ).
Summarising, we may say that the Fourier series for a periodic and piecewise continuous
~*nction is given by
oo oo

an cos nx + ]|T bn
/ (JC) = a0 +
/1
^=1
+7t
/7 =1
sin WJC ... (81)

—f
1
f ( x ) dx .... ( 8 2)
271
It

+ 71

GL
M— 7C
/ (JC) cos nx dx ... (8-3)
+7C

^ /7 / (JC) sin HJC dx. ... (8 4)

— 7E
 646 Mathematical Physics

Even and Odd Functions

( / ) Even Function. A function /(JC) is said to be even (or symmetric) function if
A-x ) f( x ). =

-x x= 0

( /) ( 0)

-
Fig. 8 1. Even function

The graph of an even function is symmetrical about x = 0. The graph on K axis is the -
mirror image about x = 0. The area under such a curve from -n to n is twice the area under the
curve from 0 to 71, i.e.
+71 It

j fix ) dx =2 | fix ) dx
—71

/// (*) w an even function of JC, i.e., / (- JC) = / (JC).

0

1Z K 7i

\—
^^ ^
1
271
f (x) d x = ~ 2 f (x) d x = f (x) d x . . . ( 8)
7t 0 0

0/i
u— +71

+7t
71
/ (JC) cos nx dx =
2
“
7t
fI / (JC) cos HJC dx
o
... (9)

and bn if— 71
/ (JC) sin nx dx = 0 . .. ( 10)

Therefore for even function / ( JC) ; equation (81) reduces to

/ (JC) = a0 + X an cos nx ... -
( 8 5)

7t

where 0o
if / 0
(x) dx . . . ( 8 6)

71

= fI / (JC) COS njcdjc

2
and 0/i ~
... (8 -7)
o
-
Equation (8 5) represents the function / ( x ) in a series of cosines and is therefore known as
cosine series in the interval ( Oj n ).

1
r
 Series and Integrals 647

»
- Odd Function. A function / is said to be an odd function
area under the curve from -K to n of an odd function is zero, i.e.t
n

1
-71
fix ) dx = 0

i U V

-n 0
K
>
x

()
-a
' ( /0

-.
Fig. 8 2 Odd Function

Now we consider the following two particular cases :

Iff (JC) w an odd function of x i.e. / (- *) = - / (JC ) ; then
+ 71
1
2K j / *) Ac = 0
( ... ( H )
— 71

+71

If -71
/ (JC) cos nxdx = 0 ... ( 12)

+7C

and bn I —1 K
sin nx dx = ~
n /
o
(JC ) sin njc Ac ... ( 13)

Therefore for odd function f (JC) ; equation (81) reduces to

oo

/ (JC) = nX= 1 bn sin /IJC . . . (8 - 8)

7C

where bn II 0
/ (JC) sin njc Ac -
... ( 8 9)

Equation ( 8 8) represents the function f (JC) in a series of sines and is therefore known as
sine series in the interval (0, K ) .
8* 2. Dirichlet’s Theorem and Dirichlet’s Conditions
The Dirichlet’ s Theorem establishes the convergence of Fourier series for very large class
of functions and states :
If a function f ( x ) is well defined and bounded in the interval -TC < x < n and has
only a finite number of maxima and minima and has only a finite number of
discontinuities and also for other values of JC, it satisfies the periodicity condition
/ (* + 2K ) / (*), =
 648 Mathematical Physics
then the function f ( x ) may be expanded in Fourier series which converges to

^ [ / (*+) + / (*- ]
>
at every value of x [ and hence it converges to f (JC ) at points where f ( x ) is continuous ] .
The conditions imposed on f ( x ) in the theorem are called Dirichlet’s conditions that is
the Dirichlet’s conditions are :
(i ) The function must be well defined and bounded in the interval - n < x < rc,
( / / ) The function must be continuous or piecewise continuous L e. t h e function may
have only a finite number of discontinuities and only a finite number of maxima and minima,
( Hi ) The function must satisfy the periodicity condition
/ (* + 2*) = / (*).
To understand these conditions we consider a function f ( x ) with a period 2n in the
interval - n x n.
The term discontinuity is used to describe the situation that arises when the function / (A)
suffers a finite jump at a particular value of variable x. Let this point be given by x = A0 (fig.
8 3). Then the two limiting values of / ( jt ) as x approaches A0 from right hand side and left
*

hand side may be deduced as follows :

Let A and B be two points at (A0 + e ) and
(A O - e ) to the right and left of A0 respectively .
*

( / ) Approaching x0 from right : The y

value of function f( x ) at point A i s f ( x0 + e ).

Lim
—
In the limit e > 0, we have
nn
A
y= W
fix e ) = —
>0
f i xo + 6 = / V) . .. ( 1
) (

( // ) Approaching x 0 from left : The

)
a
value of function / (JC ) at point B is given by
/ (*<> - ). x
—
(*0 £) > ( o + £)
In the limit e » 0, we have
* *
Fig. 8 3 *

Lim -
/ (JC ) = e -» Qf( x0 -e ) = f( x0 ) .. . (2)
/ (.Co+ ) and / ( jc0 ) have been written simply because of convention. Evidently, for discontinuity
~

at A = A0 these two values o f f ( x ) are not equal i.e.

/ (V ) <f ) ... ( 3)
The function satisfying the inequality ( 3) at x = JC0 is called discontinuous function at
A = A0.
The function / (A) is said to be bounded if the inequality
|/ (JC)|
A# ... ( 4 )
holds for some constant M and for all values of A under consideration . For example sin A is
bounded but the function
f ( x ) = A- 1 for x * 0, / (0) = 0
is not bounded even though the latter is well defined for each value of A.
,

*
Of course any interval a < A < a + 2n would serve equally well.

j
 Series and Integrals 649

It can be shown that if a bounded function has only a finite number of maxima and minima
1 only a finite number of discontinuities, then all its discontinuities are simple. For example
function
1
/ (JC) = Jt2 sin ~ for x * 0, / (0) = 0
has infinitely many maxima near x = 0, although it is continuous and differentiable for each
value of x.
An Important Remark : If f ( x ) is periodic, well defined, bounded, has a finite numbhr
of extremum and a finite number of discontinuities, then Fourier series for / (x) converges to

^ [ / (x+) + / (x~)] at every value of x.

If x = x0 is a discontinuity, then

/ (*o) |
= [ /tV) + / (V )]
wherey(x0+) and / (x0 ) are approached from right and left respectively.
"

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex , 1. Find the Fourier series of the following function :
f (x ) = k
when - K n 0
2 when 0 n it
{ Meerut 2009 )

Solution. Fourier series of function / (x) in the internal n x < n is

oo oo
-
/ (x) = Oo + nX1 ^ cos nx + nX= 1 bn sin nx.
=
+1C 0 ic

where
-1C
l

—
J
L 1C
0.dx + j k dx
0

1 1C
1 k
= fr [ kx ]
o= - ( hl> ='

+1C
^ 2
0 1C

cos nx dx = —
rc J
0 . cos nx dx + j k cos nx dx
-1C
_ [sin nxl k sm nrc 0 1C
L 1C
— o

n J =—
k
7C L me = A

o
+1C

if—
bn = t / (x) sin nx dx
1C

0 ic

1
n
—I
L 1C
0 . sin nx dx +
I
0
k . sin nx dr

1C
f cos nxl
=—
Ml
(cos 0 - COS Ml ) = —
Ml
(1 - COS Ml )
650 Mathematical Physics

When n is even, cos nn = 1

K 0 -
When n is odd, cos nn -1 =
Thus Fourier series for given function is
oo
k 24
v 1- sin nx
x/
+ o +- I
n
v •
/W

=2+
4
“
—L
24 T .
7C
sin
1 . „ 1 . ,
n + r sin 2x + r sin 3x +
2 3
... + -1n sin. nx + . ]
•

Ex. 2. Find the series of sines and cosines of multiples of x which represents f i x ) in the
-
interval n < x < n where
fix) 0 when - K < x 0
=
= —
nx
4
when 0 < x n

and hence deduce

/ to
=1+

= OQ
^ x^
Solution. Let / (x) be represented by Fourier series

+
oo
+

an cos rax +
...

oo

X= bn sin nx
( Garhwal 1990, Meerut 1983, 82 )

. . . (1)
n= 1 n 1
+K

where
1
27C |f i x d x ) ... (2)
- It

+K

<*n
1
n fm
- K
cos n x d x ... ( 3)

+JC

bn = JC
1
I to
-It
/ sin n x d x - (4)
Here / (x) = 0 for -TC < JC < 0

= —
7CX
4
for 0 < x < n

1
=5 Kw 4
+K

-K
1
.
21
o

-JI
f {x) dx +
0
It

I fix) dx

1
2n
0+ jfdx 1 n
2n 4 i
n2
16
... (5)
0

o 71

an
1
71 I
—71
/Xx) cos nx d x = 71
1
— .

-1C
f i x ) cos nx c/x +
J / to
0
cos n x d x *
 Series and Integrals 651
x
“
[o +|o cos nx dx -
4 ]
x cos nx dx
l
o
(-!)" - 1

Similarly,
=-
^
+x
2 (1 - cosnn) = -
^ 2 [!- (- !)" ] = 4n2
. .. (6)

—
X
(-l )n
K i-f X
sin nx dx =
0
7lX .
sm nx =- 4/i
* ... (7)

Substituting the values of OQ, an and bn ; we get

„,
/ (JC) "
ic
16
£+ Y (- Dw 2- 1 cos nx +
4n x= {
n i i
-
( I)
-
4n
.
* sin nx
i
“
n2
16 + i [ —-i )"r-—i cos nx - -14.Yn n sm nx ]
(
4/
( .

= —
n2
+ y- ~1 cos x + T74t sin x )
( . 7E . . 1 n
rz~ sm 2x - 32 cos 3~ JC + 43 sin 3JC ... ... (8)
~
42 2-
This is required representation of / (x).
Substituting x = 7t in (8) ; we get

But
/ 00 =

f (n)
^ +
2 0 +
32 +

= ± \f ( -n + 0) + / (* - 0)] = o + (
^
2 + •• )
£[ f ) _ J =f
x
... (9)

Hence equation (9) gives

n_ _
8^ T^ 7t
16
+ J[
2 (1 + 3 2 + 5 2 + - )
n2
or
16 ~ 2
!+
32 + 52 + ( " )
TC 2
Hence *”
* + 32 + 52 ^ ... (10)
8
..
Ex 3 Obtain Fourier series for the expansion f (x) = x sin x in the interval -n < x < n.
Hence deduce that
n l J_z JL _L _ _ _
CDelhi 1999 )
2 7 J i 5 + 57
+
4 -
.
Solution The given function / (x) = x sin x is an even function of x in the interval -rc <
x < 71 ; consequently bn 0. Hence the Fourier expansion of given function (x sin x) would
=..
contain only cosine terms .i e t
/ (x) = x sin x = 1*aH cds n - • (1)
* •
652 Mathematical Physics
ic K

where =2
^
1
J /W^= nf f i x ) dx

-
flo
-K 0

U-
K

and
1C
/ (x ) cos nx dx —
= fI / (x ) cos nx dx
2
o
Since / (x) = x sin x\ therefore
1C 1C

°o = £1
~

0
x sin x dx = —
£[ - X COS X

o
sin x
0
]= 1 ... (2)

H
1C

and <*n = ll 0
x sin x cos nx dx = —
n
1

1C
o
x \ sin (n + 1) JC - sin ( n - 1) x

1C 1C

;[ { cos ( n 1 ) x
- * n ++ 1
H
0
sin ( n + 1 ) x
( n + l )2
o
-x
cos ( n - 1 ) x
(« - 1 )
7C
)
0

{ -
sin ( n 1 ) x
}]
( n - l )2
0
_r
l cos ( n + 1 ) f t f t COS ( tt - 1 )
7C K 1
”
nL n + 1
+
n 1 - J
cos cos nn _ 2 cos nn
“ ... (3)
n + 1 n- 1 n2 - l
for n * 1 and n being an integer
If n = 1 , then

I
1C

<*n = «i = Zn ] ~ JC sin x cos x dx = — ( x sin 2JC dx

£
o 0

1 [f cos 2 x ] f sin 2 x ] 1 1
slr ~
J
0
+ ~ ( 1J
0
2
... (4)

Substituting these values of OQ and an in equation ( 1 ) ; we get

oo

fix ) = x sin x = a0 + ax cos x + n 2 an

= ^ cosnx

=1-
1
~ cos x + i= {[
n 2
2 cos nn
(n 2 - 1 ) ) cos nx

1 2 2 2
= 1 - - COS X - —
13
cos 2JC + rr- cos 3x - rr- COS 4X +
24 35

= 1- 2 [
cos x cos 2* cos 3 x cos 4x
4 + 13 + ... (5)
24 35
This is required series.
 Series and Integrals 653

Substituting x =

71 . 71
- sin - = 1 -* t
^__ in (5) ; we get

j
+ JL J +
_ _ •" ]
ar
7C
~
_
1+ J +J _
13 35 57
_ . . . (6 )
4 2 13 35 57
Ex. 4. Find a series of sines and cosines of multiples of x ; which will represent x + jt2 in
ite interval -7t < x < %. Deduce that
ni __
^
yi 1 +
2=
( Meerut 2010 , Agra 2005, Bombay 2004)
6 r, «
„
Solution. Let the Fourier series of given function f ( x ) x + x2 be
oo oo
-
f (x) = a0 + nX= 0 <?,, cos + X
n= I
sin njc ... (1)
+JC +JC

= yy [y * j]-“
1 27T3 7t 2
» here ' ”*
In 3 3'
+JC
— Jt -Jt Jt

an = r LJ- JC
f ( x ) cos n x d x - ~ ;
—J
.

7C
( x +x2 ) cos /uc dx

JC JC * JC
cos n x 1
Hi x sin
n
nx )
rl
-JC
f~
-JC
r
x 2 sin n x
n H
- - JC JC
x sin
n
nx
dx

JC Jt 1

* {*
cos n x sin nx
- A2 2 n2
-
JC - JC

l[ 27t cos n n
n2 ] 4 COS flTC

+ JC
n2

J
i*

and similarly, .
> f ( x ) sin n x d x = ~
j (x + x2 ) sin n x d:c = - 2 COS
n
H 7C

-it -JC
Substituting these values of a0, and bn in (1), we get
x= (
oo

—
n2 4 cos 2 cos n n
=x+x = + V
^
?
f (x ) 2
J
2*
n=i n2
cos njc +
/1 1 v n
sin njc

= —-4
7C 2 / 1 1
cos x - ... \ + 2 (sin * - 1 sin 2JC + 1j sin 3JC ...)
’
cos x - J
^ ^
At extremum n and - ft, we have average value of / (7i)
cos
^ ^ ^ ... ( 2)

/ 00 = j[/r (- n + 0) + / (n - 0)]
|
= [-Jt + Jt 2 + Jt + ] = Jt Jl 2 2
654 Mathematical Physics

= ft in (2) ; we get
'

Substituting JC

f ( n) = n2 = + 4 ( + xf_ , X
22 + 32 ** )
+ +x
2 n2 ( j
22 32 - )
i .e., • 3 = 411
Hence —
7l 2
=1+
1

^^
1
... ( 3)
Ex.5. Find the Fourier series of the function ex in the interval -ft < JC < ft.
Solution. Let Fourier series of the function / (JC) = ex be
oo r oo

f (x) = ex = a0 + nX= I an cos nx + nX= 1 bn sin nx . .. ( 1 )

+7t +K

where
1
*° = 2ft |f x dx ( )
1
271 ,
ex dx = 21TC —H \ r w sinh ft

-K -TT -K
+ 7C
1 2 sinh 71
ft
ex cos nx dx = 1 + n2 ft
COS UK

-K
+ 7C

and
I
bn =; ex sin nx dx - - 1 + n 2
-71
2n sinh
ft
ft
cos /171

Substituting these values ( 1 ) ; we get

oo oo
sinh
7C
ft
+ — Zav sinh
2
ft
. ,
ft •
COS / 271
1 + / 22
cos nx - ~ y
2
Zu «n . i
n
1 + SI 2
sinh 7i cos - sift sin /IJC

2 sinh
ft
ft
[Hi cos JC - -1 cos 2JC + .. •
M( sin JC - “
sin 2x + ... )]
Ex. 6. Find the Fourier series of function as
f ( x ) = ( sin x ) for -K < x < n ( Delhi 2008 )
Solution . The function / ( JC ) = I sin JC I ( i.e. modulus of sin JC ) is even function of JC.
Consequently only the cosine terms will be present in the Fourier series ( i.e. bn - 0).
Thus Fourier series is
oo

/ (JC ) = A0 + X A „ cos n n t
n= 1
+7t +71

\ J
^
1
Here - 2K f M d x= I sin JC I d x

K
- 71
— 71

1
= - —ft [cos JC]Jo
1 71
I sin JC I dx
ft
o

= - ft— [rcos ft - COS 0m] = ft

1 2
—
 Series and Integrals 655
+7C + JC

and
2
= 2rt
JC
I
-JC
/ (JC) cos nx dx = — H JC
JC
I sin jr I cos nx dx

MJ
ft
0
I sin JC I cos n x dx = ~
nJ
o
{ sin ( n + 1 ) x - sin ( n - 1 ) JC } dx

JC

~
1 r
cos ( n + 1 )JC cos ( n - 1 ) JC
+ ]
nL (n + 1 ) (n - 1)
o
_ i r- c °s (** + o n + cos 0 cos ( n - 1 ) 71 cos 0
7C L
“
(« + 1 ) n + 1 (» - 1) n- 1

JK1
If n is odd cos ( n + 1 ) n = cos ( n
- COS ( ft 4- 1 )
n + 1
- 1) n = 1
7C
) - ( 1 - cosn (-n 1+ 1 ) K ) ]

If n is even .
cos ( n + 1 ) n = cos ( n - 1 ) n = -1

^
1
= -n in + p 1 n
2
- 1 ] 4
n( n 2 - 1 )
Thus Fourier series for I sin JC I in interval -K cx < n is
oo
4
I sin JC I = 71 =
n 2 , 4, 6, 7t ( n 2 - 1)
Replacing n by 2k when k = 1 , 2, ...
oo

=n - K v
. . , 24 cos 2 & JC
I sin JC I Za 4 2 - 1
*= *
1
..
Ex 7 Expand as a Fourier series the function
f ( x ) = x2
in the interval -n < x < n and hence
1 1 1 1 7t 2
OU
(/a)X Show i
that yj + ~ + +-
^ ^
“ •"
2 32 2 j2

(fr) Evaluate
00 00

1
(i) X
n 1
-jand ( ii )
n
=
X
n ! ( 2 n - l )2 =
( Delhi 2006 , 1998 )

Solution , (i ) Let / (jc) = JC2 ; so that its Fourier representation is expressed as

DO OO

/ (JC) = = a0 + X= 1 an cos
JC2
/1
njc + X bn sin
n= I
njc . .. ( 1 )

!'«*-* I ' * =f
+ 7C + TC
1 s
where
2ft
-JC -JC
 Mathematical Physics
n K

if— |x cos nx dx
-n 2
It
f ( x ) cos nx dx

it

f
}
x2 cos nx dx - (-1 )" •
=
^ -It
2

—
4
n2
j
o
it It

—I if—
and bn f (JC) sin nx dx = ~ JC2 sin nx dx = 0

--
IT It

Substituting these values in ( 1 ) ; we get

X2
T
1
TT
l2
COS X
— 221
TT COS
1
2v + TT COS 3jC ..
32 ]
(a) Substituting JC = 0 ; we get
,ri _i ]
o f L 4
12 22 + 32
i
"
1
42 + -
1 1
_ j_ ~ _L 712 ;
=> l2 22/ 32 42 + l2
. . .(2

( b ) We have
_i_ _L _L _L 712
12 22 + 32 42 + l • •• " 2

M J_ X JL \ ( 2_ + 2 + A
=> Vl
+
22 + 32 + 42 + V
2 "
V 22 42
.
• “
l2

=> Ti 2_ J_ + J_ + JL + / \ fp
Ln* ~ 22 ll 2 22 32 l2
7t2
l2

=> *y£ 10 - 9 4 or
2 L n2 ) ~ l 2
=>
00

I (2 1
nT . /l 2
"

j_ j_ j_
7i2
6
... (3)

( it )
n
=I /i - l )2 = l 2 + 32 + 52 + -
1 1 1 _ j_+ _ iy 1, 00

”
] 2 + 32 + 52 + — +
22 +
42 ”'
22 nt, / 2
00

y J 3 y J_ - 3
00 00
_ 7t2
„ = i *2 - 4 „t, *2 4
* using (3)
n= I ^ 6
7C 2
... ( 4 )
8
.
Ex. 8 Find a Fourier series to represent function f ( x ) = ( n - x ) for 0 < x < 2n.
00
0Delhi 2008 ) 00

Solution. Let f ( x ) = + X
n= I
0
*
cos n w t + X b n sin n wf
n= I
Here f (x) = - K X
ries and Integrals 657
2K 2K

Oo =
1

^
- / (*) }
o
=
^ I
I
1
0
( 71 - *) dx

2K
1
2K h -f ] 1
= K I 2n - 2n ] = 0
2
0
2 2

2K 2K

2
2
a* = jjT
II
0
/ (*) cos nxdx = 71
1
~
I
0
(K - x) cos MJC d;t

2K
1
n I
L o
( K COS WJC - x cos nx ) dx

2K 2K
1
n [{ n - 0 0
x cos nx dx

2K 2K
1 1 - sin nx dx
n n
o o
2K

-H 0-

2K
)S

*
2
AT *]
J =0
0
2K

K
2
2K I/ 0
(JC) sin nx dx =K —I
1
0
(7i - x) sin nx dx

2K
1
K
( TI sin nx - x sin «JC) d*
o
2K 2K
1
K [{ K cos nx
n I J
0
-
0
JC sin nx dx
J
1 - cos nx ) dx
n
0 0

1 2TC cos 2nu 2

~~!
K n n
oo
2 .
f (x) = (7i - x ) = 0 + 0 + X= 1 - s m n*
oo
/1
^
.
=2 X= 1 "
sin nx
»
/ i
” 1 1 I .
= 2 I sin x + r2 sin 2x + r3 sin 3* + . . . + - sin n x + ...
n j
658 p i Mathematical Physici

83. Half Range Series in Interval 0 to n

In this case, the function is defined in interval 0 to n. It is immaterial whatever is the
value of function outside the interval (0, n ). The Fourier Series in this case will contain only
sine or cosine terms depending on the nature off ( x ).
Cosine Series. If /( jc ) is an even function of x in the interval (-7t, 7i), then
oo

j{ x ) = a0 + n X= i CLn cos nx ( with bn = 0)

n
where o
° j fix dx
0
)

2
and an = n . f [ x ) cos nx dx

Sine Series. I f f( x ) is an odd function of x in the interval (-7t, 7i), then

fix ) = X sin nx , an = 0
71

where />„ = j m sin nx dx

|
o
Ex . 9. If fix ) =x
_
= -x
11
for 0 < x < ~

r
for —n < x < K

then show that

1 1
(0 fix ) = x { s i n x - 32 sin 3ox + 52 sin 5cx + .. ) •

(«) f( X ) “
M G’ cos 1 1
2x + -rr cos 6 x +
62
.. )
Solution. ( /) To express given function in sine series, we assume the function fx ) as odd
function , beyond the given domain as shown in Fig . 8.4.

* =;
II
J*»
0
sin nx dx
-TT/2 2*
Jt/2
-2 TT -71 0 7t/2

Mi 0
.t sin nx dx

K
.
Fig 8 4
(7t - *) sin nx dx
n/ 2
4
—rj sin —2
= 70
. Ml

/(JC) = X bn sin nx
4
= n— X„ n2 sin
^ 1 .
—
Ml
2
sin nx

4
71
1 .
TT
l2
sin * — 32 1
sin 3* +
1
52
sin 5JC -
fomner Series and Integrals 659

• if ) To express given function as a cosine

series , we assume that the function /(x ) is n n -x
function beyond the given domain , as
sewn in Fig. 8.5, then bn = 0, so that the
rccrier series is -71 -nJ2 0 7t 7T
oo 2
/(x) = a0 + nX 1 an cos nx .
Fig 8 5
= *

Mere
71 7C/2 K

“itjjw* H{ {* I )
x dx + (7C JC) tix

ii - ^1
71/2

i I| 1” - 1
1 fjl2 f 2 " 7t
2 7t 2 n2 l l JC
[
8 + (* JJ 4
+ “
7C 2 2 8
7t TC /2 7C

an = \ j /W 0
cos nx dx = —I
nL
[ x cos nx dx + |(n - JC) COS nx dx
Jo 71/2
J
-
2
1 2 cos —-
nrc
cos nn -1 = 1 , 2, 3, ...
K nn \
^ ) =4 n „ tin 2 l 1 + cos nn - 2 cos 2 ) cos nx

= T4 - n 1L 0 + rr cos 2x + 0 + 0 + 0 + T cos 6x + ... ]

22 62 9

^ —
^^ ]
1 1
=> (x) = - 2 cos 2x +
62
cos 6x + ...

. .
Ex 10 Expand the function f ( x ) = sin x as a cosine series in the interval ( 0, n)
( Delhi 1999, 95)
Solution. Given / (x) sin x =
The Fourier expansion of a function / (x)
oo OO
= sin x is given by
f (x) = A 0 + nX= 1 A n cos nx + nX= 1 sin nx
7C

where A0 =il 0
71
/ (x) d x

;I sin x ax =
,
—n1 iIr- cos x ]I=n2—
0 o
n K

and
H
f i n ~~
0
/ (x) cos n x d x - — sin x c0s nx d x
0
660 Mathematical Physics
71
1
2K I
o
[sin ( /i + 1 ) x - sin ( ii - 1 ) x ] d x

n
cos ( n + i ) x cos ( n - 1 ) x
1
2n [ n + 1
+
n - 1 }
o
I
2K [ n +1 1 cos 0 - cos n 1 } » 1 { cos ( + )K +
!
( // - 1 ) n - cos 0 } ]

2K
1
[ n +1 1 { 1 - cos n + 1 ) } - n— -1 1 { 1 cos n
( K - ( - 1 ) 7i } ]

When n is odd, cos ( n + 1 ) K = cos (n - 1 ) K = 1 > An = 0.

But when n is even cos ( n + 1 ) K = cos ( n 1 ) K = -1 -
—
An

if
1

TC
M
U+ 1

-
f ( x ) sin
— n

HJC
M
-1J

dx = ~
JC

|sin x sin
n2
K
- 1

/IJC =0
01 o
2 Y JL~ cos HJC
Equation ( 1 ) gives, sin JC = ~

n =^
2 , 4, 6 ... n2 - 1
2
K
1 I
cos 2x + ~ cos 4JC + rr cos 6r + •••
15
K
35 ]
This is required expression for sin JC as a cosine series in the interval 0 to K .
8*4. Change of Internal from (-TC, K ) to (- /, /)
The interval of Fourier expansion (-71, TC ) may be changed to general interval (-/, /) as
follows :
KX /y
Let the periodic function have a period 2/.We introduce a variable y = or JC = . Then
/ K
we may represent the function / (JC) in the form of a Fourier series as
DO DO

=/( X= X= I
/ (JC)

= <*0 +
^X
V TC /

«= 1
oo
) = *** O’) say = a0 +
COS
7ITLC
r X= bn si
+
oo
n I

/I 7CJC
/
cos ny +
#
|
sin ny

... (1)
n 1
+ JC 71

where 00 =
1
2 TC I
-71
1

— TC
!i
K )
dy)
1
/ (*) dx . .. ( 2)
- / -
/
Similarly we find
TC +/

= “

-JC
j\ <(» (y) rfy = y / (*) COS I
-/
tlKX
/
dx ... O )
Fvmner Series and Integrals 661
+ 7C +/

joi
if -7T
ty ( y ) dy = 7 1
/
-/
/ (A ) sin
MIX
/
dx ... (4 )

Note. 77i ^ sum of this series is // (A + 0) + / (A - 0)] eac/z point between - l and l ;

m*tde it is “ [f ( l - 0) + / (- / + 0) /<9r A = - 1 or + l and is periodic with a period 21.

Corollary ( I ) Fourier series in the interval (0, / ) ; Half Range series : In this case
•e have sine or cosine series depending on the function / (A).
Cosine series . I f f ( x ) is even function of x ; then
oo
Mix
f (x) = a0 + £= an
n 1
cos
/
... (5)
l

where -y
l
|fix dx ) ... (6 )
o
rtTCA
and = y / (A) cos /
dx ... (7)
0
Sine series. Iff (A) W odd function ofx ; f /zen
DO

MIX
/ (*) = nX= 1 si
l - (8)
2 rtftA
where bn =y /
dA / W sin ... (9)
o
.
Ex. 11 Find Fourier series of the function
0 when - 2 < t < 1
f (t) - k w h e n - 1 < f < 1 ; T =4 ( Behrampur 1995, Meerut 2007, 1996 )
0 when 1 < t < 2
Solution. Let the Fourier series of function f ( t ) be
oo oo
Mit Mit
f (t) = a0 + /
+ X= 1
n= 1
n
bn / a„ cos X - (J)
Here period 2/ = 4 i.e. 1 = 2 and given function is represented by Fig. 8 6. *

As / (0 is even function of t i.e., f ( 1 ) J{ t ) ; therefore - =

bn = 0 . .. ( 2)
no

-3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3 +4

Fig. 8 6 -
662 - Mathematical Physics

+1 +2 -1 +1 +2
1
2/ (f ( t ) dt
22
1
,
f
^ dt
1
4
fit ) dt +
-1 -2 -2 -1 +1

+1
I
1 -- . 2k = k-

-
= 4 ° + k dt + 0
4 2 ••• (3)
-l
+i +2

and
1
~/
I
-1
fit ) cos
nnt
/ H -2
f (t) cos ~r~ dt
/
nKt
]
-1 +1 2
1
2
-2
nnt
fit ) cos -y dt + I / (/) cos y dt +
-1
I ^ IJ f ( t cos y^ <*
1
)

+1

=2
1
° +
-l
J nnt
k cos - < +
* °
+i

sin
k
2
-l ( nn/ 2 )
2
2
— —
2fc .
= nn sin
Substituting values of a0 and bn in equation (1) we get
»

2
2/: . M 7C
/ (0 = + v ~ sin cos
k
= n7i n 12
nnt
2 —
_
"
k 2k . n
+ sin
7ir 2k . 3 n 3nt 2 k . 5n
—2
cos — + — sin — cos -r~ + jit sm
5nt
cos -r~ + — —2 ...
2 71 37 2 t 2 2 2
k 2k
~ 2 + 7t [r cosynt - -1 cos 3nt + 15 cos —
This is required Fourier expansion of given function / (r).
5nt
— ]
Ex. 12. Find an even function fix ) of x defined as
fix ) = kxfor 0 < x < 1/ 2
= k ( / - x) /<?r ( 1/ 2 ) < x < J ( Bombay 1998, Banaras 1999 )
Solution. The even function fix ) of x is represented by Fourier cosine series in the form
oo

fix ) = a0 + /1
X= oncos nnx
1 /
. .. ( 1 )

/ Z/2 l

where «0
1
j
= 7 / « <**
0
1
i / (x) dx + j / (*) d x
//2
0
ri/2 l
1

0
fcx dx +
I
U2
k ( / - x) d x
1
l
,k l 2 + k l 2
8 8
1
= 4 kl
Fourier Series and Integrals 663

l rl/2
2
=/ \m
o
COS
nnx
/
2
dx = T
l i
0
fct COS
nnx
l
dx +
111
kty - x ) cos nnx
l
JJC ]
2kl
n 2n 2 [ Ml
2 cos - cos
2 — MI -1 ]
, , , kl
/ (x) = 7 +
2kl v 1To2 cos~ - COS rm - 1 ] cos
[
nn t nnx
* 2 /
r 2nx
it /
4
J
8 A:/
7C 2 1
'7 ^7
L 22
1
COS
/ | 4
62
1
COS
6TLC
i + io2
cos
1 IOTLC
l +
. .. ]
Ex. 13. Obtain a cosine series expansion of the function f ( x ) = (I + x ) valid in the
1 n2
interval 0 x 2 and hence deduce that + ... 8 CDelhi 2007 )
.
Solution Cosine series expansion of the function f ( x ) = (1 + x ) in the interval (0, 1 ) is
oo
nnx
fix ) = O o + nX
=1
a„ COS
/
l l

where |f x dx and
1
= 7/
0
( ) a„ =
I
—/ / (x ) cos nnx/ dx
2
0

Here / =2
1
f [2 + 2] = 2
o o
2

Gn
2
2 I
0
( 1 + JC)x cos
nTtc
~
Y
~
,
dx

f 2+
0
( cos
nnx
X cos
nnx
2 ) dx
2 2
f sin
. nnx \
| Tj
( ttnJT)
1 . sin

(mc/2)
nTtx
2
!} 2

0
1.
sin ( nnx/ 2 )
(rni/2)
dx

=0+0+ [cosnnJ2nnx/2 ]
(
(
)2
)

0
4 4
= ^ 2 2 (cos nK ~ C0S 0) = ~ ~~
0 ~ cos nn)
^
If n is even, cos nn = 1 => =0
„ 2 2
^
8
If n is odd, cos nn = -1, an = “

nV
664 Mathematical Physics

1+x = 2 - n~2-
8
/1 =
I
1 3 5 . nL
, ,
—2
-15 cos nnx
. .

Putting x = 2, we get
8 1
1+2= 2 -- r X . 7 cos Ml
7T2 « . 1 . 3 5 2
“

"
For odd values of n, cos me = -1
1
8 y J2 _
+J +J +
_ 7l 2
7C2 n ^
= I , 3, 5 n
‘
l2 32 52 * ‘*
8
8*5. Complex Form of Fourier Series : The Fourier series for a function f ( x ) is
oo oo

f (x) = a0 + nX= 1 an cos nx + nX= i bn sin HA: .. . ( 1 )

Expressing cos nx and sin nx in exponential form

fix) = 0O + nX= l
- 0O +
oo

-
. \ z / n
oo

=1
(£\
inx
+ e -mx
21

-i/ix
)

oo oo

= c0 e / Ox +
n i
£ c„
=
e /wx + X=
n i
^
-inx ( 2)

where Co — — 0Q > cn
Q/
l
~ ibn and c
_„ + 2> n
'
^ oo ^
Equation (2) may be expressed as / (x) = nX einx ... ( 3)

This is required complex /orm of Fourier

=—
series.
oo

The coefficients c„ may be determined by multiplying both sides of ( 3) with e~imx and
integrating with respect to JC between limits n to + n i.e., -
+7t

I / (x ) e~tmx dx n
1=- c, ] e
<*» *
~imx dx
-71 - 71

+71

Cm |dx when n = m ; the other terms vanish

—. n7t

= cm 2
+71

Cm
1
2n J— 7C
/ (*) dx

+7C

or Cn
1
2n |/ (JC) dt . . .. (4)
-K
Fourier Series and Integrals 665

8-6. Fourier Series in the Interval (0, T )

The general Fourier series of a periodic piecewise continuous function / (f ) having period T
is expressed as
oo oo

/ (f ) = aQ + nX1 an cos n(M + X= bn sin neat . .. ( 1 )

= n 1

Evaluation of Fourier Constants a0 , an and bn . To evaluate constant a0 , we integrate

equation ( 1 ) with respect to t between limits 0 to T i.e.
T

o
f it ) dt = OQ \
0
I dt ; other integrals vanishing

= a0 T
T

=f \
i
I
0
f (0 d t • ••(2)

In order to evaluate an we multiply both sides of (1) by cos nm and integrate between
imits 0 to T , i.e.
T T

l
o
f { t ) cos n(Ot d t - a
J 0
cos2 ncof dt, other integrals vanishing

11 0
( 1 + cos 2n(Ot ) dt

=2 T’ + O
T

= fI / (0 cos ntotdt
2
~ ... (3)
o
To evaluate bn we multiply both sides of ( 1 ) by sin MOK and integrate between limits 0 to
T i.e.
T

f
o
/ (0 sin n(tit dt - bn
o
sin 2 n(Ot dt , other integrals vanishing

i (1
0
( - cos 2n (or) dt = —
bn 7+0

|f i t sin n m d t
bn
o
=
^ )

In complex form the Fourier Series of function / (0 between interval (0, 7) is

oo
... ( 4)

fit) = n=X- c„ e'“'

oo
- ( 5)
666 Mathematical Physics

where coefficients cn are given by

T

t' n
o
1
T l f i t ) er*
9 * dt . . . (6)

. .
Ex 14 Obtain Fourier series expansion of the periodic function fit ) ; the period of which
is T and the form of which within the first period i.e. 0 < t < T is given by
/ ( /) = / ( 7 - /)
Solution. Let the Fourier series of given function f i t ) be
oo oo

f i t) = a0 + nX1 an cos ncot + nX1 bn sin ncot ... (1)

= =
2n
vhere co
T
Here f i t ) = / (7
T
- )=7 -
/ / /2 ... ( 2)

so that
I1
j
fit) dt = —1
T
t2
3 J T 12 —3 1J = —6 ••• m
1
’
0 o o
T T

II 0
T
/ (0 cos ncot dt =
2—

T
fI iTt - t2 ) cos ncot dt
0

2
\ t cos ncot dt - j; | t 2 cos nco / c/ /
0 0
r '*
r
t
sin
nco
ncot
l 1-
sin nco /
nco dt ] ![{- /2
sin ncot
nco I 2 , sin near
nco dt ]
0 o 0 o
•*
r
= +2 {
cot ncot
( nco)2
o
4[( 1
cos ncot
(nco)2
o
+
f
0
CQS ncot
( nco)2
dt

_ 4 -r
'
T (nco)2
+
I sin
(nco)3
nco /

r
o
4
n 2 co 2
T
... (4)

ind V= II o
f i t ) sin nco/ d/ = —|(7/ - 1 2 ) sin nco / c/
o
/

T T

I2
0
/ sin ncot - 2—

7*
fI
o
/2

r
sin nco / J/
r

t cos ncot
nco } *! 1 •
cos nco/
nco <// j 2
£ j OL _ COS
nco
o
2 / cos nco /
+
nco
dt ]
Fourier Series and Integrals 667
T T
r r t -sin ncot
—
- nITco + 2
l sin
( nco)2
n(Ot

o
+
2T
nco
4
T [{ (nco)2
H 1 •
sinncot
(woo)2
dt }
4 [cos neat 1
T
__ n
f [ (nco)3 J
o
" U

Therefore all the sine terms of the series disappear.

Hence the Fourier series for the given function is
_4_ T1 [cos cot cos_2 cor cos 3(0 f
7
^
J (f ) ~ 6 “
©2
y cos nco / T 2
n2
~
6
~
7C 2 L l2
+
22 + 32
+ .. ]
Obviously, the series is convergent.

8 7. Change of Interval From (0, T ) to (0, 21)

*

The interval of Fourier expansion (0, T ) may be changed to (0, 21 ) as follows :

Let the periodic function have a period 21. We introduce a variable

t =
Tx
21
or x =
2 It
T — — *

Thus we may represent the function / (JC ) in the form of Fourier series as

f ( m) = / (« § )
_ ( 2n T x )
Jf\ T
_ = ‘t* (*) (say)-
21
oo

= A 0 + X An cos n(Ot + X= Bn sin ncot

n 1

( ,Jf )
OO OO

=> <t> to = A0 + nX1 4,, cos (

21
= T) .5 1
sin

1
j < > x dx

-
where ~ |( )
2l
o
21

* h\ 0
() j (JC) cos
MIX
/
dx

21

— J[
21
0
<() (JC ) sin l
nftjc
dx

. .
Ex 15 Given a function
0 ; 0 < x < l
fix) = 1 ; 0 < x < 21
Expand f (JC) in a Fourier series of period 21 and sketch the graph off (JC) repeated with
period 21. CRohilkhand 1993, 90)
668 Mathematical Physics

Solution. Given function is

fix ) = {? ! 0 < x < l

0 < x < 21 ... ( 1)

By Fourier’s theorem
oo oo
. nnx
fix ) = A0 + ' Z, An COS nnx
n= 1 /
+ I Bn
n- 1
sin
l - ( 2)

21 21

where A
° “
1
2/ \ fix ) dx
1
2[ / (JC) dx + j fix dx )
0 0 /
21 21
1
21 M * - * I'M* l
1 1
1

1
=> ^ 0 = r2

21 21

*
21 }
f ( x ) COS
0
nnx
/
dx ~
2
21 — Lo
f (JC) cos
nnx
l
dx +
/
nnx
/ (x) cos l dx
21
21 . nnx ‘
“
2
2/
0+
i
1 . cos
nnx dx
l
"
1
/
sin

nn
l
/
—
1
= nn [sin 2nn - sin nn ]
i
=> An = 0
21
2 nnx dx
and Bn ~
2l
fix ) sin
l
o
21
.
2
21
o
fix ) Sin
nnx
l \
dx + fix ) sin
/
n%x
l
dx

2/
21
’
- cos nnx '

2
0+ 1 . sin
nnx 1 l
21 l l nn
i
l i

—
1
= nn [-cos 2nn + cos nn ]
0 if n is even
= nn—
1
[- 1 + cos nn ]
—
= - 2 if n is odd
nn
Fourier Series and Integrals 669

The Fourier series for given function will be

1 2 [ . nx
> = 2 + 0n ~ it [ sin T + 3 Sin
1 . 3nx
1 . 5 nx
sn + , -]
5 l
l
The curve for the given function / (JC) is shown in fig. 8.7.

t
m
1
as
o 21 31 4 / x

Fig. 8 7
8 8. Uses of Fourier Series
*

1. The Fourier’s series may represent a discontinuous function. The example is the
representation of a saw tooth wave.
.
2 The Fourier’s series may represent a periodic function. If given function / (x ) has a
period 271 and if this is represented by Fourier series over one interval (0, 2 K ) or (-TC, K ) ; the
representation holds for all finite JC. Moreover in Fourier representation the even and odd
functions are conveniently expressed as cosine and sine series respectively (Since for even
functions bn 0 and for odd functions OQ = 0 and an = 0). The Fourier series expansion gives no
=
assurance for its validity outside the basic interval.
.
3 The Fourier series is helpful in the solution of equation of motion of an oscillating
particle subject to a periodic driving force. The Fourier series expansion of the driving force
then gives us the fundamental term and a series of harmonics. The linear differential equation
may be solved for each of these harmonics, a process that may be much easier than for linear
differential equation, all the solutions may be added to obtain a final solution.
8 9. Physical Examples of Fourier Series
*

1. Half Wave Rectifier. The process of converting alternating current to direct current is
called rectification. When alternating current passes through a junction diode, it is rectified .
The output rectified current is obtained
only for half a cycle for complete input I
/
cycle. The rectified output current may be
expressed as lo
T
I0 sin c o t 0 t -
/(0 = 0 T t ->
T T
0 ~ 1 T
2 ~ ~ 2
Fig. 8*8
The Fourier Series expansion of current is
oo oo

7(0 = a0 + Ifl„ cos n(Ot + n£ i bn sin ntot

n=1 =
The coefficients are given by
772 772 / 772
7/2
j / sin wt dt = | - cos cor |
T 1m
-772
dt =
Y 0
0
Io
~
/o
co T
0
670 Mathematical Physics

/
As co T = 271 ao = ~ 20 (cos n ~ cos 0)
«o = -0
/ ^
T T/ 2

“• - \ T
0
/( r) cos ncor dt = j; |I sin cor cos n
, 0
0 at dt
(

772
/0
[sin ( 1 + n ) (at - sin ( 1 - /1) cor] dr
r 0
772
/g [- cos ( 1 + n ) cor cos ( 1 - n ) cor 1
+ (
T L ( 1 + n ) co 1 - n ) co J
0

cor
/0 1 - cos { (1 + w)
2
co 7
) 1 - cos { (1 - n ) cor
2
1 + n 1 -n
As oiT = 2TI
a
_ lo _ [[ i - cos ( 1 + nj n +
1 - cos ( 1 - n ) n
]
" 2a 1 + n 1-n

~ I M
n L 1
1
+ n
0
)+
1
1
- d for even n ( i.e., n = 0, 2, 4)

for odd n ( i.e. , n = 3, 5, 7)

772 TI 2
Also
mT j
0
/0 sin cor cos cor dt = j sin 2cor dr = 0
0
T/ 2 T/ 2

^ |1
^
2
Also *1 T
I0 sin 2 cor dr = ( ~ cos 2 cor ) dr =
0 0
and = 0 for n - 2, 3, 4, ...
Thus Fourier series is

cos 4cor + — cos 6cor + ... ) + —

„
m = £71 2—/o [-J1 cos 2cor + 77
1
15
K
1
35
/ 0 •
sin cor
2. Full Wave Rectifier : The Fourier series tells how well the output of a full wave
rectifier approaches pure direct current. The rectifier may be thought of as having the positive
peaks of an incoming sine wave and inverting the negative peaks. This yields
/ ( r) = E0 sin cor 0 < cor < n
/ (r) = - E0 sin cor - n < cor < 0
/ r defined here is even hence the Fourier series is cosine series for which
( ) ;
K 0 n

<*0
1
2n f
-K
[|- E
— K
0 sin |
cor d (cor) + E0 sin cor d (cor)
0
j
fA T Series and Integrals 671
it

i! 0
£0 sin cot f ( cot ) =

+7C

and ; cos ncot d (cor)

-71
0 n

i f- - K
( £0 sin
\
cor) cos ncot dt + En
0
E0 sin cor cos ncot dt ]
K

~
nJ j sin cor cos ncot dt
0

2 2
E0 for n even
71 (n 2 - 1)
0 for n odd
nd bn = 0
Thus / ( r) = cr0 + Zn an cos ncor
2EQ 4EQ \ £Os ncot
71 7C n2 - 1
Here the fundamental frequency co has been eliminated, the lowest frequency of oscillation
is 2co. The high frequency components fall off as /r2, showing that the full wave rectifier does
a fairly good job of approximating direct current.
3. Square Wave : High Frequencies : The analysis of a square wave in terms of its
Fourier components may occur in electronic circuits designed to handle sharply rising pulses.
Let the square wave be defined as

/ (r) = a from r = 0 to

= -a from t = 2 t o r
T ^
The curve to be analysed is shown in figure 8 9 -

a
fit
1O T T 37
27
t
2 2

-a
.
Fig 8 9
672 Mathematical Physics

The Fourier series is

/ (7) = a0 + X an cos « 0)7 + X bn sin
n n
/2(07 ... ( 1)

The line of symmetry is determined by OQ which is given by

T 77 2 T

ao
1
a dt +
1
~
T I
772
( -a ) dt

=0
r
fit ) COS (/1(07) (/7
o
772 T Til T -
i

il 0
j 2a
a cos /1(07 rf 7 - a cos n cot dt = ~
TI 2
7
sin n (07
/2 (0
0
sin n (07
/2 (0 }-
772
77 2
2a
/2 (07 { . /1- 2717
sin
7
o
.
sin
n2ut
7
Tt 2

2a
[sin /i7i - sin 2/i 7t + sin /ITC ] = 0,
/2( 07
Similarly ,

2
= T— / (7) sin (/2(07) t/7
o
Til T

l[ f 0
a sin n cot dt + (-a ) sin /2 (07 d/7
772
]
77 2 T

2a
7 { COS /2 (07
/2 (0
H 0
COS /2 (07
/2 (0
Til
772 T
2a
/20) 7 i- COS /2 •
271
7
7 ) (
0
COS
/2 2K 7
7
772

2a [
-COS 72TC + 1 + COS 2/271 - COS /27t] = 2 [ 1 - COS 727C].
a
/20)7 tin
When /2 is even , cos /271 = + 1 ; therefore bn = 0.
4a
When /2 is odd , cos /27t = - 1 , therefore bn = — .
nn
Consequently all the even terms of sine series disappear. Therefore complete series in the
case of square wave under consideration is given by

^
f it ) = bn sin /2(07, where n = 1 , 3 , 5 , . . .
n
Fourier Series and Integrals

4a
and — for odd AZ,
bn = mi
4a
or f (t ) = n l X3. 5 .. —
rm
sin n cot
= , .

4a 4a 4a .
=—
n
sin cor + i sin
3TC
~ ~ 3 (01 + ... +
mi
sin AZCOT + ...

/«
4a [ sin cor + -1 sin 3cor + -1 sin 5cor + ... + 1 sin. ~ /tcor + ...
71 L 3 5 n
The series shows the square wave. If we take the first three terms , then curve is shown as
continuous line in fig . 8 - 10.
But if large number of terms are taken , then the curve more nearly approaches the straight
line form as shown in fig. 8 11 . -
v ^ v C \T
j
\

\
\
\
\
VA ^ N
\ /
N / ' / \ /
\ /
\ >\
x x 7
v /
\ /
\ /
\ /
v7 /

Fig. 810 Fig. 811

4. A Saw-tooth Wave. The periodic curve is such that the displacement is linear with
time from y - a when t = 0 to y = 0 when t = T.\
Let / ( r ) = y ( r ) be the displacement at any time r ; then from similar triangles PtT, OQT ,
we have
V T -t
a T

or y -a
T -
T 1-
when the time axis passes through the lowest point of the periodic curve.
{ 1 - zT:
t
’

We have
T T*

r
=f \ o
ydt = fj
o
1 - zzidt
T

\ _ £27 J] s TV
a \r _ 27
T
a
t H ]sa
TV J 2o
T
o t T

an y cos near dt Fig. 812

o
T

^J
2a
1 - ; cos /? cor dt = 0
T
o
674 Mathematical Physics

Therefore all the cosine terms of Fourier’s series disappear

T

And bn =
^
/

2a
i

o
y sin

T
/icor dt =

1
~

T
o
1- —
T
sin n (x )t dt

sin ncor dt - — 7 sin // 0) 7 <i7

T * «
L o o
7

or bn = T |
[ cos neat
/10)
1
T (- r cos
nco
/70) 7

H
0 0
cos // cor
/2 0) 1]
integrating by parts
•
T
2a
7 [{ cos /10) 7
/10)
+
cos
/70)
/ / 0) 0 1
7
T cos
/20)
// 0) 7
+0+ ( sin /icor
n 2 0) 2 )
0

_ 2a J 2a a
7 /10) 2nn nn
Therefore amplitudes of coefficients of sine series are given by

b\ = 71—, b2 = z7t7, Z 3 = 3TZ ... and so on.

“ ?

The Fourier’ s series in this case is given by

1 I 1 .
/ (0 = y (0 = r + ~ l sin cor + f - sin 2cor + T- sin 3cor + ... + - sin ncot + .. )
The addition of successive terms is represented in Fig. 8 13. The curve indicates that the -
resultant curve tends to resemble with that to be analysed as we increase the number of terms
used.
1 TERM
2 TERMS 3 TERMS

10 TERMS
24 TERMS

Fig. 8 13 -
5. A Triangular Wave : A triangular wave is a periodic wave defined as
y = 0 at t = 0
y = a at t = 7/2
y = 0 at t - T
and repeats with a period ofT.
Fsarzer Series and Integrals 675

7 Y
Consider any point P (t, y) between 0 and
In similar triangles OPt and OAN
v a 2at
a 772 >’ = y
or
Similarly for any point between 7/2 and 7, y o f 772 T X
2 a ( 7 - r) f
7 Fig. 814
Thus the triangular wave is defined as

y = — 2at
T
7
for 0 < t < ~
2
... ( 1 )
2« ( 7 - 0 .
and 7 7
for —27 < t < 7
The Fourier series is
oo oo

y - AQ +
n
X= A 1
cos n (Ot + Y Bn sin ncor
n= 1
... ( 2)

1
where Ao y
7
o
2
A* y cos dt
7
o
r
2
Bn y sin ncor d /
T
0
Evaluation of coefficients
T 772 T*

1 1
AQ y dt = ~
y dt + y dt
7 7
o o 772

772 T
1 2<37
rfr +
7 u
7 7
o TI 2

772
1 2a 2a 0
Tt - T-
7 7 7 2
o 772

r [? ( r V ) ( 2
T2 j12 jQ.
2a
2
2-
2
- ~ ~
Y )}
T (?) !
* 2
- (3)
676 Mathematical Physics
T
2
y cos nm dt
T
0

7/ 2
2
V cos nm dt + y cos nm dt
T
o 7/ 2

7/ 2
2 2ar 2a ( T - t)
cos nm dt + cos nm dt
T T T
o 7/ 2

7/ 2 7
4a
t cos Ticor dt + T COS rtCOr Jr - t cos Acer Jr
r2
0 7/ 2 7/2
Solving the integrals, we get
4a
T2 (D 2
(cos mi - 1 ) ]
4a
T2
[
U2
2
(0 2
( ( 1 )"
“ ” 1 }
J [Since cos nn = ( - 1 )" ]
8a
n 2 ( co 7) 2
[ -ir - 1 ] c
As co7 = 271
8a 20
n • 47c 2
[(-Dn - i ] = 2 2 { ( 1 )" - 1 }
n K —
0 for even n
— • 4a
n2 K 2
for odd n

Thus only odd harmonics are present in the cosine terms of Fourier series. Finally ,

7/ 2 Jl
2 2
Bn T
sin ncoT d t -
T
~
y sin nm dt + y sin n m d t
0 0 7/ 2

7/ 2
2 2at 2a ( T - t)
sin /nor Jr + sin nm dt
T T T
o 7/ 2

7/ 2
4a
T2
r sin /zcor Jr + T sin nm dt - t sin nm dt
o 7/ 2 7/ 2
Solving the integrals, we get
Z?n = 0
 -
Fz j n e r Series and Integrals
'
677

Thus all the terms in the Fourier sine series will be zero. Substituting values of A 0, An
izd Br in Fourier series expansion (2), we get
y
_a
~
4a _
X T2 cos neat - 0
“
]
K2
2 11 = 1 , 3.5 L"
~
a ~ 4a
2 n2 [ COS CO /
1
+ TT COS 3(0 / +
32
1
52
COS 5 CO / + ]

-
Clearly the axis of triangular wave is a/ 2 above /-axis and the frequencies of harmonics are
in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 .... with amplitudes
4a
7t 2 m - 3. ®). respectively .

6. Forced Vibrations
Consider forced vibrations of a damped harmonic oscillator of mass m under external force
F( t ) and damping constant b. The differential equation of oscillator is
d2 X sty
mtf + b + Kx = F { t ) . . .d )
±
where K is force constant (or spring factor).
Equation ( 1 ) may be expressed as
b_ dx K _ X
F( t )
. . . (2)
dt2 m dt m m

Substituting —= 2r, ~
= co02 and = /(/), we get
( Fx ( jy
+ 2r - + co02x = /( r) (3)
^
The solution of homogenous part of this equation for different cases may be expressed as
•• •

Case (i ) co02 > r2

x{ t ) = Ae ~ r t (0 ! (V cov 2 - r 2 / + 0 ) . ..(4)
Case (if ) co02 = r2
x( /) = ( B\ t + B 2 ) e-r t ...(5)
,
Case ( iii ) co02 < r 2, x( t ) = e~r< { C e"/ - “o 21 + Ci e- < - r2 r2
^ r}
-(6)
— —
In each case when / > <» , x( /) » 0, therefore in the presence of force F( /), each solution
represents the transient solution . To find the solution of inhomogenous part of equation (3) ,
we assume F( t ) to be a sine or a cosine function . Let us assume
/( / ) = /o sin co / • • •(7)

then the particular solution of equation ( 3) may be expressed as

x( t ) = D i sin (0 / + D 2 COS CO / . . .(B)

Substituting this in equation (3), and comparing the coefficients of sin co / and cos (0 /, we
get

D , = ( co ( COp - 02 ) /
2 ( Q
and D2 =
-2 (0 r /0
.. .(9)
- co 2 ) 2 + 4 co 2 r 2
02 ( co 02 - co 2 ) 2 + 4 (02 r 2
678 Mathematical Physics

If fit ) is not a sine or cosine function , then the general solution of equation ( 3) may be
obtained by using Fourier expansion of fit ) ; For example we specifically assume
T T
fit ) = at for - ~ <t <-

Then the Fourier series expansion is

fit ) = a0 + Xn an cos /70)7 + X bn sin /70)7

= at (-
* • V—)
As fit ) is odd function of t in the interval 1 , we have
coefficients
a0 = 0, an = 0
+ 772

and K = I -TI 2
/(0 sin /70)7 Jr
7/ 2 7/ 2
2a 4a
r sin near Jr = t sin /7 cor Jr
7 T J
-7/ 2 0
72 '

7/ 2
4a
7 [{ - r
cos
/70)
/7 cor
+
0
1 - cos70near
/ )
Jr

7/ 2
4a
/70) 7
[ (- fern /70)7
2
+
sin /7 Cor
/70)

4a
/70) 7
[{ ”
2
COS
/70)

2
7
+ —1 (/ sm. —7 - sin 0) ]
/70)
/70)

2n
As 0)
7 => 0) 7 = 271

bn
2a rI - —7 COS 771 I = (-D n+1
= (-D , + l -
, 2a
. . .( I D
/771
/
J /771 0) /7

Equation ( 11 ) becomes
2a
fit ) bn sin no)r = X (-1 )n + 1 0) /7 . . . ( 12 )
n n
Then the particular solution of equation ( 3) may be written as
oo

x( t ) = n X 1 ( Dn sin /70) r + D / cos /70)7) . ..( 13)

=
When this is substituted in ( 3) we get
( O) Q 2 ' /72 Q) 2 )
n
( 0) 02
- /720 )2)2
+ 4 /720) 2 r 2 .. .( 14)
2/70)7
Dn’ = ( 0) 02 - /72 O) 2 ) 2 + 4 /i 20) 2 r2
Fourier Series and Integrals 679

T T
This solution is valid only in the interval but if f( t ) is a periodic function
with period 7, then the solution is valid for all values of t. Thus by using Fourier series
expansion of f( t ) , we can conveniently find the general solution of forced harmonic vibrations.
8*10. Properties Fourier Series
1. Convergence . The Fourier series of a function / (JC ) is uniformly convergent if the
function / (JC ) satisfies the following conditions :
(0 / (JC ) is continuous in the given interval -n x K .
( ii ) / (-7C ) = / ( + 7l ) .
( H i ) The derivative of / (JC), /' (JC) is piecewise continuous.
These conditions are satisfied by continuous , differentiable , periodic functions having
period 2 n .
2. Integration . The term by term integration of Fourier series
oo oo

/ (JC) = a0 + nX1 an cos nx + nX1 bn sin nx .. . (1)

= =
yields
°o
f (x) dx V an r

— f sin. nx 1
i

y bn
— \ cos nx ] . . . ( 2)
+
,I = I n L J ,IL
=I n L J
'0 *0 X
*0 ()

Obviously the effect of integration is to place an additional power of AT in the denominator

:f each coefficient. This results in more rapid convergence. Consequently a convergent Fourier
senes may always be integrated term by term and the resulting series converges uniformly to
;he integral of the original function . Indeed , term by term integration may be valid even if the
onginal Fourier series ( 1 ) is not itself convergent.
3. Differentiation . The differentiation is inverse of integration . The operation of term by
term differentiation of ( 1 ) yields.
oo oo

f' ( x) - 0 - nY ,1 an n sin nx +
„X bn cos n x - ( 3)
= = ]

Obviously , the term by term differentiation of the function / (JC) places an additional factor
r m the numerator of each coefficient . This reduces the rate of convergence and may result in
differentiated series to be divergent.
For example consider the function f ( x ) = x in the interval -n x n . The Fourier series
z : the function may be found to be
OO

ru ) = x = 2 nX= 1 (-i r'^

n
... ( 4)
Differentiating term by term ; we get
oo

/ ' (*) = 1 = 2 ,Xi (-1)" + 1 cos n x

'
... ( 5 )
i =
* hich is not convergent.
In general , term by term differentiation is permissible under the conditions for which the
function / (JC) is uniformly convergent.
The operation of differentiation causes another difficulty and its remedy was pointed out by
Lanczos . Let the function / (JC) represented as
f i x) - f m ( x ) + r\ m ( x ) . .. ( 6)
680 Mathematical Physics

+ m -I
where fm M I Cn e' nx ... ( 7 )

and the remainder T|m is given by

oo

Tim = X cnemx + C- ^ — rt
IHX
... ( 8)
oo oo

eimx X Cm
n=0
+n e ' + e-mix
~ nx
X c—m—n e-
n =0
inx

= e ,mx pn ( x ) + e-mix P-m ( x ) ... (9)

It is obvious that the differentiation of fm (x ) is a finite series and it does not cause any
difficulty while the differentiation of remainder r|m (x) yields
d T] m ( x ) d
- im e mix Pm + e inn dxP« - ime • -nnx P-m to + e-mix d P-mW . . . ( 10 )
dx
The first term on right hand side approaches infinity as m > and hence the difficulty
arises. To avoid this difficulty Lanczos suggested the use of a difference operator Dm defined as
— ^
f (x + n / m ) - f ( x - n / m )
Dm f i x ) 2nlm
... ( ID

—
which for m > reduces to ordinary derivative, i.e.
Lim d
—°
m »°o m dx
. .. ( 12 )

Applying this operator to the remainder r|m (JC) ; we obtain

e-im ( x +n/ m )
_
( A + K / m ) eim ( x -i z / m ) p ( A K / m )
_
Dm T|#»i W ^
_ 2 n/ m
e -im (* + 7l i m ) p ( A + K / m ) eim (x -n / m ) p (A n / m )
_ _ _
+ ^ ^ . . . ( 13 )
2nlm
or Dm r\m ( x ) = - e+imx Dm pm (x) -e~imx Dm p _m (x) . .. ( 14 )
which shows that the operator Dm operates effectively on the function pm (x ) and not on the
function eimx and hence the diverging term im eimx is eliminated.
If this operator is applied to the complex Fourier series
gin( x + Kim ) _ g+in ( x - Kim ) sin ( nn/ m )
D„, e mx - in e m x ( nn - -
2n / m /m )

[ sinnnnn/ m/ m ] dxd
'

( )
Hence Dm emx ( )
6 in.x ... ( 15 )

sin ( n n / m )
The additional factor is called the Lanczos smoothing factor or Lanczos
( nn/ m )
convergence factor Gn i.e.,
sin ( n n / m )
<*n ... ( 16)
( nn/ m )
The inclusion of this factor in a differenciated series helps for maintaining convergence.
Then the finite Fourier series
m -1
/ (x) = aQ +
n
X= 1
( on cos nx + bn sin nx ) ... ( 17 )
Fourier Series and Integrals 681

is replaced by
m- i
sin ( Ml / m )
fix ) = a0 +
n
X= 1 ( milm )
(an cos nx + bn sin A? A )
*
... ( 18 )

8.11. Gibb’s Phenomenon

Gibb’s phenomenon describes the peculiar behaviour of Fourier series at a simple
discontinuity . To explain it, we consider the square wave defined as

/w =
-a —
for 7i < A < 0
a for 0 < A < 71
The Fourier series representation of this function is
„
/M
. = 4a [T .
“
sin A
1 . , . ( 2N
+ - sin 3A + . .. + sin
- 1 )A + ...
] . . . ( 1)
-\)
The sum of N - terms is

= 71 \L sin A + ]
4q . sin ( 2 N - 1 ) A
1
SNW ~
sin 3A + . .. + . . . (2)
( 2N - 1 )
This sum has maxima and minima in the interval 0 < A < n. To find maxima and minima,
we differentiate Sn( A) with respect to A, SO that
4a
—
SN' (A ) = [cos A + cos 3A + ... + cos ( 2 N - 1 ) A ]
=—
4a ,
Re [ e x + e 3 - + . . . + eii 2N
( A ~ 1 )A ] ( where Re denotes Real Part)
71

4a sin Nx1 2a sin 2Nx

Re \ eiNx ~
_ . . . (3 )
SN' ( A ) = 7l 1 sin A
~
71 sin A J
For maxima and minima SN' ( x) = 0
=> sin 2Nx = 0 => 2Nx = 7t, 271, ... (2N - 1 )TI
2TX _ 3 K_ 4 K ( 2 N - l ) 7i
This gives A =
^
2N ’ 2N ’ 2N ’ 2 N ’ • >
Out of these maxima correspond to
n 3 n_ ( 2 /V - l ) 7t
2/V

X ~
2N ’ 2N ’ 2JV i ...(4)
and minima correspond to

X ~
n_ 2 K _ ( N - 1 ) 71
... (5)
N N "•» N
Thus the sum S A has maxima and ( N - 1 ) minima in the interval 0 < A <
( ) TT

The first maximum occurs at A = ; At this point , the value of partial sum is

( SN )
x= *
2N
_ - 4na TLSin 2nN + 13 .
.
Sm
371 1 sin 571
2N 5 2/V +
+ .. . }
sin K/N
2a sin ( n/ 2N ) n_ sin ( 3n/ 2 N ) K_ 71
.. .( 6 i
N + (3rt/2A0
' ' + "• +
K ( nJ2N ) W .V
(« -
682 Mathematical Physics
K n/ N 2 n/ N . K
f sin * sin p ‘ sin p sin p ,
We have
! p
dp =
o
This expression may be used to evaluate the sum in ( 6).
P
dp +
KJN
P
dp + .. . +
( yV - I )n / N
P
dp ••• (7)

—
When N » <», the integrand may be taken at its midpoint value, so that
K
_7C 2a * sin p
lim ( S N )
—
N > <*> X ~
K = 2N ~ n 7
~ dp
2N 0
7C
p p4 6
2a
71
0
i -- +
6 120
P
5040
+ ... dp ]
7C

_
nV\ EL18 + 600
IL 1
2a P
35280
+ ...
0
]
2a [ 7t3 n5 7t7
+ + ...
7i r ”

is 600 35280

« [’ '7
= 1.18a
-
- 300
7T4
"
7
17640 + ^ ... ]
Thus at N > —
the value of the sum overshoots by about 18 % at the discontinuity. This
phenomenon is usually referred as Gibb ' s phenomenon or Gibb' s overshoot.
8*12. Parseval ’s Identity for Fourier Series
This identity gives a relation between the average of the square of the function f ( x ) and the
coefficients in the Fourier series o f f ( x ) .
The Fourier series of the function / (JC) over the interval - / to + / is
oo oo

f (x) = a0 + Yn = , ancos nnx

1 /
+ X bn si
= n I
mix
/ 0)
The average of the square of / ( jt ) over the interval (-/ , + /) is defined as
+i
1~
\f ( x ) ]i = < \f ( x ) ] i > = i21 \f ( x ) ] 2 d x . .. ( 2)
-i
Thus we have for average of [/(JC)]2
+/ oo oo
1 nnx nnx
< [/ « ]2 > = 21 ao + nlL1 an cos : l
=
+ X=
/1 1
bn sin
l
dx
-l

+1 OO OO

1 nnx nnx
21
a02 + X=
/1 1
ci 2 cos2
l
+
n
X= „ 2 sin
i l
dx
-/

( the other terms vanishing)

oo

= a02 + Z]. X= ( an
/1 1
2 + b„ 2 ) ... ( 3)
Fourier Series and Integrals 685

This is the required Parseval [ s theorem or identity and holds for any period offix ). It can
be seen that if fix ) is written in complex form as
+oo
fix ) =I
n=-
cn eimix/
<>o
i

+/
1
where Cn fix ) e-MZX / I
l

then we find
+oo
\f ( x ) ] 2 = < [/ w ]2 > =
—
X ic„ i2
oo
... ( 4)

8 * 13. Fourier Integral

The Fourier series of periodic function f ( x ) on the interval (- /, + / ) is given by
oo OO

mix mix
fix) = a0 + nX1 an COS
/
+ X= 1 bn si
/
... (1)
= n
+/ +/
1 1
where fix) dx = fit ) dt
21 21
-i -i
+/

an
i
l l-l
f ( t ) cos
nnt
l
dt

+1

bn
1
l l-i
fit ) sin
mit
t
dt

Subsituting values of Fourier coefficients a0 , an and bn in ( 1 ) ; we get

+/ oo
+/
1 1 nut mix
fix )
21
f ( t ) dt + X1 l
fit ) cos
l
dt cos
l
n =
OO
+/

+ y I fit ) sin
nnt
dt sin
mvi
^
n= 1 / / /

+/ +/ OO

1 nn( x - t )
21
fit ) dt + T
l
fit ) X1 cos /
dt
-/
/2
=
+/ OO

1 rniix - t )
21
fit) 1 + 2 X= 1 cos
/2 l
dt

+1

—/ cos rniix/ - r)
OO

1
271 / (0 7/ + 2, Jr
-/
n 1 =
684 Mathematical Physics

+/
1 n( x - 1) OO

n n n( x - t)
2K ,
f ( t ) y cos < 0 •
l l
+ 2VL 7l cos l
H= I
-/

OO

71 - n n( x - t )
+ V 7 cos dt
/
/i =i /
[since 2 cos 0 = cos 0 + cos ( - 0 ) ]
+/
-nn( x - t )
oo
1 K 0 • K (X - t)
2K ,
fit) 1=
n 1
7/ COS
/
+T
/
COS
/
-/

-
oo

+
/1
Y 771

=1 /
cos
n 7c (.v - r )
/ ]*
+/
+ n
1
271 ,
-l
/M n > [ —
Lim
oo
1
//ft r
X
=-n
COS
//71
71
(x - 0
ii ...( 2)

l
When / becomes infinitely large i.e. as / > — , — —>
oo
TC
oo ; we have

oo
Lim
/

_
-
Lim
ZL /
^ -
+°°
1
cos
//n
71
(JC - 0

j
AM ^ 0 r tX cos { r AM (JC - 0 } AM where AM =
+oo

cos { u ( x - 1) } JM ... ( 3 )

( by the definition of integral as the limit of a sum )

Using ( 3) equation (2) becomes
+oo +°°
1
cos u ( x - t ) d u j dt ... ( 4)
— oo
— oo

This double integral is known as Fourier integral and holds if x is a point of continuity
of f ( x ) .
The scond integral in ( 4 ) may be written as
4- 00 o oo

cos u ( x - t ) d u = cos M (JC - t ) du + cos u ( x - t ) d u

— oo o
— oo oo

cos u ( x - 1 ) d u + cos u ( x - 1 ) d u
o o
If we replace u by -u in first term ; we get
+oo oo

cos M (x - t) du - 2 cos M (JC - t ) du ... (5)

n
Fourier Series and Integrals 685

Therefore Fourier integral (4) may also be expressed as

4 oo
* oo

1
fix) fit) 2 cos u ( x - t ) du dt
271 ,
— oo 0
4- 00 4 00*

1
= TC— fit) dt
,
cos u ( x - t ) d u ... ( 6)

oo -
4 00
I

1
n
du f i t ) cos u (JC - t ) d t ... (7 )
o
Equation (7) represents another form of Fourier integral.
— oo

Remark. As cos x is even function of x, equations ( 4 ) and ( 7) may be expressea as

+oo
t
+oo
1
/« m cos u ( t - x ) du dt ... ( 4a )
—-oo

4 00 -
4 00
m

—oo

1
and =2 du f ( t ) cos u ( t - x ) d t ... (7a )
* 0 —OO

Now let us consider the terms of Fourier integral for odd , even and complex functions.
Case ( i ) If f i x ) is an odd function of x i.e., f ( ~ x ) = - / ( x ) ; then
+ 00 o oo

f i t ) cos u ( x - t ) d t = f i t ) cos u ( x - t ) d t + f ( t ) cos u ( x - t ) d t .. . (8 )

— oo o
Replacing t by t ; we have
o
— 0 oo

f ( t ) cos u ( x - t ) d t = - / (- t ) cos u i x + t ) d t = - f ( t ) cos u ( x + t ) d t ... (9 )

— oo oo o
[ since / (- / ) = -/ ( ?)]
Using (9 ) ; equation ( 8 ) gives
4-00 oo oo

/ ( t ) cos u { x - t ) d t = - f ( t ) cos u ( x + t ) d t + f i t ) cos ix - t) dt

0 0
oo

f i t ) [ cos u i x - t ) - cos u i x + / )] d t
0
oo

=2 f i t ) sin u x sin u t d t ... (10)

o
Substituting this in equation (7 ) ; we get
oo oo

2—
f i x)
71
du f i t ) sin u x sin u t d t ... ( H )
0 0
 Mathematical Physics

Changing the order of integration ; we get

oo oo

fix) = 1n
sin u t sin u x d u
f (t) dt ... ( 12 )
o o
Equation ( 11) or ( 12) represents its Fourier integral for an odd function and is called Fourier
sine integral .
Case ( ii ) I f f ( x ) is an even function of x i.e., f ( - x ) = f ( x ) ; then
+ 00 o oo

f ( t) cos u ( x - t ) d t = f ( t ) cos u ( x - i ) d t + f { t ) cos u ( x - t ) d t

— oo
— oo o
Replacing t by -t in first integral , we get
+oo o oo

f { t ) cos u ( x - t ) d t = - / (- t ) cos u ( x + t ) d t + f( t ) cos u ( x - t ) d t

— oo

oo
oo

oo
0

f ( t ) [cos u ( x + t ) ] d t + f ( t ) cos u ( x - t ) d t [sinee / (-f ) = f ( t ) ]

o o
oo

= f ( t ) [cos u ( x + t ) + cos u ( x - 0] d t
0
oo

= 2 / ( t ) cos u t cos u x d t ... ( 13)

o
Using ( 13) equation (7 ) gives
oo oo

2
f (x) =n ~ du f ( t ) cos u t cos u x d t ... ( 14)
o o
Changing the order of integration ; we get
oo oo

=—
2
f (x) fit) dt cos u t cos u x d u ... ( 15 )
0 0

Equation ( 14) or ( 15) represents Fourier integral for an even function and is called Fourier
cosine integral.
Case ( iii) Complex Form of Fourier Integral . Fourier integral ( 4 ) may be expressed as
+ 4- oo 00

1
fix) du f ( 0 cos u { x - t ) dt ... ( 16 )
2 TC ,
— oo

By the property of definite integrals ; we also have

+oo 4- 00

1
0 d u f ( t ) sin u (JC - / ) d t ... (17)
271 ,

Since sin u ( x - 1 ) is an odd function of u.

Fourier Series and Integrals 687

Now multiplying equation ( 17 ) by i and adding to ( 16) ; we get

+oo +° Q
+oo -foo

m ~
1
du f (t) ew - (x ~
at =
1
e ux du , f (0 e ~lut dt ... ( 18 )
2n 2n ,
— oo
— oo

This equation represents Fourier integral in complex form.

Remark. Putting u - -u in ( 18 ) ; we get
+ oo +oo +oo +oo

e ,ux du
1 ~iu' x ~iu' x
1
M - 2n e du f (t) e dt =
271
~
f ( f ) etutdt . . .( 19 )
— OO
—OO

This is another form of Fourier integral in complex form.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 16. ( a ) Find the Fourier integral of the function
f ( x ) = e ~ Lx when x > 0 and f ( -x ) = f ( x ) , k > 0 CMeerut 1990, 87, 81 )
( h) Hence deduce that
oo

,
,
C O S XU
1 + u2
du = —e
71 ~ x ( .x
> 0) ( Garhwal 1999, Meerut 1989 )
0
Solution . Here f ( - x ) = f ( x ) for k > 0 i . e ., f ( x ) is an even function of x ; hence its
Fourier integral is given by
oo oo oo oo

2 2
f i x) —K ,
f i t) d t cos u t cos u x d u ~ ~
7Z
[e cos u t d t ] c o s u x d u . .. (1)
i i
•
0 0 0 0
since f ( t ) = e~kt
oo oo

But e~kt cos ut dt = e-k , / i!HL± e- ) dt iut

i 2 '
o

-
OO oo

=2 f
o
[ «- « -( k - iu )t

oo
e-( k + iu )t

( k + iu ) I
2 [' *'
e l u t ( k + i u ) + e — I ut ( k - i u )
-( k 2 + u 2 )
_—
t oo

i [-
eiut + e
) ( 2i ) } ]
e ~kt ( ~ iut glut g lUt

( k 2 + u2 )
2k { ~ - 2 u
2
0
oo

e~kt
L( k 2 + u 2 )
( u sin ut - k cos ut ) ]
o
~
k
k2 + u2
. ... (2 )

Therefore the Fourier integral of given function f ( x ) = er**, from equation ( I ), is

,
oo

2 k ,
f i x) =e ~ ix
- 71 , T cos u x d u
k 1o + u 2
oo

2k cos ux
du ( For x > 0, k > 0)
Ti k 2 + ul
... 1
^
o
688 Mathematical Physics

This is required Fourier integral.

( b) From equation (3) ; we have
oo

cos ux_ n_ ku (for x > 0 , k > 0 ) ... ( 4 )

k2 + u2 2ke
o
Substituting k = 1 in equation (4) ; we get
oo

cos ux . TC
, 1 + liY
du = e — x ( X > 0) . .. ( 5 )
0
Note. For independent derivation of expression ( 5 ) ; consider f ( x ) - e x and find its Fourier
integral
Ex. 17. Find the Fourier sine integral for function fix ) = e kx
Hence show that
oo

u sin ux
d u = ~ e** ( Calcutta 2009, Bombay 2010 )
k 2 + u2 2
o
Solution. The Fourier sine integral of function / (x ) is
oo oo

fix) =1
71
f (t ) dt sin ut sin u x du
0 0
Given f {x) = e~kx oo
=> f ( t ) = eoo
~ k
'
fix)
J = -K e~kt dt sin ut sin ux du
o o
oo oo

2
sin u x du e~kt sin ut dt .. . d )
71
0 0
oo oo
Hit
But e ~kt sin ut dt =
I
r» [e
'
~
2/
—
e
) dt
o o
oo

1
e-( k - iu )t
_ e- {k + iu ) t
J fa
2i
0
oo
-( k - iu )t
1 U
2i L -( k - iu )
e-{ k + in )
-( k + iu ) }
0
oo

1
- 2i W r p [ ik * i u ) e' nit - ( k - iu ) e -mt > o]
oo

e ,ur ) + iu ( e
e-kt
1
{k ' ( e tut ~ iut
+ e-iut »o
2i I k 2 +
^ oo

\ ±
1 _e ~
2i Lk 2 + i Y
( k ( 2i sin u t ) + i u ( 2 cos u t ) ]
0
Fourier Series and Integrals 689
oo

rI ye * ~ ~
-
s*n + u cos w 0
1
I
u
^ 2
0

k2 + M2
Equation ( 1 ) gives
oo

= 1TC
u
/ to sin MX rfii- *

k2 + M2
0
oo

M sin MX
du = ~ / (x)
, k2 + u2
o
_
As / 00
oo
= e *n
M sin MX
rfll = -*u
2'
“

k2 + M2
o
Ex. 18. Find the Fourier integral of the function
f {x ) 0 when x < 0 -
= ~
when x = 0
when x > 0 = e~x
Verify the representation directly at the point x = 0.
Solution. The Fourier integral of a function / (x) , in general , is given by
+oo oo

1
/ ( t ) dt cos M (x - t ) du
0
+oo oo

1
= 7—Z f ( t ) dt
,
(cos MX cos ut + sin ux sin ut ) du
• 0

oo +oo oo +oo
/ 1
1
f ( t ) cos ut dt cos MX du + fit ) sin ut dt sin MX du ••• ( 1)
K
0 — OO 0 — oo

+oo 0 oo

Here fit ) cos ut dt = O.cos ut + e 1 cos ut dt

o
oo

i
I
0
e r sin ut dt =
~

1 +
1
M2
... ( 2)

+oo oo

M
and similarly , fit ) sin ut dt = e ~l sin ut dt = ... ( 3)
1 + M2
0
690 Mathematical Physics

Substituting these values in ( 1 ) ; we get

oo

1 cos ux + u sin ux
du ... (4)
1 + u2
o
1 1
Verification. . As x = 0, / (JC ) = - L e . f i 0) =-
and from (4)
oo oo
_ _I
/(
° )
o
1 1
1 + u2
du = ~
o
J\an u j
_1 1
n 2
'

^ ”

2
... (5 )

Ex. 19. Find the Fourier integral of the following function

1 when Ix I < I
fix ) = 0 when I x I > /

oo
“
for 0 < x < 1
cos A x sin A
Hence prove that dA= K (iMeerut 2009, 2008 )
A -
forx = 1
o
0 for x > 1

Solution. The Fourier integral for f { x ) is

oo -F oo
1
=n / ( /) cos\( t - x ) d t d\
As fit) = 1
0 — oo

1
=n 1 . cos X ( t - x ) d t d h
0 -1
oo +1
1
n
o
sin X ( t - x )
X ]dX
-l
oo

1 (sin X (1 — n) + sin X ( 1 + n ) )
dX
n X
o
A+B A - B
Using the relation sin A + sin B - 2 sin—-— cos
2
oo

sin X c o s X x
f i x) = nZ dX
X
o
oo

sin X cos X x
o
For I * I < l , f ( x )
oo
X

sin X cos X x
= 1
dX =
^ f (x)

K , 71
dX =
0
X IXl = 2
Fourier Series and Integrals 691

for ! x ! > l . / (x ) =0
oc

sin X cos
A. </ X, = jx 0 = 0
0
For 1 x 1 = 1 , which is a point of discontinuity of / (x ) , the integral
oo

sin X cos
^-x d A = ( /22) + 0
,
71 71
4
0

oo — for I n I < 1
sin X cos
Thus
X ^ x
dX =
7 for 1 x 1 = 1
o 4
0 for I x I > 1

EXERCISES
Short Answer Questions
.
1 What is Fourier series ?
2. Explain the essential conditions to be satisfied for a function to be expanded in a Fourier
series . ( Calicut Univ., 2003 )
3. What are Dirichlet’s conditions for a Fourier series expansion ?
{ Delhi 2008, 06 , Calicut Univ., 2003 )
4. The Fourier series of function fix ) in the interval (-71, it) is given by
oo

fix ) = A0 + X A,, cos /i (or + X Bn sin new

n= I n=1
What are the values of A{ ) , An and Bn ?
5. What happens to Fouriers series expansion of a periodic function , if the function is even in
nature ? { Delhi 2007 )
[Ans. For even periodic function , the sine- terms disappear ]
6. Explain Gibb’ s phenomenon with respect to Fourier series expansion of a function fix ) .
{ Calicut Univ. , 2002 )
-
7 . Show that fix ) = ( sin x ) x3 is an even function in the range n < x < n and indicate the
corresponding Fourier series for this function . { Calicut Univ., 2002 )
8 . Find the Fourier cosine series for the function fix ) = x in range 0 < x < n.
{ Meerut 2001 )
9. How will you change the function fix ) the interval { -n , n ) to (-/, + / ) in Fourier series ?
10. If fix ) is an even function , show that its real Fourier series expansion contains no sine
terms and if fix ) is odd functions, then it contains no cosine terms.
11. What are Parseval’s sine and cosine series ?
12. Write Parseval ’ s identity for Fourier series.
2K
13. Find the Fourier series expansion for the output of a half wave rectifier having period ~
d\
where w is angular frequency. { Meerut 2009 , Delhi 2007 )
4«o

14. Fourier series of a function fix ) in complex form be written as fix ) = I C/ m m/ / .

n =
Find the value of Cn in the interval (-/, +/).
692 Mathematical Physics

15. What is Fourier’ s integral ?

16. Write complex form of a Fourier integral .
17. The Fourier integral of a function
f( x ) = e ~ Kx for x > 0 and f ( -x ) = f ( x ) for k > 0
is given by

*> -? I COS X U
K 2 + u2
di

find the value of

1
0
COS X U
K2 + U2
du
'

18. Find the Fourier series of rectangular wave defined by

T
= a( ) for 0 < t < ~
T
= 0 for < t < T
^
Long Answer Questions
1 . What is Fourier series . State and explain the Dirichlet conditions with it .
( Bharatidasan 1991 )
2. ( a ) Show that a periodic function / ( x) can be expressed as a Fourier series .
Derive the expression for Fourier coefficients a{ ) , an and bn .
{ Madurai 1989, Meerut 1993, Agra 1997 )
( b ) Find a series of sine and cosine of multiple of x which will represent / ( x ) in the
interval (- 7t , + 7t ) where
f {x) = U ; -n, < x < 0
nx
~ —
4
;0<x<n
and hence deduce that
n2
8 [,
1 + L+ L+ -
32 52 ] ( Meerut 1983 )

3. Develop the Fourier series expansion of

0, -n cor < 0
m= - sin cot , 0 (ot K
( Calicut Univ , 2003 )

0 < x
sin JC , n
4. Expand fix ) = ( Calicut Univ , 2002 )
x , 71 X
- sin 0 —
5. Find the Fourier series for the output of a Half wave rectifier given by
T
when - < 1 < 0
0 2
M = T
E sin cor when 0 < r <
2

2K
where T = — is the period of the function /( r) . ( Meerut 2004 )
co
6 . Find the Fourier series of the function
0 when x 0
f( x ) = sin x when 0 < jt < 7t ( Meerut 2002 )
0 when x n
Fourier Series and Integrals 693

7. An alternating current after passing through a rectifier has the form

/ = l( ) sin cor for 0 < cor < n
=0 for n < cor < 2n
Find the Fourier series of the function . ( Kanpur, 2005 )

L
8. Find the cosine series for f ( x ) = n - x in the interval 0 < JC < n.
[
Ans . /n - 2n/n \I/ cos32 cor
cot
0 ~
cos 4 cor
15
cos 6 cor
35 hi -
sin

, n
Ans. ; + i i COS X +
2 7nl V
cos 3JC cos 5 x
32 52 + . . ) l .
]
9. Obtain Fourier series expansion of the following periodic functions each with period T and
having the following forms during the first period , i.e. , 0 < r < T ;
Kt
( i ) f ( t ) = sin ~ and ( ii ) f ( t ) =
which one has the more rapidly convergent expansion ?
10. Find a Fourier series expansion of
/ (JC ) = JC cos x
CO

[ AIIS . / M = JC cos JC = - T21 sin. JC +

y
2
( /I -
2 n (- 1 ) "
i ) ( /i + i )
sin nx

n
11. Find a series of sines and cosines of multiples of JC which will represent ex in the
2 sinh n
interval - n < x < n. What is the sum of the series for JC = ± n.

12
I. Ans . 2 s i Kn h n ex = j - j
Expand e“ x in a series of sines of multiples of
(cos JC
i
- sin JC ) + j (cos 2JC - sin 2JC) ... ; sum at JC ± n is
JC in the interval 0 < JC < n.
4
n
^
coth 7t ]
n)
[ Ans. eax
2 1
- n \ a 2++ "1
~
e * .
sin JC +
2 ( 1 - e"
ci 2 + 22 sin 2 x + ...

13. Prove that

(i ) sin mjc
2
= n— sin mn [ sin JC
1 - m2
2 sin JC
22 - m 2 + 3 2 - m 2
3 sin 3 JC
+ .. . ]
_2 mn [
( ii ) cos mx =
n
sin
2m + 1 - m 2 32 - m ~ + ...
1 m cos JC m cos 2 x
T ]
where - n < x < n and m is not an integer.
[ Hint. Take / (JC) = enix and equate real and imaginary parts ].
14. A saw-tooth wave is given by
/ (*) = * - 71 < JC < 71
n+ 1
Show that fix ) = 2
n
Xr- (- D1
2
sin /171

15. Show that for 0 < JC< n

^
j ]
sin 2JC sin 3JC
(i) JC =2 sin JC -
^ 3

and ( ii ) JC = ~
4 cos
n l2 I
JC
+
cos 3JC
32
COS
52
5 JC
*- ]
694 Mathematical Physics

Hence deduce that

K2
(i ) X 1
, ( 2« + l )
« 0
2" 8
OO

and ,
( l)
v
(- 1 )"
2n + 1 ~ 4
it
( Delhi 2006 )

16. A triangular wave is represented by

x 0 <x < n
f (x) =
-X -n < x < 0
Represent f i x ) as a Fourier series.

[ K 4
Ans. f { x ) - ~
2 nn
=
i
..
l 3 5 ...
cos n x
n2 ] ( Pondicherry 1992 )

odd
17. Express a periodic function / ( r ) of time in the interval (0, T ) in the form of Fourier series
when
„ T ci
0 for
° * '* 4 - 2
T T a
A for
4 2
r ~4+2
“

7 A 3T a
f i t) = 0 for
4+2
< r< 4 -
2

-A for
37 a 37 a _
4 2 ^ 4 +2 “

37 -
«
0 for + </<7
T
where 7 is time period .
18. Find Fourier series for / ( x ) in the interval (- n , K ) where
fix) = n +* for -n < x < 0
= n-x for 0 < JC < 7C
n 4(
[ Ans. f i x) "
2+ TA COS X
1 1
+ 732T cos 3JC + 52 cos 5JC + ... )]
19 . Expand the function of period 12 defined as in the interval -6 < t < 6 :
fit) 0 =
for -6 t -3
/+3 =
for -3< / < 0
=3 -t for 0</<3
=0 for 0 < / < 6.
Also plot the function.
20. Obtain the Fourier series for the function
1 for 0<x<n/ 3
fix) 0 for n / 3< x< 2 n/ 3
-1 for 2 K / 3<X < K
what is the value of the series at x 7t. =
[ Ans. f i x ) =
1 -
- 1
sin 2JC + — sin 4
1
JC +
1
“
sin 8JC +

/ (it ) = zero. ]
Fourier Series and Integrals 695

21. Find a series of sines of multiples of JC which will represent / (JC) in the interval (0, n ) where
71
f (x) = 0, 0 x<~
( TC \ n
A2 “4
n n
f i x) =2 » x 7C
2 <- <
/ Oc) = 0
Find the graph of the series.
\n
[Hint. for n odd

= 0_ for n, a multiple of 4
2
~ for n even but not a multiple of 4]

^ ./ ( ) = sin ]
1 1 1
Ans jc JC -
2
sin 2JC + j sin 3JC + j sin 5JC + ...
22. Using Fourier series of function f i x ) = JC4 - 2n2x2 prove that
°° . 7l4

l
1 -
,= «90
^ 4 ”

23. Obtain a cosine series expansion of the function f i x )

< 2 and hence deduce that
= (1 + x ) valid in the interval 0 < x

J_ + J_ + J_ + - - TC2 iDelhi 2007 )

52 32 52 8 "

24. ia ) State the condition under which a function can be expressed in the form of Fourier series.
ib ) Discuss briefly the role of Fourier series in Mathematical Physics.
iAgra 1978, Vikram 1979 )
25. ia ) Define a Fourier integral and prove that Fourier integral theorem
00 +00
1
fix) =n ~ du cos u ix - t ) f it ) dt
0

where / (JC ) is real function . iMeerut 2003 ; Agra 2001 )

ib ) Find out Fourier integral of / ( jc) = e ~ Lx for JC > 0 and / (- x ) = / (JC) ik > 0).
iMeerut 1981, 78 )
26. What are Fourier sine and cosine series ? Find a series of sines and cosines of multiples of JC

which will represent JC + JC2 in the interval -n < x < n. Hence show that

iAgra 1980, 78 )
6
27. Find the Fourier series expansion of square wave function :
/ (JC) = 0, - 71 < JC < 0
= h ; 0 < JC < K iDelhi 1999 )
28. Find the Fourier series for the function f i x ) given by
f i x) = - x -n<x <0
= JC 0 < JC < 71
6?6 Mathematical Physics

Hence show that

J_2 + J_ + J_ + - K 2
l 32 52 8 "

Also draw the graph for the series. ( Agra 1981 )

29 . ( a ) Find the Fourier components of the periodic function f (JC ) whose analytic representation
is

f (x) =
-k when -K < JC < 0
+ k when 0 < x < K

and fix + 2 K ) = f ( x )
( b ) Are the following functions f ( x ) which are assumed to be periodic of period 2TC , even or
odd or neither even nor odd ?

( Hi) f
(0 /« =
r:
Ot) - £ x 1
2

2
if - n < x < 0
if 0 < x < n
(- n < x < n )
( ii ) f ( x ) =
0 if - K < x < - n / 2
x if - n / 2 < x < n
( Agra 1983 )
30. Expand the periodic function JC2 in interval -n < x < n ( periodicity 2K ) in the Fourier series
and hence prove that ( Delhi 2003 )

. 1 K2
W V

Xr (- 1n
- )n + 1
K2
(») 2 "
i 12
31. Obtain the Fourier series representation of the function shown in Fig. 8 - 15.
( Madurai 1989 )
f( t )

772
T t

-A
Fig. 815.
32. Expand as a Fourier series the output of a Full wave rectifier. ( Delhi 2005 )
33. Expand the function /(JC) defined as
- 1 ( -71 < X < 0 )
f( x )
+1 ( 0 < JC < K )
as a Fourier series. Hence find the sum .
1t i l l ... ( Delhi 1998 )
3 +5 7 +
34 . Represent f ( x ) =x in the interval 0 < JC < 2 as a cosine series. ( Delhi 1998 )
35. ( a ) State and prove Parseval ’ s relation Fourier transformation .
( b ) Develop / ( x ) into Fourier Series in the interval (-2, 2 )
fix ) = 0 -2 < x < 0
= 1 0<x<2 ( Pondicherry , 1993 Bharatidasan 1989 )
Fourier Series and Integrals 697
36. Using Fourier integral representation , show that
oo

COS JCCD 7t
.o 1 + co 2
di0 = e ~x ( x > )
2 °
37. Using Fourier integral formula, show that
oo

2a cos Xx
e ~ ax
- - JK ( a > 0)
n X 2 + a1
o
38. Derive Fourier integral formula in complex form , i.e.
+oo +OC

f (x)
1
= 2n . elux du
,
f { t ) e' u dt

39. What is Fourier’ s integral ? Show that the integral representation of /(;c) satisfying Dirichlet
condition is
1
d(.o f( t ) cos (0 ( f - x ) dt ( Purvanchal 2005 )

Multiple Choice Questions : Select the right choice :

1. For Fourier representation of a function f( x ) , the function must be
( a ) an exponential functions
( b) a periodic and completely regular function
(c) a periodic and piece wise regular function (d)any arbitrary function .
2. The conditions imposed on function to be represented by Fourier series expansion are called
( a ) Parseval ’ s conditions ( .b ) Fourier ’ s conditions
( c ) Euler’s conditions ( d ) Dirichlet ’ s conditions.
3. A Fourier series of a function /(JC) contains only cosine terms if functions fix ) is
( a ) an odd function of x ( b ) an even function of x
( c ) an exponential function containing real terms only
( d ) it is not possible.
4. The Fourier series expansion of x 2 in the interval -n < x < n contains
( a ) sine and cosine terms of integral multiples of .r
( b ) only cosine terms of integral multiples of x
{ c ) only sine terms of integral multiples of x
{ d) only cosine terms of even multiples of x.
5. The Fourier series in the expansion of JC2 in the interval -n < x < n is

x2 = ~ 4
3
cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x cos Ax
l2 (
22 + 32 42 + . . .
; )
, , , ,1 1 1 1
then the value of + . .. is
71? ? ?
(a)
Y (b) f (O
71
j
71

°°
1
6 . According to Fourier expansion of JC 2 , the value of X ~
n
is
n= l

<»,f <» f < c) j

Tt2
'
{ cf )
71?
12 '

7. The Fourier series of function f [ x ) = x + JC is given by 2

x + JC2 = a( ) + X an cos nx + X bn sin nx ,

698 Mathematical Physics

the value of a{ ) in the interval -n < x < n is

71? 71 + K2
( a ) 7t? (b) (c) ( < /)
j J 2

8. The Fourier series of periodic function fit ) = t 4 , 0 < t < ~

r is given by

t* =
n2n2 - 6
n4
cos /ico/ ,
J
Accordingly the value ofl + + + + is
2* 34 44 •• •

71? 7I2 ?
71
( a ) 7t?
.

{b) ( c) ( dA) '

30 45 90
3,
9. The function f i x ) = (sin x ) x in the range 7i < x < n is
~

( a ) an even function ( b ) an odd function

( c) may be even or odd function ( d) a numeric .
10. The number of non- vanishing terms in the Fourier series of cos3 0 in the interval (-71, 7i ) is
( a ) one ( b ) two ( c ) three Cd ) infinity .
11. The number of non- vanishing terms in the Fourier series of sin x in the interval (-7t , 7i ) is
( a ) one ( b ) two ( c) three ( d ) infinity .
12. In half range series of function f i x ) in interval (0, n ) , we get sine series if
( a ) f i x ) is even in the interval (-7t , TI) ( b ) fix ) is odd in the interval ( -n , n )
(c) f i x ) is even in the interval ( Ofik ) ( d ) f i x ) is odd in the interval ( 0, 7i ) .
t'
13. If complex form of Fourier series is
+o°

fit ) = Z Cn einox , then Parseval ’ s formula is

n -°
= o

T 772
- -
I I
4 00 4 00

(a) | 1 / (0 \2 dt =
/J
I
=- oo
IC„ I2 ( b)
1
j
\ f [ t ) \2 d t =
n
I I C „ \2
——
-772
TI 2
4-00 -
4 oo

(c )
l/!- m
\J[ t ) \ d t = X IC„ I
n = -oo
0d ) 2T
1
f( t ) d t = I I c„ I 2
n - = oo

14. The phenomenon of overshooting of Fourier series at a simple discontinuity is called

( a ) Fourier’ s phenomenon ( b ) Gibb ’ s phenomenon
( c ) Euler’ s phenomenon ( d ) Parseval ’ s phenomenon .

ANSWERS
1 . (c ) , 2. ( d ) , 3. ( b ) , 4. ( b ) , 5. (d) , 6 . (c ) , 7. ( b ) , 8. ( d ) , 9 . (a ) , 10 . ( d ) ,
11 . (f l ) , 12. ( « f 13 . ( b ) , 14. ( b ) .