CARAIG, JORGIE D.

BSCE 2-3

A. Different Modes of Transportation

Three basic modes of transport by land,water and air.Land has given scope for
development of road ways and railways.Water and Air have developed water ways and air ways
respectively.The road or the highways not only include the modern highway system but also the
city streets,feeder roads and village roads ,Catering for wide range of road vehicles and the
pedestrians. Railway have been developed both for long distance transportation and for urban
travel.Waterways include oceans rivers,canals and lakes.

The Four Major mode of transportation are :

a) Road Ways

b) Rail Ways

c) Water Ways

d) Air Ways

Road Ways:

The Way used by Cars,Motor Cycle,Cycle,Cars,Buses and Trucks on the Land is called as Road
Ways.It will help in walking for pedestrians also through foot path.

Rail Ways:

The Way By the Trains for Traveling and Transportation purpose on the Track is Called as
Railways.

No Pedestrians are allowed.

Water Ways:

The Way traveled through Boat,Ship and Sub Marine on Water is called Water Ways .

Air Ways:

The Way traveled through flight and helicopter by air is called Air Ways.

The transportation by air is the fastest among four modes .Air Travel also provides more
comfort apart from saving in transportation time for the passengers and the goods between the
airports.
Transportation by water is slowest among the four modes;but this mode needs minimum
energy to haul unit load through unit distance.The transportation by water is possible between
the ports on the sea routes or along the rivers and canals where land transportation facilities
are included.

The transportation along the railway track advantages by railways between the stations both
for the passengers and goods,particularly longer distances.These railway tracks cold serve as
feeder system for transportation to interior parts and to intermediate localities between the
railway stations.The Energy requirement to haul unit load through unit distance by the railway is
only fraction of he required road.Therefore full advantage of this mode should be taken for the
transportation of bulk goods along land where the railway facilities are available.

The transportation by road is the only mode cold give maximum service to one and all.

This mode has also maximum flexibility for travel with reference to route,direction,time and
speed of travel etc. through any mode of vehicle.It is possible to provide door to door service
only road transport.The other 3 mode of transportation viz., airways,waterways and railways
have to depend on transportation of roads for the service to and from their respective
terminals,airport, harbours or stations.The road net work is therefore needed not only to serve
as feeder system for other modes of transportation and to supplement them,but also to provide
independent facility for road travel by a well planned net work of roads throughout the country.

Through co-ordination between different modes of transportation is desirable,it is also

necessary to permit a healthy competition between the different modes,as each one has widely
varying characteristics.

B. Characteristics of Road Transport

It is an accepted fact that of all the modes the transportation,road transport is the nearest
to the people.The passenger and the goods have to be first transported by road before reaching
a railway station or a port or an airport.The road network alone could serve the remotest
villages of the vast country like our.

The Characteristics of Road Transport are briefly listed here.

*Roads are used various types of road vehicles,like passenger cars,buses,trucks two and three
wheeled automobiles ,pedal cycles and animal drawn vehicles.But railway tracks are used only
by rail locomotives and wagons,water ways are used by only ships and boats

*Road transport requires a relatively small investment for the government.Motor vehicles are
much cheaper than carriers like rail locomotives and wagons,water and air carriers. and air
carriers.Construction and maintenance of roads is also cheaper than that of railway
track,docks,harbours and airports.

*Road transport completely offer an freedom to road users to transfer the vehicles from one
lane to another and to from one road to another according to the need and convenience.This
flexibility of changes in location,direction,speed and timings of travel is not available to other
modes of transport.

*In particular for short distance travel,road transport saves time.Trains stop at junctions and
main stations for comparatively longer time.

*Speed of movement is directly related with severity of accident.The road Safety decreases with
increase dispersion in speed.Road Transport is subjected to high degree of accidents due to
flexibility of movements offered to the user.Derailment of railway locomotives and air planes
and air crashes are not uncommon.They are in fact more disastrous.

*Road transport is the only means of transport offer itself to the whole community.

*The Major defect of road is Traffic.

Traffic:It means the amount of vehicles using in given volume of road than average no.of
vehicles.

It cause an irritation to passenger who were travelling.

Without proper maintenance fatal accidents may occur.

C. Scope of Highway Engineering and Traffic Engineering

Highway Engineering:

The road pavements are generally constructed on small embankments,slightly above the
general ground level wherever possible ,in order to avoid difficult drainage and maintenance
problems.

The term road or railway thus constructed is therefore termed 'highway' and science and
technology dealing with Road Engineering is generally called 'Highway Engineering'.

In the fore going paragraphs,the need the status of road transportation have been discussed.It
is therefore logical to discuss the science of highway engineering which answer the questions as
how highways are planned and designed and how they constructed and maintained. Answers to
each of these questions contribute to the development of the subject.

In nutshell,it may be said that the highway engineering deals with various phase like
development,planning,alignment,highway geometric design and location, highway traffic
operation and its control,materials,pavement design,construction and maintenance,economic
considerations,finance and administration.
Many other special aspect which are not included in the general layout are related to problems
of development and construction of hill-roadside development including landscaping road
architecture and arboriculture.

Development,Planning
Historical background; Basis for
Planning; and Locations
Master plan;Engineering
Surveys and

highway alignment.

Highway Design, Road Geometrics and theirs Design;Rigid and

Geometrics & structure Flexible Pavements;Design factors and

Thickness design; Overlay design;Design of
design system

Traffic Performance Traffic Studies analysis; Need for new road links;

and its Control Traffic regulation and Control;Intersection design

and their controls with signs,islands and markings.

Materials,Construction Highway Materials and mix design;Highway

and Maintenance construction;Earth Work;construction of different

Earthen,soil stabilized ,W.B.M, Bituminous

Surfaces;C.C.Roads;Pavement Failure:Pavement

Evaluation Maintenance of pavements evaluation

 Maintenance of pavements and drainage system.

Economic,Finance Road user and cost and economic analysis of

and Administration highway projects;pavement types and

maintenance

measures;Highway Finance and phasing of

Expenditure;Administration.

Scope of Traffic engineering

• Traffic characteristics

• Traffic studies

• Traffic operation

• Planning

• Geometric

Traffic chracterstics Physical, Mental, Psychological, Environmental

Physical : The physical characterstics of the road uses may be either permanant or temporary.
The permanat characterstics are the vision, hearing, strength and the genral reaction to traffic
situation.

Traffic studies : it measure to quantity the traffic flow. Traffic volume or traffic flow is expressed
as the number of vehicles that pass across a given transverse line of road during unit time.

Planning : Long term development plans are to be prepared for a country as a whole or for a
region of the country. Land use planning , transportation needs and road net-work planning are
closely interlinked.

Object :

1 Redesign existing transportation systems to accommodate more traffic

2 Consider developing systems to enable pedestrian movement

3 Simulate traffic in an intersection to make sure that traffic movement is smooth.

The traffic engineering studies carried out for collecting traffic data are also called traffic
surveys. Traffic engineering studies are carried out to analyse the traffic characterstics and their
movements along the identified roads.

The different traffic engineering studies generally carried out are

Traffic volume studies

Speed spot studies

Speed and delay studies

Origin and Destination ( O & D ) studies

Parking studies

Traffic volume studies: The intersection volume count consists of counting the number of
vehicles entering from each approach leg of the intersection at a fixed time intervals of say
5,10,15 minutes. The traffic flow diagram showing the total number of vehicles entering an
intersection and the details of turning movement are presented in fig

Speed spot studies : One of the earliest methods for determining spot speed of a vehicle is by
finding the time taken to cover a short distance of say 15 or 30 m. The selected distance may be
marked on the pavement surface and the time taken ( t sec ) for a vehicle to tranverse this
distance may be measured either manually using a timer from an
elevated locations or recoded automatically using set of
appropriate sensors.

Speed and delay studies : The speed and delay studies gives the
partiiculars of running speeds or the fluctuations in speeds, the
locations and duration delays or stoppages and the overall travel speed between two desired
locations along a road. They also give the information such as the type of delay, location ,
causes, duration and frequency of such delays

Origin and Destination studies : Origin and destination studies give information on the actual
location or zone of origin of travel of vehicles or individual passenger trips and their destination,
these studies provide details such as direction of travel, selection of routes, trip length and the
frequency of such trip. The study area may cover the entire country or a selected region within
the country or state or within a city

Reference:

http://importanceofhighways.blogspot.com/2015/01/different-modes-of-transportation.html?
m=1

http://importanceofhighways.blogspot.com/2015/01/characteristics-of-road-transport.html?
m=1

http://importanceofhighways.blogspot.com/2015/01/scope-of-highway-engineeing.html?m=1

https://www.ques10.com/p/24982/what-are-the-objects-scope-of-traffic-engineerin-1/