Chapter 7 Design of Piled Foundations 7.0 NOTATION a Deflection due to slendemess of a circular pile a Distance of shear plane from nearest support a Deflection due to slenderness producing additional moment about y-axis A Net area of concrete in a pile erosssect Ay Cross-sectional area of pte (im?) a Surface area of pile in contact with soil A Total area of link bars perpendicular to longitudinal bars Ae Total area of steel reinforcement in a pile An Area of tensile reinforcement in pile cap An Area of steel effective in resisting shear in a pile An ‘Area of tensile steel in a pile section resisting moment about b-axis Ay Area of tensile steel in a pile section resisting moment about h-axis 6 Width of reinforced concrete section 6 Overall dimension of rectangular pile section v Effective depth of tensile reinforcement in b direction B Width or diameter of pile B Overall width of a group of piles c Soil cohesion for a stratum (kN/m?) on Horizontal load-carrying capacity of a single pile a Vertical load-carrying capacity of a single pile a Effective depth to tensile reinforcement in a concrete section D Depth of a group of piles below ground D, Relative density & Eccentricity of combined unfactored vertical load on pile cap in x-direction 6 Eccentricity of combined unfactored vertical load on pile cap in y-direction eu Eccentricity in x-direction of combined unfactored horizontal load H, ey Eccentricity in y-direction of combined unfactored horizontal load H, E ‘Stress-strain modulus of pile material (kN/m?) E Stress—strain modulus of soil (kN/m?) fe ‘Stress in concrete due to prestress alone h Skin resistance at h ‘Maximum design principal tensile stress in concrete h ‘Characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement fa Cube strength of concrete at transfer of prestress 293294 Reinforced Concrete TeDPPPP FREES pRRsee apes Ee38e BRED PRRRRES REEEE 5= EEESSS Ex Average conerete stress in a prestressed concrete section after losses ‘Characteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days Average tensile stress in steel tendons afterall losses Characteristic ultimate strength of steel tendons Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforeement Overall depth of pile cap Overall dimension of a rectangular pile Overall diameter of 2 circular pile Effective depth of tensile reinforcement in 2 rectangular pile in h-drection Unfactored horizontal load on a single circular pile Unfactored combined horizontal loads on pile cap in x-direction Unfactored combined horizontal loads on pile cap in Unfactored horizontal load on a single pile in x-direction Unfactored horizontal load on a single pile in y-direction Ultimate horizontal load on pile cap in x-direction Ultimate horizontal load on pile cap in y-direction Ultimate horizontal load on a single pile in x-direction Ultimate horizontal load on a single ple in y-direction Moment of inertia of pile (m') Polar moment of inertia of a group of piles about z-axis through CG ‘Moment of inertia of a group of piles about xx axis through CG of group Moment of inertia of a group of piles about yy axis through CG of group Modulus of subgrade reaction of soil (kN/m*) Coctticient of friction Factor used to determine transmission length of prestressing wires or strand Effective length of pile for calculation of slenderness ratio Unsupported length of pile ‘Transmission length of prestressing wires or strands Depth of penetration of pile ‘Overall length of a group of piles Average depth of pile in ground Modular ratio E/E. Coctticent of volume compressibility (m?/kN) Factored bending moment in a circular pile section Moment to produce zero stress at tension fibre of a prestressed section with 0.8fep (average uniform prestress) Unfactored bending moment in a single circular Unfactored combined moment on pile cap about x-axis Unfactored combined moment on pile cap about y-axis Modified bending moment about x-axis to account for biaxial bending Modified bending moment about y-axis to account for biaxial bending Unfactored moment about x-axis due to eccentric surcharge on pile cap Unfaetored moment about y-axis due to eccentric surcharge on pile cap Unfactored bending moment in a single pile about x-axis due to Hpy Unfactored bending moment in a single pile about y-axis due (0 Hye Unfactored combined moment on pile group about x-axis Unfactored combined moment on pile group about y-axisDesign of Piled Foundations 295 SSS RF Py Ukimate bending moment in pile about x-axis Ultimate bending moment in pile about y-axis Additional bending moment in pile about x-axis due to slenderness Additional bending moment in pile about y-axis due to slenderness Slenderness ratio in a prestressed pile ‘Statistical average of SPT number for a soil stratum Combined vertical load on pile cap — unfactored Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi Ultimate vertical load on a circular pile Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi Adjusted bearing capacity factor for cohesion Adjusted bearing capacity factor for L/B>1 Design ultimate capacity of a concrete section subjected to axial load only Design axial load capacity of a balanced section (= 0.25f.ybd) Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a circular pile Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a pile section to resist bending about x-axis Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a pile section to resist bending about y-axis Total vertical load on a group of piles Allowable unfactored vertical load on pile Ultimate axial compressive load on pile End-bearing resistance of pile ‘kin friction resistance of pile Etfective vertical stress at pile point ‘Statistical average of cone resistance of soil in a stratum (N/m?) Unconfined compressive strength (kN/m?) Side friction resistance in a cone penetrometer Number of piles in a group Initial estimate of number of piles based on total horizontal load Initial estimate of number of piles based on total vertical load ‘Spacing of nodes in pile for finite element analysis ‘Spacing of links used as shear reinforcement Unfactored torsion on a group of piles Allowable unfactored tension load on pile Perimeter at punching shear plane in a pile cap Shear stress in concrete in pile cap Design concrete shear stress in concrete Shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about x-axis Shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about y-axis Modified design shear stress to take into account axial compression Design shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about x-axis Design shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about y-axis Ultimate shear force in a circular pile section ‘Shear resistance of a concrete section ‘Shear resistance of uncracked prestressed section Shear resistance of cracked prestressed section296 Reinforced Concrete w Weight of pile (KN) z Depth of lever arm @ Coefficient for calculation of skin resistance of a pile 8 Factor for computation of effective length of a pile B Factor for conversion of biaxial bending moment into uniaxial bending y Unit weight of soil (kN/m°) 8 Angle of friction between soil and concrete » Poisson's ratio * Angle of internal frietion % Nominal diameter of tendon in prestressed conerete section 7.1 VERTICAL LOAD ~ SINGLE PILE CAPACITY Pad |ft Skin trietion| Fs Ee bearing SK 7/ Sing ple capacity P= Pyy + EPy — W T.=2Pa+ W where P, = ultimate compressive load on pile T,, = ultimate tensile load on pile EP, = skin friction resistance Pp = end-bearing resistance W = weight of pile Fi mal orp rene Fra = aie (4) < 300 (4) Gee Rene 6, pg 2 where Ap = cross-sectional area of pile (m?) LN = statistical average of the SPT number in a zone of about 8B above to 38 below the pile pointDesign of Piled Foundations 297 m/e Note: width or diameter of pile average depth of pile in the ground ‘Second method for point resistance (see Reference 6, page 602) cross-sectional area of pile (m?) 4c = statistical average of cone point resistance in a zone of about 8B above to 3B below pile point (kN/m?) Third method for point resistance Pra = Ag(Nee + 4.Nq) (see Reference 6, page 598) where A, = cross-sectional area of pile (m?) ‘ohesion or undrained shear strength S, = gy/2kN/m? 44 = unconfined compressive strength fective vertical stress at pile point sdjusted beating capacity factor for cohesion (See Fig. 7.2) bearing capacity factor adjusted for L/b>1 dependent on inital angle of shearing resistance @ (see Fig. 7.2). (See Reference 8, page 600.) lepth of penetration ih or diameter of pile LIB should be greater than L./B as obtained from Fi of @ 7.2 for the value Find point resistance by more than one method if soil test data allow ané take the lowest for a conservative estimate. Determination of skin resistance BPy = EAL where A, = pile perimeter x ple length over which f, acts (m?) f. = skin resistance (kNim?) ‘method of skin resistance 2NKN/m? for large volume displacement piles f.= NkN/m? for small volume displacement piles where NV = statistical average blow count in stratum for SPT. Second method of skin resistance ‘fo = 0.0059. kN/m? where 4, cone penetration resistance (kN/m?) Third method of skin resistance Ja= qakN/m? for small volume displacement piles298 Reinforced Concrete F,= 15qe,t0 2.0.5 for large volume displacement piles where qa: = side friction resistance in cone penetrometer. Fourth method of skin resistance f= ac +054 Ktand (sce Reference 8, page 603) where average cohesion or S, of stratum (kN/m?) 4 = effective vertical stress (kN/m?) angle of friction between soil and pile K, = coefficient of frietion D, = relative density of sand, ‘Table 7.1 Values of K, (Reference 8, page 603). Pile type 6 K,forlow D, Ky for high D, Steel Pa os 10 Concrete 0.756 10 20 Wood 0.679 15 40 (See Reference 7, page 136.) Table 7.2 Values of a (Reference 7, page 126). Soil condition Values of a DIB « ©=200 Sands or sandy gravel 4 09 065 04) 04d Soft clays or sits W 035 030 025 02 02 overlying stiff to very >20 0.75 0.70 0.63055 OS stiff cohesive soil Stiff to very sti 0 09 07 03 02 02 cohesive soils without >40 10 09 03 03 03 overlying strata ‘The units of ¢ are kNim® Note: Find skin resistance by more than one method if soil test data allow and take an average. P, anf where P, T,, = allowable pile load in tensionDesign of Piled Foundations 299 7.2 HORIZONTAL LOAD — SINGLE PILE CAPACITY Method I Cohesive soils on) (Ep) as per Vesic, 1961 (see Reference 6). where, = modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m) 'B = width or diameter of pile (m) stress—strain modulus of soil (kN/m*) E; = stress—strain modulus of pile material (kN/m?) J, = moment of inertia of pile (m') # = Poisson's ratio of soil E, may be obtained by the following methods: (2) Triaxial tests (2) Borchole pressuremeter tests, @) E,= 650N(KNim?) SPT number of blows. (1=2u)/m, where m,= coefficient of volume compress- ibility (m/KN). Method 2 Cohesive soils ky = 240qykN/m? where gy = unconfined compression strength (kN/m?). Cohesiontess soils , = 80 [CGN + C. (5 y BN,)] Nim? as per Vesic (see Reference 8, page 631 and page 323, equation 9-8) C.= 1.0 for square piles 1.31017 for circular piles 2.010 44 for circular piles 4g = effective stress (KN/m?) Y= unit weight of soi B = width or diameter of pile [Ng and Ny may be obtained from the following table (Hansen equations) —"see Reference 8, page 137, Table 4—4: Finite element model of vertical pile Spring stiffness = SBk, kN/m where S = node spacing not greater than B B = width or diameter of pile (m) 4, = modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m")300 Reinforced Concrete Table 7.3 Values of Ny and NY, (Reference 8, page 137) (depress) Ny ™ 0 10 0 5 16 on 10 28 o4 18 39 12 20 64 29 25 10.7 68 » Ib4 ISL 35 B39 0 2 79S 45 13492008 30 319.0 568.5 SK 7/2 Two-dimensional model of pile in soil (degrees of freedom — {op end bottom of pile. Note: For horizontal loads which are not constant and are reversible or repetitive, the top 1.5B of pile may be assumed unsupported by soil Boundary conditions (1) Free head pile ‘Translations x, y Free at top Rotation z Free at top ‘Translations y Restrained at bottom Rotation z Free at bottom (2) Fixed head pile Translations x,y Free at top Rotation z Rigid at top ‘Translations y Restrained at bottom Rotation z Free at bottom Material type For sustained horizontal load due to dead load, water pressure, carthDesign of Piled Foundations 301 pressure, etc., use short-term Young's modulus of concrete for bending ‘moment computations but long-term Young's modulus of concrete for pile hhead deformation. For short-term horizontal loads due to wind, earthquake, crane surge, etc., use short-term Young’s modulus of conerete for bending moment and deflection computations. Software ‘Use any fully validated software which has a suite for analysis of 2-D plane frame with sprung boundaries. Member type For rectangular pile use minimum width B in all computations involving B. ‘A cracked section moment of inertia may be used for reinforced concrete piles based on Section 2.1 3. PILE GROUP EFFECTS 7.3.1 Spacing of piles $= 2B for end-bearing piles S=3B for frietion piles where $= spacing of piles B = least width or diameter of pile, Note: Piles carrying horizontal load should not be spaced at less than 3B. 7.3.2. Pile group capacity Ultimate group capacity = group friction capacity + group end-bearing capacity Ultimate group friction capacity = 2D(8-+ Lew Bevewvel ] Hut Sherall dimerions of rosy - Poe 8 +302 Reinforced Concrete SK 7/4 Elevation of group of piles Group Bearing Sing group apace average cohesion of clay average Sy = average 44/2 ‘coefficient (from Section 7.1, Table 7.2) depth of pile group below ground ‘overall width of group overall length of group. * Ultimate group end-bearing capacity = BL (Nic-+ GN) where c= cohesion or undrained shear strength S,=4,/2 at bottom of pile group inconfined compressive strength fective stress at bottom of pile group ‘bearing capacity factor (see Fig. 7.2) bearing capacity factor (see Fig. 7.2) Note: Total vertical load on a group of piles should not exceed the group capacity. Individual pile loads inside the group will be limited by the single pile capacity. Piles carrying horizontal load and spaced at 3B or more need not be checked for group effects due to horizontal load. ultimate group capacity + ultimate group Allowable group capacity = ———SSEDS°8 capaty _ 7.4 ANALY’ OF PILE LOADS AND PILE CAPS 7.4.1 Rigid pile cap combined vertical load on pile cap — unfactored M, = combined moment about x—x — unfactored ‘M, = combined moment about y~y — unfactoredDesign of Piled Foundations 303 8K 7/6 Plan view of loads and eccentricity on ple cap. T [4 SK 7/5 Loads and eocentricty on pile cap, ‘H, = combined horizontal load on pile cap ~ unfactored in x—x direction ‘H, = combined horizontal load on pile cap — unfactored in y~y direction , = eccentricity of N from CG of pile group in xx direction, ¢, = eccentricity of N from CG of pile group in yy direction yx = cocentricity of HY, from CG of pile group in x—x direction ny = eccentricity of H, from CG of pile group in yy direction depth of pile cap. Loads on pile group P = vertical load on pile group = N-+weight of pile cap-+ weight of backfill on pile cap + surcharge ‘on backiill ‘M,, = moment about x—x on pile group M, + Ney + Hy + ME moment about yy on pile group = M, + Neo + Hd + MP My304 Reinforced Concrete " -C.G.of pile group. “ae Total spa x al B e 3) aS. ¥ Ley an comes ¥ geen eT Se aly SK 7/7 Typical pile foundation showing CG of group and co-ordinates of ples. yr a The ‘SK 7/8 Group of piles subject to orizonrat come DUGRAM OW A PILE horizontal loads and torsion. where Mf and Mj are moments with respect to CG of pile group due to eccentric surcharge on backfill or pile cap. T torsion on pile group Heyy + Hyer ug = Ey? about xx axis passing through CG of pile group Jy = Ex? about y—y axis passing through CG of pile group T= lac + by R= number of piles in group. ent ona pit = (£) = (Mat) (Me) R Tes yyDesign of Piled Foundations 305 ‘SK 7/9 Critica sect bending moment Hora on any ie = est of 2 gy PE ke Sign convention Vertical loads: downwards Torsion on pile group: clockwise positive Moments on pile group: clockwise positive +¥e Mz, produces compression in piles which have -+ve y ordinate, “+e Mz, produces compression in piles which have +ve X ordinates. +H, is positive in direction of increasing x in positive direction, 1, is positive in direction of increasing y in positive direction. Eccentticities are 4ve for +ve x and +ve for ve y. Bending moments in pile cap ” TRF NI a i ‘Take sections X—X or Y—Y through pile cap at faces of columns or base Plates. Find pile reactions due to combined and load factored basic load cases. Consider all upward and downward loadings across sections X— and Y~¥. Find bending moments across section. Find horizontal load on tech pile by ing the flowing cxpresions: Figos =H pn = %, = the Hove R where R is number of piles in pile cap. Find bending moments in pile Myx. ‘corresponding t0 Hpyy and Mpy, corresponding t0 Hy,y assuming an end fixity to pile cap following the method in Section 7.2. Hy and Hyy are ‘combined factored ultimate horizontal loads.306 Reinforced Concrete SK 7/10 Additional bending moment in pile cap due to pile fixity. Algebraically add the bending moments in pile cap due to vertical load and pile fixity moments due to horizontal load to find design bending moments in pile cap. 7.4.2 Flexible pile cap Large pile caps including piled raft foundations should be modelled as, flexible. The modeling will normally be carried out using either a grillage suite of @ computer program or a general-purpose finite element program. ‘The piles should be modelled as springs in the vertical direction. The vertical spring stiffness should be obtained from test results on site, A parametric study can be carried out using minimum and maximum stiffness ‘of the pile if there is large variation Grillage model (1) Divide pile cap into an orthogonal grillage network of beams. Ensure that piles are located at crossing of orthogonal beams. Each grillage beam represents a certain width of pile cap. (Q) Use short-term Young's modulus for concrete material properties. G) Ful section concrete stiffness properties may be used for hypothetical grillage beams (hypothetical width x depth of pile cap). (4) Piles will be modelled as sprung supports vertically (5) Vertical loads on pile cap may be dispersed at 45° up to central depth open (©) Apply at cach node witha ple, the moments given by te flowing formule: 4 i atau axis RWath of att ‘ealised ‘SK 7/11 Plan of raft on piles showing idealised grilage elements ~ flexible analysis (7) Find horizontal load on each pile by using the following expressions Fe aad Hy = R wnt = "R where R is total number of piles in group.308 Reinforced Concrete (8) Find bending moments in pile, Myx corresponding t0 Hpy and Mpy corresponding to Hx, assuming an end fixity to pile cap following method in Section 7.2. Apply these moments to pile cap grillage model as nodal loads. The pile head to pile cap connection may be assumed as hinged and then Myx and Mpy will be zero. (9) Find bending moments in pile cap by grillage analysis. Divide bending moments by width of hypothetical strips of pile cap representing grillage beams and obtain M,, My and May im pile cap per metre ‘width Apply load factors and combine basic load cases. Modify these combined moments by Wood=Armer method to find design bending smoments.(!12) (20) Combine basic load cases at serviceability limit state to find reactions at pile nodes. Compare maximum reaction with pile capacity. Finite-element model SK 7/13 Typical finite clement modelling of a ciseular raft on piles. (2) Create a finite clement model of pile cap using either 4-noded or ‘S-noded plate bending elements. ‘The elements may only have three degrees of freedom at each node viz 2, 6x and Gy. The piles will be represented by vertical springs. Piles will come at nodes in finite element model. Between two piles’ nodes there should be a minimum of one plate node without pile (2) Use short-term Young's modulus for concrete material properties (3) Full section concrete section properties may be used in the analysis. (4) Vertical loads on pile cap may be dispersed at 45° up to centeal depth of pile cap. These loads may be applied as nodal loads or uniformly distributed loads on plate elements depending on software used, (5) Apply at each node with a pile, the moments given by the following formulae. wt Ly =p about x-axis Hh about y-axis RDesign of Piled Foundations 309 (6) Find horizontal toad on cach pile by using the following expressions: “R where R is total number of piles in group. (7) Find bending moments in pile, My, corresponding 10 Hyy and Mpy corresponding to Hy,, assuming an end fixity (0 pile cap following ‘method in Section 7.2, Apply these moments as nodal loads in finite ‘element model at nodes with piles. These moments will be zero in the case of a hinged connection of pile to pile cap. (8) Carry out analysis using a validated general-purpose finite element software. Apply load factors to combine basi¢ load cases. Modify the combined M,, M, and M,, using the Wood—Armer method to find design bending moments.!"!21 (9) Combine basic load cases at serviceability limit state to find reactions. at pile nodes. Compare maximum reaction with rated pile capacity. 7.8 LOAD COMBINATIONS Applied loads on pile cap will be combined using the following principles. 7.8.1 Pile load calculations LQ: LODL + 101 + LOEP + LOCLY + 1.0CLH LCy: LODL + LOEP + LOCLV + LOCLH + 1.0WL (or LOEL) LC LODL + LOIL + LOEP + 1.0WL (or 1.0EL) Lg LOL + LOWL (or 1.0EL) where DL. iL EP cL CLA WL: EL arth pressure and water pressure rane vertical Toads crane horizontal loads wind load arthquake load, 7.5.2 Bending moment and shear calculations in pile cap or piles LCs LADL + L6IL + 1.4EP 1.2DL + 1.21L + L2EP + 1.2WL (or 1.2EL) LADL + LAWL (or L4EL) + 14EP L.ODL + LAWL (or 14EL) + LAEP (if adverse) LADL + 1ACLV + L4CLH + L4EP LCw: 1ADL + L6CLY + L4EP Ly: LADL + 16CLH + 1L.4EP LCgi 1.2DL + 1.2CLV + L2CLH + 1.2EP + 1.2WL (or 1.2EL)310 Reinforced Concrete 7.6 STEP-BY-STEP DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR PILED FOUNDATIONS Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Note: Step 4 Select type of pile ‘The type of pile will depend on the following principal factors: ‘© Environmental issues like noise, vibration © Location of structure. © Type of structure © Ground conditions © Durability requirements, © Programme duration. © Cost. ‘The commonly available types of piles can be broadly classified as below. Large-displacement piles (driven) © Precast concrete. © Prestressed concrete. © Steel tube with closed end © Steel tube filled with concrete. ‘Smatt-displacement piles (driven) Precast concrete tube with open end. Prestressed concrete tube with open end. Steel H-section. Serew pile Noncdisplacement piles ‘© Bored and cast-in-situ concrete pile. © Stcel tube in bored hole filled with concrete. © Steel or precast section in drilled hole. Determine vertical capacity of single pile Follow Section 7.1 Determine horizontal capacity of single pile Follow Section 7,2. Horizontal capacity of a single pile is limited by maximum deflection of pile cap that structure can accommodate and also by pile structural capacity. Determine approximate number of piles and spacing P RaeDesign of Piled Foundations 311 SK 7/14 Determination of approximate number of piles. Note: 4 Ry = * CH R\= Riy or Rin, whichever is greater where Rj = approximate number of piles P= total vertical load on pile cap ~ unfactored ‘Cy = rated working load capacity of pile ~ vertical load Gy = rated working load capacity of pile — horizontal load 7H = total horizontal load on pile cap — unfactored = (HE + Hy Spacing of piles should be according to Section 7.3. To minimise the cost ‘of pile cap, the spacing should be kept close to minimum allowed. Larger spacing increases the pile group capacity and pile group moment capacity. ay (1) Select a group of piles with approximate number of piles = Ri. @) Find CG of pile group and locate orthogonal axes xx and y-y through the CG. G) Find CG of group of piles on left of axis yy and right of axis yy. ) Find the x-axis distance between these (wo CGs and call it 5. () Similarly, find S, about y-axis. (6) Find M,/P=e, and M,/P=e,, where M, and M, are total combined applied moments on pile cap about x—x and y~y respectively. () Find eS, and ey/5,. (8) Find E, and E, from Fig. 7.1. 1 Ry OR EE, where R= number of piles in group for checking pile load, Rin ‘The factor 1.1 is introduced to cater for additional vertical loads from self- ‘weight of pile cap, surcharge on pile caps, backfilling, etc. Revise the number of piles in group from Rj to R.312 Reinforced Concrete Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Nowe: Step 10 Determine size of pile cap Allow L.5B from centre of pile to edge of pile cap. Depth of pile cap is governed by the following: ‘© Shrinking and swelling of clay. 1 Frost attacks. ‘© Holding down bolt assemblies for columns. ‘© Water table and soluble sulphates. «© Pile anchorage. ‘© Punching shear capacity of pile eap. Carry out load combination Follow Section 7.5. Check pile group effects Follow Section 7.3. Carry out analysis of pile cap Follow Section 7.4. Determine cover to reinforcement From the soils investigations report, find the concentration of sulphates expressed as SOs Find, from Table 17 of BSBtK/: 1986"), the appropriate type of concrete. Table 7.4 Minimum cover to reinforcement for class of exposure. Class of Total SO; Minimum cover Minimum cover exposure percentage on blinding (mm) __ elsewhere (mm) 1 <02 35 15 za 0.21005, 0 80 3 051010 50 0 4 1.01020 100 5 2.0 o 100 Conerete in ‘class of exposure S* needs protective membrane, or coating. ‘The uneven heads of piles normally necessitate a minimum 75mm cover ‘over blinding for pile caps. The conerete piles will have minimum cover as specified elsewhere: Calewlate area of reinforcement in pile cap M = bending moment as found in Step 8 at ulti Moss Seba’ where fa, = conerete characteristic cube strength at 28 daysDesign of Piled Foundations 313 Note: 'b = width of section over which moment acts = effective depth to tension reinforcement. If K is greater than 0.156, increase depth of pile cap. M Ose «= dos |(oas- 8)] cass Distribute this area of reinforcement uniformly across the section. Au The effective depth to tension reinforcement will be different in the two ‘orthogonal directions. Step 11 Check shear stress in pile cap Pie ameter ¢ | | ; Git seen oY rade pie i ws column -—t i 4g, | Pie captettectve cepth=a) Enhancement of shear tess is allowed if a, <15¢ ‘The critical section for checking shear stress in a pile cap is 9/5 into the pile, All piles with centres outside this line should be considered for calculating shear across this section in pile cap. For shear enhancement, a, is from face of column to this critical section. No enhancement of shear stress is allowed if a, is greater than 1.Sd. Where pile spacing is more than 34 then enhancement of shear should be applied only on strips of width 36. The rest of the section will be limited to unenhanced shear stress. =P Vm Gg Ye or enhanced vey if applicable Where =P = sum of all pile reactions at ultimate loading on left of section B = width of pile cap at critical section314 Reinforced Concrete d= average effective depth at critical section v.24) = 08v/u or SN/mn? For rectangular piles the critical section may be considered at face of pile. Sa I peta Ve Sea Ses eR ae Rar coun SK 7/16 Diagram showing zones of enhanced shear stress on eitical Pite cap fe ‘The value of vey can be found from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 depending on Percentage of tensile reinforcement and fy. Shear capacity of section should be greater than or equal to applied shear. Ultimate limit state analysis results should be used for checking shear eapacity. Step 12 Check punching shear stress in pile cap ee gI5 >3¢ No check necessary it pte Spacing "tess than 3 SSK 7/17 Perimeters for punching shear checks.Step 13 Design of Piled Foundations 315 ‘When the spacing of piles is greater than 3 times the diameter of a pile then the punching shear plane for column should be considered. For rectangular piles the plane can be considered at face of ile. The stress on this punching shear plane should not exceed v. depending on the percentage of tensile reinforcement in pile cap. Check of punching shear stress is also required at perimeter at face of column or pile. This shear stress should not exceed 0.8Vfy or 5 N/mm?, poistopien went [RT eT inne \ oa om ae) os. +] perinete PO \Piie cap ‘Punching shear 334 permet SK 7/18 Further perimeters for punching shear checks in a pile cap. ‘The punching shear planes for piles will depend on location of pile with respect to edge of pile cap, Find the perimeter U at punching shear plane. vas where ultimate vertical column load or ultimate vertical pile reaction Ye = design conercte shear stress obtained from Figs 11.2 to 1 Percentage area of tensile reinforcement for computation of design concrete shear stress will be average percentage across punching shear planes. Check area of reinforcement in pile Effective length of pile, = Bly where 4, = unsupported length of pile (piles which are not subjected to horizontal load may be assumed fully supported by ground from ground level; piles subjected to horizontal load may be assumed supported by ground at a depth of 1.56 below ground level where & is width of pile or diameter of pile)316 Reinforced Concrete for piles with head fixed to pile cap for piles with head free to rotate. SK 7/19 Typical section through a rectangular pile. (A) If (1610, then treat piles as a short column, (i) Pile with no moment N=OAfosbh+0.75Acchy Check N= applied direct load on pile. ii) Pile subjected (0 uniaxial moment Find ¢= MIN and then elt Find N/bh and select appropriate table from Tables 11.8 to 1.17 depending fon fy and k= dh. From appropriate table find p which satisies value of N/bit for given e/h. Find A= pbh/100. Put A,c/2 on each face of pile equidistant from axis of moment. Note: The moment Mf in pile is due to horizontal load as obtained in Step 3 following Section 7.2. (iii) Pile subjected 10 biaxial moment Assuming diameter of reinforcement and finding cover from Step 9, find h’ and 6 Find Mj/h’ and M,/b". I Mh" > Mytb’, then mM, =m, + pm, (©) Tf Mylo’ > Myth’, then ) sea vm (Design of Piled Foundations 317 Find Nifixbh. The values of f are given in the table below, ‘Table 7.5 Values of f for biaxial bending of pile. Nib 0 01 02 03 04 05 206, B 100 088 0.77 065 053 0820.30 Design as uniaxial bending with N and M; or M; whichever is more pro nent. Find Aye in manner described in (i) for pile subjected 10 uni ‘moment. (2) 14/0210 Gen tpi a sede fer 1 (k\ «en (7) wall) Mer = 0ASfouAe + O8TK Ase = O.25f.xbh as in Step 3 following Section 7.2. Design pile subjected to biaxial bending as described previously. Circular piles ‘SK 7/20 Typical section through a ‘reular pile Use minimum six bars318 Reinforced Concrete (A) If .th=10, then treat pile as a short column, (i) Pile with no moment Assume size of reinforcement and at least six bars, Ac = 0.258? ~ Age IAfeyAe + O.T5 Asch, Check N= applied vertical load on pile. Gi) Pile with moment Find e= MIN and the e/R, where 2R=h. Find N/h? and select appropriate table from Tables 11.18 to 11.27 corresponding to fy and k= hyth. p from appropriate table which satisfies N/A? for given value of e/R. ind Aj. = pxR?/100. Use at least six bars. N= (B) If /h>10, then treat pile as a slender column. R 20008 Myo = Na Combine this additional moment with moment obtained by analysis in Step 3 following Section 7.2, Design pile with moment as described in (ii) above. a= say K (assume K = 1 conservatively) ‘Step 14 Check stresses in prestressed concrete piles v ° . y x 7 x y . ° Sk 7/21 Typical section of pretensioned prestressed pile. Stresses may be checked at the serviceability limit state only as per BS8110: Part 1, Section 4.1!) Permissible maximum compressive fibre stress in concret A fou Assume pile as Class 3 member with a limiting crack width of 0.1mm,Hypothetical flexural tensile stress in concrete = 4.1. N/mm? for Grade 40 .8N/mm? for Grade 50 and above Depth factors to modify tensile stress are shown in the following table. Depth (mm) Factor Up to 400 1.0 00 095 600 09 N = direct service load on pile ‘Mzz = bending moment as obtained from Step 3 about axis x—x Myy = bending moment as obtained from Step 3 about axis y—y. ‘Assume the pile section is uncracked. Find A, = area of concrete Joy = moment of inertia about x—x axis Jyy = moment of inertia about y—y axis P = residual prestress afterall losses. rae ren eee ©) Lom do et soning = (OP ©) Ln to tin of sl ~ fw san mance wc (2) Ua ec cep of one ~ flor dase 445 of #5810: Pr ca (Le ate sink font ow dase 44 BS Part 1.01 Note: Prestressed piles designed as fixed to pile cap must extend into pile cap by320 Reinforced Concrete ‘4 minimum distance equal to transmission length given by the following cuttin: Ko i= £2 (am Vi ™ where fay = concrete eube strength at 28 days K, = 60 for plain or indented wire = 400 for erimped wire 240 for T-wire standard or super strand 360 for T-wire drawn strand 4 = nominal diameter of tendon. ‘Step 15. Check shear capacity of RC pile SK 7/22 Typical section through uv rectangular pile subject to biaxial y bending and shear. Ultimate limit state shear forces in pile are Hpay and Hpyy- Corresponding bending moments in pile are Mpyy and Mpxy. The ultimate coexistent direct load on pile is Ny Rectangular piles No shear check is necessary if: MgsalNy = 0.6h and MpyalNy 0.66 and Hywlbh’ = 08Vfy = 5N/tam? and Hye! = O.8V fey = SN/om? Shear check is necessary if Mpry!Ny > 0.6 andlor MpyulNy > 0.66 Find ve = Apyy/bh’ and v= Hpyylhb! “ind pe = 100A,/bh' and p, = 100A,,/hb’ Find ve, and vey corresponding to p, and py from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.Design of Piled Foundations 321 Cheek “4 at If this check fails, provide shear reinforcement in the form of links. M Bee A 7 5 | y Aczth Ace oh Ecnaie Sea’ sea” Enhancement of design, c Yo =O 8 NuHxub/MyyAc ERECT BA unr ayhe PE“ eneny Hyu! Mau 10 Sk 7/24 Shear stress enhancement due (© ‘SK 7/23 Shear stress enhancement due to presence of axial load presence of axial load Note: vex and vey may be enhanced by using the following formulae duc to presence of an axial load Ny: vw ve, 4 oN 2 Ver = Vie + AM O.BV fey = SN/mm’ O.6N stipe Moy vt ST 08 fg = SN Hoya! Moy 884 Hynyb!Mpyu should be less than or equal t0 1.0 Shear reinforcement bsdv = v9) O8Th. Where Ay, = total area of legs in direction of shear ‘width of section perpendicular to direction of shear 5, = spacing of links fre = 4@0N/mm? for links, Ase Cirewlar piles Ny = ultimate vertical load with Hy Hy. = combined ultimate horizontal load ‘Myo = moment in pile due to Hy322 Reinforced Concrete Revi 4 AA avy 2 PySv(Yy Vey) SK 7/25 Sheat reinforcement in a O87 fy rectangular pile ‘Agy(amea ot link) Agearea of all sgitudinal bars | i tt P| SK 7/26 Shear reinforcement in a sircular pile No shear check is necessary if: wING0.60h and Hy/0.75Ac=0.8V fou = 5N/mm? 25h’. where Ac Shear check is necessary if MyalNg > 0.008 Shear stress, ¥= Hpyl0.75Ae 004,/1.54, assuming 50% of bars effectively in tension where A,= total area of steel in pile.Design of Piled Foundations 323 Find v. corresponding to p from Figs 11.2 to 11 ‘The shear stress v_ may be enhanced by using the following formula due to presence of an axial load 4 O.6NaHph vy sng + 2ONaHoal N/mm? fm vet GT 5 O8V es 5 Hyg! Myy should be less than or equal to 1.0. If v> vi, then use shear reinforcement. = 087/.4(2) Ye 1754 where Ay = total area of link bars perpendicular to longitudinal bars, ic. the two legs of hoop reinforcement Jy = characteristic yield strength of link reinforcement 'S = spacing of links. Find z/R from appropriate table from Tables 11.18 to 11.27 corresponding 10 fous filh, py NIR? and eR. Check Hye = V,+ Ve ‘The otal shear resistance for inclined links = V,=[0.87f,Ay, (cosa + sin cot) (2/5)] where Ay, = total area of ink barsi. the two legs of hoop reinforcement, B may be taken as 45° when a is angle of inclination of fink Step 16 Check shear capacity of prestressed pile > Pyare i ‘Eero tgs totnd Ye SECTION SK 7/27 Typical section and elevation of a presiresied concrete pile Veg = 06TH + 08h) 05h Mav (0 7 ) wap + MOY otha Veo OF Vex as the case may be (kN) — design ultimate shear resistance Ve324 Reinforced Concrete Veg = shear resistance of section uncracked (kN) Veg = shear resistance of section cracked (kN) fc = maximum design principal stress at the centroidal axis feo 124V fos lesign compressive stress at centroidal axis of concrete section due 10 prestress alone Soe Soo ve = design concrete shear strength from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 where percent- age of steel reinforcement should include tendons plus any ordinary tuntensioncd longitudinal steel reinforcement in tensile zone of section lesign effective prestress in tendons after all losses 0.6f. Jharacteristic ultimate strength of tendons, fective depth to centroid of reinforcing steel in tension zone where reinforcing steel should include tendons and any untensioned reinforcement Jou = characte fe cube concrete strength at 28 days ‘M,= moment to produce zero stress at tension fibre with 0.8f on section. 2c < 5 ei game vaeriae — ates an iy PPR Ro we sess satte, 3K 7/28 Stress diagram for 9 symmettical rectangular prestressed pile due 10 Ma. If Hyy <0.5Y, no shear reinforcement is required. If Hy, =0.5V., then provide shear reinforcement as follows. Shear reinforcement Ifhorizontal shear on pile, H,, is less than or equal to (V. +0.4bd) then, Ay b Se” O87. If horizontal shear on pile, Hyy, is more than (V, + 0.4bd) then,Note: Step 17 Step 18 Step 19 ‘Step 20 Step 21 Step 22 ‘Step 23 Step 24 Design of Piled Foundations 325 Aw _ Hya ~ Ve Se O8Tfyud For biaxial bending and shear, check requirement for shear reinforcement for each direction of bending separately, but allow for contribution of ‘concrete shear resistance ¥. in one direction of loading only for calculation of shear reinforcement. (See Step 7 of Section 4.3.1.) Check minimum reinforcement in RC pile For rectangular and circular piles, 100A,./A_= 0.4. Check minimum presiress in prestressed pile Find slenderess ratio of pile where = minimum width of pile total length of prestressed pile at commencement of driving, Minimum prestress after losses = 60n psi or = 04a Nimm? If diesel hammer is used, ‘minimum prestress in concrete = SNlem? Maximum reinforcement in pile 1004.4, = 6 Containment of reinforcement in Minimum dia, of links =0.25 x jargest ber = 6mm Maximum spacing of links = 12 x smallest dia. of bar Links in prestressed piles At top and bottom 32 length of pile, provide 0.6% of volume of pile in volume of link. Minimum tension reinforcement in pile cap A,=0.0013bh in both directions Curtailment of bars in pte cap ‘A minimum anchorage of 12 times diameter of bar should be provided at fends by bending bar up vertically. Additionally check that full tension anchorage bond length is provided from eritical section for bending in a pile cap where design for flexure and requirement for flexural stee! ia tension is determined. In finding anchorage bond length beyond that section, actual area of steel provided may be taken into account. Spacing of bars in pile cap Clear spacing of bars should not exceed 3d or 750mm,326 Reinforced Concrete 4 lee t T T Percentage of Maximum clear spacing 100A Jed (%) ‘of bars in pile cap (mm) or over 10, 025 210 08 320 03 530 Less than 0.3 3d oF 750 Note: This will deem to satisfy a crack width limitation of 0.3mm, ‘Step 25. Karly thermal cracking See Chapter 3, Step 26 Assessment of erack width in flexure See Chapter 3, ‘Step 27 Connections See Chapter 10 for connection of pile to pile cap and column to pile cap. 7.7 WORKED EXAMPLE Example 7.1. Pile cap for an internal column of a building Size of column = 800mm x 800mm Spacing of column =8mx8m_ on planDesign of Piled Foundations 327 Unfactored column loads Dead Imposed Wind Vertical load, N (kN) 1610 1480 = Horizontal shear, H, (kN) 8 18 156 Horizontal shear, Hy(KN) - 112 Moment, M, (kNm) = = 448 Moment, Mf, (kNm) 2 n 4 Geotechnical information (see SK 7/30) Stratum 7 Average thickness of layer = 1.5m Classification: very loose yellow brown to brownish grey sandy silt. Average N = 3 (SPT) ¢ = LL3kN/m* o=8 ‘y= 26kNim? Stratum 2 ‘Average thickness of layer = 9m (Classification: soft to medium bluish-grey clayey silt. Average N = 5 (SPT) c= 20.2kNIm* o-s y= 24kNim® ‘Yor = 27KN/m? Stratum 3 ‘Average thickness of layer = 2m Classification: stiff to very stiff bluish-grey silty clay. ‘Average N = 14 (SPT) c= 6OkN/m? o-6 You = 26KN/mn* Stratum 4 Average thickness of layer = 7m Classification: dense to very dense mottled brown sandy silt. Average N = 24 (SPT) c= 13.8KN/m? oar Yt = 27KN/e?328 Reinforced Concrete Iyenace cer RY LOOSE Ou BROWN anor Sic Wed be srmavuw 9 SOFT To vEDIUM LUisi-cRey Goyer SILT wes AVERAGE 000 STIFF 10 VERY STIFF Buisi-oiey | seo ‘ENSE_10 VERY DENSE MOTTLED aROWN ‘aor SIP Nee avERGE -sTeaTun VERY STIFF 10 HARD ‘rmarun § SK 1/30 Average ground condition 4 soil strataSuop 1 Step 2 Design of Piled Foundations 329 Strawn 5 ‘Average thickness of layer = 15m You = 28KN/m? ‘Water table at 3.0m below ground level. Select type of pile Considering all the factors as described in Step 1 of Section 7.6 it is decided to use a non-displacement pile. Choose 600mm diameter bored and castin-situ concrete pile. Determine vertical capacity of pile Follow Section 7.1. Pu = Pou + EPu— W re ne r= acu (2) ‘Assume pile to go into Stratum 5 and stop at 8.0m within Stratum 5. Ly = average length of pile = (1.5 +9 +247 +48) m=27.5m 0.6? Ap = cross-sectional area of pile = x x 0.283 m? 7 83; B= 0.0m N = statistical average of SPT in a zone of about 8B above to 3B below pile point = 31 Pe = 0288 38x 3 x 25 = sas 4) = 280 310 028 = sR Second method of point resistance Pow = Ag(Nec + GN) Ap = 0.283 m? c= TLSKN/m? Yu = LOKN/m? 4 = cffective vertical stress at pile point FSX O+1SX M+ ISX W4+2xW4 TX M+8X MW = 15-3) x10 = 489.5 kN/m?330 Reinforced Concrete sre 8) sezcaver Woter Tabte| 8] wzacnret a 8] tcxszmvat sam B seotezsevnt srr F . ; = 8] secs’ | ‘SK 7/31 The pile penetrating L different strata, L=215m B= 0.0m LIB = 46 =e From Fig. 7. Ny=3 Ne=1S and LIB =3.5Design of Piled Foundations 331 S008 neat VERY STIFF YO WO SIN ETAT ‘SK 7/32 Condition at bottom of pile Determination of skin resistance EPy = LAS, Used non-displacement pile of 600mm diameter. First method of skin resistance f= NkNim? fa = 3kN/m? Pay = 3X 2.83 = 8.5KN Stratum 2 Ag =X 0.60 x9 = 17m? Ag =X 0.60 X 2 = 3.8m? fox = 14KN/m? Pay = 14 X 3.8 = 53.2KN382 Reinforced Conerete Stratum 4 Aw =X 0.60 x7 = 13.2m? fas = AKI? Pg = 13.2 X 24 = 316.8KN Stratum 5 Ags = 4X 0.60 X 8 = 15.1? fs = SUKN/m? Pas = 1S. 31 X 468.1 KN Py = 931.6kN Fourth method of skin resistance f= ac + 0.59K,tand Ignore the second term because 6 is very small Stratum 1 = 0.75 = 113KNim* Pan = Aut * fot Pay = 0.75 x 113 x 2.83 = 24kN Agy = 283m? Stratum 2 = 0.75 ¢ = 20.2kN/m? Pag = 0.15 x 20.2 x 17 = 257.2KN Ag = 17m? Stratum 3 = 0.75 ¢ = OOkN/m? Pag = 0.75 x 0 x 3.8 = ITN Ag = 3.8m? Stratum 4 Ay = 3.2m? @= 20 say with high D, c= 138kN/m? p= 31° K,=20 from chart 8 = 0.75 = 23.25 tand = 0.43‘Step 3 Design of Piled Found: fective vertical stress at middle of layer SXW+LSXM+TSX IHD WHS 204 N/m? fe= ae + 0.59 Ketand Pag = 13.2 [2 X 13.8) + (0.5 X 294 X 2 x 0.43)] = 2033kN The fourth method of skin resistance is giving much higher values than the first method and may be ignored from the point of view of conservatism. X27 ~ (16-3) x 10 Py = Pou + Pay 719 + 932 = 1651kN Allowable working load on pil Designed pile is 600mm diameter bored and cast in-situ concrete pile with an average length of 27.5m to carry a working load of 660KN. This is a ‘conservative theoretical estimate of single pile vertical load eapacity and. must be verified by actual pile tests on site Determine horizontal capacity of single pile See Section 7.2. Assume cohesive soil. Method 1 E,=6S0N where N = SPT No. E, of Stratum 1 = 650 x 3. = 1950kN/m? E, of Stratum 2 = 650 x 5 = 3250kN/m? E, of Stratum 3 = 650 x 14 = 9100kN/m? E, of Stratum 4 = 650 x 24 = 15600kN/m? E, of Stratum 650 x 31 = 20150kN/m* EsB4\i /_ E, ta-is( 28 x 10°KN/m? for pile concrete = (3) x00" = 1672KN/m? ky = 2787 KN/m? kB = 200KN/m? key = 4848kN/m? kgB S87SkKNim? ky = 14792 kN/m? KygB = IS9IAKN/m? yg = 26523KN/m? KkysB = 20999kN/m?—k,s = 34998KN/m? 136 x 107 mt kB334 Reinforced Concrete Method 2 240g, Km? 480¢kN/m? 490 x 11.3 = 5424kN/m? 480 x 20.2 = _9696kN/m? 480 x 60 = 28800kN/m? key = 480 x 13.8 = 6624KN/m? kas = 480 x 71.5 = 34320kN/m* ‘The values given by Method 1 are smaller or softer which will produce larger deflection and bending moments in pile. For the sake of conservatism use values given by Method 1. § = node spacing for finite element analysis = 0.60m B= 0.60m spring stiffness = SBk,kN/m 900 sraarm 2 3p SECTIONS # Godan EACH ‘SK 7/33 Finite clement model of pile.Design of Piled Foundations 335 Step 4 Ignore top 1.58 of pile for lateral support from ‘The whole length of pile need not be modelled. Stratum 1 Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.60 x 2787 = 1003 kN/m. Stracum 2 Spring stiffness = 0.60 0.60 x 4848 = IT4SKN/m Stratum 3 Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.60 x 14792 19325 kN/m: Stratum 4 Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.6 x 26523 = 9548kN/m Assume full fixity of pile with pile cap. Apply unit load at top of pile and find pile stiffness and bending moment and shear in pile using a two-dimensional computer program. A= 028m? 1 = 6.36 x 10-*m* Results of computer ran Maximum moment = 2.48kNm/kN Pile top deflection = 0.12mm/kN Single inl sites = 3 gm Determine approximate number of piles and spacing 1610 + 1480 = 3090kN = P ‘Assume maximum allowable horizontal di lacement of pile cap is 10mm, 28 + 18 + 156 = 202kN = H Maximum horizontal load on pile to limit defection to 10mm. 8333 x 0.010 S3KN_ per pile B-Rau R, = greater of Riy and Ry = 4.7 LAR = 47x 1.1 = 5.17 Use 6 0. ples Maximum horizontal load Rw336 Reinforced Concrete 2 n 2 au 8 097 0.57 0.56 “0.8 0.27 0.08 Step $ Determine size of pile cap B = diameter of pile = 0.6m 15B = 15 x 06 om ‘SK 7/34 Bending moment (kNm) ‘due to LkN horizontal load at top of pile. Allow 0.9m from centre of pile to edge of pile cap. Assume 0.9m depth of pile eap.‘SK 7/35 Layout of piles under pile cap. Step 6 Design of Piled Foundations 337 =p 3 no -o- 8444 AY +e 6 3-4) PLAN: Spacing of piles = 38 = 3% 0.6= 1.8m Size of pile cap assumed is 5.4m x 3.6m 0.9m. Carry out load combination Estimation of load on pile LC, = LODL + 1.01 N= 1610 + 1480 = 3000kN. Hy, = 28 + 18 = 46kN H, = ON M, = OkNm M, = 112 + 72 = 184kNm LC, = LODL + 1.01. + LOWE N = 3000kN Wind in x=x direction Hy = 46 + 156 = 202kN H, = OKN. M, = OkNm M, = 184 + 624 = SO8KNm Wind in yy direction4338 Reinforced Concrete N= 1610kN Wind in x-x direction H, = 28 + 156 = 184kN H, = OkN M, = OkNm My = 112 + 624 = 736kNm. Wind in yy direction 28kN L12kN 448kNm M, = 112kNm Estimarion of loads on piles for bending moment and shear calculations cap LCs = LADL + 1.6L. N= 14 x 1610 + 1480 x L6 = 46224N Hy = 14 x 28+ 16x 18 = 68KN Hy = OKN M, = OkNm M, = 14x (12 + 1.6 x 72 = 272kNm LC, = 12D + 1.2L + 1L2WL N= 12x 1610 + 1.2 x 1480 3708kN Wind in xx direction Hy = 1.2 x (28 + 18 + 156) = 242.4kN OkN km 2x (112 + 72 + 624) = 969.6kNm Wind in yy direction 1.2 x (28 + 18) = 55.2kN Hy = 1.2 x 112 = 1M4.4kN M, = 1.2 X 448 = 537.6kNm M, = 1.2 X (112 + 72) = 220.8kNm LG = 14DL + LAWL N= 14 x 1610 = 2254kN Wind in x-x direction Hy = 14 28 + 156) = 257.6kN H, = ONmi 7032985 OOLL425 LTT mm Design of Piled Foundations 337 SK 7/35 Layout of piles under pile cap, Step 6 ap oe 1e-¢—ol§ bt +e fi ys Spacing of piles = 3823 x0.6= 1.8m Size of pile cap assumed is 5.4m x 3.6m X 0.9m, Carry out load combination Estimation of load on pile LC, = LODL + 1.1L N = 1610 + 1480 = 3090kN Hy = 28 + 18 = 46kN H, = OKN M, = OkNm M, = 112 + 72 = 184kNm LC, = LODL + 1.01L + 1.0WL N = 3000kN Wind in x—x direction 46 + 156 = 202kN OkN Wind in yy direction Hy = 46kN H, = 2kN M, = 448kNm M, = 184kNm LC, = LODL + OWL340 Reinforced Concrete Swep 8 1.SkN/m? at bottom of group 4 = effective stress at bottom of group = 489.5kN/m? (Gee Step 2) Group end-bearing capacity = 1.8 x 3.6 x (15 x 71.5 + 489.5 x 3) 16465 kN Ultimate group capacity = 7996 + 16465 = 24461 kN Allows gow epi = 286 9784 KN Allowable group capacity based on single il 3960 kN capacity = 6 x 660 = Design basis i single pile capacity Carry out analysis of pile cap ‘Assume that pile cap is rigid. Assume 500mm backfill on top of pile cap. Assume a surcharge of SkN/m? on backfill with no eccentricity Iris always advisable to use the table as presented. W = weight of pile cap + weight of backfill on pile cap + weight of surcharge on backfill = 5Am x 3.6m x 0.9m x 24kNim® + 54 x 3.6 x 0.5m x 20kN/m? 45.4 x 3.6 x SkN/m? = T12kN Maximum service load on pile without wind = 665 kN Maximum service load on pile with wind =771 kN SK 7/37 Calelations of pile group stiffness.Design of Piled Foundations 341 (MCI 29) APTN = dM Nd Os MO my SW + TH + ON + WW = “4 tw +H + ON + OW = OW ° em 0 0 Ie 60 0 6 Oo 0 Bo ze sor ceo ‘1 0 o 0 0 we 60 0 6 0 0 0 ouse Foro 0 7 0 989 0 0) SF gO 0H BORE. oT 0 0 0 0 wr 6 0 0 0 0 vor 9690 57 0 o 0 o 6s 60 0 0 0 0 9 wi oo 27 0 ses 0 0 wz 60 0 0 0 O tll 7 0 o 09 0 we oo 0 0 0 0 val ‘OT ° ses 0 0 we 60 0 0 0 Oo Ww BL Shh ‘o7 ° o 0 0 we 6o 0 0 0 0 we | 88 ‘o1 0 o 0 0 we 60 0 o 0 oO a ) OT a wow iw “awd 4 HH WN a0 poy ‘deo 2qid wo speo} so sissreuy342. Reinforced Concrete 395) ww 47c1"9 = apd yo dor re yuowase}dsip yewwornoy = g =r (¢ days 998) 1787 = aud wt owow Iuipusg = 4y x ee Gm a » yoy a (Zh Es mg Fy Py a 0 Wa eeu = “Te = "wet = x=“ uoRy = = ze ne zor RL BOTHER ‘o7 zs ae = = gue Aste 91 6 0% oa WHT TSS OSE 21 oh se = = - ue BP 1 I Bm = 9 615 21 £% ms sans x wee 7 Le V9 as = = wea 7 +7 005 w= sas oy ake O71 oF see Ww = = we aise OT 60 oot 3 = = oF aaBe 7 (uw) “Wsetw 40H Ss WOH Sa s0g 809 peor id wo soo,Design of Piled Foundations 343 SURCHARGE ON BAOKFILL 200 900 300 00, SK 7/38 General arrangement of pile cap and piles. =660kN- OK Allowable service load on pile without wii Allowable service load on pile with wind = 660 x 1.25=825kN OK Bending moment and shear force in pile cap 20, ‘SK 7/39 Critical sections for calculation of bending moment in pile cap.‘M4 Reinforced Concrete Sections 1-1 and 2-2 are taken at the face of column, ‘Assume column size = 800mm x 800mm Dead load of pile cap + surcharge + backfill =0.9 x 2440.5 x20+9 = 36.6kN/m Applying load factors for different load cas 14 X 36.6 = S1.2KN/m? 1.2 X 36.6 = 43.9kN/m? Mi) = bending moment due to dead load of pile cap ete. on section 1-1 3.6 F = 36K SZ HOF | fer siNm 2 3. x 2.3? or = 28X89 423 sigoptin 2 ig = Bentng moment ue oda ad of pil cap ee. on section 2-2 APC 912 08 771 bem, 2 or = S42 89X 1 asim Step 9 ‘Step 10 SK 7/40 Critical sections for shea. Determine cover to reinforcement From soil test reports, the total SO, is 0.75%. This means it is Class 3 exposure (sec table in Step 9 of Section 7.6). Minimum cover on blinding concrete = SOmm ‘Minimum cover elsewhere = 90mm Assume 90mm cover for pile cap everywhere. Calculate area of reinforcement in pile cap ‘M = bending moment in pile cap as found in Step 8. ‘My = 2264.9kNm from table in Step 8.Design of Piled Foundations 348 ond jo sowed — wwogt = sid deo aqid ut sreays pur siuowour Suspusg pauiquios 23% pue ‘uon2eai apd or onp deo aq ut sieays pur syuowoun Zu;pusq a1e YA pu ‘afieyains + de9 apd yo peoy peop 0} onp dea apd wow Suypuag axe ¥4 pur O+O+10="A Sw t= (O+O+'0) co=3NW “CO+'O) ¥ Suonseas apd axe +25 pus *%) *% ESL 6886 Z90E CIT Teosl OTL SP Lap Me #9 499 OT LEE GEL 991 HPT eo OT SH LL LIL BS We OT O06 ESCH 9F97 9651 Eel PERE ETE OBIE 919 OS TR HR OT Ova COLT OR OSRE Ori "06s ETE O'RIY- StH Se6 OM SKS POT FIISC 69941 O18 9961 SOrI Y'SLZ OZ SUBP~ eR EB Leo O68 SOT "A A tA ww aw DO DH 19 ase prot cdeo ojid ur weoys pue suswow Supuad346 Reinforced Concrete ‘8K 7/41 Moments in pile and pile ‘cap due to pile fixity. For this load case, pile fixity moment = 19.0kNm_ per pile. Pile fixity moment on pile cap is opposit be ignored. Assume 20mm diameter reinforcement. 4, = 900 ~ 90 (cover) — 10 (half bar dia.) = 800mm = 3.6m sign to moment My, and may fox = 30mm" for concrete in pile cap My __ 2264.9 x 10° ta OI gas fesbd® 30 x 3600 x 800? x c= dos (o2s-8)] fae tf 22689 10rd O.8Tfy2 0.87 x 460 x 760 Assume fy = 460N/mm? for HT reinforcement ‘Area of 20mm dia. bar = 314mm? 24 x 314 = 7536mm? Use 24 no. 20mm diameter bars equally spaced (approximate spacing 150mm) in the x—x direction. Mz = U134kNm from table in Step 8. Ignore the effect of pile fixity moments ‘Assume 12mm diameter reinforcement. dy = 900 — 90(cover ~ 20(bar dia.) ~ 6(half bar) = 784mmDesi led Foundations 347 1134 x 10° ee = 0011 30 x S400 x TRAP 2 = 0.95d_ by inspection = 0.95 x 784 = 745mm = Mp 1134 x 10° O.87f2 ~ 0.87 x 460 x 745 ‘Area of 12mm dia, bar = 113mm? 34 x 113 = 3842mm? Ay 3803:mm? Use 34 no. 2mm diameter bars equally spaced (approximate spacing 15mm) in the y-y direction. (See also Step 22 for minimum reinforcement.) Al bars are high tensile reinforcement to be placed at bottom of pile eap. ‘There is no requirement for bars on top of pile cap. Le - 912 SK 7/42 Pile cap reinforcement Step 11 Check shear stress in pile cap Vay = shear on critical section 3-3 '766.9KN (see table in Step 8) 44, = 2700 ~ 400 (half column) ~ 1080 = 1220mm‘3§MB_ Reinforced Concrete LSd, = 1.5 x 800 = 1200mm 4, > 1.5d, hence no enhancement of shear stress is allowed V _ 1766.9 x 10° 55 d= 3600 3 800 7 081m _ 1004, _ 100 x 7536 bd 3600 x 800 ve = 0.425Nimm? < 0.61N/mm? from Fig. 11.3 Pp 0.26% 400 1200 1100, Ee | __ 5 a a Ter a a coe | Ge hee SK 7143 Crit seat plane in pile cap. ‘The cheapest alternative is to bring the outer piles in towards the centre of pile cap by 20mm in the x—x direetion only. This has very little effect on pile reactions, 4, = 1200mm 1.5, = 1200mm 2d _ 2x 800 a 1200 Increase grade of concrete from fu =30N/mm? to foy=40N/mm? 1.333 vo = O.ATN/mm? — from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 wal) 09x39 0.63 N/mm? > 0.61N/mm? OK ‘ay = shear on critical section 4~4 = 25114kN (see table in Step 8). a, = 1800 ~ 1200 + 120 ~ 400 (half column) = 320mm LSd, = 1.5 x 784 = 176mm > aDesign of Piled Foundations 349 100 x 3482 5400 = 784 (Gee Step 22 for minimum percentage of reinforcement.) 0.40N/mm? for fo = 40N/mm? 40 x 4.9 = 1,96N/mm? V _ 2511 x 10° ba ~ 5400 x 784 = 0.59N/mm? < 1.96N/mm? OK 0.08% ‘Step 12 Check punching shear stress in pile cap 80 1.8 aust [300 | pie | SK 7/44 Critical planes for CRITICAL PLANE punching shear of piles in pile cap FoR PUNE TN SHEAR 3200 mm Uy = perimeter of column = 2 (800 + 800) = Since pile spacing is not greater than 3 times diameter of pile, then Punching shear stress at critical perimeter for column need not be checked. Uz = perimeter on punching shear critical plane for pile load = 2300 + 2256 = 4556 mm Ultimate maximum column load, N = 4622kN from table in Step 8. Ultimate maximum pile load, Q = 983kN380 Reinforced Concrete Step 13 Ny 4622 x 10° Ud 3200 x 0.5 x (800 + 784) 1.82N/mm? dia, of bar. Provide a minimum 250mm, bent up length of pile bottom reinforcement. Check full anchorage bond length of the main tension bars.Design of Piled Foundations 383 eles SS Step 24 Step 25 Step 26 ‘Step 27 fox = 40N/mm? Reinforcement used is Type 2 deformed bars, From Table 3.29 of BSSII0: Part 1: 1985,l!1 tension anchorage length = 32 = 32 x 20 = 640mm More than 640 mm length of bar is available beyond section 11 in Step 8. Spacing of hars in pte cap 100A, Maximum percentage of reinforcement = p = “4 100 x 7536 ~ 3600 x sno ~ 026% Maximum allowed clear spacing for p less 0.3% is 3d or 750 mm, whichever is less. Spacing of bars adopted is 150mm. Early thermal cracking If it is felt necessary to limit early thermal cracking of concrete in pile cap then minimum reinforcement on sides and top of pile cap should be Provided based on method of calculation shown in Chapter 2, Assessment of crack width in flexure Normally the calculations in Step 24 will deem to satisfy the erack width limitations of BSB110; Part 1: 19851!) If calculations are necessary to prove the limitations of erack width due to flexure in pile cap then methods shown in Chapter 3 should be followed. Connection of pile to pile cap From Step 17, 16mm HT Type 2 deformed bars are used. From Table 3.29 of BS8110, full anchorage bond length 126; 32 16 = 512mm ‘The bars from the pile will project 600mm into pile cap. (See general recommendations for design of connections in Chapter 10.)384 Reinforced Concrete 7.8 FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 7 10 os |e 07 Q TSH os 0) 02 03 Os 05 06 +0 e ig. 7.1 Determination of pile = efficiency. T_}is | fhe 1 2 4 a5 4 7 Lo a oS Bearing capacity factors: Mz Ny Ne Ny z Ke 0 os f ste0 ae &§ 1 Fig. 7.2 Bearing capacity factors for deep foundations,