Basic Theory Wap

WCDMA Basic Theory
Introduction to 3G/4G
PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

COURSE OBJECTIVE
After this course, you should be able to:
ü Understand the technology behind

WCDMA and its advantages
ü Be familiar with the basic architecture

of a WCDMA network and its services
ü Understand the new technology and

services introduce by 3.5G ~ 4G

CONTENT
WCDMA Overview
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Basic Principle
WCDMA Architecture
Introduction to 3.5G/4G
Training De La Salle University

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
1G 2G 3G 4G
Analog Digital cellular Digital cellular Hybrid IP based

cellular
Voice Voice /data Voice / high Voice / very high
speed data speed data
AMPS CDM A 1XRtt CDM A2000
TACS GSM GPRS WCDMA HSDPA / HSUPA
9.6 64 Kbps/144 Kbps 2 Mbps >10 Mbps
Kbps
80’ 1992 1999 2001 2004 Not yet
deployed
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
TACS: Total Access Communication System
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
1G – 1 st Generation: Analog Cellular
1) Feature:
• frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
• analog signal
• narrow band
2) Main mode: AMPS TACS NMT
3) Limitations:
• hard to develop digital bearer services
• cannot adopt to digitization of fixed networks
• low frequency efficiency
• cannot meet larger capacity requirements
• easy to be eavesdropped

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
2G – 2 nd Generation: Digital Cellular
1) Feature:
• time division multiple access (TDMA)
narrow code division multiple access (N-CDMA)
• digital signal, narrow band
• strong anti-interference capability
• security is guaranteed with authentication and
encryption
• can support ISDN
2) Main mode: GSM D-AMPS N-CDMA
3)Limitations:
• Narrow bandwidth unable to provide various broadband
information services such as high speed data services.

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
3G – 3 rd Generation: Digital Cellular – IMT 2000
1) Feature:
• code division multiple access (CDMA)
• digital signal
• broadband
• integrated service system integrating all current mobile
telephone system functions providing multiple services
• large capacity
2) meaning of ‘2000’:
• frequency spectrum around 2000MHz
• data rate up to 2000kbps
• putting into business about 2000
3) Main mode: WCDMA CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
4G – 4 th Generation: Hybrid IP Based Mobile Network
1) Feature:
• 3G Mobile Voice and Data Service, Broadband Access,
Video Call
• > 10 Mbps Data Rate
• In principle will allow high-quality smooth video
transmission
• HSDPA / HSUPA

WCDMA TECHNOLOGY
EVOLUTION
9.6kbps 64kbps 144kbps 2Mbps
2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G
WCDMA
EDGE
GSM GPRS
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access uses direct

sequence spread-spectrum technology to transmit a
number of independent conversations across 5MHz
segments of the radio spectrum.

UMTS PROTOCOL VERSION
• Inherit all the • Inherit all the service and • Inherit all the service and
service and function function of R99 function of R4
of 2G(GSM and • CS domain change: • Add IMS domain
GPRS） control is separated from • Enhanced IP QoS,
• CN is composed of bearer，the function of supporting End to End IP
CS domain and PS MSC can be complete by multimedia service
domain split SERVER,MGW
• WCDMA UTRAN • Voice supported by CS
access domain, supporting:
TDM,ATM,IP
R5
• Iu interface between
RAN and CN
R4
R99
Specification complete time

2000 2001 2002

R99 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
3G Rel. 99
Node B
RNC
MGW
Node B
PSTN/
SS7oIP PLMN
2G
BTS
GGSN
BSC
SMSC
MSC TMSC SGSN

HLR
BTS

3G Rel. 4 SGSN
Node B MSC Server GMSC Server
IP Backbone
MGW
RNC
MGW
Node B
PSTN/
SS7oIP PLMN
2G
BTS
GGSN
BSC
SMSC
MSC TMSC HLR
BTS

3G Rel. 5
Node B MSC Server GMSC Server
IMS
IP Backbone
MGW
RNC
MGW
Node B
PSTN/
SS7oIP PLMN SGSN
2G
BTS
BSC
SMSC
GGSN
HSS/
HLR
MSC TMSC
HLR
BTS

UMTS
5 MHz channel
FDD mode
Fig. 1 Uplink
Working frequency: 2GHz Fig. 2 Downlink
Bandwidth: 5MHz
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
Frame length: 10 ms
TDD mode 5 MHz channel
... Uplink and Downlink ...

3G SPECTRUM

CONTENT
WCDMA Overview
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Architecture

ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS
Frequency
Frequencyreuse
reuse 1 2
factor
factoris
is1;
1; 7
1
3
6 4
network
networkdesign
design 5
and
andexpanding
expanding 30 kHz
become
becomemuch
much Typical Frequency Reuse N=7
easier
easier GSM
8 Users 2
1
3
4
200 kHz
Typical Frequency Reuse N=4
CDMA 1
1 1
1
1 1
100 Users 1 1
@12.2kbps/user 1 1
1
1 1
5 MHz 1
Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
FDMA
Large
Largecapacity
capacity
Power
cy
Tim uen
FDMA---Different user use different eq
e Fr
frequency
TACS、AMPS TDMA
Power
TDMA---Different user use different y
c
time slot of one frequency Tim u en
q
e Fre
GSM、DAMPS
CDMA
WCDMA---Different user use same
frequency at the same time,but with Power
different spreading code nc
y
Tim ue
e F req

ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
Large
Large Coverage
Coverage
almost
almost22times
timesthan
thanGSM,
GSM, save
save money
moneyfor
for
operator
operator
km2：
Example: 2
Example:covercover 1000
1000km ：
GSM
GSM need
need 200200BTS
BTS
WCDMA
WCDMAonly onlyneed
need50 50 BTS
BTS
**
** Attention:
Attention:exact
exactresult
resultneed
need“Link
“LinkBudget”
Budget”

ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
ØHigh
ØHighprivacy
privacyand
andhard
hardto
toeavesdropped
eavesdropped
Each user is below

Spread signal the noise deeply
Information Demodulated
signal signal
TX RX
Spread code Spread code

ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
Use
Use soft
softhandoff:
handoff:decrease
decrease drop-call
drop-call rate
rate
llWCDMA： “make before

WCDMA： “make before break”---soft
break”---softhandoff
handoff
llOther
Other systems:
systems: “make
“make after
after break”---hard
break”---hardhandoff
handoff

ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
Perfect
PerfectPower
PowerControl
Controland
andvoice
voiceactivation
activationmake
makethe
theUE
UE
Power
Powerlow,
low,healthy
healthyfor
forhuman
humanbody.
body.
Mean
MeanPower
Power Max
MaxPower
Power
GSM:
GSM: 125mW
125mW 2W
2W
WCDMA:
WCDMA: 2mW
2mW 200mW
200mW

CONTENT
WCDMA Overview
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Architecture

SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEM
TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM • Traditional technologies try to

Spread Spectrum
Narrowband squeeze the signal into the
Signal
Slow
Information
Slow
Information minimum required bandwidth
Sent Recovered
TX RX • Direct-Sequence Spread
spectrum systems mix their
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
input data with a fast spreading
sequence and transmit a
Wideband Signal
wideband signal
Slow Slow
• The spreading sequence is

Information Information
Sent Recovered
TX RX
independently regenerated at
Fast Fast
the receiver and mixed with the
Spreading
Sequence
Spreading
Sequence incoming wideband signal to
recover the original data

WHAT IS SPREAD SPECTRUM?
ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

Spread signal
Spread Data Stream
Input Recovered
Data Data
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence
Definition: Spread Spectrum Technique, employ a transmission bandwidth that

is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal
bandwidth.
q Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence,transmits spread
data stream
q Receiver intercepts the stream,uses same spreading sequence to extract
original data

SPREAD PROCESS
Digital Signal Spreading Signal
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
Spreading
1 -1 1 -1
Spreading Code

DE-SPREAD PROCESS
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 De- -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
spreading
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1
1 1 1 1
-4 4 -1 1
Integrator Adjudge
0 0

ILLUSTRATION TO SPREAD
SPECTRUM PRINCIPLE (1)
MAT
HAM H
MER Power is “Spread” Over a Larger Bandwidth
MATH
HAMMER
12.2 KHz
5 MHz

ILLUSTRATION TO SPREAD
SPECTRUM PRINCIPLE (2)
Many code channels are individually

“spread” and then added together to
create a “composite signal”

SPREAD SPECTRUM FORMULA
Shannon's Formula
C=B*log2(1+S/N)
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal
N is average power for noise
In
In1948
1948Claude
ClaudeShannon
Shannonpublished
publishedhis
hislandmark
landmarkpaper
paperon
oninformation
informationtheory.
theory.
AAMathematical
MathematicalTheory
TheoryofofCommunication.
Communication.His Hispaper
paperso
soclearly
clearlyestablished
established
the
thefoundations
foundationsof
ofinformation
informationtheory
theorythat
thathis
hisframework
frameworkandandterminology
terminologyare
are
standard
standardtoday.
today.He
Hedied
diedFebruary
February4,4,2001
2001atatage
age84.
84.

MULTIPLE ACCESS
Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission
medium by multiple independent users.
Since the beginning of telephony and radio,

system operators have tried to squeeze the
maximum amount of traffic over each circuit. Transmission
• Types of Media:
– Twisted pair - copper Medium
– Coaxial cable
– Fiber optic cable
– Air interface (radio signals)
• Advantages of Multiple Access

– Increased capacity: serve more users Each pair of user
– Reduced capital requirements since enjoys a dedicated,
fewer media can carry the traffic private circuit through
– Easier to manage and administer the transmission
medium, unaware that
the other users exist.

CHANNEL
Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated

pathway through a transmission
FDMA
medium for one user’s information.
The transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided Power
into individual channels according to the technology used.
cy
• FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access Tim uen
eq
e Fr
– Each user on a different frequency
– A channel is a frequency TDMA
• TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
Power
– Each user on a different window period in time
(“time slot”) en
c y
Tim qu
– A channel is a specific time slot on a specific e Fre
frequency
• CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDMA
– A channel is a unique code pattern
– Each user uses the same frequency all the time, Power
but mixed with different distinguishing code y
enc
patterns Tim
eq
u
e Fr

PHYSICAL CHANNEL
The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:

– Superframe
One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames.
– Radio frame
One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15
timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to 38400
chips, it is a basic unit of the physical layer.
– Timeslot
A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding
to 2560 chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot
depends on the specific type of the physical channel.

PHYSICAL CHANNEL
• The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:
Tslot= 2560 chip
Tslot #1 Tslot #2 Tslot #I Tslot #15
Tf=10 ms
Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #I Frame #71
Tsuper=720 ms

WHY POWER CONTROL?
• All WCDMA users occupy the same
frequency at the same time! Frequency
and time are not used as discriminators.
• WCDMA operates by using CODES to
discriminate between users.
• WCDMA interference comes mainly from
nearby users
• Each user is a small voice in a roaring
crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable
code.
Transmit power on all users must be tightly controlled

so their signals reach the base station at the same signal level
and at the absolute minimum power level necessary to ensure
acceptable service quality.

POWER CONTROL
DL power control UL power control
Cell transmitting power UE signal
Transmitting power control bit Power control order
Overcome Near-Far effect and fading compensation

ensuing network capacity

NEAR – FAR EFFECT
Power Power
f f
Nearby terminals have Power control reduce the

higher probability of interference among each UEs
success and increase system capacity

EFFECTS OF POWER CONTROL
The purpose of DL power control:
Saving power resource of base station, reducing
interference to other station.
The purpose of UL power control:
Overcoming Near-Far effect, received signal
level from all UEs is the same.
W CDMA system
on
capacity depend
power control

WCDMA HAND-OFFS
While in the Idle Handoff

Idle State
Soft Handoff
Softer Handoff
During
a Call
Hard Handoff

SOFT/SOFTER HAND-OFFS
C C
A A
B B
C C
A A
B B
C C
A A
B B

SOFT/SOFTER HAND-OFFS
• The soft/softer handover allows to swap from one cell to
another without call interruption or without deleting all old
radio links (by opposition to hard HO).
• It also allows the UE to be connected to more than one cell
simultaneously.
Soft
SoftHandover
Handover Softer
Softer Handover
Handover
The
Thetwo
twoNode
Node Bs Bs
may CN
CN CN
CN
may belong toto the
belong the
same
same RNC
RNC
SRNC DRNC SRNC
Iur
Node B Node B

HARD HAND-OFFS
• The hard handover procedure is used in case of Hard Handover
service quality degradation or for traffic distribution
management.
CN
• During the hard handover procedure, all the old
radio links with the UE are abandoned before new RNC or
SRNC BSC
ones are established.
• Hard handover may occur in the following
Node B
main cases : Node B
or BTS
• When the UE is handed over another UTRAN

carrier, or technology or mode.
• When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M
constraint)

TRAFFIC CONTROLS
• When traffic surpass

system threshold, traffic
control begin
• To accept as many
services as possible while
keeping the stability of the
system.

EXAMPLE OF LOAD CONTROL
• Breath effect of cell

– With the increase of activated
terminals, interference increase
– the increase of high speed service,
the increase of interference
– The shrink of cell coverage area
– Coverage blind spot occurs
Coverage and
– Drop of call will happen at the edge of capacity are
cell relative

MULTIPATH PROPAGATION
Transmit
Strength
Received Signal
0 Time

RAKE RECEIVING
d1
d2
d3
Transmitting Receiving
Rake
combination
Noise
t t t

RAKE RECEIVING
Single
receiving
Single
receiving combining signal
receiver
Single
receiving
searcher calculate
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE overcome multi-finger interference，improve receive capability

COVERAGE/CAPACITY
vs DATA RATE
Higher rate needs higher power
High data rate transmission is only available nearby the station
>384 kbps
Coverage decrease
>144 kbps
>64 kbps
Subscriber
number increase >12.2 kbps

CHARACTERISTIC OF WCDMA
SYSTEM CAPACITY
e d
ai n
t r
res e
y i s nc
a cit rfere e d
c p
a inte a in
L y s t r io n
U b r e sta t
y s
i se
t
c i f ba
a
c ap er o
D L po w
by

COVERAGE AND CAPACITY
WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as：
– Number of users
– Transmission rate
– Mobile rate
– Wireless enviroment
• indoors
• outdoors
The sizes of cell depend on such factors as:

– Local radio conditions (local interference)
– Traffic in neighbouring cells (distanced interference)
Cell Radius decrease according to the increase number of users

CONTENT
WCDMA Overview
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Architecture

WIRELESS NETWOK EVOLUTION
GSM Phase 2+
3GPP Release 99
GSM Phase 2
3GPP Release 4
3GPP Release 5
GSM Phase
1

2G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
GSM Access Network Core Network External Network

BSC MSC/VLR GMSC
GSM/M PSTN
AP
Core
SMSC HLR NMS
Network Services:
Voice Data
BTS Fax SMS

WAP Roaming
Pre-pay IN

GSM/EDGE Access Circuit Switched Core Network External Networks

Network 3G MSC GMSC
BSC/PCU
GSM/M
AP Core
PSTN
MGW
SMS HLR NMS

WAP
Packet
Switched Core
Iu
Interfac
IP
Backbo
Network Internet
es ne GGSN
Firewall
3G SGSN
UMTS Radio Access Network

R
Node N PSTN
B C MG MSC Networ
W k
R
N Iu
Iur
Iu C
HLR/Au
b C
Iu Packet
SS7
network
Network
SGSN
LIG
Charging
Border Backbo Gateway
Gateway ne (CG) Intern
(BG) network et
(IP
based) GGSN Fire
Wall
Inter- (FW) Intran
PLMN Domain Name Server et
network (DNS) Domain Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)

WCDMA ARCHITECTURE
RNS: Radio Network Subsystem CN: Core Network
UE: User IuCS
Equipment cell cell cell
ME Node B E
RNC MSC E
USIM
B G-MSC
VLR D PSTN
F C
cell cell cell
ME
Node B
Iur EIR HLR AuC

USIM
FDD mode
only Gs Gf G
c
Gr
GGSN
cell cell cell
Node B
ME RNC: Radio Gi
Network SGSN Gn
USIM
Controller
Gp
Iub RNS IuPS
Uu Iu

UTRAN STRUCTURE
Uu Iu
Node B
MSC/
U RNC
VLR
E
Node B RNS
Iub Iur
Node B
U RNC SGSN
E
Node B RNS
CN
UTRAN

BRIEF INTRO TO NODE B
CN
Iu Iu
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub Iub Iub Iub
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
Uu
UE

BRIEF INTRO TO RNC
CN
Iu Iu
SRNS DRNS
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub Iub Iub Iub

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
Uu
UE
S-RNC: Serving Radio Network Controller
D-RNC: Drifting RNC

3G NETWORK APPLICATIONS
Internet Goes Wireless

• year 2000 there will be 1000M email
users and 500M web users
Imaging Goes Wireless
• 80% of the information we sense comes
through eyes
• imaging includes still pictures, video clips
and real time video
Globalization
• portable digital electronics
• new players

WCDMA SERVICES AND
APPLICATIONS
• Real time person to person(s) communication (voice, video, multi-
media)
• Location services (assistance, navigation, local services, “push”
information, ….)
• Information browsing (travel, sport, news, shopping, …)
• Entertainment (sport, movies, …)
• m-Commerce (shop at home / on the road, ticketing, …)
• Transport (vehicle management, timetables, …)
• Machine - machine / human (telematics, monitoring, …)
Mobility & location are major value-added elements

3G SERVICES CLASSES
Real-Time Near Real- Interactive Non Real-
Services Time Services Browsing Time Services
Streaming
Voice Radio Web access Email

Video TV programs m-commerce FTP
Games Music Transaction Downloading
Real time Updating data
Music

MMM: MOBILE MULTIMEDIA
Without Mobility Multimedia is just With Mobility you are taken into
• Home Shopping • Electronic commerce

• PC games • Team gaming
• Point to point video conferencing • Assisted meetings
• Armchair travels • Multimedia tourist guides
• Yellow Pages • Navigation services
• On screen gambling • Gambling at the races
• Post processing of photographs • Sending electronic postcards
• Living room entertainment • The portable music player
• News at nine • News on the hour, every hour

CONTENT
WCDMA Overview
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Architecture

HSDPA
H igh S peed D ownlink P acket A ccess
HSDPA's major advantage

• Use of the different air interface qualities of each user at any given time
• Higher resolution in time of 2 ms
• Fast adaptive scheduling which prefers the highest quality UE in the cell
• Adaptive scheduling will be performed once in every three inner loop power
control cycles. This is a classical task of the Node B, since it is too fast to be
controlled by the
• RNC. Thus the HSDPA enabled Node B has to take over the scheduling
functionality

HSDPA PRINCIPLE
HSDPA uses spare capacity on the air interface
Uu Iub
UE Cell Node B RNC
P
Pthr
RAB1 RLC1
Scheduler
HSDPA
…
RAB2 RLC2
DCH + Rel. 99 … …
RABn RLCn
t
Scheduler: Maximum Carrier-to-Interference Ratio (Max-CIR)

WiMAX
WiMAX is a short name for Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access.

WiMAX is described in IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN) standard. It is expected that WiMAX compliant systems will provide
fixed wireless alternative to conventional DSL and Cable Internet.

WiMAX APPLICATION
There are two corresponding WiMax standards:
IEEE 802.16-
802.16-2004 for fixed point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless access. It's
akin to a faster, airborne version of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or cable-modem
services and became the industry's first NLOS BWA standard last June.
IEEE 802.16e for mobile wireless access from laptops and handhelds. It's analogous to a
faster version of third-generation telecommunications technology. WiMax proponent Intel
Corp. has promised 802.16e-enabled laptops by early 2007.
WiMax Applications:
§ Residential and SOHO High Speed Internet Access

§ Small and Medium Business
§ Wifi Hot Spot Backhaul

FUTURE PHONE

THAT’S ALL…. THANK YOU !!!

Basic Theory Wap

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Theory Wap

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCDMA Basic Theory

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

After this course, you should be able to:

ü Understand the technology behind

ü Be familiar with the basic architecture

ü Understand the new technology and

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Training De La Salle University

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Analog Digital cellular Digital cellular Hybrid IP based

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access uses direct

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Specification complete time

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

MSC TMSC SGSN

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

MSC TMSC HLR

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

TDD mode 5 MHz channel

... Uplink and Downlink ...

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Training De La Salle University

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Each user is below

Spread code Spread code

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

llWCDMA： “make before

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Training De La Salle University

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM • Traditional technologies try to

• The spreading sequence is

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

Definition: Spread Spectrum Technique, employ a transmission bandwidth that

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Digital Signal Spreading Signal

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Many code channels are individually

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Since the beginning of telephony and radio,

• Advantages of Multiple Access

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

• The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:

Tslot= 2560 chip