THE NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GUIDE FOR

THE CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION EXAMINATION

032 CHEMISTRY

2+
Cu
NO3
Cl HCO3
 THE NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GUIDE FOR THE

CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
EXAMINATION

032 CHEMISTRY
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

Published by:
The National Examinations Council of Tanzania,
P.O. Box 2624,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

© The National Examinations Council of Tanzania, 2016, 2018

Second Edition, 2018

ISBN 978-9976-5380-0-7

All rights reserved.

 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

CONTENTS

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................... IV

PREFACE............................................................................................................................................... V

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................1

SECTION A: RECORDING ANALYTICAL EXPERIMENTS.........................................................1

SECTION B: PRELIMINARY TESTS.................................................................................................2

SECTION C: TESTS IN SOLUTION...................................................................................................6

SECTION D: CONFIRMATORY TESTS ...........................................................................................7

BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................11

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA iii

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA) appreciates the contribution of individual
experts who participated in the process of developing this booklet. Cordial thanks are due to:

Writers
Allen Shao Chemistry Teacher, Nianjema Secondary School.
Eumesta Siara Chemistry Teacher, Jangwani Secondary School.
Julius Kodiango Chemistry Teacher, Waja Boys’ Secondary School.
Mercy Jackson Chemistry Teacher, Korogwe Girls’ Secondary School.
Beata Xavery Senior Examinations Officer, National Examinations Council of Tanzania.
Ladislaus Lutege Senior Examinations Officer, National Examinations Council of Tanzania.

Second edition was revised in collaboration with:

Juma J. Tenganija Chemistry Teacher, Ilkiding’a Secondary School.
Seni Mahega Chemistry Teacher, Bagamoyo Secondary School.
Derick Omary Chemistry Teacher, Bukanda Secondary School.
Prosper A. Kasapa Chemistry Teacher, Mzumbe Secondary School.
Joseph A. Kajinga Chemistry Teacher, Iyunga Secondary School.
Gasper Maeda Examinations Officer, National Examinations Council of Tanzania.

Editors
Aldo J. Kitalika Assistant Lecturer, Chemistry Department, Dar es Salaam University
College of Education.
Dr. Joseph Y. N. Philip Senior Lecturer, Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam.
Angela J. M. Kitali Head of Examinations Design and Development Department, National
Examinations Council of Tanzania.

Layout & Design

David Michael Senior Printer, National Examinations Council of Tanzania.

 
Dr. Charles E. Msonde
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

PREFACE

During the implementation of National Examinations in Chemistry practicals, the National Examinations
Council of Tanzania (NECTA) observed that, candidates from different centres have been using varieties
of Qualitative Analysis Guides (QAG) to identify ions in the given unknown compounds. Some of the
guides were not approved by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Further follow up by
the NECTA revealed that, some guidelines had incorrect chemical symbols and formulae, inconsistent
information and typographic errors. It was also revealed that, those guides were used by chemistry
teachers in teaching practical lessons in schools, hence inconsistency in delivering the subject content
to students. The National Examinations Council has therefore prepared this Qualitative Analysis Guide
booklet to address those challenges. The objective of constructing this document is to have a identical
guide which will be used by candidates when writing their chemistry practical examinations at ordinary
level secondary education.

This guide is based on 2010 ordinary level secondary education chemistry syllabus. The first edition of
2016 was planned to be used from 2018 in Certificate of Secondary Education Examination (CSEE).
However, recommendations and improvements from stakeholders prompted the NECTA to revise the
first edition. In addition to the updating the first edition, the revised QAG contains essential materials
which were found to be useful. This edition will be effectively used from 2018 in CSEE.

It is hoped that, this booklet will give an extra guidance to teachers and students in conducting analytical
experiments during teaching and learning processes. Teachers and prospective candidates are therefore
encouraged to use this booklet effectively so that they can be conversant with the procedures indicated
and finally be in a good position of using it properly when doing and writing their examinations.

 
Dr. Charles E. Msonde
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA v

 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

INTRODUCTION

The National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA) has prepared Qualitative Analysis Guide
(QAG) to support candidates in identification of ions that are present in unknown compounds through
several chemical tests. For Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations (CSEE), candidates are
required to analyze unknowns which are always ionic compounds. This guide is designed to assist
candidates to analyze the following ions in accordance to the 2010 Chemistry Syllabus for Secondary
Schools.

Cations: NH4+, Na+, Ca2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn2+ and Cu2+

Anions: NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, CO32- and HCO3-

The content of this guide is divided into four sections: A, B, C and D. Section A is a brief note on how
to record analytical experiments. Section B is on preliminary tests while Section C is on tests of ions in
solution. Section D is on confirmatory tests for ions. Finally, the guide ends up with bibliography.

SECTION A: RECORDING ANALYTICAL EXPERIMENTS

The candidates are required to record experiments performed, observations and results/inferences in a
tabular form. Generally, tables with three columns should be used, showing a brief explanation of the
experimental procedures or tests performed, observations and inferences made as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Format for Recording Analytical Experiments
Experiment Observation Inference

Tests carried on an unknown solid compound or its solution should be written in the “Experiment”
column. Experiments should be reported in simple past tense (in most cases in “passive voice”) to
explain what was performed. For example, “A small amount of a sample was picked using a clean
nichrome wire and heated on a flame”.

The appearance of the sample and changes which have been observed or identified when a chemical
substance is subjected to a test are written in the “Observation” column. These observations include:
colour, texture, formation of precipitates, evolution of gases, flame colours, sound and others.

The deductions or what can be inferred from the observation is written in the “Inference” column.
These inferences are the ones which lead to the systematic identification of the unknown salt under
investigation.

It should be known that, not all tests will give detectable changes. Sometimes if no obvious changes
are observed, it can infer to the presence or absence of a particular ion. For instance, addition of barium
chloride solution in the unknown solution may or may not give observable changes. If no reaction
occurs, it implies the absence of sulphate ion. The formation of white precipitate indicates the presence
of sulphate ion in the unknown sample.

After performing all experiments, it is required to make conclusion about ions present in the sample by
performing the confirmatory tests for every deduced ion in the preliminary tests. This can be obtained by
combining all the inferences made in the successive tests.

1
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA 1
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

SECTION B: PRELIMINARY TESTS

The preliminary tests are generally for solid samples. As shown in Table 2, the tests include appearance
(colour, texture and deliquescence), odour, flame test, action of heat, solubility in water and action of
dilute and concentrated acids.

[Safety Precautions: Avoid direct smelling of any chemical in the laboratory]

Table 2: Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Appearance of Solid Sample

(i) Colour White NH4+, Na+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may
be present.
or
Transition metals Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+
may be absent.

Blue or green. Cu2+ may be present.

Pale green (light green) Fe2+ may be present.

Yellowish-brown Fe3+ may be present.

(ii) Texture Crystalline form NO3-, SO42-, Cl- may be present.

Powder form CO32-, HCO3- may be present.

(iii) Odour Choking smell NH4+ may be present.

(iv) Deliquescence Absorbs water from the

NO3-, Cl-, SO42- may be present.
atmosphere to form a solution.

2. Flame Test
Cleaning the test apparatus: Golden yellow flame Na+ may be present.
Dip a nichrome wire or glass
rod or back side of the test-
tube in concentrated HCl (in Brick red flame Ca2+ may be present.
a watch glass) then heat it in Bluish-green flame Cu2+ may be present.
a non-luminous flame.
Blue-white (pale-blue) flame Pb2+ may be present.
Test: Dip the cleaned wire
Yellow (orange) sparks Fe2+, Fe3+ may be present.
(or glass rod or test-tube) in
concentrated HCl, then to the No definite flame colour observed Zn2+, NH4+ may be present.
sample followed by heating it
on a flame.

2 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA


Experiment
3. Action of Heat on a Solid
Sample
[Safety Precautions: Hold the
test-tube in a slanting position
and away from observers and
neighbours]
Transfer a small amount
(about 0.5 g) of the solid
sample in a dry test-tube. Heat
gently and then strongly until
no further change. Test for any
gas evolved and observe the
appearance of the residues.
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA
Observations Inference
White sublimate and a colourless NH4+ may be present.
gas evolves, which turns moist
litmus paper from red to blue.
Reddish brown fumes evolve
which turn moist blue litmus
paper red and a gas which NO3- may be present.
rekindles a glowing wooden
splint.
Colourless gas evolves, which
NO3- of Na+ may be present.
relights a glowing splint.
Colourless gas evolves, which
turns lime water milky and moist CO32-, HCO3- may be present.
litmus paper from blue to red.
Colourless gas with pungent
smell evolves, which turns
moist blue litmus paper red or SO42- may be present.
filter paper dipped in acidified
potassium dichromate solution
from yellow to green.
Colourless gas evolves, which -
Cl of hydrated Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+,
gives dense white fumes with 2+ 3+
Fe , Fe salts may be present.
ammonia gas.
SO42- of Na+, Ca2+, Pb2+ may be
present.
No gas evolves. Cl- of Na+, Pb2+ may be present.
CO32- of Na+ may be present.
Colourless droplets forming on
the cooler parts of the test-tube, Hydrated salt, HCO3- may be
which turn anhydrous CuSO4 present.
blue or CoCl2 pink.
3
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA
Experiment
4. Action of Dilute HCl on a
Solid Sample
Transfer a small amount of
solid sample in a test-tube
followed by 3 drops of dilute
HCl.
5. Action of Concentrated
H2SO4 on a Solid Sample
[Safety Precautions:
Concentrated H2SO4 is
corrosive. (a) Handle with
care (b) Do not boil (c) Hold
the test-tube in a slanting
position and away from
observers and neighbours].
Transfer a small amount of
a sample in a clean and dry
test-tube. Add a small amount
of concentrated H2SO4. If no
reaction warm the contents
gently.
4 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA
Observations Inference
Cracking sound with brown gas. NO3- of Pb2+ may be present.
Cracking sound with no gas
Cl- of Na+ may be present.
evolving.
Residue yellow when hot and
Zn2+ may be present.
white when cold.
Residue reddish brown when hot
Pb2+ may be present.
and yellow when cold.
Black residue. Cu2+ may be present.
Reddish brown residue. Fe2+, Fe3+ may be present.
White residue. Ca2+, Na+ may be present.
SO42- of hydrated Cu2+ may be
Blue crystals turn white
present.
Effervescence of a colourless CO32-, HCO3- may be present.
gas evolves, which turns lime
water milky and moist litmus
paper from blue to red.
No gas evolves SO42-, NO3-, Cl- may be present.
White precipitate Pb2+ may be present.
Effervescence of a colourless gas
evolves. The gas turns lime water 2- -
milky and moist litmus paper CO3 , HCO3 may be present.
from blue to red.
Colourless gas with irritating
smell evolves, which turns moist
litmus paper from blue to red and Cl- may be present.
forms dense white fumes with
ammonia gas.
 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

Experiment Observations Inference

Blue crystals which turn white SO42- of hydrated Cu2+ may be

even without warming. present.
Brown fumes evolve, which turn
moist blue litmus paper red and NO3- may be present.
intensify on addition of copper
turnings.
No gas evolves. SO42- may be present.

6. Solubility of Solid Samples Na+, NH4+, NO3- may be present.

Transfer a small amount of
the solid sample into the test- CO32-, HCO3- of Na+, NH4+ may
tube and add enough cold be present.
distilled water to dissolve the Soluble forming a colourless
solid sample. If the sample solution. Cl- of Zn2+ or Ca2+. may be
does not dissolve warm the present.
contents.
SO42- of Zn2+ may be present.

Soluble forming blue or green

Cu2+ may be present.
solution.

Soluble forming pale green

Fe2+ may be present.
solution.

Soluble forming yellowish-

Fe3+ may be present.
brown solution.
Insoluble in cold water but
soluble in hot water. Crystals Cl- of Pb2+ may be present.
reappear on cooling.
Insoluble. CO32- of Ca2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Fe2+,
Fe3+, Cu2+ may be present.

SO42- of Ca2+, Pb2+ may be

present.

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA 5

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

SECTION C: TESTS IN SOLUTION

Preparation of the Stock Solution of the Sample

Transfer a small amount (about 1 g) of the solid sample in a test-tube. Add enough amount of distilled
water (about 15-20 cm3) and shake thoroughly. If the sample is insoluble in cold water, warm the contents.
If the sample is insoluble in hot water, transfer (about 1 g) of the new solid sample in a test-tube and then
dissolve it in dilute nitric acid (to about 15-20 cm3 of the final solution). Perform the tests as shown in
Table 3.

Table 3: Tests in Solution

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Action of NaOH Solution on a

Sample Solution
To a small volume (about 1 cm3) White precipitate is formed, Zn2+, Pb2+ may be present.
of the original sample solution, soluble in excess.
add sodium hydroxide solution White precipitate is formed,
drop-wise until in excess. Ca2+ may be present.
insoluble in excess.
Blue precipitate is formed,
Cu2+ may be present.
insoluble in excess.
Green precipitate is formed,
insoluble in excess, which Fe2+ may be present.
turns brown on standing.

Reddish-brown precipitate is
formed, which is insoluble in Fe3+ may be present.
excess.

No precipitate is formed; on
warming, a colourless gas
with a choking smell which NH4+ may be present.
turns moist litmus paper from
red to blue evolves.

2. Action of NH3 Solution on a

Sample Solution
To a small volume of the original White precipitate is formed, Pb2+ may be present.
sample solution, add ammonia insoluble in excess.
solution drop-wise until in excess.
White gelatinous precipitate Zn2+ may be present.
is formed, soluble in excess.
No precipitate is formed. Ca2+, Na+ may be present.

6 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

Experiment Observations Inference

Pale blue precipitate is Cu2+ may be present.

formed, soluble in excess
forming a deep blue solution.

Green precipitate is formed, Fe2+ may be present.

insoluble in excess.

Reddish-brown precipitate is Fe3+ may be present.

formed, insoluble in excess.

SECTION D: CONFIRMATORY TESTS

Table 4: Confirmatory Tests for Cations

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Confirmatory Tests for Ca2+

(i) To a small volume of the original White precipitate is formed. Ca2+ confirmed.
sample solution, add excess
ammonia solution followed by
ammonium oxalate solution.

(ii) Perform flame test. Brick-red flame. Ca2+ confirmed.

2. Confirmatory Tests for Pb2+

(i) To a small volume of the Yellow precipitate is formed. Pb2+ confirmed.
sample solution, add K2CrO4
solution.
Yellow precipitate which Pb2+ confirmed.
(ii) To a small volume of the sample disappears on warming but
solution, add KI solution. re-appears on cooling.
Warm and cool the mixture.

3. Confirmatory Tests for Zn2+

(i) To a small volume of the Bluish-white precipitate Zn2+ confirmed.
sample solution, add potassium insoluble in dilute HCl.
hexacyanoferrate(II) solution
followed by few drops of dilute
HCl.

(ii) To a small volume of the White gelatinous precipitate

Zn2+ confirmed.
sample solution, add ammonia soluble in excess.
solution until in excess.

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA 7

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

Experiment Observations Inference

4. Confirmatory Test for NH4+

Transfer a small amount (about 0.2
g) of the original solid sample in Colourless gas evolves
a test-tube, add sodium hydroxide which turns moist litmus NH4+ confirmed.
solution just to cover the whole paper from red to blue.
solid then warm gently. Test for gas
evolved.

5. Confirmatory Test for Na+

Perform flame test. Golden yellow flame. Na+ confirmed.
6. Confirmatory Tests for Cu2+
(i) To a small volume of the Pale blue precipitate soluble
original sample solution, add in excess of aqueous Cu2+ confirmed.
ammonia solution drop-wise ammonia forming a deep
until in excess. blue solution.
(ii) To a small volume of the Cu2+ confirmed.
Reddish-brown precipitate.
original sample solution,
add few drops of potassium
hexacyanoferrate(II).
7. Confirmatory Tests for Fe2+, Fe3+
(i) To a small volume of the
sample solution, add
Deep blue precipitate. Fe2+ confirmed.
few drops of potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III).
(ii) To a small volume of the
sample solution, add
few drops of potassium Light blue precipitate. Fe2+ confirmed.
hexacyanoferrate(II).
(iii)
To a small volume of Deep blue precipitate. Fe3+ confirmed.
the sample solution, add
few drops of potassium
hexacyanoferrate(II).
(iv) To a small volume of the
sample solution, add few drops Deep blood- red solution. Fe3+ confirmed.
of potassium or ammonium
thiocyanate solution.

8 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

Table 5: Confirmatory Tests for Anions

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Confirmatory Tests for SO42-

(i) Transfer a small volume of
the original sample solution
into the test-tube. Add barium White precipitate insoluble
chloride followed by dilute HCl in dilute HCl or dilute HNO3. SO42- confirmed.
or barium nitrate followed by
dilute HNO3.

(ii) Transfer a small volume of the

original sample solution into
the test-tube. Add ethanoic acid White precipitate insoluble
followed by lead ethanoate in dilute HCl but soluble
solution. Divide the resulting SO42- confirmed.
in ammonium ethanoate
mixture into two portions. In solution.
one portion add dilute HCl
and in another add ammonium
ethanoate solution.

2. Confirmatory Tests for NO3-

(i) Transfer a small volume of the
original solid sample solution
into the test-tube. Add dilute
H2SO4 and then freshly prepared Brown ring is formed at the
FeSO4 solution followed by junction of the liquids. NO3- confirmed.
careful addition of concentrated
H2SO4 along the side of the test-
tube.

(ii) Transfer a small amount of the

original solid sample into a Brown fumes evolve.
test-tube. Add copper turnings NO3- confirmed.
followed by concentrated H2SO4
then warm.

3. Confirmatory Tests for CO32-,

HCO3-

(i) Transfer a small volume of White precipitate is formed

2-
the original sample solution before warming the contents. CO3 confirmed.
into a test-tube. Add few drops
of MgSO4 solution. If no White precipitate is formed -
precipitate is formed, warm the after warming the contents. HCO3 confirmed.
contents.
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA 9
Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

Experiment Observations Inference

(ii) Transfer a small volume of the White precipitate soluble in

original sample solution into a dilute HCl is formed.
test-tube. Add BaCl2 solution. If CO32- confirmed.
the precipitate forms, add dilute
HCl.

(iii)
Transfer a small amount of
water-insoluble solid sample in Effervescence of a colourless CO 2- confirmed.
a test-tube. Add a small volume gas, which turns lime water
3

of dilute nitric acid. milky.

4. Confirmatory Tests for Cl-

(vi) To a small volume of the original
sample solution, add about White precipitate soluble in
Cl- confirmed.
3 drops of dilute nitric acid excess ammonia solution is
followed by about 3 drops of formed.
silver nitrate solution and then
add excess ammonia solution.

(vii) Transfer a small amount of the -

original solid sample into a test- Greenish-yellow gas evolves Cl confirmed.
tube. Add a small amount of which bleaches moist red
MnO2 followed by concentrated litmus paper.
H2SO4 and warm the mixture.

10 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

 Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bhushan, B. (1989), Laboratory Manual in Chemistry Part II, Arya Book Depot, New Delhi.
Davis, D. G. and Kelly, T. V. G. (2002), Inorganic Reactions at Advanced Level, Laboratory Exercises
in Observations and Deductions, Collins Educational London.
Holderness, A. and Lambert, J. (2008), A New Certificate Chemistry, Heinemann Educational Books,
Indian Ed.
Lambert, E. N. and Mohamed , M. J. (1989), Comprehensive Qualitative Analysis for Advanced Level
Chemistry, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, London. 3rd Ed.
Lambert, J. and Muir, T. A. (1973), Practical Chemistry, Heinemann Educational Books, Golborne,
Lancs, 3rd Ed.
Maro-Gütermann, J. S., Mikesewalla, M., Mihigo, J. B. A., Tango, M. N., Schiess, M. and Mattu, S.
(1989), Inorganic Chemistry Part B. Mzumbe Book Project, Morogoro.
Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, (2010), Chemistry Syllabus for Secondary Education,
Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Dar es Salaam.
Sharma, K. K. and Chawla, H. M. (1978), Chemistry Practicals, Ravi Vyas, Orient Longman Ltd, New
Delhi.
Tanzania Institute of Education, (2012), Chemistry Practical Teachers Manual for Ordinary Secondary
Education, TIE, Dar es Salaam.
Vogel, A. I. (1979), Svehla, G. (RE) Vogel’s Texbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis, Longman London and New York, 5th Ed.

Qualitative Analysis Guide - CSEE NECTA 11

 [Safety Precautions: Avoid direct smelling of any chemical in the laboratory]

Table 2: Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Appearance of solid Sample

(i) Colour White
Q
NH4+, Na+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may
uali
tati
ve A
naly
be present.
sis G
uide
- CS
or
NEC Transition metals Fe , Fe , Cu
EE 2+ 3+ 2+
TA
Prep may be absent.
arat
ion o SEC
Tran f the TIO
sfer Stoc
wBlue
ater or green.
(
a sma
l
k Solu Cu2+Nmay C: Tbe present.
If th a b o l a m t i on o EST
e sam ut 15-2 ount (a f t he S
S IN
SOL
disso ple i 0 cm 3 bout a
lve i greens i(light nsol green) ) and 1 g) o Fe2+ maypbe m le present. UTI
Tabl Pale t i n u ble i s h ake t f the s
ON
e 3. dilut n ho horo olid E C TA
e nit tw ughl s e - CS E E N
ric a y iIsfGuiadm
Tab
le Yellowish-brown cid ( ater, tra Fe lys.may t
ple i
nat
3: T
ests t o a b iv e n
A ns a3+
f e r
h ebesampresent. est-t
l i t o
a t
ut 15 ( a pl u
in S
olut
Qua
-20 bout 1 g e is inso be. Add
(ii) Texture i o n c- m 3 )
2- of-th luble enou
Crystalline form NO3 , SO4en,cCl e may e ne be present.
i
w so n cold w gh amo
Exp
erim Infer lid s a u
1. A en amp ter, war nt of dis
ctionPowder form t 2- - .
nt be present. l e i nat m t till
Sam of N i o ns
CO3 , HCO
b e pre3semay est-t he conte ed
v a t a y u b e an nts.
ple S
olO baO seHr S Cu m
2 +
d the
(iii) Odour T o u t i
a Chokingn smell tiopnitate
o l u i s O
NH4semay n
o b rvat be present.
+
of t small v p r e c i o n a e s s i o n
h
add e oarAbsorbs
olulm ue exc s
iment lieginalb ewater (laubbolefrom in the n. .
Exper
(iv) Deliquescence s P o t i o - - 2s-ent
drop o d i ummed, ampl s s u t 1uecm o l u
sa 3solution. NO , Cl be pre4 may be present.
, SO
r
-wis foatmosphere h y droa de sol to
ee p b
forml ) 2 + m
3
a y Infe
e un e
l iinneg xide so ution, rmehdit,e prF
W renc
fotrim xces l fo solubl ecipita e
2. Flame Test s.ipitautetioisn e i t e .
re c n exce+ i s for sen t
Cleaning the test apparatus: Green p n excess. White p Nas3s+may . aybeb m epdr, e
epresent.
b l e i i n olub s pitFaet r e c m Zn 2+
Dip a nichrome wire or glass insolu s
ltee iin
i
e is , Pb 2+
B c i p i t a e x f o may
rod or back side of the test- p r e
l u
n i e pxrcecess. Cas2+s.may be dpresent. c e r m e be p
h - b r o w n e i
, rese
nt.
tube in concentrated HCl (in d i s l e s oi n
l p i t C
Red i n s o l u b u b l e i n
a t e i s
a 2 +
m a
a watch glass) then heat it in d, exceCu2+ may f orm be present. be p y
forme Gree
n pr ss. ed, rese
nt.
inso e c i pitat Cu 2+
luble e m
turn
s bro in exc s fT
Pb
i 2+
may be present. a y be
esEs,S2+ rSme3+d,
o pres
Test: Dip the cleaned wire wn o T ent.
Yellow (orange)Resparks T O R
n Y
s t a Fe w, Fe
h i may be present.
(or glass rod or test-tube) in ddRisMA n d i n c h
foF
N I h-bro g2+. F e +m
2

concentrated HCl, then to the ON D: COex med, wh wn prec Zn , NH4 may be

r + ay bpresent.
I e pre nce
Inferesent.
C Tobserved cess ich i i p i t
sample followed by heating SEit . s ins
olub e is
a t
No le in
prec Fe 3+
2. A w a rm i p i t ate atio n s may
ction with ingO , baservis form Qualitative AnalysisbeGuide pres - CSEE NECTA
ent.
2 Sam of N a ch colo ed;
ple S H3 t u rns m o king u rless o n Ca
2+
o lutio S o red t o i s m g a e d .
o blu t litmus etlel iwshfiorsm
s
To a n enlut tion
sam smallEvxperim on
2 a
e ev cippitaape
or e ch N
hite p lves.
p o r fro H4 + m
solu le solu lume of
+
m
tion tion, t h e r i g i n al W ay b
e pre
drop a dd e ofgina o r i t h e o sent
-wis
e ul nvolumamm dl W xhci e s s .
a l t d e
1. a s m i l i n oen , oan i a t e b y
p C a2 +

(i) To ple soluti xcenssf.ollonwsoelduble ecipitate

i r
sam l u t i o i o n . i n e i s
nia so soWluhtit xces f orm
ammo ium oxalate is for e gelatin
s. ed,
Pb 2+
o n m e o u may
amm d s be p 2+
6 No p , s o luble p r ecip reesde. Pb
recip in ex itate Z 2 f o r m n t .
itate + ate is
2+
is fo
rmedllow prec
cess
. inpitm ay b
e pres
Ye . ent. Pb
2+

f t h e Ca 2+ h
me o , Na + whic
2. s m a ll volu add K 2CrO 4 p r e c ipitamteay bienpg but
a n,
(i) To ple solutio Yellow ars on warm g.resent.
sam isapp cooli e n
soluti
on.
a m p l e dQu-aaliptapears on
f the s re tive Ana
l l v o l ume o solution. lysi
s Gu
a s m a K I ide
To d d u r e . - CS
(ii) a t EE
t i o n , e m i x NEC
Zn
2+

solu o o l t h TA
tate
a n d c r e c i p i
r m p
Wa 2+
-white HCl.
f t h e Bluish e in dilute
e o lubl
a l l volum otassium inso
a s m p
3. , add ion