PLANNING 3 MODULE

A. INTRODUCTION

Planning
 Is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired goal.
 A general activity, the making of an orderly sequence of action that will lead to the achievement
of a stated goal or goals.
 In General Architectural Term
o Planning is a process of particularizing and, ultimately, harmonizing the demands of
environment, use and economy.
Urban Planning
 Refers to the orderly, scientific and aesthetic disposition of land, buildings, resources, facilities
and communication routes to prevent congestion and securing economics and social efficiency,
health and well being in urban and rural communities.
 Discipline of land use planning which deals with the physical, social, and economic development
of metropolitan regions, municipalities and neighborhoods.
 A technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban
environment, including air and water and infrastructure passing into and out of the urban areas
such as transportation and distribution networks.
 A technique and method of development that contributes to the organization, development and
evolution of urban areas and their urbanizing environs, based on economic, social, legal and
aesthetic concepts and conditions in order to promote the welfare of public and quality of
environment.
Elements of Planning
 Land/Environment – physical environment
 People – generates population pressures
 Resources – necessary in human processes
Timeframe/Duration of Plans
 Short term – 1-3 years - Annual Investment Plans
 Medium Term – 3-6 years – Development Plans
 Long Term – 9 years – Land Use Plan
- 10-50 years – Master Plan

B. EKISTIKS
 The Science of Human Settlements
 The term 'ekistics' was coined by Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942
o Greek Architect and Town Planner
 Human settlements are no longer satisfactory for their in habintants
o Irrational structures
o Clogged arteries & congested streets
o Pollution & environmental degradation
o Lack of sufficient housing, facilities and services
 Ekistiks Involves
o descriptive study of all kinds of human settlements
 o formulation of general conclusions aimed at achieving harmony between the inhabitants
of a settlement and their physical and sociocultural environments and to make man
happy and safe.
 Descriptive study involves the examination of
o Content – refers to (man alone or in societies)
o Container – refers to (the physical settlement, composed of natural and human-made
elements)
 ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
o Nature - physical geography, soil resources, water resources, plant and animal life, and
climate
o Human - biological and emotional needs, sensations and perceptions, and moral values
o Society - population characteristics, social stratification, cultural patterns, economic
development, education, health and welfare, and law and administration
o Shells - or structures, in which people live and function, such as housing, schools,
hospitals, shopping centers and markets, recreational facilities, civic and business centers,
and industries
o Networks - or systems, that facilitate life and day-to-day functions of inhabitants such as
water and power systems, transportation networks, communication systems, and the
settlement’s physical layout
 The ekistics logarithmic scales (ELS) and Ekistic Units
o Anthropos – 1
o room – 2
o house – 5
o housegroup (hamlet) – 40
o small neighborhood (village) – 250
o Neighborhood – 1500
o small polis (town) – 10,000
o polis (city) – 75,000
o small metropolis – 500,000
o metropolis – 4 million
o small megalopolis – 25
o megalopolis – 150 million
o small eperopolis – 750 million
o eperopolis – 7.5 billion
o Ecumenopolis – 50 billion
 Hierarchy of Human Settlements
o Isolated Dwelling – 1 to 5 buildings or families, negligible services if any
o Hamlet – <100, few buildings, very few services if any
o Village – 100 to 1,000, few services like church, small shop or post office
o Town – 1,000 to 20,000
o Large town – 20,000 to 100,000
o City – 100,000 to 300,000, many services
o Large City – 300,000 to 1,000,000, more services
o Metropolis – large city and its suburbs
 o multiple cities and towns
o 1,000,000 to 3,000,000
o Conurbation – group of large cities and surburbs, 3,000,000 to 10,000,000
o Megalopolis – group of conurbations
o - >10,000,000
o Ecumenopolis – > 1,000,000,000
 CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION
o Homogeneous region
 single farmstead - homogeneous agricul-tural region
 bedroom - homogeneous residential region
o Central Places
 Marketplaces and administrative centres
o Circulatory patterns
 unite settlements by providing transport of people, goods, and information along
lines of circulation such as roads
o Nodal regions
 often form at the intersection of circulatory lines
o Special Settlement Area
 Unique functions observable within a settlement
 army camp within a larger residential settlement
 large factory or business in the midst of a relatively homogeneous residential area
C. LOCATION THEORY
 In economics and geography:
1. Concerned with the Geographic location of economic activity
2. Addresses questions of what economic activities are located where and why
 In Urban Planning
1. explains the pattern of land use
2. solution to what is the most rational use of land to improve the current pattern of human
settlements
 Dissatisfaction with the environment will lead people to take modifying actions
1. Changes:
 the nature of the activity itself
 the space in which it was carried out
 its location with respect to all other activities
 the kinds of communications made with activities at other locations
 the channels which served to carry or transmit them
2. Modifying actions cause repercussions on other activities, spaces, communications, and
channels
 Planning seeks to:
1. regulate or control the activities of individual and groups
2. to minimize the bad effects which may arise with those activities
3. to promote better performance of the physical environment
4. in accordance with a set of broad aims and more specific objectives set out in a plan
 Johann Heinrich von Thunen (1826) – von Thunen Theory
Lands surrounding a city/town can create a complete system of agricultural land use because
of access to the city/town
1. Dairy & Market Gardening
 Fruits, vegetables & dairies
 Perish quickly
2. Forest
 Wood for const. & firewood
3. Grains and other crops
 Grains & staple products
4. Ranching
 Livestock for meat / hides

 Walter Christaller - Central Place Theory

o Geographical theory that explains Number, Size & Location of human settlements in a
residential system.
o How settlements function as hamlets, villages, towns or cities
o Settlements as “central places” provides services to surrounding areas like a city is
providing services to surrounding towns and villages
o 2 concepts of Central Place Theory
 Threshold – minimum market (population or income)
 needed to bring about selling of a particular goods or services
 Range – maximum distance consumers are prepared to travel to acquire goods
o Generalizations regarding the spacing, size and function of settlements
 The larger the settlements grow in size, the greater the distance
 ↑ size = ↔ distance
 Villages usually found closer together
 Cities are spaced much further
  As a settlement increase in size, the range and number of its functions will
increase
 ↑ size = ↑ range & numbers of its function
 As a settlement increase in size, the number of higher-order services will also
increase
 ↑ size = ↑ higher-order services & goods
 Greater degree of specialization occurs in services
 The higher the order of the goods and services (more durable, valuable and
variable), the larger the range of the goods and services, the longer the distance
people are willing to travel to acquire them
 ↑ order of the goods & services = ↔ distance
 Low order goods and services – small centers
 newspaper stalls, groceries, bakeries and post offices
 High order goods and services – large centers, supported by a much larger
threshold population and demand
 Jewelry, large shopping malls and arcades

 William Alonso Theory (Bid Rent Theory)

o Attempted to apply accessibility requirements to the city center for various types of land
use
 Housing
 Commercial
 Industry
o Each has own rent gradient or bid rent curve
o rents diminish outward from the center of a city to offset
 lower revenue
 higher operating costs
 transport costs
o Housing
 Wealthy Household with less need for city center accessibility
 will locate near the fringe because of cheaper land
o Poor households require greater accessibility to the city center
 Will locate near the city center
 Competing with commercial & industrial establishment
 Creates segregated land use system
 Household will not pay commercial & industrial prices for central
locations
o Locational determinants of commercial and industrial
 COST
 price and rent of land fall with increased distance from the CBD
 ↑ distance from CBD = ↓ price & rent
 wages are higher in the center
o local demand for labor being greater than local supply.
 o commuting costs need to be offset by higher remuneration.
(transport cost more of a reflection of accessibility than distance)
 locations close to junctions, nodes and terminals are particularly favored
maximizing proximity to suppliers and markets.
 decentralized shopping centers are being developed following road
improvement and increased car ownership.
 REVENUE
 In case of retail business, distribution of the day-time population and
points of maximum transit (where people cluster together) are
important.
 in the case of offices, the spatial distribution, number and size of client
establishments determine revenue.
 revenue is thus greatest within the CBD and so are the aggregate costs.
 as distance from the center increases, revenue falls and aggregate costs
(after falling initially) rises
 this is due to the upward pull of transport costs, which are no longer
offset sufficiently by economies in the use of land and labor
 only within a fairly short distance from the CBD are commercial users able
to realize high profitability.
 PROFITABILITY
 to maximize profits, firms need to locate where they can benefit from
both the greatest revenue and from the lowest costs.
 specialized functions and activities serving the urban market as a whole
will locate centrally.
 firms requiring large sites and those attempting to reduce costs of over-
concentration will be attracted to the suburbs.
 firms locating close together to benefit from complementary will incur
lower costs because of external economies and enjoy higher revenue due
to joint demand.
 A mixture of interacting influences usually explains each locational decision.
 as price mechanism largely decides the profitability or utility of goods and
services, it subsequently determines the location of activity and the
spatial structure of the urban area supplying these goods and services
 high levels of accessibility within the CBD are reflected in low transport
cost attracting greatest demand for commercial sites
 conversely, low over-all accessibility and high transport cost outside
urban areas will attract a much lower level of demand.
 other possible influences: changes in population, technology and
transportation, pressures from redeveloped central areas and local and
central government policy.
D. HYSTORICAL OVERVIEW AND INFLUENCES

 Fertile Crescent
o Principal center for the emergence of Agriculture, Villages & Cities - Cradle of Civilization
o Because of the twin river which is Tigris and Euphrates
o A semicircle that includes well-watered hilly areas of Palestine and Lebanon
 Jericho - Jordan
o world’s oldest city
o started as a popular camping ground for the hunters
o reason for its earliest settlements are the springs found in the area
 enough for a large population
o they also started farming
 high probability of that irrigation had been invented
 to provide enough land for crops
o the town was surrounded by a stone wall (first in the world)
 protection for flood
 Catal Huyuk – Turkey
 Herdsmen and farmers
 No streets
 Houses built abutting each other
 Entrance at top
 Roof serve as streets
 No social classes
 Buildings are all domestic (houses) no public building
 Same houses no hierarchy of buildings
 ANCIENT GREEK
o Planning Factors
 Location – hill tops
 High places are sacred
 Size is finite – limited not overwhelming
 They want it to be comprehensible to the eyes
 Politically workable
 Do not overwhelm the nature
o Hippodamus
 1st town planner
 Father of City Planning
 Orthogonal urban layout – Hippodamian Plan
 Gridiron Pattern – regular street layout (right angles)
 Miletus
 Houses on blocks
 Public Buildings at the center
 3 agoras - public open space for assemblies and markets
 connected by stoa (covered walkway)
o Each City is State independent from each other
 o In between cities are usually Agricultural Lands
o When town reaches its largest practical size
 Growth terminated by making a new one
 ANCIENT ROMAN
o Scheme for city planning
 For military defense and civil convenience
 Basic plan consisted of
 Central Forum (city services)
o Civic buildings/government buildings
o Temples
o monuments
 Rectilinear grid of streets, prang orthogonal din
 Walls for defense and city limits
 Outer lands left open as farmlands
o Emphasize street layout
 Cardo – major street
 Decumanus – minor street
 Building as subordinate elements only
 Insula - blocks
 To reduce travel time
 2 diagonal streets
 Passing through the central square
 A River usually flows through the city
 Water
 Transport
 Sewage disposal
o Small cities use them on their farmlands
o Habitable cities
 Connected by
 Road system
 Long aqueduct
 To tie the empire together
o Watchtowers & portcullis built on the end of the main roads (city entrance)
 For defense
 MEDIEVAL TOWN PLANNING
o Outpost Settlement
 Military stronghold
 Fortress
 Later filled with merchants, tradesmen & craftsmen
o Early towns
 Small and finite size
 Limits
 By the capacity of land area to support its population
 Expansion
  New encircling wall will be built
o Design elements
 Houses
 Gardens
 Plaza
 Church
 Walls - circular
 Most important are its streets
 Streets from town gate to plaza – wider
 Street that leads to houses – irregular and often lead to dead end
 Sometimes monasteries complete the town
 Dispensed Healing
 Nurture crafts
 Citadel of world learning
 Rectilinear pattern
o Growth
 Starting from gateway Fanning out
 Radio-eccentric pattern
 RENNAISANCE TOWN PLANNING
o Leone Battista Alberti
 One of the most devoted in restoring the formal language of Classical
Architecture
 De Re Aedificatoria
 Proposed new methods of fortification
 Became standard defense for towns in the age of gunpowder
 Dominated siege planning for hundreds of years
 Design elements of Ideal Towns
 Star shaped plans cities
 Streets radiates from central point
 Central point – location for
o Church
o Palace or castle
 Polygon
 Most advantageous shape for fortification
 Converging streets
 Focusing an important building
 Absorbed with the possibilities of perfectly symmetrical composition
o Leonardo Da Vinci
 The renaissance man – a man infinitely curious and equally genius
 Study of Milan
 Because of plague killing a third of the city
 Dirt, unpleasant, result of poverty
 Unhealthful crowding
 Too much population, crowded or congested
  Codex Atlantic’s
 Da vinci’s book
 Drawings and writings
o Includes his inventions
 Ideal City
 Network of canals that supports
o Commerce
o Sanitation
 Multi-level facilities to relieve traffic congestion
 3 levels of the city
o Lower level – water and sewage
o Second level – carts and horses (commercial zone)
o Upper level – for pedestrian
 ENLIGHTENMENT EUROPE
o Disasters as a major catalyst for planned reconstruction
o Great fire of 1666
 Fire safety
 Wider streets – maiwasan ang pagkalat ng apoy
 Stone construction
 Access to the river
o 1755 Lisbon Eartquake
 Architect Manuel da Maia
 Razing entire sections of the City
 Laying out new streets without restraints
 New mottos of Lisbon
o Big squares
o Rectilinear
o Large avenues & widened streets
 Seismically protected structures

E. BASIC PLANNING CONCEPTS

NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
 Clarence Perry
 Because of
o industrial revolution
o degradation of city environment
 high congestion
 heavy traffic movement endangering lives specially children
 insecurity to school going children
 distant location of shopping and recreational activities
 Attempting to design a neighborhood which is
o Functional
o Self-contained
 o Desirable
 Separation of Vehicular and Pedestrian Traffic
o To have Safe and healthy physical environment
 school within walking distance
 easy walk to a shopping center
 convenient transportation for employees
 playgrounds near the house
 Size of the neighborhood
o 5000-9000 residents
o Aprox 160 acres
 Core Principles
o Center the School
 Elementary school
 Shorter walking distance for the children
o Arterial streets along the perimeter
 Define and distinguish the neighborhood
 Eliminate unwanted through-traffic
o Design internal streets
 Hierarchy
 To easily distinguished local streets from arterial
 Use curvilinear
o Safety
o Aesthetic
 Discourage unwanted through traffic and enhance safety for pedestrians
o Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeter
 Or perhaps to the main entrance of the neighborhood
 Excluding nonlocal traffic that might intrude the neighborhood
o 10 percent of land to parks & open spaces
 Playground
 Community interaction

CITY BEAUTIFUL
 Daniel Burnham
 Beautification and monumental grandeur of the cities
 Social control devise for creating moral & civic virtue
 Response to wretched condition of inner city poverty in crowded tenement districts
o From increase immigration
o Rural populations into cities
 Aside from making cities more livable & orderly
o Meant to shape the American Urban Landscape in the manner of those in Europe
o Design in Beaux-Arts aesthetic
 Balance and harmony of neoclassical & baroque Architecture
 World Columbian Exposition
o The White city
 o Ideal model city
 Grand Entrance
 Grand boulevards radiating from the central municipal palace
 Classical building façades
 Hush gardens
 Influence
o Monumental grandeur of the cities

GARDEN CITY
 Ebenezer Howard
 Garden Cities
o Creation of new suburban towns of limited size
o Designed for industry and healthy living
o Surrounded by a permanent belt of rural/agricultural land (greenbelt)
o Whole land
 Owned by a group of trustees and
 Leased to the citizens
 Towns free of slums
 Benefits of both
o Town
 Opportunity
 Amusement
 Good wages
o Country
 Beauty
 Fresh air
 Low rents
 Perfect blend of city and nature
 Concept
o 3 magnets
 Town magnet
 Disadvantages
o Out of nature
o High rents & prices
o Slum areas
 Advantages
o High wages
o Places of amusement
o Social opportunity
 Country magnet
 Disadvantages
o Lack of amusement
o Long hours – low wages
o Lack of drainage
  Advantages
o Beauty of nature
o Fresh air
o Low rents
 Town-country – garden city
 Beauty of nature
 Fields and parks - Social opportunity
 Low rents – high wages
 Plenty to do
 Pure air and water
 Good drainage
 Principles
o Dwellings for all classes
 Distributed around large central court
 Where public buildings would be located
o Shopping center on the edge of the town
o Employment facilities from variety of industries
 Outskirts of the town
o 1000 acres
o 30-35K population
 Conceptual layout
o Circular city
 Growing in a radial manner
 Divided into 6 equal wards by 6 main boulevards
 Civic institutions place around the central garden
 Central park enclosed by a crystal palace
 Arcade for indoor shops
 Winter gardens
 Grand avenue at the center of concentric rings
 Houses the school and churches
 Act as a continues park
 Street for houses are formed by a series of 3 lined avenues
 Industries, factories and warehouses
 At the outer ring of the city
 Municipal railway
 Placed in another ring closer to industrial ring
 Reduced excess transport on the city
 City is connected to the rest of the nation
PATRICK GEDDES
 Father of “modern town Planning”
 First to link sociological concepts into town planning

 Geddisian Triad
o The environment acts, through function, upon the organism
o The organism acts, through function, upon the environment
o In human terms
 A place acting through climatic and geographic processes upon people and thus
shaping them.
 People act, through economic process such as farming and construction, on a
place and thus shape it.
 Valley Section
o It takes the whole region to make the city
 Conurbation
o Waves of people inflow to large cities
 Overcrowding and slum formation
o Then wave of backflow
 So if overcrowded na sa city
o a region of number of cities
 merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area
 Outlook tower
o Observatory
o Camera Obscura
 Refracts image of the surrounding area onto a white table
o For survey and study
o Sociological Survey

RIBBOND DEVELOPMENT
 Building houses along routes of communication
o Roads
o Railways
 Because of improvement of road surface & growth of motor traffic
o Tendency of everyone to build as near as possible to the main road
 Disadvantages
o Increases in cost of basic utilities
o Lack of social life – kase usually wala namn amenities sa road side
 Houses and commercial establishments lang
 Walang parks and recreational areas
o Hindi nadedevelop yung interior portion ng lot
 Sa harap lang ng road
o Traffic accidents and delays because of pedestrians
o Traffic capacity and efficiency of main roads are reduced
 Nasasakop kase ng mga residents yung spaces ng roads
  How to minimize the effect on through traffic
o Controlled planning of residential and commercial property along route
o Use of traffic calming techniques
 Humps
 Protect the people

RADBURN’S CONCEPT
Clarence Stein & Henry Wright
 Separation of pedestrian to vehicular traffic
o Walkways to social places
 Super block
o Large block surrounded by roads
o Multiple lots
 Cul de Sac
o Houses grouped around it with access to road
 Parks for the excess lands

Henry Wright’s six planks for a housing platform

1. Plan simply but comprehensively
a. Arrange buildings to achieve
i. Sunlight
ii. Air
iii. Tolerable outlook
iv. Even to the smallest or cheapest house
2. Ample sites for community
a. Amenities & Recreational activities
i. Playgrounds
ii. Gardens
iii. School
3. Factories and industrial buildings
a. Locate without wasteful transportation of goods or people
b. Siguro wag masyadong malayo para di lugi sa transpo cost
4. Plan Vehicular movement to minimize
a. Danger
b. Noise
c. Confusion
5. Relationships between buildings
a. Develop services for additional comfort of the people
b. At lower cost as possible
6. Fair cost and services for the homeowners
a. Fair dues and same services for each households
BROADACRE CITY
Frank Lloyd Wright

 Multi-centered
 low density
 auto-oriented – use of cars for every family
 give 1acre land to families from federal reserves
o as long as they use it productively
o
NEW URBANISM

 Urban design movement

o Walkable neighborhoods with
 Range of housing
 Job types
 Elements
o Distinct center
 A square or a green (park)
 Busy or memorable corner
 with transit stop
o dwellings 5-minute walk
 average 2,000 ft
o dwelling types
 house
 rowhouse
 apartments
o shops and offices at the edge
o walkable elementary school
o small playgrounds
o variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes
o narrow streets and shaded with trees
 slows traffic
 suitable environment for pedestrians and bicycles
o vacant lots at the termination of street vistas or neighborhood center
 reserved for civic buildings
 socializing area

SATELITTE TOWNS
 miniature metropolitan areas at the edge of larger ones
 Characteristics
o Small cities near a large metropolis
o Suburban expansion
o Partially independent
o Physically separated, own independent urbanized area
 o Own bedroom communities / houses
o Have traditional downtown
 Central area
 Main commercial and business area
 Surrounded by neighborhoods
o May or not be counted as part of large metropolis

F. OVERVIEW OF URBAN REGIONAL PLANNING THEORIES AND ISSUES IMPLICATION TO ARCHITECTURAL

PRACTICES
 Three Key Aspects of Urban/City Planning
o Physical Environment
 A city's physical environment includes its location, its climate and its proximity to
sources of food and water.
o Social Environment
 The social environment includes the groups to which a city's residents belong, the
neighborhoods in which they live, the organization of its workplaces.
o Economic Environment
 Primary employers, such as manufacturing as well as research and development
companies, retail businesses, universities, federal labs, local government, cultural
institutions, and departments of tourism all play strong roles in a city's economy.
 Theories explaining the emergence of town
o Central Place Theory
o Public Choice Theory
 Focuses on the development of city economy
 urban politicians and governing regimes are subordinate to the overall economic
principles that force cities to compete to capture new investment and capital
 market values and motivations drive city officials to pursue economic
revitalization with the goal of attracting more investment.
o Bid Rent Theory
 Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real
estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD)
 Theories of Explaining How Towns are Arranged

o Concentric Zone Model

 also known as The Burgess Model, The Bull’s Eye Model
 urban version of Von Thunen’s Regional Land Use
 Developed by Ernest Burgess
 Portrays how cities social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
 Social structures extend outward from one central business area
 Population density decreases towards outward zones
1. Central Business District
a. Non-residential center for business
b. Emphasis on business and commerce
2. Factory Zone
3. Zone of Transition
a. Least desirable place to live in the city
b. Mixed residential and commercial use
c. High rent
d. Highest crime rate
e. High rate of people moving in and out
4. Working Class Zone
a. Inner suburbs – inner city
b. Zone of independent working men’s home
c. Stable working class families
d. Modest older homes
5. Residential Zone
a. Better quality middle-class homes – outer suburbs
b. Zone of better housing – more spacious homes
c. Less likely-to be rented
d. Well educated
6. Commuter Zone
a. Mostly upper class
b. Can afford to commute into city for work or entertainment
 o Sector Model by Homer Hoyt
o Hoyt Model
o City develop in sectors not rings
o Modified Concentric Zone Model to account for major transportation routes
o Major cities evolved around the nexus of several important transport facilities
such as railroads, sea ports, trolly lines.
o Social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges radiating out
from the CBD and centered on major transportation line.
o Low-rent and other types of areas can extend from the CBD to the City’s outer
edge creating zones (sectors) that are shaped like pie slices (wedge shape).
o Model was created without considering cars.

1. CBD
a. Cluster of retail and offices activities, center of the city economically and geographically
2. Transportation and Industry
a. Industry sectors set-up along transportation lines.
b. Provides income for low income people of the society and the needs of the people.
3. Low-class residential
a. Close to railroad lines, and commercial foundations along business areas
b. Occupied by poorer people who usually work in factories, to save transportation cost.
c. Less desirable place for living
4. Middle-class residential
a. Further away from manufacturing and industrial sectors making it more desirable to live
in.
b. It joins the CBD for working middle income people for easy access work.
c. Have trees and much more spacious.
5. High-class residential
a. Greatest distance from industrial sectors
b. Cleaner environment with less traffic jams, cleaner air and sounds.
 o Multiple Nuclei Method
o Ecological model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945
o Based on Concentric Zone Model and Sector Model
o Based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increase car
ownership.
o A city grows from several independent points rather than from one CBD.

1. CBD
a. Still exist as primary nucleus, but multiple small business districts developed, distributed
around metropolitan area.
2. Wholesale, Light Manufacturing
a. More consumer- oriented and near residential areas.
3. Low-class residential
a. Next to industrial corridors, for factory workers and live in low-income housing.
4. Medium-class residential
a. More desirable, located further from industry and pollution.
b. Largest Residential Area
c. People who works in CBD have access to good transportation lines.
5. High Class Residential
a. Quiet, clean and have less traffic
6. Heavy Manufacturing
a. Heavy materials like Chemicals, steel
7. Out-lying Business District
a. Competes with CBD for residents who lived in nearby middle and high-class
neighborhoods.
 b. Offering the same similar services and products as the CBD.
c. Malls, airports, colleges and community businesses
8. Residential Suburbs
a. Usually single family homes on a small plot of land
9. Industrial Suburbs
a. Community created and zoned for industrial sources on the outskirts of the city.

COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING

 Documents, including maps, charts embodying, policy guidelines strategies and proposals for
over-all socio economic growth and development of the area.
 Is an official public document adopted by a local government as a policy to guide decisions about
physical development and the future actions of the community.
 Presents a vision for the future, with long-range goals and objectives for all activities that affect
the local government.

COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROCESS (8 STEPS)

1. Identifying Issues
a. The planner must first address the issue they are investigating.
b. To be relevant, the planning process must identify and address not only contemporary
issues of concern to residents, workers, property owners, and business people, but also
the emerging issues that will be important in the future.
c. Generally, planners determine community issues by involving various community leaders,
community organizations, and ordinary citizens.
2. Stating goals
a. Once issues have been identified by a community, goals can then be established.
b. Goals are community visions. They establish priorities for communities and help
community leaders make future decisions which will affect the city/community.
c. Stating goals is not always an easy process and it requires the active participation of all
people in the community.
3. Collecting data
a. Data is needed in the planning process in order to evaluate current community conditions
as well as to predict future conditions.
b. Data is mostly collected from the census agencies and/or government, however many
communities actively collect their own data.
c. The most typical data collected for a comprehensive plan include data about the
environment, traffic conditions, economic conditions, social conditions (such as
population and income), public services and utilities, and land use conditions (such as
housing and zoning).
d. Outcomes of the data collection process include population projections, economic
condition forecasts, and future housing needs.
4. Preparing the plan
a. The plan is prepared using the information gathered during the data collection and goal
setting stages.
b. A typical comprehensive plan begins by giving a brief background of the current and
future conditions found in the data collection step. Following the background information
are the community goals and the plans that will be used in order to implement those goals
into the community.
c. Plans may also contain separate sections for important issues such as transportation or
housing which follow the same standard format.
5. Creating implementation plans
a. During this stage of the process different programs are thought of in order to implement
the goals of the plan. These plans focus on issues such as cost and effectiveness.
b. It is possible that a variety of plans will result from this process in order to realize one
goal. These different plans are known as alternatives.
6. Evaluating alternatives
a. Each alternative should be evaluated by community leaders to ensure the most efficient
and cost-effective way to realize the community's goals. During this stage each alternative
should be weighed given its potential positive and negative effects, impacts on the
community, and impacts on the government.
b. One alternative should be chosen that best meets the needs and desires of the
community and community leaders for meeting the community goals.
7. Adopting a plan
a. The community needs to adopt the plan as an official statement of policy in order for it
to take effect. This is usually done by the city/community council and through public
hearings. The council may choose not to adopt the plan, which would require planners to
refine the work they did during previous steps.
b. Once the plan is accepted by city/community officials it is then a legal statement of
community policy in regards to future development.
8. Implementing and monitoring the plan
a. Using the implementation plans defined in the earlier stages, the community will carry
out the goals in the comprehensive plan. City/community planning staff monitor the
outcomes of the plan and may propose future changes if the results are not desired.
b. A comprehensive plan is not a permanent document. It can be changed and rewritten
over time. For many fast growing communities, it is necessary to revise or update the
comprehensive plan every five to ten years. In order for the comprehensive plan to be
relevant to the community it must remain current.
LAND USE PLANNING

 Refers to the rational and judicious approach of allocating available land resources to different
land using activities and for different functions consistent with the overall development
vision/goal of a particular city.
 refers to the manner of utilization of land, including its allocation, development and management.

 NATIONAL LAND USE AND ALLOCATION SCHEME

o Land Classification
 involves the assessment of unclassified lands under the public domain which
include surveying, classifying, studying and mapping areas into agricultural, forest
or timber, mineral and national parks
o Land Reclassification
 the subsequent classification, allocation and disposition of lands of the public
domain, classified as alienable and disposable into specific uses;
o Land Sub-classification
 the act of determining and assigning the uses of classified public lands
o Zoning
 the legislative act of delineating areas or districts within the territorial
jurisdictions of cities and municipalities that may be put to specific uses and their
regulation, subject to the limitations imposed by law or competent authority
 o Land Use Conversion
 the act of putting a piece or parcel of land into a type of use other than that for
which it is currently being utilized.

 Types of Maps
o General Purpose - shows suite of physical and cultural features at the same time
 Reference Map
 Shows simple properties of map
o World map
o road map
o sketch map
 Base Map
 working map for the preparation of various maps
o general base map
o urban base map
o Thematic - depicts one single feature of the earth’s surface representing one or two
themes.
 Topographic Map
 shows a limited set of features including terrain, streams, boundaries,
and roads.
 Climate Map - gives the prevailing type of rainfall in the area.
 Hydro-geologic Map
 shows existing geologic features, rock types and ground and surface
water.
 Slope Map - groups area exhibiting a particular range or degree of inclination.
 Soil Map
 shows the spatial distribution of different soil classification units in a
locality.
 Land Classification Map - categories of land by the Forest Management Bureau.
 Population Density Map –
 shows concentration of population by class intervals in relation to land
area.
 Cadastral Map – public record of land ownership.
 Land Values Map – indicates relative prices and values of land in an area.
 Land Use Map – shows spatial distribution of different land uses.
 General Land Use –distribution of land uses covering the entire town.
 General Land Use Plan –reflects the planned distribution of land uses.
 Urban Land Use Map – distribution of land uses in the urban center.
 Urban Land Use Plan –indicates planned distribution of urban land uses.
 Zoning Map – shows the zones or districts according to present and potential uses
of land.
o Analytical - illustrates the derived results from the analysis of two or more variables
according to desired outputs.
 Erosion Hazard Map – analysis of soil and slope of an area.
 Flooding Hazard – shows areas where flooding usually occurs.
 Land Capability Map – indicates suitability of areas for cultivation.
  Soil Suitability Map – provides information on the degree of soil suitability for
urban development.
 Development Constraints Map – illustrates the obstacles to development in the
physical sense like subsidence, flooding risks, or fault lines.
 Land Management Unit – a land resources inventory map describing the shape
of land in terms of relief, not slope; an input map to land suitability map.
 Land Suitability Map – classifies land into categories based on the degree to
which the characteristics of the land can satisfy the environmental requirements
of specific crops without deterioration.

 A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation 2013, by HLURB