arabic goal gory all-around confidence language content + learn to speak, understand and write arabic * progress quickly beyond the basics + explore the language in depthINTRODUCTION Welcome to Teach Yourself Arabic! The aims of the course If you are an adult learner with no previous knowledge of Arabic and studying on your own, then this is the course for you. Perhaps you are taking up Arabic again after a break, or perhaps you are intending to learn with the support of a class. Again, you will find this course very well suited to your purposes. The language you will learn is based on the kind of material seen in Arabic newspapers and magazines, or heard on radio and television news broadcasts. The main emphasis is on understanding Arabic, but we also aim to give you an idea of how the language works, so that you can create sentences of your own. If you are working on your own, the audio recordings will be all the more important, as they will provide you with the essential opportunity to listen to Arabic and to speak it within a controlled framework. You should therefore try to get a copy of the audio’ recordings if you haven’t already done so. The structure of the course This course contains: a guide to Arabic script and pronunciation 18 course units a reference section a = a = an optional audio cassette or CD2 ARABIC How to use the course All the important information that you need for the basic structures of Arabic are given in the first ten units. The following eight units introduce more advanced but essential structures, through texts and dialogues Statement of aims At the beginning of each unit is a summary of what you can expect to learn by the end of the unit. Presentation of new language This is in the form of dialogues or texts introducing the new language, which are also recorded. These are followed by questions and phrase-matching exercises to help you check your comprehension. The answers to these and a translation of the texts are in the Key at the end of the book. New words are given in the order in which they appear, and they are followed where necessary by Notes (al-mulaaHaDHiéat +> © C€ i Had =a a Cc ia H khag’ _A& oa od Gi kh daal* J co as 3 d dhacl’ 3 oO ae 3 dh raa’* 5 > > 3 r arscny® iGo Hs ae gal! hg z siin —w aa oe ue s shin i ate oN ow sh Saad 2 a U= yo Dead ol cs0q | ean Mt linia D Taa’ = Oe we Lb DHag’ _s ek & 4b DHARABIC SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE VW Name Initial © Medial Final Separate = Pronunciation sain my aa & ie ghain mae, & es gh faa’ 3 are a ror) f wee 5 2 & G q kaaf _S 2 a d Ke laam = _ ely wt J i mim = —s =a = e m fhuun a oO oO n hag’ 4 =e a ° h waaw 5 + A ied w yaar" = so GC yg There is one combination consonant laam-alif. This must be used when this series of letters occurs, and it is a non-joiner: Name Initial Medial/Final Separate laam-alif ‘Y iS yy Also note that, in some styles of type and handwriting, when the letter miim comes after laam, the small circle of the miim is filled in and looks like a little tag attached to the laam, for example: SSA! al-maktab the desk, office The taa’ marbuuTah, referred to in this book as the ‘hidden -t’, is the Arabic feminine ending. As it only occurs at the end of words, it has only two forms: final (after joiners) and separate (after non- joiners). It is always preceded by a short a-vowel: Final Separate aH 312 ARABIC If you look carefully at this letter, you will see that it is a haa’ with the two dots above of the taa’ added. It is normally ignored in speech, or rendered as a very weak h, but in certain combinations of words it is pronounced as t. It has therefore been transcribed as h or t accordingly. The hamzah is regarded by the Arabs as a supplementary sign, not as letter of the alphabet. Its official pronunciation is a ‘glottal stop’ (as the 7’s in the cockney pronunciation of bottle), and it has been transliterated by means of an apostrophe (’). It is sometimes omitted in speech, but should be shown in written Arabic, where it occurs either on its own, or written over an alif, waaw or yaa’. In the last case, the two dots under the yaa’ are omitted. It can also occur written below an alif, but this is less common. The actual hamzah never joins to anything, but its ‘supporting’ letters take the form required by their position in the word: Initial = Medial Final © Separate independent ¢ in all cases over alif i ie { i under alif ! does not occur over waaw = - ae Se 5 over yaa’ = 2s i ts Note that, at the beginning of a word, hamzah is always written above or below alif. The writing of the hamzah is a frequent source of spelling errors among native speakers, and it is often omitted in print and writing. In foreign loanwords the letter p is usually written as a baa’ and the letter v is written either as faa’ or with the Persian letter 4—a faa’ with three dots above it instead of one.ARABIC SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 13 Script Exercise 1 In the photograph below, which five well-known international companies are sponsors of this race-course? 3 Vowels The letters of the Arabic alphabet are all regarded as consonants. In Arabic writing the short vowels are not usually marked except in children’s school textbooks, the Holy Koran and ancient classical poetry. he _ = The long vowels are expressed by the three letters alif, waaw and yaa’. Alif almost always expresses the vowel aa, but waaw and yaa’ can also be consonantal w and y (as in English wish - and yes). an. wy The most important factors to consider in Arabic words are firstly the consonants, and secondly the long vowels. It will not make much difference in most cases whether you pronounce a word with a, u or i (short vowels), but it is important to get the long vowels tight. See page 18 for more details on vowels. 4 Variations in handwriting Think of the Arabic script as essentially handwriting (since it is14 ARABIC always cursive, no matter how it is produced — by hand or on a computer). Since calligraphy is a highly developed art in the Arab world, there are more variations in the form of the letters than is the case in English. The most common of these is that two dots above or below a letter are frequently combined into one dash, and three dots (which only occur above) into an inverted v like the French circumflex (‘). Here is an example showing taa’ and thaa’: a — £5 oh Another common variation is the writing of siin (s) and shiin (sh) simply as long lines, ironing out their ‘spikes’, and often with a small hook below at the beginning: “A eat ete This occurs frequently in handwriting, signwriting and newspaper and advert headings — in fact everywhere where the original copy has been prepared by a calligrapher rather than typeset. Above all, Arabic writing is fun. Look at it as an art form! 5 Transliteration Transliteration means expressing a language which uses a different writing system (like Arabic) in terms of symbols based on the Roman alphabet, usually for teaching purposes. There is no standard way of doing this and we have tried to keep the system used in this book as simple as possible. The essential feature of a transliteration system is that it has to have a precise equivalent for every sound used in the target language. This differs from conventional spelling, e.g. in English the letter s has totally different sounds in the two words /oafs, and loaves. Consider also that the same sound in the former can beARABIC SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 15 spelled ce, ¢.g. mince. Transliteration systems have to iron out such discrepancies. We have adapted the English alphabet, using capital letters to distinguish between Arabic sounds which seem related to speakers of English. For instance, Arabic has two sorts of t which we have distinguished in this way: rattab means arranged, whereas raTTab means moistened. Consequently you will not find capital letters used as they are conventionally, e.g. in personal and place names. (An exception has, however, been made in the case of Al-laah God, Allah.) 6 The Arabic sounds We have divided the pronunciation table into three parts: = Group 1: Sounds that are more or less as in English. = Group 2: Sounds which do not occur in English, but are found in other European languages with which you may be familiar. = Group 3: Sounds which are specific to Arabic. Note: The letter alif has no sound of its own, and is used only to express the long vowel aa and as a support for the hamzah (see the relevant sections below). Group 1 b as in but d as in duck dh as in the hard th in this or mother. Do not confuse with the sound th (see below), as they convey entirely different meanings in Arabic (dhawb melting, thawb a garment). f as in force as in hold, but never omitted in speech as it very often is in English (e.g. vehement). An exception is the common feminine ending -ah, see above. ~ as in jar k as in kick16 ARABIC. 1 mostly as in line, but sometimes has a duller sound, roughly as in English alter. This distinction is not meaningful in Arabic but depends on the surrounding consonants. as in mum as in nib S as in sit, (it is not pronounced z as in things: see z below) sh as in flash t as in fart th as in shink (not as in this; see dh above) w as in wonder as in yonder Zz as in sneeze, bees (sometimes spelled s in English, but in Arabic s and z never interchange; see also th and dh) Group 2 c The Arabic r sound does not occur in standard English, but is familiar in dialect pronunciation. It is the trilled r of Scottish very (‘verry’), and common in Italian and Spanish (Parma, Barcelona). gh Near to the r of Parisian French. It is actually a more guttural scraping sound, and occurs in Dutch, e.g. negen. The Parisian r is near enough as an intermediate measure. kh _ Roughly sound of ch in Scottish loch and och aye. Also familiar in German doch and (written j) in Spanish José. Group 3 These sounds are particular to Arabic. To pronounce them requires practice and it is best to listen to native speakers if possible. S,T, With the exception of H (see below), the capitalised D, consonants are pronounced in a way similar to their small DH ietter versions s, t, d and dh, except that the tongue is depressed into a spoon shape, and the pressure of air from the lungs increased. This gives a forceful and hollow sound, often referred to as emphatic. These sounds have a markedARABIC SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 17 effect on surrounding vowels, making them sound more hollow. A rough (British) English equivalent is the difference in the a as in Sam and (with of course silent p) psalm. # We have a muscle in our throat which is never used except in vomiting. Think about that and pretend you are about to be sick. You will find that what is normally called in English gagging is actually a restriction in the deep part of the throat. If you begin to gag, and then immediately relax the muscles in order to release the airstream from the lungs, you will have produced a perfect : (called :ayn in Arabic). This sound must be distinguished from the glottal stop hamzah as the difference affects the meaning. For instance, :amal means work, but ’amal means hope. H ss Pronounced in exactly the same way as :ayn, except that, instead of completely closing the muscles referred to above, they are merely constricted and the air allowed to escape. The only time English speakers come near to a (weakish) H is when they breathe on their spectacle lenses before cleaning them. Both :ayn and Haa’ should always be pronounced with the mouth fairly wide open (say ‘ah’). The hamzah occurs in English between words pronounced deliberately and emphatically (e.g. ‘She [pause] is [pause] awful.”), but is probably more familiar as the Cockney or Glaswegian pronunciation of f or ¢t as in bottle. q is officially pronounced as a ‘back of the throat’ English ¢ or k. If you try to imitate the sound of a crow cawing you will not be far away. A rough equivalent is the difference in articulation of the letter c in (British) English cam and calm. Note: The symbol q has been chosen only for convenience: it has really nothing to do with the English combination qu. Local variations As with any language spoken over such a wide area, regional Pronunciations occur. The versions given above are the officially correct ones, always used in reciting the Holy Koran, but local variants often slip into the pronunciation of politicians, radio and18 ARABIC T.V. announcers etc. The most important of these affect the following letters: th Many speakers in the North and West of the Arab world find this sound difficult to pronounce and render it as either t or s. In Egypt and a few other areas, this is rendered g as in gold. In Lebanon, parts of Syria and Jordan it sounds like the j of French Jacques (which is the same as the s in English pleasure). dh Sometimes becomes d or z (see th above). Pronounced identically to DH in most of the Eastern Arab world (Iraq, the Gulf and Saudi Arabia). DH See D above. Additionally, in many urban parts of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan it often becomes a sort of emphatic z-sound. _ S q In informal speech, this is often pronounced as g in many parts of the Arab world. In the spoken Arabic of urban areas of Egypt, Lebanon and Syria it is pronounced as a glottal stop (hamzah). Note: the above variants are given to help you avoid confusion when listening to ‘live’ Arabic in various parts of the Arab world. It is probably better to stick to the more formal values until your ear becomes attuned but if — as is highly recommended — you enlist the help of a native speaker, imitate his or her pronunciation. 7 Vowels There are only three common vowels, all of which occur both long and short. These have been transcribed as follows: a roughly as in hat aa _an elongated emphatic a as in the word and as in: ‘Did she actually say that?’ ‘Yes... and she had the cheek to repeat it!’. In juxtaposition with some of the consonants (mainly the capitalised ones S$, D, T, DH, but also q, gh and sometimes | and r it sounds more like the vowel in the English palm.ARABIC SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 19 i as in if ii the long equivalent of i, as in seen, French livre u as in put (never as in sup) uu _—_as in food, French nous aw oughly as in English bound ay as in aye (often pronounced like ai as in bail in informal situations) oo —_as in like French beau or home as pronounced in Scotland — occurs in less formal speech and in some foreign loanwords 8 Writing vowels and other signs As short vowels are not normally written in Modern Arabic, it is better to become used to recognising Arabic words without them. However, the transliterated Arabic throughout this course will show you which short vowel should be pronounced and the short vowels are also sometimes included on the Arabic script where helpful to understanding the patterns of words. Note: All these signs are written above or below (as indicated) the consonant which they follow. For instance, to express the word kutiba, you write the (Arabic) consonant k + the vowel sign for u, consonant t + the sign for i, b + the sign for a, like this: wis As all three letters are joining letters, the k has the initial form, the t the medial form and the b the final form. The long vowels are the same signs, but followed by alif for aa, waaw for uu and yaa’ for ii. For example, if the above word had all three vowels long (kuutiibaa — an imaginary word, for Purposes of illustration only), it would be written like this: 2 2 Lysis A similar means is used to express the diphthong vowels aw and ay, except that, as you would expect, the vowel sign preceding the20 ARABIC 9 Ol is always a, for example: gs tay kaw Zero vowel sign When a consonant has no vowel after it, this is marked by writing a miniature circle (like a zero) above it; here above the k: roe ike maktab This sign is omitted at the end of words, in this case the b. Doubled consonants Doubled consonants (written in the transliteration as bb, mn, ss, etc.) are very important in Arabic, as they can change the meanings of words radically. They are only pronounced in English when they span two words, e.g. ‘But_Tim, my young friend...’ In Arabic, however, they must always be pronounced carefully, wherever they occur, with a slight hesitation between them. mathal means a proverb, maththal means he acted, represented. In Arabic, the consonant is written once only, with the following sign (a little Arabic _» s without the tail) above it, for example: gt. maththal The sign for the vowel following the doubled letter — here an a —is written above the doubling sign. As you have already learned, an i- vowel is expressed by writing a short oblique stroke under the letter. However, by convention, when a letter already has the doubling sign, the stroke is put under the si gn but actually above the letter. Jie maththilARABIC SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE Other signs The letter alif occasionally appears with a longer, curved stroke above it (similar to a stretched out Spanish tilde as in cafion). It is then pronounced as a hamzah (glottal stop) followed by a long aa- yowel. An important word which you will meet often and should take pains to learn to write and pronounce correctly is the Arabic word for the Koran: pror SLi! al-qur’aan Finally a sign used on only a very few (but common) words is a vertical stroke above the preceding letter. This is simply a shorthand way of writing the long aa-vowel. Another very important word in Arab culture is God, or Allah. Here the vertical stroke is written over the doubling sign. ’ Pronounce this alléah with the stress on the second w syllable. (It is usually uttered with the ‘dark’ l, i.e. an a) \ 1 pronounced with the tongue hollowed at the back of the upper teeth. This gives the aa a ‘hollow’ sound.) 9 Irregular spellings The letter yaa’ occurs frequently at the end of words in Arabic. It is usually pronounced -ii, but also sometimes -aa. In the former case, it is usually written with two dots under it (¢¢) and in the latter without them ((¢), but this rule is not, unfortunately, always adhered to. re banaa Note that in this case, the vowel preceding the yaa’ is a. Words Showing this characteristic will be explained as they occur. The hybrid letter 3, the ‘hidden t’, is always preceded by a (&), see above. Important note: Both of these spellings can only occur at the end22 ARABIC of a word. If any suffix is added to the word, they become J and = respectively. (This will be explained fully later in the book.) 10 One-letter words By convention, Arabic words consisting only of one consonantal letter (and usually a short vowel) are joined to the following word. Thus wa (and) + anta (you) is written: 7 Og wily To make things clearer in transliteration, such words are separated by a hyphen: wa-anta. 11 Stress The rules for stress in Arabic are complex, and it is better to learn from the audio if you have it, or by listening to native speakers. One simple general rule, however, is that if a word contains a long vowel (aa, uu, etc.) the stress falls on this; and if there is more than one (long vowel), the stress falls on the one nearest the end of the word, e.g.: lS, makéatib but G3(S. makaatfib The stress will be on the last long syllable before a vowel ending. To help you, the stressed syllables of words have been marked with an acute accent: 4, 4a, etc. in the first few units so that you become used to where they B occur.ARABIC SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 23 12 Case endings Classical Arabic had a set of three grammatical case endings for nouns and adjectives, but these are nowadays largely ignored in all but very formal speech such as Koranic recitation and ancient poetry. The only one of these which concerns us is the so-called indefinite accusative, because this shows in the script. This is known as the accusative marker. Its form is an alif attached to the end of the noun or adjective, technically with two slashes above the preceding consonant: L. It is pronounced -an, e.g. 1S kitdab, but with accusative marker (Gs kit4aban. In practice, the two slashes before the alif are usually omitted:L.Us.1 Vasila fal-nabda’ Let’s get started! In this unit you will learn: = how to greet people = how to make short descriptive phrases = about definites and indefinites 1 aSgle adtull as-saldamu :alay-kum hello [lit. Peace be upon you] In Arabic, it is extremely important to be able to greet people, and to reply when someone greets you. Notice that each greeting has its own particular reply. If you have the recording, listen to these people greeting each other, and see how they respond. Simple Greetings aSule paul hello [lit. peace be upon you] as-saldamu :ala4y-kum @duall Sale 9 hello (reply) [lit. (and) upon wa- :al4y-kum as-saléam you peace] Exercise 1 Kamal is visiting an old friend, John, in his hotel in Cairo, and Kamal speaks first. Practise saying each phrase, filling in the gaps. Remember to pronounce the stress on every word where it is shown.UNIT 1 25 a as-saléamu ..., ya John! Noga ly... edu b. wa :al4y-kum ..., ya Kaméal! ISLS ly ... Sale, Exercise 2 You are going to dinner with your Arabic-speaking friend Nadia. She welcomes you into her house. What do you say to her? 2,28)! ¢ lice SabadaH al-khayr Good morning Suad is about to begin teaching an Arabic course at the university in Cairo. First she greets a new student. Su:dad SabdaH al-khdyr. wll clas obo Téalibah SabdaH an-nuur. gall cle ats Ke) a | tt « 4asLb Téalibah (pl. Taalibéat) female student Note The plurals of nouns and adjectives in Arabic do not follow a logical system, so it is better to learn them along with the singular from the beginning. They are given after the singular noun in the vocabulary, separated by a comma. In Arabic, there is no word for good afternoon, so masaa’ al- khayr is used for both late afternoon and evening. diss, olyus25 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) How to wish someone good morning, evening: vaall Clue good morning [lit. morning (of) Sab4aH al-khayr the goodness] ssl cle good morning (reply) [lit. Sab4aH an-niur morning (of) the light]26 ARABIC asl elas good afternoon/good evening masa’ al-khayr [lit. evening (of) the goodness] gill elise good afternoon/good evening maséa’ an-niur (reply) [lit. evening (of) the light] Exercise 3 Fill in the bubbles with the appropriate greetings. Exercise 4 a It is 11am and you go to the bank for cash. Greet the bank clerk. b You are in a restaurant one evening and an acquaintance comes up and greets you. What would you say? ¢ Your partner comes home from work at 7pm. What does he/she say to you? d You go into a shop in the market. Say hello to the shopkeeper. e You see your neighbour in the street and she says hello to you. How would you reply?UNIT1 27 3 sella 4:8 kayfa Hadal-ak? How are you? Suad asks one of the students, Michael, how he is: Su:dad kayfa Héal-ak? Michael al-Hamdu lil-l4ah. Su:éad 4hlan wa-sdhlan. Michael 4hlan bi-ki. wa Anti, kéyfa Héal-ik? Su:4ad —al-H4mdu lil-l4ah, bi-khayr. als aS slew pall wand Sales SMyurg Mal slaw pals alec ests Gls GS sails ys al) case tea Note the spelling of ahlan and sahlan with a final alif. This is the accusative marker (see Unit 8). p dausi, olsi23 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Gell. C&S kayfa Hdal-ak? how are you? (to a man) [lit. How [is] condition-your?] Gell Vas kayfa Haal-ik? how are you? (to a woman) al) soni al-Hamdu lil-léah Wyury Lai 4hlan wa-séhlan ay Sal dhlan bi-k ay SLal Shlan bi-ki Seah ly wa-Anta/Anti wads bi-khayr praise [be] to God (response to above) welcome (reply to a man) (reply to a woman) and you? (sing. masc./fem.) well adj. (lit. in well-being)23 ARABIC al-mulaaHaDHaat (Notes) olé- Stu! @ kayfa Haal-ak If you are speaking to a woman, you must say kayfa Haal-ik, although there is no difference in written Arabic. If you are talking a group of people, you must say kayfa Héal-kum (aSil 4,5). @ al-Hamdu lil-laah never changes, and is used in many situations. Even if something unfortunate or unpleasant has happened, the devout Muslim must submit to the will of Allah and praise Him for what He has decreed. @ dhlan bi-k You must say ahlan bi-ki to a woman (same spelling), or @hlan bi-kum (ass SLai) to a group of people. Exercise 5. a Mohammad is having a party, and his English friend John arrives. Finish the sentence for Mohammad. kayfa ...? %... aS b What does John reply? c Fill in the missing words in the next exchange between Mohammed and John. —... wa sdhlan Wyss y as — éhlan .... sual d You meet some Arabic-speaking friends. How do you ask them how they are? e An Arabic-speaking colleague comes into your office and you greet him. What do you say, and how does he reply? 3 4 What do they want? alaUNIT 1 Exercise 6 Some tourists are spending the day in Cairo. Listen to the recording or read the dialogues below, and try to work out which picture belongs to each dialogue? aoe ke Dialogue 1 = téaksi! al-ahréam, min faDl-ak! ‘ells do ala! puSL —né:am, ya sdyyid-i! Dialogue 2 -al-miSbaaH min faDl-ak. —al-kabiir aw aS-Saghfir? —tafaDDal. — shikran. Dialogue 3 —shaay wa-sandawiitsh Saghiir min-faDl-ak. ~ shaay bi-stikkar? —laa shiikran, bidtun stikkar. bi-kam hdéadhaa? ~ thald4athah junayhdat. Wyo daw Ls ara ALAS Cpe CLueall G patel gh yasStl oss nS pee Gayton « ts Kon sls eo Sys AS lia aS wolgsia 455630 ARABIC Exercise 7 Which dialogue takes place: a ina café beside the Nile? b in Khan al-Khalili market? ¢ in Tahrir Square, in the centre of Cairo? Exercise 8 Find the words for the following items: a small b a tea with sugar ¢ the lamp d the pyramids e a sandwich ma:luuméat thagaafiyyah (Cultural tips) 48185 Gls g!ro People don’t usually use terms like Mr and Mrs. In Egypt and some other northern Arab countries people say sfidi where we might say sir, but in other countries this term is reserved for certain classes of nobility. Its correct formal pronunciation is s4yyidi, but this does not show in the Arabic script. Exercise 9 Which figure from the Arabian Nights is this? cs sauall clyeally cygull ede daussty cl js105 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Las os minf4Dlak —_ please Juaas taféDDal here you are, welcome | | Su shikran thank youUNIT 1 31 er né:am yes gl aw or Y laa no 4 bi- with Og bi-diun without Sli eS» bi-kam héadha? how much is this? 4a) GaSl,i taraakiib al-laghah (Structures) 1 Definite or indefinite? It is important in Arabic to be able to distinguish between definite words and phrases, and indefinites. Indefinite words have a or an before them in English. There is no indefinite article, or word for a or an, in Arabic. cus bayt (a) house Gwingdiw sandawiitsh (a) sandwich There are three types of definite words in English: a) words which begin with the definite article — the house b) proper nouns — Mohammed, Cairo, Egypt ¢) pronouns such as he, I, you, etc. The definite article rhe never varies in writing, and is always I al-. The hyphen shows that, in the Arabic script, al- is always attached to the following word. cust! al-bayt the house al Lad! al-ahréam the pyramids There are two points of pronunciation: a) If the preceding word ends in a vowel or -ah, the a of al- is omitted in pronunciation, but kept in writing.32 ARABIC @ Written Pronounced cull wh baab al-bayt the door of the house after a preceding consonant cull Se fi l-bayt in the house after a preceding vowel b) If the word to which al- is attached begins with one of the following consonants, the I of the al- is omitted in pronunciation and the following letter is doubled. n | DHTD S shs z _r dhd th ¢ a oe od B bre og AL 4 os You are pronouncing the word properly if you make a small hesitation on the doubled letters. Ge Written Pronounced after a consonant after a vowel watiall ash-shams sh-shams the sun ogull an-nuur n-nuur the light Gaisgsiual! as-sandwiitsh _s-sandwiitsh the sandwich Tip: An easy way to remember these letters is to pronounce them all out loud. With the slight exception of sh, you will notice that the tip of your tongue is contacting somewhere in the region of your front teeth or the gum above them — where the letter I is pronounced, which is why the assimilation occurs. No other Arabic consonants are pronounced in this area. The Arabs call these the ‘sun letters’, simply because the word shams (; yi.) sun begins with one of them. The remaining lettersUNIT 1 33 are called the ‘moon letters’, because qamar (a5) moon does not begin with an assimilated letter. Remember: The written form remains the same; it is only the pronunciation which varies. However, to help you, the assimilations have been represented in the transliteration. Exercise 10 Listen to the following words on the recording, or study them carefully: a slid b ala c pdlull d Gud gtisall e gill f ow Sl 8 geal List those which begin with sun letters and those which begin with moon letters. 2 Nouns and adjectives Arabic adjectives behave like nouns but: a) they always follow the noun; b) they must agree with the noun in definiteness and in gender; c) additional adjectives are simply added after the first one with no punctuation or joining word. If the noun is definite, the adjectives must all be definite and have the definite article. It will be a great help when you are learning Arabic if you can Come to look on nouns and adjectives as being virtually the same thing. This only happens in slightly archaic English in phrases such as ‘the great and the good’, ‘the meek shall inherit the earth’. More commonly we use the helping word ‘one’: ‘Which dress do you Prefer?’, ‘The blue one’.34 ARABIC Arabic grammar will become easier if you mentally add the word “one’ to Arabic adjectives, so that you are effectively equating them with nouns. In Arabic the reply to the question above would have been simply ‘The biue’. Go atue cay bayt Saghfir a small house = (a) house (a) small(-one) Je glall a oll the tall boy = the-boy the-tall(-one) al-walad aT-Tawiil cgtlbal! Lisl ys Great Britain = Britain the-great briiTéanyaa 1-:iDHma (-one) dude paiS CLS a big new book = (a) book (a) big kitdab kabiir jadiid (-one) (a) new(-one) Byspeoll Upest cial the beautiful young girl = the-girl al-bint al-jamiilah the-beautiful(-one) the-young(-one) S-Saghfirah ght «coy bayt, buybut house yiue Saghiir young (person), small (thing) JY gl «slg walad, awlaad boy (pl. also children) Jagb Tawiil fall (person), long (thing) WIS GUS kitéab (kétub) book iS kabiir big (dtsaa) ras jamiil (fem. jamiilah) beautifulUNIT 1 35 AN 4. pee p54 we ays haram kabiir haram Saghiir a big pyramid a small pyramid (a) pyramid (a) big(-one) (a) pyramid (a) smali(-one) Note: Some words end with a final galeal FM SI (written without the two dots) which TO THE COMMERCIAL CENTRE] is pronounced -a (strictly -aa, but ques often shortened). (lI ila(a), to/ towards is an example of this. ls y03 tamriinaat (Practice) Exercise 11 Listen again to the greetings at the beginning of the recording, and repeat the phrases after the speakers. If you don’t have the recording, read the dialogues several times until you are sure you are familiar with them. Exercise 12 Match the following greetings with the appropriate reply. 1 pSale p dll bse, fi 528M elise Demet ilie lace iit. as ce cb Sal iv Mg SLal da dLall Sales VW juaas e al seal36 ARABIC Exercise 13 hae SY 5 pl lS \e aba A glagulle Bld gs WIN alaky \. Lagan ¥ Match the Arabic words for the places in the Arab world in the above box with the transliterated words below, and practise saying them. To help you the cities are marked on the map. a ar-ribéaT b_al-jazda’ir ¢ al-qdéahirah d —ar-riyaéaDH e al-mandamah £ baghddad g ash-shdrq al-AwsaT h_ _as-sa:uudiyyah i as-suuddan j al-trdunn Now work out the English names for the towns and countries. Exercise 14 Listen to the recording or read the transliteration, and work out what is being asked for in the café. a wld (ye $5¢5 gdhwah min faDl-ak. b wild Cy (y901! layméon min faDl-ak. c Alia’ (yo Byatua WgSIS oS kookakéola Saghfirah min f4Dl-ak. 4 clLedd yo TY GS gtully as S Gaal ays kriim bi-sh- shokoldatah min faDl-ak.UNIT 1 37 And where do these people want to be taken? e llss (2 Loin! as-sfinimaa min f4DI-ak. f lls (yo elit! al-bank min faDl-ak. Exercise 15 In transliteration, change these words and phrases from indefinite to definite. @ (juiygtiw sandawiitsh b Q gals tilifdun ¢ ous bayt d abl.L TaméaTim e Loins sfinima f Sato 55.) biirah Saghiirah g ouS 525 bargar kabjir h agua gl, rdadyo jadfid Exercise 16 See if you can match the words in Exercise 15 to the drawings below.38 ARABIC Exercise 17 Choose the correct adjective from the brackets to complete the phrases. (Ssysall Ssy4m) Loin! —\ 1 the new cinema (Syadvall 3 pstve) oi) —Y¥ 2 a small girl (Gaaatl Jase) GL —¥ 3 a beautiful book (de gla «dagb) els —£ 4 along film (qual gil cqusly) HSI carl! —o 5 the big roomy house Slalsii lagi awzaan al-kalimadat (Word shapes) The large majority of Arabic words are built around a three- consonant root. It is conventional to express the first consonant of the root by C’ i.e. first consonant — and later consonants as C’ and The vowels between are usually stated as they are (a, i, u, aa, uu, ii ii and so on) or, where they are variable, simply by v, meaning vowel. The word pattern for this unit is: C'aC7iic* The word kabiir means big (old when applied to people). In Arabic, anything to do with the root k-b-r will have something to do with bigness, large size and so on. This is a very useful concept, noticed long ago by Arab philologists. Most dictionaries are still arranged according to these three-letter roots. Here we have the three consonants k-b-r. In Arabic they are fleshed out with long and short vowels. You can see that in the word kabiir, big, the first consonant of the root (k) has an a- vowel after it and the second consonant (b) has a long ii after it. This is a very common pattern for adjectives in Arabic.UNIT 1 39 To help you feel the cadences of the Arabic sounds, an English equivalent (or as near as possible) is given. Such words which are familiar to you will also help with the Arabic stress patterns. Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike Clactic? kabiir iS marine It will help you greatly in learning Arabic if you learn and listen for these patterns. Here are some more words to show the pattern: 1 su Saghiir young (person), small (thing) 2 Jog Tawiil tall (person), long (thing) 3 sagas ba:fid far, distant 4 3355 gariib near § ssa jadiid new 6 ais qadiim old (things) 7 Seas jamiil beautiful 8 Ash laTiif pleasant, nice 9 a 3S kariim noble, generous 10 wae SaHfiH correct, right Exercise 18 Write down the roots for the words above in Arabic or transliteration with hyphens between the letters, Note: For this type of exercise, use the independent forms of the letters in the Arabic script.2 dedi! uolail at-tafaaSiil ash-shakhSiyyah Personal details In this unit you will learn how to: = ask someone’s name and give your own name @ say where you are from = construct simple sentences with is/are @ say there is/there are @ say the numbers 1-10 1 e331 gal Ga min dyna Anta? Where are you from? Suad introduces herself to the students, and asks one of them his name and where he is from. Exercise 1 Listen to the conversation a first time. a What is the woman’s name? b What is the man’s nameeee ee ee eee eee ea Exercise 2 Now listen again to the conversation. a Where does the man come from? b Where does the woman come from? Now read the dialogue. Seclaual Le ie eau! GF Lun sles wSSale paul Li JSsle Seid cal ps Sale Ly Mgmy Dal slew Sesthy Liles! 3 subtle G2 LT Ysus eee gt Lays Ge LF Lew Exercise 3 Find the Arabic for: a I’m from Manchester. b And you? i Uisus Hasanan (note spelling) well, right, O.K. G& min from cg fii in 44,345.49 al-iskandariyyah Alexandria 12 diam yuo miSr jamiilah Egypt is beautiful Suad tells her students a little about Egypt. Exercise 4 Read or listen to the description and answer the questions. a What does Suad say about Cairo? b Where is the Egyptian Museum? € What does she recommend in the hotel?ie, 42 ARABIC Jap Lagud pay BynS Liyse 5 yalill Joo Uses june Sell BRS Go Gay8 yaaa Glass (gb gyal Gaal Lagky joel! Glaze (3 Jail 3uid a Slike gabe dla Saal 5 pla dls eco miSr Egypt Atiae jamiilah beautiful (fem.) |e. jiddan (note spelling) very 3s Lall al-qaahirah Cairo 44340 madiinah city yas kabiirah big (fem.) g wa and (joined to next word) ee) hiya she, it (fem.) 443.35 qadiimah old [of things only](fem.) (secall anil! al-matHaf al-miSri The Egyptian museum ea 2 ail 3s maydéan at-taHriir Tahrir Square CO 3255 qariib min near all $545 féndug an-niil Nile Hofel ella hunéaka there is/are artes maTiam restaurant jlies mumtéaz excellent Lab Tab:an naturally, of course el Fy) al-ahréam the pyramids S5aall al-jiizah Geezah, a district of Cairo [in Egypt the letter € is pronounced like g in garden}UNIT 2 43 3 saS 44985 43) raqm tilifiun-ak kam? What's your telephone number? After the class, some of the students want to arrange to meet up . They exchange telephone numbers. Look carefully at the Arabic numbers on page 45 then listen to the audio. Now answer the questions. Exercise 5 a What is Zaki’s telephone number? b What is Marie’s number? c What is the Arabic for ‘telephone number’? d How would you say ‘My telephone number is...’? fala ly pS cisil a5, 55 Seah ab gals pany WWEVTNY agil 63, sala SeS ch sib a5, ole ly Whoors ssab ad, 4S) WWHVOAS Sil ab, gyle Aut) ol s125 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) In Arabic, verbs and nouns vary in their endings depending on whether you are speaking to a man, a woman or several people. Asking people their name and telling them yours Slaw! Le What is your name? maa ism-ak/ism-ik (masc./fem.)? ne ull fsm-i... My name is ... Asking people where they are from and replying Seat Sal Cpe Where are you from? min dyna 4nta/Anti (masc./fem.)?44 ARABIC Saying you're from either a town or a country eb all on ui I am from Khartoum dna min al-kharTéum aid Go Ll dna min léndan Iam from London Cla guall Cpe ui Tam from Sudan ana min as-suudéan Lund 58 Cpe Li 4na min farénsa I am from France ane Gi 4na min... Tam from... £ 2 iSayi amriika = 4lLui al-yaabaan Luu, rousiya loiliswliskutGnda Lui,iui ustraalya The Arabic Numbers 1-10 The numbers are given here in their spoken or colloquial forms. In strictly grammatical Arabic, the use of the numbers is complicated, and so these forms are the ones nearly always used. There are two main points to remember when writing Arabic numbers: = The numerals are written from left to right (the opposite direction of the script), for example: AY V¥N Aoe VOM Ca ey 62 731 854 7591 4002UNIT 2 45 ws The written forms given here are the standard ones used in most of the Arab world, but some countries (mainly in North Africa) use the same forms as we do (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), and this tendency seems to be spreading. We call our numerical system ‘Arabic’ to distinguish it from Roman, but the forms of the numbers have changed slightly over time. Still, if you use a little imagination — and turn some of them through 90° — you should spot the similarities. 1 2 3 4 5 6 a 8 io 10 \ te uy £ 6 Ve Wie A \e These are pronounced (colloquial form) as follows: siteh = 1 wéeHid sal, \ s@bich fan. V ithnain 65) ¥ thama@anych 43L.5 A thalaathah “5G Y tisah 4.5 4 G@rba:ah ia, ,) é v@shrah uc \° khamsah 4.3 zero is Sift auc. 44! S13 taraakiib al-lighah (Structures) 1 How to say is and are in Arabic There is no equivalent of the verb to be in the present tense in Arabic. Sentences which contain the words is or ave in English are Constructed in Arabic by putting together the following:46 ARABIC a) any definite noun with an indefinite noun or adjective al-bayt kabiir on cull the house (is a) big(-one) The house is big muHémmad mashghiul pitino tome Muhammad (is a) busy(-person) Muhammad is busy hdiwa mudfir sede gf He (is a) director He is a director b) a definite noun or a pronoun with a phrase beginning with a preposition: 4na min al-iskandariyyah 4 yuiSs VI C0 Ll I (am) from Alexandria 1 am from Alexandria bayrdut fii lubndan OLA fb oye Beirut (is) in Lebanon Beirut is in Lebanon | If a definite noun is put with a definite noun or adjective, a separating pronoun must be inserted, to make the meaning clear. muHmmad hiwa al-mudiir js14!! 54 sas Mohammed he (is) the director Mohammed is the director Here is a summary of how to make definite and indefinite phrases and sentences in Arabic: aS Cots a big house, lit. (a) house (a) bayt kabiir big(-one) AS coal the big house, lit. the-house al-bayt al-kabiir the-big|-one) gus Gaull the house is big, lit. the-house al-bayt kabiir (is a) big-one net 98 oli Nasser is the boss, lit. Nasser he na@aSir hiwe r-ra‘iis the-bossUNIT 2 47 2 How to say there is, there are This is expressed in modern Arabic by starting the sentence with glia hundaka, there. cplseall S athe dla there is a restaurant in the hunéaka maT:am fi l-maydaéan square gasall (ba s5S 42 lia there are many rooms in the hun4aka ghiraf kathiirah hotel fi ]-fiindug 3 Personal pronouns Personal pronouns are always definite, i.e. if you say he you are talking about one particular person. These are the personal pronouns: Li ana / (Sui n@Hnu we oi ante you (masc.) ail 4ntum you (masc. pl.) 34! Gnti you (fem.) (al anténna you (fem. pl.) g héwa he 2 hum they (masc. pl.) ig hiya she (4 hinna they (fem. pl.) Note: a) The final alif of Lil ana is there to distinguish it from other similarly-spelled words. Pronounce it short, and accent the first syllable. (In fact most final -aa sounds in informal modern Arabic tend to be pronounced short unless they bear the stress.) b) The male and female forms of you are identical in unvowelled writing. The context usually makes it clear which is intended. €) Since all Arabic words are either masculine or feminine, English it must be translated as he or she, depending on the gender of the word.48 ARABIC ons Glasall the square is big (masc.) al-maydaan kabiir ons 54 hiiwa kabiir it is big Sg 5 yLuull the car is small (fem.) as-sayydarah Saghiirah Syste ie hiya Saghfirah _it is small 4 Asking questions in Arabic. There are several ways to ask questions in Arabic: a) by using a question word such as which?, what? or where? Slaw! Ls maa ism-ak? What is your name? Sel ol (G min dyna 4nta? Where are you from? (lit. from where you?) b) if no question word is present, hal or ’a must be placed at the beginning of the sentence, acting as a verbal question mark. SS pdtes sore Ja Is Muhammad busy? hal muH4mmad mashghiul (2)Muhammad (is a) busy(-person) SJ gatas gal Is he busy? ‘a-hiwa mashghiul (2) He (is a) busy (-person) There is no precise rule about which to use, except that a- is usually used with personal pronouns. Written question marks are also used in modern Arabic, in addition to these question words. Arabic words which consist of only one letter plus a short vowel. such as | or 5, must not be written alone but attached to the following word.UNIT 2 49 Pronunciation 1 al after long vowel When Arabic prepositions ending with a long vowel, such as fii, in, are placed before a word beginning with al-, the, the a of al- disappears and the vowel of the preposition is pronounced short: Zizsall Ss in the city fii al-madiinah > fi l-madiinah If the word begins with one of the ‘sun letters’ (see Unit 1) the doubling of the initial consonant still applies. ss gall = in Saudi Arabia fis-sa:uudiyyah 2 Irregular spellings Some of the most common prepositions (e.g. pe :Alaa, on, ll ilaa, to/towards, have an irregular spelling of the final -aa vowel which is written as a yaa’ without the dots. This is also shortened before al- (see fii above). Lats (149) awzéan al-kaliméat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example —_ Eng. sound-alike CaaCtic? — baarid 5 5 calmish This pattern expresses the idea of someone or something doing or Carrying out the root meaning. In English for nouns we use the suffix -er or a variant (painter, actor), and for adjectives we have -ing: a going concern, a stunning performance. This is another Common pattern in adjectives. Again, the root of the word gives an idea of the meaning. Seer b-r-d_ the root of the word50 ARABIC 513 yabrud to be, to become cold (verb) Jl béarid cold (adjective: not used for people) Jule :éadil just, upright* a3Y laazim necessary Suis naashif dry als kéamil complete, perfect* eas naafi: useful Giles SéaliH doing right* pallens sdalim safe, sound* *These words are also used for men’s names in Arabic. | Exercise 6 Extract the roots from the above words. oli ye3 tamriinaat (Practice) Exercise 7 Change the indefinite noun/adjective phrases below into definite phrases. eg. aS GES % 5S OLS kitaab kabiir -> al-kitaab al-kabiir a dase ja Su b Ahem é ahaa c dash aly d j38us cs @ gitec pteuNIT 2 51 Exercise 8 Change the phrases in Exercise 7 into is/are sentences, eg. ll ob! @ 42S CGS al-kitaab al-kabiir - al-kitaab kabiir Exercise 9 Now substitute a pronoun for the noun in the sentences in Exercise 8. eg. pS GUS > aS ya al-kitaab kabiir + huwa kabiir Exercise 10 Change the following statements into questions. wude GSI ¢ eee Ge cd at alsin o sept gph tome ¥ AQ yal a i ~lSiy yatakéllam he speaks wht :@rabi Arab, Arabic Exercise 11 Change the following questions into statements. Glia same Jat TSsrae syLuull a) SUgitus gal 0 SU sates pal ¥ Salad! G2 G23 Guiall Ja ¥ Ga hona here52 ARABIC Exercise 12 Where do you think the following people are from? Listen to the recording and repeat what they are saying. NbN a bl € itisaiipe IN apt oil oe lo old Ge LT Lally! go GI nepal ees Ol Exercise 13 In the telephone directory, all the UAE airports are listed together. Which of the six airports below would you get if you dialled: a 245555? b 448111? ¢ 7576117 1 Abu Dhabi 2 Dubai 3 Sharjah 4 Ras al Khaimah 5 Fujairah 6 Al Ainpa 53 ercise 14 Here is a list of international dialling codes from a United Arab irates telephone directory. What is the code for: aBabrain? dl Qatar? b Egypt? e Saudi Arabia? ea! f Italy? vs3s as kayfa taSif nafs-ak How you describe yourself In this unit you will learn: how to say your nationality how to say which languages you speak how to talk about more than one object the names of some places around town how to talk about professions 1 Sigil gu cil ’a-anta suudaani? Are you Sudanese? Two of the students in Suad’s class are asking each other where they come from. Exercise 1 Listen to the recording or read the conversation and then answer the questions. a What nationality is Zaki? b What town does he come from? Seqeee call Lin ye plus Gesily pghyll go lagu GI 4S) Ubi (0 (syeao LI aluum SLaib gal SS BG AUGN po gays Uk alas+, min from al ayna where Usib TanTaa Tanta (a town in Egypt) a 438 qariib near Exercise 2 The students at Suad’s class begin to talk about their nationalities. Listen to the recording, and work out where they all come from. Gelbe Ly ely da yeno Gl slaue sgalesl Gi abe Agtaud Gi stats wagon Ge LI QUI LI Guigs Aawizsi GI gle a Su’ad b Mike ¢ Kylie d Younis e Marie 2 {yoetasl alsii Ja hal tatakallam ingliizii? Do you speak English? Ona flight to Jordan, Julie, an English girl, gets talking to one of the other passengers. Listen to the first part of the conversation Several times, and answer the questions. Exercise 3 @ Which language does the passenger not speak?Ke) 56 ARABIC b Which language does he speak? Sal gal yo Bal Ge OSI casly ales! g4 Li gige gol Ui gles ge Ui Ust, sisSalesl pl Ja ge edd oe ASI (sales! lsc) Y as ao oS, 14S May Zap yall GralS35 GSI, eds ULL Y i> 43) (© san idhn-ik excuse me, by your leave (to a woman) \ ila! ingiltarra (with g as in garden) England (les :ammaan Amman . 34 orduni Jordanian @iSii tatakallam you speak (to a man) 33-4251 ingliizi English Suit @&4 méza l-asaf I’m sorry (lit: with the-sorrow) Y laa not alsii atakallam | speak 4238 faqaT only Exercise 4 Listen again, and find the Arabic for the following: a do you speak English? ba little Now listen to the second part of the dialogue.ants tatakallamiin you speak (to a woman) du aya! al-rarabiyyah Arabic, the Arabic language (more formal than :arabi) 4§ Us bi-Talaaqah fluently 41418 qaliilah a little, few (fem.) 4454 faqaT only Exercise 5 The passenger thinks Julie speaks good Arabic. Tre or false? @ 3 sellas La maa :Amal-ak? What do you do? During the flight the passenger asks Julie what she does. Listen to the recording or read the text a few times. Exercise 6 a What does Julie do at the moment? b Where does the passenger work? Sdllcls Sly Sealy ail doole SUSE LT lye oles ioub Gi ost $éllas La maa :amal-ik what do you do? (to a woman) Gs dala jaamizat landan University (of) London tule Tabiib doctor Exercise 7 Find the Arabic equivalent for: & What do you do? b Iam a doctor.58 ARABIC al-mulaaHaDHéat (Notes) =U4s Sil Talking about your occupation When you refer to a woman’s profession in Arabic, add -ah (8) to the masculine. Masculine Feminine carl Tabiib 4aaib Tabiibah doctor ob Taalib ab student Usydo mudérris 4s ).to teacher Uvsige muhdndis dustigo engineer og4e mudiir Syste manager sas, ra’fis Auth boss ode deme muHdmmad mudiir Mohammed is a manager dus y to (cli! Iiylaa mudérrisah Leila is a teacher A %3ye8 disse Yui! Js hal landan madiinah kabiirah? Is London a big city? The passenger asks Julie about London. Exercise 8 Listen to the recording and answer the questions. a Name one of the places Julie mentions in London. b Which institution does the passenger ask her about? Bye Use Gal Ja GSI BAS ByaS Galis dia Jin SyyS digs ga card loo olay p gums GHaslall Gal GSI, please Gaal Ge Lye sd Liyall Lay Bod gleeUNIT 3 59 Gi esas «dais matHaf, mataaHif museum 5 ys3S kathiirah many, much (fem.) Qe «ue jis, juséur bridge coda, «Jae maHall, maHallaat shop, sfore dasla jaamizah university dausg wasT middle G day Olas ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Asking someone’s nationality and replying Sigs call a-Anta miSrii? (masc.) Are you Egyptian? $44 puro cll a-dnti miSriyyah? (fem.) le | gus ui na suud4anii (masc.) I am Sudanese 4.3)4 yu Ls! dna suudaanfyyah (fem.) Asking whether people speak a language and replying Sipe GaalSas /alSas Ja Do you speak Arabic? hal tatakallam/tatakallamiin :4rabi? (to a man/woman) Soaks! esi atak4llam ingliizi I speak English yee asi Y laa atakdllam :4rabi I don’t speak Arabic 435UL, bi-Taldéagah fluently Jals galiil alittle Gglui ys as, yatakAllam faranséawi* he speaks French wee 33 tatakéllam :4rabi she speaks Arabic *A variant of fardnsi, usually used when referring to the language.60 ARABIC Asking someone’s occupation Sellac Ls maa :4mal-ak? What is your work? Garb LI dna Tabiib Tam a doctor. 44M!) G.S13 taraakfib al-highah (Structures) 1 Masculine and Feminine All words in Arabic are either masculine or feminine in gender, as in French and Spanish. Where we use the word it in English for objects, Arabic uses he or she depending on the gender of the object. aks wsdl al-maktab naDHiif the office is clean a.b3 54 hiwa naDHiif it is clean Sd deolall the university is far (away) al-j4ami:ah ba:fidah Say ea hiya ba:iidah it is far (away) 2 Feminine Endings There is no marker for masculine words, but most feminine words are marked by the ending 4 . This is pronounced as a weak h sound, and is always preceded by an a-vowel, which is not written. The ending has been transcribed as -ah in this book. Note f: A few Arabic words for female family members, for example al umm, mother, have no feminine gender marker, but are naturally dealt with as feminine. 3 Agreement Adjectives agree in gender, number and definiteness with the nounUNIT 3 61 they are describing. This applies to all three types of construction you have already met: indefinite phrases, definite phrases and is sentences. iL 4.s3= Hagiibah thaqiilah a heavy bag oul Olasall al-mayd4an al-kabfir the big square Zing 43,4! al-ghiirfah wasikhah =the room is dirty Unless otherwise stated, you can assume that the feminine of any word is formed by adding 4 as shown above. qivaas Gat py cal Wr Alan, 3)\| al-:arabiyyah lighah jamiilah Arabic is a beautiful language 4 Nationality adjectives To form a masculine adjective, add Cii) to the name of the country. To form a feminine adjective,add 4. (-fyyah): yes miSr Egypt ha pene [ig pens miSrii/miSriyyah Egyptian GJ lubndan Lebanon aby / slg lubn4anii/lubnaanfyyah Lebanese The final -ii of the masculine is technically -iyy, but this does not normally reflect in the pronunciation. Where the name of a country ends in -aa or -ah, this is omitted: U3lbes ys briiTaanya Britain Qtr / sles» briiT4anii/briiTaaniyyah British (Ss yoi amrfikaa America ES sal lise Bia amriikii/amriikiyyah American 4S. mékkah Mecca 4uSs / ge mékki/makkiyyah Meccan62 ARABIC Many Arabic place names have the word the (al-) in front of them, as in English Canada, but the United States. When this occurs, the Arabic al- is omitted from the nationality adjective. Gs ydall al-mdghrib Morocco 4a; ie / 24+ maghribii/ maghribiyyah Moroccan oy SIN al-kuwéyt Kuwait Asis 98/532 29S kuwaéytii/kuwaytiyyah Kuwaiti Note Some of these adjectives take slightly different forms from those given above, but these will be pointed out as we come to them. 5 More than one There are no particular rules for forming Arabic plurals, and they should be learned along with the singular, as they are given in the vocabulary. The word al- the does not change in the plural. 43 yall al-ghirfah the room 4 All al-gharaf the rooms Important note Arabic has a special formation for saying two of anything (see Unit 9). 6 Plurals of People and Objects. Plurals of objects and abstracts are regarded in Arabic as feminine singular. So all adjectives agree by using their feminine singular and the pronoun hiya she is used to refer to them. 41, 5b W3S kitub Tawiilah long books 445 gli L381! al-kitub aT-Tawiilah the long books 4t5b W351! al-kitub Tawiilah The books are long a gb «(#42 HiSn, HuSbun fort, fortress 1 cll ‘TH burj, abraaj tower gi (Seal! ye min al-mémkin an maybe (before a verb) eA nédhhab we go sau bard after @ 2 caS delul! Jai: yaqfil as-sda:ah kam? What time does it close? Hassan, Jim and Bridget arrive at the museum. They ask the attendant about opening hours. First look at the section on asking the time, then listen to the audio a few times. Exercise 3 a What times does the museum close for lunch? b When does it open again? c¢ What is the time now? d What does the attendant give them?uNiT4 71 Pasi dell aay Casall sail Cale me Re Ul aay Gals Ae aN (Lak, | Caeatiall Ayduce dell sas fay i sol Zell es ody stg Byte aclull Cue wai cby Gate Lime Gary Fea aWhcyaye sats pallial Uglenas :Usaiys, Cdacall Cl ghiise Su ne Exercise 4 Link the English phrases to the appropriate Arabic. alt closes. cia \ b It opens. stray Byiuc delull ¥ ¢ What’s the time? wdaitall ye RSS) gs laa ¥ It’s a quarter past ten. «Saas & @ Welcome, come in. Aglizrad Lin ye 0 fThis is a brochure of the museum. feS Zell 1a, 72 ARABIC Jaa: yaqfil he/it closes, shuts Og- Ug gua mas‘bul, -uun official Badal! Jig gua mas’dul al-matHaf attendant, official of the museum OL .dclu séa:ah, -aat hour, time, watch, clock SaS deli! as-saa:ah kam (at) what time? eis yGftaH he/it opens da1)) arba:ah four #46 DHuhr noon 44d! sa: bard aDH-DHuhr (in) the afternoon owl al-’aan now 6 ais :ashrah fen ey rub: quarter Q4y9 Sse sashrah wea-rub: quarter past ten Lisis sind-naa we have ols igi «cdg waqt, awgéat time gaiS kathiir much, many Lia ys mérHaban welcome |g1u83 tafaDDaluu come in, here you are (plural): used when inviting someone to come in, sit down, or when giving them something. The final alif is not pronounced. wats kutéyyib booklet, brochure (& tan concerning, aboutUNIT 4 73 3 Gaiali oiilga mawaaqfit al-matHaf Museum opening times eee, Exercise 5 Read the notice for the museum opening times, and answer the questions. a When are women particularly welcome? b Which day is the museum closed? € When does the museum close on Friday evening? d When does the museum usually open in the morning? © On which day does the museum not open in the morning? f How many days have the same opening times?74 ARABIC 4 ..aSs bi-kam...? How much does it cost? They go to the admission desk to buy tickets. Exercise 6 Listen to the recording and answer the questions. a How much does an adult ticket cost? b How much does a child ticket cost? c How much does Hassan have to pay? pSsle pdtudl os ep duull Sales Badal Ug gure Gallad Gye Sy 5 Saul ere pals JL, « pals Tay yA! datall Ug gue welled Gs aalys Tw SI SIG qu A Say lead’ Gyo Ladys pte A535 Gadall Up guso Staal 1 Laas AS oa Exercise 7 Link the English to the appropriate Arabic expressions. a How much is a ticket, please? pal [yd Stews (gL b Adults are six dirhams. caalys Zia SIG SG Y c Three six-dirham tickets, willie Cys please. Sladll Lyles Y d Here are the tickets. Galluad (yo aS 8 Sail tUNIT 4 75 Saal! Ag gua mas’éulat al-maétHaf museum official (female) Sls 39833 tadhkirah,tadhdéakir ticket as bi-ka@m how much (lit. for how much) OgL baalighoun adults dius sittah six pals cadyo dirham, darachim dirham (unit of currency) flab! «fab Tifl, aTfaal child 4396 thaléathah three uit 4u4Le5 thaméniyat :ashar eighteen (} dau) cl 2125 ta:biirdat ra’‘iisiyyah (Key phrases) Asking and telling the time SeS 4c Lu! as-sda:ah kam? What time is it? Bsa, dcLull as-séa:ah wiaHidah It’s one o’clock ey Was Cail Le Lull It’s quarter past/ as-sda:ah ithn4yn wa-rub:/illaa rub: quarter to two els YW/s 4396 Ze It’s twenty past/to three as-s4a:ah thaldathah wa/{llaa thulth Biaiy & pine dclull It’s half past ten 4s-séa:ah :4shrah wa-niSf Times of day Tfit is not clear from the context whether the hour referred to is am or pm, Arabic has a set of words to indicate periods of the day Which may be placed after stating the time:76 ARABIC eel aS-SibH morning, forenoon #4! aDH-DHubr around noon qall 2, ba:d aDH-DHéhr afternoon eos al-:4Sr late afternoon (about 4 pm) ¢lsell al-masia’ evening Jplll al-layl night cell dnd Aclull nine o’clock in the morning as-sda:ah tis:ah aS-SubH elicall dase deLiull as-séa:ah sab:ah al-masda’ Asking about opening times GS 4c Lull Jaa, / city yaftaH/yaqfil as-séa:ah kam Gaus deLull fads / ae yAftaH/yAqfil as-séa:ah sdb:ah The days of the week sal age yaw al-Had a3 p92 yawm al-ithnayn eG! age yawm ath-thalaathda’ elas sul uz yawm al-arbi:4a’ ones! eye yawm al-khamiis dasa ey yawm al-jim:ah cull» y2 yawm as-sabt seven o'clock at night What time does it openiclose? It opens/closes at seven o'clock Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday SaturdayUNIT 4 Sometimes the word yawm is omitted: 45-0) all al-ghad al-dHad More time-related words e gall al-yawm wall al-ghad el ams jaJ| 424 ba:d al-ghad Big! cul ams al-Awwal pla S596 Js qabl thal4athah ayy4am all Lag) ars ba:d arba:ah ayyéam Asking the price of something SeS) 8 Sail at-taddhkirah bi-kam? $pS. lia hdadhaa bi-kém? Palys dusods Mia hdadha bi-khamsah dardahim SUad!! ls aS; bi-kém tilka l-majallah? daly Ln a hiya bi-diindar wiaHid tomorrow is Sunday today tomorrow yesterday the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday three days ago in four days How much is a ticket? How much is this? This is five dirhams How much is that magazine? It is one dinar78 ARABIC aabll oS 3 taraakiib al-lighah (Structures) 1 Demonstratives The words this, that, etc. are called demonstratives. In English they behave in two ways. + As an adjective: This book is expensive. The word this describes which book we mean. As a pronoun: That was an excellent film. Here the word that represents a noun (the film). It will help you in the use of the Arabic demonstratives if you bear in mind that in Arabic they are always pronouns, and never adjectives. Arabic really says this (object, person) the-big (thing, one). Singular masc. cSadall 1a this museum haadhaa I-matHaf fem. das ANI 03a this map héadhihi I-khariifah mase. gual eis that street Ihdalika sh-shéari: fem. GSasall eli that town tilka |-madiinah Plural* JULY! ea these children haa’uléa’i |-aTfaal oll by all those girls uuléa‘ika |-banaat *There is no difference between masculine and feminine in the plural words for these and those.UNIT 4 AGREEMENT Demonstratives agree with their noun in gender: héadhaa I-maétHaf This(thing) the-museum hdéadhihi l-madfinah This(thing) the-town ADJECTIVES dail! fia This museum (masc) ssall oda This town (fem) Adjectives come after their nouns in the usual way. haéadha I-maktab al-jadiid This(thing) the-office the-new(one) haadhihi |-jariidah t-tuunisiyyah This(thing) the-newspaper the-Tunisian(one) agdall GaSe Lia This new office Kaui gill Basal ola This Tunisian newspaper DEMONSTRATIVE SENTENCES WITH INDEFINITES haadhaa kitéab this(thing) [is] book haadhihi sayydarah this (thing) [is] car dhdalika q4lam jadiid that(thing) [is] pen new(one) tilka jariidah yawmfyyah laS Nua This is a book Bylaw oda This is a car sate als alls That is a new pen daage tye AB that (thing) [is] newspaper daily(one) That is a daily newspaper DEMONSTRATIVE SENTENCES WITH DEFINITES The pronoun agreeing with the subject noun is always put between the demonstrative and the rest of the sentence. This is necessary, asARABIC otherwise we would get a definite phrase (see Unit 1). héadhaa sh-shdari: e: jladI fia this the-street This street héadhaa hiwa sh-shaari: golill ya Iba this(thing) he [is] the-street This is the street tilka hiya I-bint oil oa als that(person) she [is] the-girl That's the girl The same procedure is often followed with names of people or places. h4adhaa héwa muHémmad dane 5A 1a This(person) he Muhammad This is Muhammad These/those with people: haa’ulda’i |-awldad sgl Va These boys uul4a’ika |-bandat lilt ded ‘gl Those girls Remember that since plurals of inanimate objects are regarded in Arabic as being feminine singular, the demonstrative used is feminine singular and the pronoun used for they is actually she. tilka hiya L-kitub al-:arabiyyah = 44a!) G35 5a ells These(things) they [are] These are the Arabic books the-books the-Arabic Spelling and pronunciation a) Note that haadhaa, haadhfhi and dhdalika are spelled with the dagger alif for the first long a (see page 21). This is usually omitted in print, but a normal alif cannot be used.UNIT 4 81 pb) Although spelled long, the final vowel of hdadhaa is usually pronounced short. c) When these words — or any word ending in a vowel — come before al-, the, the a of the latter is omitted iaiel| lia héadhaa I-matHaf Basil us yall ull5 tilka I-médrasah |-kabfirah d) When dhdalika comes at the end of a sentence, its final a is usually omitted. 2 Telling the time The way of telling the time in Standard Arabic is complicated, and used only in the most formal situations. For this reason, the following section is given in the more common colloquial (transliterated) form, without Arabic script, except for the main terms. as-sda:ah waaHidah It’s one o'clock as-sda:ah ithndyn wa rib: the hour is two plus a quarter as-sda:ah thaldathah illa thulth the hour is three less a third of an hour, 20 minutes S-sda:ah iHdé:shar wa niSf the hour is eleven and a half Note that: a) one o’clock, and in some dialects two o’clock, use the feminine form of the numeral (wdéaHidah, ithndyn/thintayn) b) three o'clock to ten o'clock inclusive use the independent form ending in -ah.82 ARABIC c) for eleven and twelve o’clock there is only one possible form. d) niSf, half, is normally pronounced nuss e) For the English past, Arabic uses wa 9, and as-sha:ah iHdé:shar wa-rub: quarter past eleven f) For the English to, Arabic uses illa YL, except for, less as-séa:ah thaldathah flla rab: quarter to three as-saa:ah sittah as-saa:ah waaHidan as-saa:ah arba:ah wa khams wa nuSS ita thitth Twenty-five past and twenty-five 10 the hour are expressed in ‘Arabic as ‘the hour plus a half less five’ and ‘the hour plus a half plus five’ respectively: as-séatah khAmsah wa-niSf flla khamsah twenty five past five as-sda:ah khamsah wa-niSf wa khamsah twenty five to six More formally (and less commonly) all times can be stated using the preceding hour plus the number of minutes: as-sdatah :4sharah wa khamsah wa-arba:iin daqfiqah 10:45 44:34 dagfigah minute This is the method used by speaking clocks and other automats, and also sometimes on official radio and television announcements. These, however, use the literary Arabic forms. of the numbers, which differ significantly. 3 Saying ata particular time Arabic requires no additional word, so as-saatah khamsah can mean (it is) five o’clock or at five o’ clock.UNIT 4 83 4 Numbers 11-20 The numbers are given here in the colloquial form as they were in Unit 2. 6 11 iHda:shar 16 sitta:shar (@ | 12 ithna:shar 17 sab:até:shar 13 thalaathta:shar 18 thamanta:shar 14 arba:ata:shar 19 tis:ata:shar 15 khamasta:shar 20 :ishriin Note the common element (equivalent to English -teen) a:shar, which is a slightly altered form of the written :dshar. Agreement with nouns a) In written Arabic, the numbers must agree with their nouns in gender. b) With the numbers 11-99 inclusive, the noun is in the accusative singular. This is shown on most nouns without an -ah ending by the alif accusative marker, and pronounced -an in formal speech (see Script and Pronunciation). LAGS yiuc day I arbazata:shar kitéaban 14 books, but 88.5 pie Lod khamasté:shar tédhkirah 15 tickets ¢)In Arabic the noun is plural only after the numerals 3-10 inclusive. © 94) Lise khdmsah buytut five houses 5 Asking the price of something Here Arabic uses the preposition bi-: Se: lia hdadhaa bi-kém? How much is this?34 ARABIC ails dads \aa This is five dirhams hdadha bi-kh4msah daréahim GaLaall AIG aS How much is that bi-kém tilka |-majallah? magazine? daly ps fe It is one dinar hiya bi-diindar wiaHid caLalSdl (I'jgi awzdan al-kalimaat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike maC'CaC? = maktab wike madman office, desk This shape usually represents a place where the action of the root takes place. The root k-t-b refers to writing, so maktab means a desk or an office, i.e. a place where you write. Sometimes this pattern adds a feminine ending -ah. Thus, from the root der-s to do with studying we have médrasah iw bo, meaning a place of study, i.e. a school. Occasionally the two forms exist side by side: Wik. maktab office 4.3%. méktabah library, bookshop Other examples: J&oo madkhal entrance toe makhraj exitUNIT 4 85 Sais métHaf museum ols mal:ab playing field Cou masraH theatre reed masbaH swimming pool ps4 maéqbarah cemetery Entrance | Ses ols 3 tamriinaat (Practice) Exercise 8 Listen to the times of day on the recording or read the transcript, and look at the times below. Decide in each case what the correct time is. a as-sda:ah waaHidah wa-niSf b as-s4a:ah s4b:ah {lla khamsah c as-séa:ah :dsharah wa-rub: d as-sda:ah khamsah € as-sda:ah tis:ah aS-SubH a 1:15, 1:20 or 1:30? b 6:25, 6:35 or 6:55? € 10:15, 10:30 or 10:45? d 4:55, 5:00 or 5:05? € 9:00am or 9:00pm?86 ARABIC L¢) Exercise 9 Ask what time it is, and say the time shown on the clock. Listen to the recording or read the transcript to see if you are right. Example: as-séa:ah kam? What time is it? as-s4a:ah thamdanyah It is eight o’ clock Exercise 10 Do you remember the days of the week? See if you can fill in the gaps in these sentences in Arabic. Exercise 11 Your Arabic-speaking friend is showing you some photographs of his home and family which you visited last year. Choose the correct demonstrative.UNIT 4 87 sdysoll call ya aca /Iie ) Aijsall 3 Land! 5a ola /lia SYM pa HS eb YI ¥ Aabls pa oia/lia t laa! aa dls /eb Yi allo Colyill (pa ell fel a glauii 3 youu shéjarah, ashjaar free @ilem ddss— Hadiiqah, Hadaa’iq garden, park Olas gle jaar, jiiraan neighbour 3198 «4,14 qaarib, qawaarib (small) boat gles a4 baHr, biHaar sea, large river | Exercise 12 | Write out the following dates in English in numerical fashion, e.g. 10/6/1989 (day/month/year). Watch the direction of writing! VAov\VY\"- 4 VAWA\NN\IA-¥ RR a a eor VAGs\Y\YA— € VAY WE\VVY — 088 ARABIC Exercise 13 You want to buy tickets for a performance at the National Theatre in Kuwait. Fill in your side of the dialogue, guided by the translation below. gill cline Gils pals Lak 58a! als Poeerces Milas Wests: Asi ils Fe Lull {oss Aaa punally das Zclull aa Wi heady Laue 1 Say good evening 2. Ask how much a ticket costs 3 Ask for four tickets 4 Offer the ticket clerk your money 5 Ask the ticket clerk when the theatre opens 6 Say thank you RS) Kal) alice alie méblagh, mabéaligh sum of money ol Asa pus masraHiyyah, -aot play (theatrical) {gis tabtadi’ she/it beginsUNIT 4 89 Now answer the following questions. a How much does a ticket cost? b When does the theatre open? ¢ When does the play begin? Exercise 14 Write out the following times in transliteration, and practise saying them out loud. a \:"o bA:\* c4:¥o av:** eV:£0 mo:¥'s g\:\o h\Y¥:00 aV:¥° myc:°0bayt-naa bayt-kum Our house is your house In this unit you will learn: = how to talk about your family = how to say who things belong to ® how to describe them = the numbers 21-100 1 ee 95 gh O88 hdadhihi hiya zawijat-ii This is my wife Hamed has invited his English friend Tom to his flat in Cairo for dinner. The whole family is there, so Tom has the chance to meet them all. Exercise 1 Listen to the dialogue, and answer the following questions. a Who does Hamed introduce to Tom first? b How old is Tamiim? ¢ How old is their daughter? d Are Tom’s children older or younger than Hamed’s? lagi Ja sale wwole L IS as Sal Cpe cag Nba egal «pole glad A oda gala gellla BS (calu Ly padi cline agi cesil cla aS y Dlgery Sal all saad! ade ptUNIT 5 91 tell dyas oda Al! saa! as eps Gil Nay Sully olay gully Mia agile LSE yak ME eaas Saye AS east oy oe dis VN La pre 54559 Litayy Ai 10 9 pac tls Sesh ly payee pS cch dsl sale Lixin, colyin O ayes Lib lie LY) agi wolgias ¥ La yee Exercise 2 Find the Arabic for: a This is my father. b Please sit down. ¢ This is our son. d How old are your children? e Our daughter is three years old. 43.93 zawiah wile ee. .9) Zawjat-ii my wife (see below for possessive pronouns) €L! a-ki for you (to a woman) (4.285 tafaDDal come in (to a man) Sgung Stal ahlan wa-sahlan welcome! Lilaa .4sa2 hadiyyah, hadaayaa present, gift alg waalid father $all9 waalidah mother eLsl «Qa! ibn, abnaéa' son Qulal ijlis sit down! (to a man) Oyas aS kam :omr-uh how old is he?92 ARABIC Olgiuw dius sanah, sanawéat year lis «4s bint, bandat girl, daughter ylane Sighéar young, small (plural) 4u34G5 Glagiae ma:luumaat thaqaafiyyah (Cultural tips) Within the framework of the Islamic way of life, customs vary widely in the Arab world. For example, in the more conservative areas, a man visiting a family will never see any of the women, and should not even ask about them. However, in more liberal countries, he can behave much as he would in a European country. It ig best to err on the safe side until you are sure of your ground, taking your cue from your hosts. In very traditional areas, if a man is invited with his wife, she may be taken to the women’s quarters on arrival and be entertained and fed with the women, while her husband stays with the men. She will be reunited with her husband when they are leaving. dust, colyss05 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Introducing people a3 |i hdadha Tom This is Tom (for a man) ctl (play) upd ode This is my wife, Salma héadhihi hfya z4wjat-ii, salma (for a woman) Asking people how they are and saying how you are cla Vas kéyfa Héal-ak How are you? (to a man), kayfa Haal-ik (to a woman) Note: Arabic spelling is the same.UNIT 5 93 aU sont dy Gi I'm well, praise be to God Ana bi-khayr, al-Hamdu li-Laah Welcoming people to your home juaai tafaDDal Come in vulal ijlis Sit down Mg s ual Shlan wa-séhlan Welcome @ Asking and saying how old someone is So pac as eo How old is Tamim? tamiim kam :umr-uh (lit. how much his-life) colgia A» sc cumr-uh 8 sanawdat He is eight years old Members of the family oi / lly waalid/ab* father el / Sully wéalidah/umm mother Cy! ibn son os bint girl, daughter ay sh awléad boys, children zi akh* brother ol al few ukht, akhawdat sister Ess zawj husband 4,55 zdwijah wife Jia jf ee :4mim/khaal uncle Note: Arabic distinguishes here. :4mm is your father's brother, kh4al is your mother's brother. Us / &sc :4mmah/khdalah aunt (see note above)Ss 94 ARABIC da jadd grandfather Ssm jaddah grandmother Jl /ee Ge! ibm :amm/khaal (male) cousin (father’s/mother’s side) Jls/ ps oy bint :amm/khaal (female) cousin * The words akh, brother, and ab, father, are irregular nouns (see Unit 18 for details). All you need to know now is that they take a long vowel (usually uu) before most of the possessive pronouns given later in this lesson. For father you can also use the regular waalid, but for brother there is no alternative. Numbers 21-100 Exercise 3 Listen to the recording and repeat each number as you hear it, and fill in the blanks with the missing numbers. 44/t¢ sishriin 20/1 + 50/0. waaHid wo-:ishriin 21/*\ ithnéyn wa-:ishriin 22/1 ¥ khamsii wa-khamsiin waaHid 51/0 . 57/eN hriin 23/¥" sittiin 60/4. hriin 24/¥¢ thalaathah we-sittiin 63/4* hriin 25/*6) Peer 68/54 hriin 26/5) sab:iin 70/V+ sab:ah wa-:ishriin 27/*V) cases, 76/4 thaméaniyah wa-ishriin 28/%/ thamaaniin 80//. tis:ah wa-:ishriin 29/4 . B5/Ae thalaathiin 30/*: 90/4. waaHid wo-thalaathiin 31/*' - 99/44 miiyah 100/'++UNIT 5 95 Tens with units Units are placed before the tens: ¥¥/23 thaldathah wa-:ishriin three and-twenty 40/65 khamsah wa-sittfin five and-sixty Pronunciation The tens have a slightly different written form ending in -uun Oe in some contexts, but they are universally pronounced with the -iin ending in everyday speech. They are easy to remember, as, with the exception of twenty, they closely resemble the equivalent unit numbers, with the addition of -iin. abil oS! |>3 taraakiib al-lighah (Structures) Possessive pronouns Possessives describe who or what something belongs to. English expresses this in several ways: This is my shirt. This shirt is mine. This shirt belongs to me. There are several points to note in Arabic: a) Written Arabic has only one way to express the possessive, using the equivalents of English my, your, his, etc. We call these words possessive pronouns. There is no equivalent in Arabic of the English mine, yours, etc. In Arabic these pronouns are suffixes, which are joined on to the object which is possessed: their house becomes in Arabic agin bayt-hum house-their; this is my car becomes Ss jaw oa héadhihi sayydarat-i this(-one) [is] car(-my) (see below for spelling) b) Arabic distinguishes, in the case of his and her, your and their (but not my or our), whether the owner of the thing is a male or96 ARABIC. female. In the following list (and throughout this book) some of these possessive pronouns are given in a slightly simplified form, much as they are used in spoken Arabic. c) Since they are suffixes, the Arabic script versions of these pronouns have been given here as if they were joined to a word ending in a joining letter. Singular Plural fd -ii my (LX -na(a) our &L -ak your (masc.) a -kum your (masc.) éL -ik your (fem.) (s& kanna your (fem.) 4 -uh his eq “hum their (masc.) Lg hata) her Cx “honna their (fem) Pronunciation 1 -haa and -naa are generally pronounced short, although written with long vowels. 2 There are the following changes in pronunciation that are not reflected in the Arabic script: After words ending in long vowels or -ay: * -ii, my, becomes -ya. (slay yadéa-ya my hands (yadaa hands) + «ak and -uh lose their vowels: shas lay yadda-k, yadda-h « -ik becomes -ki May yadda-ki When preceded by i, ii or ay: » -hum and -hunna change to -him and -hinna: atple mabaanii-him their buildingsUNIT 5. 97 The hidden t You will remember that 4_ is the most common feminine ending in Arabic and is written with a hybrid letter, a cross between h and t. In possessives where the feminine word is the possessed or owned object, the 4 h changes into an ordinary +L t. Ssgastl § Lal -the-car the new-one as-sayydarah I-jadiidah the new car Boguall 45 lw car-his the new-one sayydarat-uh al-jadiidah his new car Definites All Arabic possessives are regarded as definite, and follow the agreement rules for definites. This is because if you say my book, you are referring to one specific book. a-hdadha bayt-ak? Calin ial [?]This(thing) house-your? Is this your house? né:am, héadha bayt-i. Yes, this(thing) house-my “ih Va «aad Yes, this is my house 9 a-haadhihi sayyaarat- a haa? LyS Law dal ae) [2]This(thing) car-her? WV Is this her car? laa, léysat haadhihi sayyaarat-haa. 143 law oda cul Y No, is-not this(thing) car-her No, this is not her car98 ARABIC [ene laysat is not (fem.) Loli oly! awzaan al-kalimaat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike C'uC?GuC?) —s buywut 9 Toulouse houses This shape usually represents one of two things: a) The plural of simple nouns whose singular shape is C'vC°C’. b-y-t singular bayt house - plural buydut houses agli / uals fils/fulius piastre, small unit of currency gets | ate sha:b/shu:tub people, folk b) Nouns expressing the action of a verb — usually formed in English by adding the ending -ing (e.g. do > doing, think > thinking). In English we call this a verbal noun. Uys dukhdul from d-kh-l enter, meaning entering, entrance Ta khurduj from kh-r-j exiting, leaving; the act of going out Note that as is the case with many shapes, CuCuuC cannot be formed from every noun or verb root. The benefit of learning the shapes is in recognition, not formation. However, any noun which you come across in this form will be either a plural or a verbal noun. oléy ei tamriindat (Practice) Exercise 4 Put the following numbers into numerical order: WV YN OA AN YE AA EY OM YA VEUNIT 5S 99 @ Exercise 5 You are planning a camping trip with some Arab friends and see the following advertisement in an Arabic paper. You want to tell your friends about it. Read aloud the prices of the items below several times. Then listen to the recording to check that you were correct. le aay EVE Exercise 6 You have invited an Arab friend and her husband for dinner. Match the English phrases with the appropriate Arabic ones. a Please come in. “s3D 4 laa —' b This is my husband. gus y Sui -¥ c How are you? (to a man) tela Us -¥ d This is a present for you. (to a woman) uc -t € Sit down. -gulal —0 £ Welcome. Al) Qa oda 1100 ARABIC Exercise 7 Fill in the gaps with a possessive, using the correct suffix endings, The first one has been done for you. 1 Your shirt is dirty! 2 My mother is Italian. 3 My pyramid is the big one. 4 This is my sister Miriam. 5 This car is not mine. 6 Is this his new office? 7 Their grandfather is from Tunis. 8 Where are our suitcases? & eres -44s4— Hagiibah, Haqao’ib bag, suitcase || ] | \ | | | | | | a ko man who? UNIT 5 101 Exercise 8 Study the family tree below, then answer the questions in Arabic. Pp agi eed ilmagine that you are Salma, and answer the questions. Example: ¢/y4] (0 man akhtu-ki Who is your brother? Answer. sal sl 4kh-ii 4Himad My brother is Ahmed. a Who is your husband?; b Who is your mother?; ¢ Who are your children? ii What relation are the following people to Ahmed? Example: 8 »sow samiirah Answer: 43m 9 i hiya zawjat-uh She is his wife. a Bassam; b Fatima; c Suleiman; d Salma fii Answer the following questions in Arabic. a What relation is Fatimah to Fahad?; b What relation is Khalid to Bassam?; ¢ What relation is Suleiman to Bassam, Noor and Fatima?& Adasall bawg Ql Ayna wasaT al-madiinah? Where is the town centre? In this unit you will learn: @ to give simple directions = about more places in town and their location = to say what belongs to whom 1 dad (yo dissall Lug Gy dyna wasaT al-madiinah, min faDl-ak Where is the town centre, please? Andy Fraser, a Scot working in Jordan, has to go to a small town near Amman to visit a client. He stops a passer-by to ask directions. Exercise 1 Listen to the recording once, then answer these questions. a What does Andy say to get the man’s attention? b Is the first thing Andy has to look out for: i a mosque? ii traffic lights? iii King Hussein Street? ¢ In which direction should he turn at the traffic lights? Listen to the recording again. d How far should he go along the street? e What is the office next to? f Is the car park: i on the left? ii on the right? iii behind the office?UNIT 6 103. Now read the dialogue. $Aigsall Lewy Gab ELI! Ge gga S058 Gal ll sb le Jauil Las yd ot cba Tedyad La cy yaall cle GaSe ll asl gail agua HSI palettes Lia ga pad SG) glk ea jel aed Jeol ple Gall ae lll p LE Mia 2 LEY! aie Jl il ie Vee lle Ug pala Lips atl ccoapiall Laas Giles caaall ple Ay yeall cle ise Jay! 1a Leis pel Sol yLauall Gigs dia La cl Shi pad gail Ag yrall (ple UiSe elyy clpLaull pasS Cage tlie cand Ja yl je Se goal Wyde Jarl Exercise 2 Link the English phrases with the equivalent Arabic expressions: a Excuse me asls ui b straight ahead yb (le ¥ c let me think Jus ay d turn left Seulplaull dag. lia Ja & € on the right Osi yk ° f 1 understand Caasll cle 1 8 Is there a car park there? bl Gc VA331 (6 an idhn-ak excuse me (lit. by your leave) dawg wésaT centre (of town, etc.) Ose 44330 madiinah, médun fown, city Slay Jay raiul, rijaal man Jgb (gle sala Twul straight ahead eA35 tadh-hab you go (to a man) wail adh-hab | go ilSe «ihe méktab, makéatib office 4425 ta:raf-uh you (masc.) know it/him 4a ci @:raf-uh | know it/him Sai (iS kchalli-nil ufdlekir let me think ele eala jaami:, jawéami: main mosque 8) liff turn! Jlad shaméal left sis tind of ole .3 La] ishéarah, -act (traffic) signal Agta «lla malik, muléuk king Ast idh-hab go! (to a man) le Hawaalii approximately, about glial 520 mitr, amtaar metre pala fachim understanding Gas yamiin right (hand) Vilas bi-jaanib next fo, beside ol laa maHaTtah, -aat sfation GaAs banziin petrolUNIT 6 105 ala améam in front of olen Lada siinamaa, siinamaéat cinema A Sil ashkér-ak thank you (lit. | thank you: to a man) Bilge «S890 mawgif, mawdagif stopping, parking place #\)9 waraa’ behind a5> (84 shokran jaziilan thank you very much; many thanks \gas :@fwan you're welcome (@ 2 dajsall |, fi Iemadiinah In the town Look at the town map and read through the names of all the places.106 ARABIC i?) Now listen to the recording to hear how they are pronounced. 1 Gad! Gg suuq adh-dhahab gold market 2 aske maTiam restaurant 3 guia finduq hotel 4 gull! dase maHatTat al-baaS bus station 5 gal al-khoor the creek 6 lawl! gu suuq as-samak fish market 7 die pis! jSy0 markaz ash-shérTah police station 8 48 Lit! clay bank as-shaarqah Bank of Sharjah 9 (gadiiue mustashfaa hospital 10 asoill Queall al-HiSn al-qadiim the old fort 11 483s Hadiigah park, garden 12 pur jisr bridge 13 4ysLu)) al-baladiyyah town hall 14 Glaze maydaan square 15 ee ja@ami: mosque 16 oles tw burj al-ittiSalaat communications tower 17 SS jLe yi gust suubarmaarkit supermarket 18 sa yi) iSe maktab al-bariid post office 19 dulsuo Saydaliyyah chemist 20 gui! 58946 mérkaz at-tasawwugq shopping centre 21 (isis 9S! al-koorniish the Corniche at Ge Exercise 3 N ‘ow listen to the recording while you read the text on page 107, and decide which places are being asked for.UNIT 6 107 Gell dass lb sets arbes Cas fury Sil cle a SY Leas Yl cys ales cglsuall (7d Gaaall ile b SAS yay pull Gas gall Ge oad c Gye Gal Glsreay oS Loja gull Gard colt gg poll! we Jlem ¢ Le (3 pb Qle Gail e sus say Jota! sidchiaall oly «Jungd clLall pL (3 Q) tius5, | 1125 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Asking and giving simple directions $guaall Ql yma L-finduq Where is the hotel? Gass CA liff yamfin Turn right Usb cle asl idh-hab :4la Tuul Go straight ahead Osea! le sdla l-yamfin On the right Jo spall ike giles Beside, next to the post bi-j4anib maktab al-bariid office geld! dha. ei Opposite, in front of the amdama maHaTTat al-baaS bus station Lisl oly warda’ al-bank Behind the bank Cpl Uae y Satsueall Gas Between the chemist bayna aS-Saydaliyyah and the petrol station Wa-maHaTTat al-banziin Juul! say bard al-jisr After the bridge108 ARABIC alll GsS!3 taraakiib al-léghah (Structures) Possessives with two nouns Possessive constructions have two elements: the possessor or owner, and the thing possessed, or property. In ‘the doctor’s car’ the doctor is the owner and the car is the property. Owner (of) Property The doctor's car The most usual way to say this in English is by the use of an apostrophe s: 's, as above, in which case the order is owner before property. However, sometimes we use the word of and reverse the order: Property (of) Owner The title of the book The Dogs of War Arabic is similar to the above, except that: a) no word for of is used b) The first possessed noun (title, Dogs) never has the definite article al-. So the normal form in Arabic looks like this: noun without al- followed by noun with al- imaktab al-mudiir office (of) the manager [the possessed object) {the owner/possessor) *gl-maktab al-mudiir does not make sense to an Arab. c) If the first (possessed) noun has the feminine ending 4_ this is pronounced -t but — unlike with the possessive pronouns in Unit 5 — does not change its form when written. This is because it is still at the end of a word.UNIT 6 109 Jone Slaw sayydarat muHimmad Mohammed's car Saydaliyyat sarah | Sarah’s pharmacy d) With the exception of the demonstratives this , that, etc, no word may be inserted between the two nouns, so any additional words such as adjectives have to come at the end. (see also below). Pseudo possessives Possessives are frequently used in Arabic to associate two concepts which in English would be expressed in another way. markaz ash-sharTah abs pial 3S yo centre (of) the-police The police station maHAaTTat al-baaS velll dbo. station (of) the-bus The bus station Proper names You will remember that all proper names are regarded as definite, whether or not they begin with the definite article al-, the such as 3,ali| al-qaahirah, Cairo. In ~ either case they refer to a specific person or place, and are therefore definite. bi cus bayt 4Hmad Ahmed's house BS alall daola University of Cairo; jaéami:at al-q4ahirah Cairo Universityno ARABIC Simple sentences The formula definite + indefinite gives a simple sentence in Arabic (see Unit 2) implying the word is/are in English. Since nearly all possessive constructions are by nature definite (see above), you can use them in the same way. The last part of the sentence can be a simple adjective (e.g. Muhammad's house is big), but can also be a phrase with a preposition (using words such as in, under, on, etc.), telling you where something is located. jéami:at al-qdahirah kabfirah BoasS § alll dole university (of)(the) Cairo (is) big Cairo University is big bayt muH4mmad garfib yd deme oy house (of) muHammad (is) near Muhammad's house is near bayt muHammad fii wasaT Aaasall bury e dame Sy al-madfinah house (of) muHammad (is) Muhammaa’s house is in in (the) centre (of) the-town the centre of town Word order and adjectives Because nothing except the demonstratives can come between the two parts of a possessive, any other words introduced into the sentence must be placed elsewhere. If any adjectives are applied to either of the terms in a possessive construction, these must come at the end. The possessive construction can never be split up. If both possessive terms are of the same gender, it will strike you that these adjectives placed at the end of the phrase might describe either of the possessive terms. However, the context usually makes everything clear. wazfir ad-daakhilfyyah al-jadfid ssa dtalull ja55 minister (of) the-interior the-new The new minister of the interiorUNIT 6 WwW wiz4arat al-zadl al-jadfidah Ssysall Jarl E155 ministry (of) the-justice the-new The new ministry of justice kiitub al-ustéadh al-jadiidah Bsgsall Sew! 3S books (of) the-professor the-new The professor’s new books Note Ministries, embassies and government departments usually have the possessive construction, with the hidden -t. é hys wizdarah, ministry is derived from 2°) waziir, minister, and is the origin of the English word vizier: Salut db Ministry of Tourism wizaarat as-siyaaHah Glazall Go 45 palaall Bldg the Ministry of Education wizdarat at-ta:liim qariibah is near the square min al-maydaéan vgoall 5l4 déa’irat al-murdur — Traffic department An alternative is to place the nationality adjective after the noun, in which case there is no hidden -t: é yy Las siféarah, embassy comes from y14w saftir, ambassador (which is derived in turn from s4far travel, the origin of the word Safari): Ailes 1 3 Lau the British embassy as-sifaarah al-briiTaaniyyah 4s po YB Lau the American embassy as-sifdarah al-amriikiyyah Demonstratives with possessives Demonstratives (this, that, those, etc.) are the only words which112 ARABIC can go between the two terms of a possessive: a) If the this-word applies to the second (possessor) word, it goes between, usually taking the form: noun without al- + this + noun with al- qalam hdadhaa t-tilmfidh Jolt loa als pen (of) this(person) the-pupil this pupil’s pen b) If the zhis word applies to the first (possessed) word, it comes at the end: noun without al- + noun with al- + this sayyéarat al-mudiir haadhihi oa jasall 8 panes car (of) the-manager this (one) This car of the manager's In both cases, the demonstrative must agree in gender with the word to which it applies. Lats) Lyi awzdan al-kalimdat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike CiCaaCah wizaarah & 5I5.5 banana ministry (See also note above.) This type of noun is always derived from a word of the CaCiiC shape (see Unit 1), but which refers to a man. Its meaning is the place where he operates. Thus, as we have seen above, a 939 waziir, minister operates from a &)l3.9 wizéarah, ministry, and a sku saffir, ambassador from a 3a. sifdarah, embassy. In the Gulf, the Emirates (imaardat, plural of Lol imdéarah) arg so named because they were each originally ruled by an uel amiir, emir/prince. The shape is also used for some nouns derived from verbs, e.g. 4,US kitdabah, writing and Sel,5 qirda’ah, reading.UNIT 6 13 lis a3 tamriinadat (Practice) Exercise 4 Fit the two words together to make places found around an Arab city. wea & = Ask where the following places are. Check your answers with the recording or the transcript. a the town hall b the police station ¢ al-Bustan shopping centre d King Faisal Street e Shehrazade restaurant i Gy \ FY BOF Exercise 6 Now look at the town map on page 105 and imagine that you are walking down the street and someone asks you the way. Give directions to the places in Exercise 5, using the Key Phrases on page 106 to help you. Possible answers are given on the recording or transcript.114 ARABIC Exercise 7 Combine a noun from each column, to form a possessive construction. Example: boy — bicycle alll Uae sajalat al-walad — the boy's bicycle Ke) a [ou Alas :éjalah, -aat bicycle a bank — manager b town — centre ¢ country — capital d company — office e Rashid — sister f Italy — embassy Be) auclge dale 6aSimah, :awaaSim® capital (political) ol. .AS put sharikah, -aat company (commercial) diol / JG «aly balad, bilaad/buldéan country, state Exercise 8 Now make is/are sentences from the words below, making sure that the adjectives agree. Example: watch — Faisal—new .8433> urd de Lis (Faisal’s watch is new.) 1 streets — Abu Dhabi — wide 2 University — Cairo — big 3 gardens — palace — beautiful 4 rooms — apartment — spacious 5 cuisine — Morocco — delicious 6 shops — market — smallUNIT 6 115 Yaa, sariiD wide 29404 «ad qaSr, quSour palace $,£ da, ghirfah, ghoraf room id 4a shaqqah, shigaq flat, apartment Quslg waasis roomy, spacious fetule Tabiikh cooking, cuisine 334J ladhiidh delicious, tasty GaStSs .(lSs dukkaan, dakaakiin small shop, stall Exercise 9 Saalim’s mother is trying to tidy up the boys’ bedroom and she asks Saalim what belongs to him and what to his brother Tamim. Complete the sentences using the correct possessive construction. Example: i ee one’ Ma Y Geleoud ILal Is this your shirt? No, it’s Tamim’s shirt.ARABIC. 116 Naa pa Sebol5— Wala eaacs Seloly> saalb wo AS «pad Sellyaie dle woah pad $e UBS eal d Waa oY Sebi gllais laale7 Scstad Nabe maadhaa fa:alt? What did you do? In this unit you will learn: ® how to talk about things which happened in the past = about means of transport = about Arabic verbs ®@ how to say me, him, them, etc. 1 aga i! akhii fahd My brother Fahd Samira, a Kuwaiti girl, writes to a friend to tell her about her brother who was working abroad. Exercise 1 Listen to the recording while you read the letter, and say whether the following are true or false: a Her brother went to Amman in May. b He wrote to Samira every week. ¢ He returned to Kuwait in September. ig BS Se (63 ae y Gu yhe ps (gt Glee (dll ale cl eae gamed IS Ula, I LSS poe ube (Sun du pV Exercise 2 Link the English phrases with the equivalent Arabic: a He worked in the office. sgt dic (Sw! b He stayed with my uncle. a gael JS GLa, aS Lad ¥ € We wrote him a letter every week. siSall iP ac ¥118 ARABIC a, gil séafore travel ql /o94% fut shahr, shuhour/ash-hur month yayle maars March Jas zamila work, do Su sakana reside, live Jala, dla, risaalah, raséa’il letter, message JS kull every, each @2p Féiaza return, come/go back pieiuu sabtambar September* *A full list of the Christian and Islamic months is given in Unit 11. @ 2 Sgual Glad Ile méadhaa fa:4lt ams? What did you do yesterday? Zaki, a student at the college in Cairo, asks Sonya, an English friend, what she did the day before. Exercise 3 Listen to the conversation, and answer the questions. a How did Sonya go to Ahmed’s house? b Who lives with Ahmed and his wife? c Do they live in: i Zamalek? ii Maadi? iii Helwan? Listen to the recording again. d Did they eat: i breakfast? ii lunch? iii dinner? e Who cooked the meal? f Did they have: i Arabic coffee? ii Turkish coffee? iii American coffee? g Did Sonya get home: i by taxi? ii by bus? iii by car?UNIT 7. 19 Syme lad las gS) saad cas ll cones Qual Seige fdlia Menai aS 5) ULM ob GgiSny Ailtles ga puSLIL cas deigus Sailad lle 53 aay laid Gully cdib sttyaly Gully olla abLE darqus Aagye Bog d Lays oll fetiacl lay — 4S) Bag (ge aad Aaigus Syn cra, de SS AS haw i coal I giles taal puSLIL crass Y Teigan Link the English phrases with the Arabic equivalents. a yesterday Sdlia Mois aS 1 b How did you go there? Setirael Ja cI went by taxi scogall (MI cilia sy F d Did you like it? uel £ e He gave me a lift home Sly aad 0 Jad fazala to do yuai ams yesterday was dhahab fo go ol .diile :da%ilah, -aat family giSuss yaskundun they live, reside, stay120 Juli qaabala fo meet, encounter fete Tabakha fo cook else ghadéa’ lunch pi shariba to drink 39¢8 qahwah coffee ARABIC Sisaci Ja hal a:jabat-ik did you (fem.) like it (fem.)? Ls maa not deg wGSSala fo transport, take, give a lift G) dausty olysy25 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Talking about how you travelled He travelled to Jeddah... by car by plane by bus/coach by train by taxi by ship Further expressions of time I met him... last night last week/month last year Bae dl] pilus Bylot a sli velit vib eeoStal aualls aabU alll Geel eal eal /e gel eestiUNIT 7 121 three years ago bg SM us in 1995 VAANO Lis 8 a week/month ago ote |e gael Sad a year ago du Jas 4a] UsS13 taraakfib al-lighah (Structures) The Arabic verb: general The Arabic verb differs from the English verb in two ways: a) It has only two tenses (i.e. ways to express when an action took place). * The past tense is used for all completed actions. ¢ The present tense is used for all actions not yet complete. b) Most verbs can be reduced to a past stem and a present stem, and a standard set of prefixes and suffixes can be added to these stems to form meaningful words. Arabic verbs fit into a limited number of categories, but there are virtually no truly irregular verbs in Arabic — apparent irregularities can usually be explained by the occurrence of the weak letters waaw and yaa’ as one of the letters in the stem. For further details, see Verb Tables. The infinitive There is no Arabic equivalent of the English infinitive to do, to speak, etc. Instead Arabic verbs are given in the he-form of the past tense, because this part is the simplest form of the verb, with no written suffixes or prefixes. It often also constitutes the past stem, from which which all other parts of the past tense can be formed. So when we give a verb as, for example, kataba, to write, the part we give actually means he wrote. In the box below, we have given the suffix endings separated by a122 ARABIC hyphen from the past stem of the verb kAtaba so that you can learn them more easily. The verb kataba belongs to Type S-I in the Verb Tables. The root k-t-b indicates writing. Note: Study the following in conjunction with the S-section of the Verb Tables which contains further information. Past tense a Gil | Singular Plural iS katab(a) \gsiS katab-vu he wrote they (masc.) wrote 43S kétab-at GAiS katéb-na she wrote they (fem.) wrote csi katéb-Ha) aisis katéb-tum you (masc.)wrote you (masc.) wrote 455 katab-ti (isis katab-tinna you (fem.)wrote you (fem.) wrote 13S katab-t(u) Lisis katéb-na(a) | wrote we wrote Note: the final vowels in brackets are usually omitted in informal speech. Here is a list of some commonly-used verbs. Remember that these are all in the he-form of the past tense, and in the past tense they can all be formed in the same way as kataba. Note: Some verbs must be used in conjunction with a preposition. This is given after the verb.om UNIT 7 123 was dhahaba go yalu séafara travel uey waSala arrive @20 téjaze return, go back as :Gmila do, work lt ee taférraja :alaa watch, spectate Jaa fazala do, act oS, rakiba ride (Su skana live, reside JSi ‘aékala eat ya shériba drink 2 léziba play fete Tabakha cook sali shaahada see, look at ee. 1g waDa:a put, place ga khabbara tell, inform ula qaabala meet but ghasala wash gilé ghéadara leave, depart als kallama speak to 32.9 wajada find ia qéra’a read yaad, raqaSa dance J&u dékhala enter go> kharaja go out (of} iS kasara break gl ta’akhkhara be late Ga fataHa open (Ja8 qafala close Noun and pronoun subjects The subject of a verb is the person or thing which performs the action. It is important in Arabic to distinguish between noun and pronoun subjects. 1 Verbs with pronoun subjects When you say they arrived, he said, it opened, you are using a pronoun subject, and the suffix ending of the verb indicates who or what the subject is. The separate pronouns which you learned in Unit 2 are not normally used with verbs, except for emphasis. waSalat min al-maghrib ams (j2l pial Go clue y She arrived from Morocco yesterday She-arrived from Morocco yesterday124 ARABIC. saafara ila r-ribaaT al-usbuu: ,,2Lll ¢. gual Lot il iL. al-maaDii He-travelled to Rabat last week He travelled to Rabat last week 2 Verbs with noun subjects When the subject of a sentence is specified by means of a noun (the workmen arrived, Ahmed said): a) the verb usually comes first, followed by the subject b) the verb is always in the he- or she-form, no matter what the subject. In English we usually say who or what we are talking about (the subject), then go on to say what the subject did (the verb), and follow this with any other information like who or what he did it to, where and when he did it (the object or predicate), so that the word order is usually subject — verb — the rest: Subject Verb Object/predicate The man wrote the letter. The normal word order in Arabic is verb — subject — the rest. - Verb Subject Object/predicate GLa Jal! Gas kataba r-rajul ar-risaalah wrote(-he) the man the letter ySs0G ge dunjsall oyala saafarat al-mudarrisch = ma:a talaamidhat-haa Travelled (she) the teacher with her students ual 5 yillall coliog waSalat aT-Taa’irah S-SubH Arrived (she) the plane in the morning weil elyyoll Ju dakhala |-wuzaraa’ al-qaSr entered (-he) the ministers the palaceUNIT 7 125 The fact that the verb in these cases is either in the he- or she-form, ie. always singular, never plural, should be noted carefully. Remember that the plural of things (inanimate objects or abstracts) is regarded as feminine singular, so that the rule for verbs which precede their subjects looks like this: Subject Example Verb One or more male man, boys, book —_he-form human beings; singular inanimate noun of masc. gender one or more female woman, girls, car, she-form human beings; books, cars singular inanimate noun of fem. gender; plural of inanimate noun of either gender Saying no To negate something that happened in the past, the word maa, not can be placed before the verb. maa sharibt al-qahwah Sgqill ons Le Not I-drank the-coffee I didn’t drink the coffee Exercise 4 Turn the following sentences into negatives. a The aeroplane was late 35UbII sais b The workmen spoke to the boss (y25 >!) JLoall alS cLate the bread jal esi126 ARABIC ol 3 ,iUs Téao’irah, -aat aeroplane Jlas «Jals :aamil, summéal workman slung, «ust ra’iis, ru’asda’ boss, chief p> khubz bread Sentences where the verb comes after the subject The verb-subject-rest word order given above is the most common in Arabic, but it is possible to have verbs which come after their subjects. This occurs most frequently in sentences which have more than one verb, e.g. The workmen arrived on the site and started to dig the foundations. If a sentence starting with a noun subject has more than one verb, the first one comes before the noun subject and obeys the he-/she- form agreement rule on page 125, and any subsequent verb comes after the subject and must agree with it completely, in number (singular or plural) and gender (male or female). So if the subject refers to men, the second and any subsequent verbs must end in -uu (masculine plural). If it refers to women, it must end in -na (feminine plural). The plural of things, regarded as feminine singular, will have the ending -at on both verbs. GLI gates JLoall leas The workmen arrived and w4Sala |-:ummaal mended the door wa-SallaHuu |-baab Bggall Gaping Saad! cL! elas = The girls entered the room dakhalat al-banaat al-ghurfah and drank the coffee wa-sharibna I-qahwah a paall cxslinly a5! 0 SII esady The books fell from the shelf wagqa:at al-kutub min ar-raff and struck the teacher wa-aSaabat al-mudarrisUNIT 7 127 Si @dy waqa:a fall S98) «4, raff, rufiuf shelf glo aSéaba hit, strike It, him, me - object pronouns To say me, it, them, Arabic uses — with one exception — the same pronoun suffixes as the possessive pronoun suffixes which mean my, his, our (see Unit 5). They are added to the verb to express the object of the sentence, to which the action of the verb is applied: Singular Plural s snii me Li -naa us eL -ak you (to a man) aS -kum you (fo men) eL -ik your (to a woman) (& -kinna you (to women) 4. -uh him ad- -hum them (men) ( -haa her O4— -hnna them (women) As the above table shows, the only one which differs is the suffix for me which is _ + -nii after verbs (as opposed to s -ii after other types of word). pel os Nasser told me khabbara-nii naaSir Beal ASalS I spoke to him yesterday kallamt-uh ams Boull o pals We met them in the souq qaabalnaa-hum fi s-suuq When -ak and -uh come after a vowel, they are reduced to -k and128 ARABIC -h respectively and -ik becomes -ki. This is another example of elision. dlssals shaahadndéa-k/ki We saw you (masc./fem.) 893) Sharibiu-h They (masc.) drank it Note: The masculine plural ending -uu is written with a ‘silent’ alif at the end (Iy-— see Verb Tables). This is omitted when any suffix is joined on to the verb. Pronunciation - elision Here are some more conventions of Arabic pronunciation. They will help to polish your Arabic. 1 Definition of elision Elision usually means in Arabic that a preceding vowel swallows up a following one. al- the becomes I- after vowels: Ll [gate SéllaHuu I-baab They repaired the gate Elision also occurs with the sun letters (see Unit 1): Sylaull |yotos SéllaHuu s-sayyéarah They repaired the car 2 Elision of fii When the word fii, in precedes al-, the, the a of al- omitted, and the vowel of fii is shortened to make fi. Technically this applies to all words ending in long vowels, but it is most noticeable with fii. call 8 fi l-bayt in the house 3 Initial i Standard Arabic does not allow words to begin with two consonants like English trip, blank. Instead it adds an i- vowel prefix (in Arabic expressed by an alif with an i-vowel below it. In practice, however, this vowel sign is rarely written.)UNIT 7 129 glial ijtimaa: meeting When this vowel is preceded by a word ending in a vowel, the i-vowel is elided: Lisl, wa-ijtimda:, and (a) meeting, is pronounced Wa-jtimaa:. This is a refinement in pronunciation, and it will do no harm if you fail to observe it meticulously. Some words beginning with alif use this to carry a radical hamzah (i.e. one which is part of the root), and this should not be elided. This kind of hamzah is quite often — though not always — marked in print, and we have tried to follow the Arab convention. Jsi Akala he ate gael amfir prince, Emir ai akhadha he took LalSl (y1y9i awzdan al-kalimdat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike taC'aaC7uc? ta:gawun (9l25 fo our one cooperafion More examples are: WIL takdatub correspondence, writing to each other pals taféahum mutual understanding (43 taDdamun solidarity Jul tabdadul exchange, exchanging If you look at the nature of the meaning of all these nouns you will see that they all carry the idea of doing something with someone else.Is, 130 ARABIC lis yo3 tamriindat (Practice) Exercise 5 How did Mohammed travel to Cairo? Match the Arabic phrases to the pian a pALBIT (gM samo yilew éPs ce Bylaudls | a SUaIL ¥ Decal ans or ose Sk 6 Exercise 6 Who did what? Match the Arabic to the English sentences. a We read the newspapers. 4a aii Glas } b She put her bag on the table. he e clad oveg ¢ We entered the room. Build) le Yada crud d You (masc. sing.) wrote a letter, Gaal sles (ll Ngluas € e He lived in London. «Baral Go Giayd > f You (fem. pl.) came out of the hotel. Aso, a GS 4 g I found the keys in my pocket. oad (8 OSu ¥ h They (masc.) arrived at Bahrain sil all G5 A Airport. ceils cide miftaaH, mafaatiiH key go> «aaa jayb, juysub pocket salga 5sale méa‘ida, mawaéa’id table sila 343;> jariidah, jaraa’id newspaperUNIT 7, 131 Exercise 7 In the following sentences, put the correct suffix endings on the verbs in brackets. a They (masc.) travelled to Kuwait. cu 5S!i (il (,aL.) b She opened the door. .oLil (=) ¢ Did you (m. sing.) watch the television? $/, 5s,alill cle (¢ ,&5) Ja d [ arrived yesterday. .juol (ios) e She cooked and we ate the food. .alalil (USI), (ee) Exercise 8 Jim went on holiday to Egypt. a Match the drawings with the sentences. (See Key on page 132.) b Write his postcard home for him, putting the verbs in brackets in the J-form.132 ARABIC Map (S,) eget ple (al) oueae (Uyh) & Gapnee GUE (d,15) ¥ South (ons) y | Lyall a (Gute) pes od jpola sha@aTi’ shore, beach lex «Joa jamal, jimaal camel glut sli shaabb, shabaab youth/young person La uals kaafitirya cafeteria/café ua taSiir juice Exercise 9 Alter the underlined nouns in the following sentences to object pronouns. Example: 1 met the manager. > I met him. dal obs 7 «sb Soul atlas € ULM is 9 plinalll Gplud © Tall oisi Glace gb Labla 15 4 JLo! als ¥ eS J ce -4a(43 tufaaHah, tufaaH apple Jlus sa’ala ask Atal figu su’aal, as’ilah questionUNIT 7 133 Exercise 10 Match the Arabic to the English sentences below a My wife cooked the food. b The driver took his boss to the airport. c The students read books in the university library. d The aeroplane arrived in Beirut. e The secretaries drank coffee every day. Arla aS 2 iS GULLS ese SS 85943 Oly ual cats plabll tas) odab Y Ubaall Ml dunsS, Bilal fussy ¢ goes cll EySLLN cali & Blin /yg- (gala sda’iq, -dun/saaqah driver Exercise 11 Read the passage below and fill the gaps with the correct form of the past tense of the appropriate verb chosen from those in the box below the passage. You will find the Key Words on page 134. rake ots (8 ets gl! — Gall Ge sL5Vy ey2ey Uns — Kass Boas LG bp gual Saad dia NAV Jae — GW age LM yo Ga ptS Luls —y gall oye cast coll — LEME ge blll ll co yn0 ay «quid Liye Lelab Aia.y5 ag] iy ugumis pyirice yaad ila ey RA cas cea figaaaye pial Lgbls134 ARABIC OI yaad qézada sfay, remain, sit a, _.3aal li-middat... for the period of... als naas people clisuol .gusue Sadiq, aSdiqaa’ friend ad! lé-hum for them Exercise 12 The following sentences all have the verb (bold type) before the subject. Rewrite them with the verb after the subject, paying attention to the correct agreement. Example: gla Ot Nyaa slysall €& glial oe ell en Byala! Mh sene yds Lusyaall Go YT aay Y aig Ggusigall poo 7 Jaye Lb cll carb t BaSlall yo Gael cadig © eljsa jase mudiir, mudaraa’ manager ypS> HéDera attend, be present O9- sie muhandis, -dun engineer Gl (23g mu’tamar, -Gat conference Ogee «(au2 SaHn, SuHdun dishBios & & ols kaan yaa maa kaan Once upon a time In this unit you will learn: @ how to say was/were = how to say is/are not = how to describe what something was like @ how to say became = anew type of is/are sentence a how to say you had done something 9 1 Gls Ls Ly GLS kaan yaa maa kaan Once upon a time In The Arabian Nights, or 41s Us) afi alf laylah wa-laylah (lit. a thousand nights and a night), Princess Sheherazade kept the Sultan from executing her when, for 1001 nights, she told him one tale after another, always ending at an exciting point of the story, so that he had to let her live to tell the rest of the tale the next night. This is how she introduced the stories of Sindbad the Sailor. Exercise 1 Listen to the recording of the first part of the introduction below, and answer the questions. | | | a Was the porter called: i Harun al-Rashid? ii al-Hindbad? iii Sindbad? | | b Where was the porter going? ¢ Why did he stop?136 ARABIC d Did he stop beside: jahouse iia door iii a market e What did he ask the servant? Now read the beginning of the story. daw! ysis flan sods 4b GIS sul cgoLa Lakai ell 43 Jas any Na slid! ols AL Se est ty wlsiglt eslSy ual (3 alls olSs Ggull ya ow dls (blake, Ld sbaigll culls Jos Basis juatill Bye boc (yo Talis pd pend ok sie Gyybll 3 iss geass 10S Gulla ga Lens eles CSM (gle Ales eds Lily pula dla OWS, peal Jato Gye Linge Unem (sdrmpe Geaall pail ba Gale Gs saloaigll lad aad) OL aul Exercise 2 Link the English phrases with the appropriate Arabic expressions. a beautiful music b the heat of the sun was very strong c that was in the summer din the days of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid e in front of the gate of the palace f al-Hindbad became tired cascall (gb alld GIS | all GL all ¥ sais yll gy pla Liga! Li at Glas sla! quel t Tyan phase © Jas Baga Qualall 2a ols"UNIT 8 137 lala .daatd khaliifah, khulaféa’* Caliph, head of the Islamic state (obviously masc., despite its ending) Og- Jlas Hamméal, -uun porter elj§a .5384 faqiir, fuqaraa’* poor, poor person au’ 04 age asi fii yawm min al-ayyaam one day (lit. ‘in a day of the days’) aay .. GlS kéana ... yaHmil he was carrying Jlasi «ja Himl, aHmaal load, burden Jui thaqiil heavy glad gal taajir, tujjaar merchant dase Sayf summer 31) Hardarah heat yaad shams sun sasch shadiid strong, mighty euel &SbaHa become Glad tarbaan tired (jluilas :aTshéan thirsty aig waqafa stop, stand Gye «Bayb Tariq, Toruq road, way lol «wl baab, abwéab gate, door ped ia’ qaSr, quSéur palace aS’ fakhm magnificent dal iuSU litistiraaHah in order to rest (lit. ‘for the resting’) Jlesi «as samal, a:maal work, job, business 02,41 al-arD the ground, the earth (fem.)138 ARABIC. ule jdlasa sit, sit down Leis baynamaa while ull jaalis sitting, seated —S kas like {joined to following word) gow samiza hear, listen (nge muusiiqaa’* music (fem.) asi munbéith emanating JAls déakhil inside, the inside of something plod sla khaadim, khuddaam servant Bil waagif standing, stationary lassi «gale SaaHib, aS-Haab owner, masier; also sometimes friend 8 2 gyal alas! as-sindibaad al-baHrii Sindbad the Sailor Exercise 3 Who could own this magnificent palace? Listen to the rest of the story and answer the questions below. a Why was the servant astonished? b Had the sailor travelled: i for seven years? ii the seven seas? iii to seven countries? c Did the porter become sad because: i Sindbad was rich and he was poor? ii the servant told him to leave? iii he was hungry? d Who was with Sindbad: ia group of servants? ii his wife? iii a group of people? e Did Sindbad give him: i gold? ii food? iii drink?UNIT 8 139 f What had he ordered his servants to do? Listen to the story again, looking at the Key Words on page 140. cg losll JUG gyal ssl und Gl pula at flay Of craw Ley shady e oSla oil -Jliy polsll Gusss Spa pala all yh esl JG sb JG Secymall slysiuall cope elS wind AgIS Lill Gilac salty desu! Lou! et) Lay «32 Me stata 1SLa Jl audi Jluy Liza Leal Sue shy punll Jats Go pSMSW Iba slysiull caus SLE col pSs gail oly Sa pala aa gay Lill i al Locks saling juodll Jats ll Sloat! day3d pro LS sly ssi! Nha GUS, Lill Go delen bung 6 Lalla Sask Se, dia Myung Sal lings flea gaat ly slsiull Jail ANS sayy Sgdlll JSY Gyo 8288 Lelgsl at aay Alas dual, SEs ols pel 6d slosiaall GIS y Lereall SIE, Ge od etl cans of slosigll am Exercise 4 Link the English phrases with the appropriate Arabic expressions. a he said yee JL sae tia dt ¢ He has travelled the seven seas “woa!l Gd Ge et d [am not rich Soma sky siaull jwead 45] £ e Come with me FARES yl a5 Gls @ f Greetings and welcome! Jus g He told him about his amazing . voyages Myurg al Layo ¥ h he had ordered his servants Lie cul LiaO 140 ARABIC (44) Jla qaala la-hu he said (to him) 44 inn-uh it is ... (see grammar section below) $q4 man who? yiias daéhisha be surprised, astonished (Slu saakin living, residing gil alladhii who, the one who dau!! jLautl al-biHaar as-sab:ah the seven seas vilas dias :ajiibah, :ajaa‘ib* (object of) wonder su) ad-diinya(a) the world (fem.) Us kull-haa all of them Oj Haziin sad duu nafs-uh himself (Wed li-ma@adha(a) why elaisi agit ghénii, aghniyéa’ rich, rich person uuu! Iastu / am not (see grammar section below) ais kaléam speech Jus i @rsala send yal @akhar* other (*does not take accusative marker) Jlas taréala come! @« mé:a (along) with @35 tébiza follow ol sles jaméa:ah, -aat group, gathering yali «yludl insaan, naas human being; pl. = people gulal éjlasa seat, cause fo sit down avi qaddama offer, present withUNIT 8 141 el lal £92 Naw:, anwaa: kind, sort, type USI akl things to eat, food 44 ba:d affer ol dla, rilah, -aat journey, voyage wat sajiib wonderful yal @mara order, command (—: bi- something) yal 8 GLS kaana qad amara he had ordered (for qad see grammar section) J& nad] transport, transportation Aussi, ol ix ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Describing someone or something Vy ggius Slias GLE He was a famous actor kaana mumaththilan mash-huuran Abe HI say Moe UlLad ails She was very tired after kaanat ta:baanah jiddan the journey ba:d ar-riHlah ised Lajas gls Her hair was black kaana sha:r-haa aswad (aswad, black does not take the accusative marker. See below and Unit 16) Talking about where something was Ane (ot call GIS The key was in his pocket kaana I-miftaaH fii jayb-uh142 ARABIC BiLall be sil all ails The papers were on the kaanat al-jaraa’id :ala -l-maa’ida table Talking about what someone or something is not IyasS Qual Goaall The hotel is not large al-fundug laysa kabiiran Lasys cu! lastu mariiDan Tam not ill Talking about what you had done in the past $5 Go alall oat si iS Ja Had you seen the film hal kunta qad shaahadta before? 1-fiilm min qabl? Usb 9 6239 ud LS We had stopped and sat kunna gad wagafnaa wa-jalasnaa down dalll sSI3 taraakiib al-laghah (Structures) 1 Saying was and were Arabic does not use a verb for is/are, but when you talk about the past, the verb kaana for was/were is necessary. This verb differs slightly from the past tense verbs which you have met in that it has two stems (kaan- and kun-). The endings are the standard past tense suffixes used on all Arabic verbs (see page 364).UNIT 8 143 Singular Plural he was olS kaana they (m.) were 1931s kaan-uu she was cals kaan-at they [f) were 4S kun-na you (m.) were iS kun-ta) you (m.) were iis kun-tum you (f.) were iS kun-ti you(f) were (aS kun-tunna | was ois kun-t(u) we were ls kun-naa Notes a) The final vowels in brackets can be omitted in informal speech (see page 122). b) The stem kaan- is used in the he, she and they (masc.) forms, and the stem kun- for the rest. It may help you to remember them if you notice that the shortened kun- stem is used before suffixes which begin with a consonant. kaana is a type Mw-I verb: see Verb Tables. c) Since the last letter of the root of this verb is n, the usual short- hand spellings with the doubling sign is used when the suffix also begins with an n (¢,S kumna — they (fem.) were, and GS kunnaa — we were). call 8 Wis (3 LS We were in Tunisia in the summer kunnaa fii tuunis fi S-Sayf Word order The verb kaana usually comes first in the sentence, and the normal rules of agreement given in the previous unit apply. kaana jamaal :abd an- Lagkee Mild poll sre Jlaa GIS naaSir qaa’idan :aDHiiman Jamaal Abd al-Nasir was a great (he-)was jamaal :abd an- leader naaSir (a) leader (a) great-one144 ARABIC. kaana I-mudiir mashghuulan ¥ 5322 j2tall 51S (he-)was the-manager busy The manager was busy kunt(u) mariiDan Lids ys olf I-was ill Twas ill kaanat al-mumaththilah 3 9¢iue Aiea! oils mash-huurah she-was the actress famous The actress was famous kaanat al-buyuut qadiimah 2335 & yall oils she-was the-houses old The houses were old 2 The accusative marker Formal Arabic has a set of (usually) three varying noun endings which show the part played by a word in a sentence, similar to case endings in Latin or German (see introduction). The words he, him and his show these cases in English: 1 Nominative 2 Accusative 3 Genitive he him his Most of these endings are only vowel marks which are omitted in modern written Arabic, and for the sake of simplification we have not included them in this book. The only case ending appearing in print in contemporary written Arabic — except for a few special types of noun — is the accusative case. How to form the accusative This ending only affects the spelling of indefinite unsuffixed nouns or adjectives. The full form is actually L (pronounced -an), but only the alif is usually written after the noun/adjective.UNIT 8 145 Unsuffixed in this context normally means that the noun or adjective does not have the feminine ending 4 (-ah). Nouns and adjectives which have this ending never add the alif. The examples above illustrate this point. Note a) You may think that we could have said simply masculine nouns take the extra alif, but there are feminine nouns which do not have the 4 (-ah) ending, and these have to obey the allif law. For example, el umm, mother is clearly feminine, but,has no 4 (-ah) ending. Its accusative indefinite is therefore Ls! umman. There is also a handful of nouns signifying men which have the feminine ending, such as 44.13 khaliifa, caliph in the text above. These are obviously regarded as masculine, but do not take the alif because of the presence of the 4 (-ah) ending. b) A minority of Arabic unsuffixed nouns and adjectives do not add the alif. The commonest of these are the main colours, as well as some forms of the internal plural and many proper nouns. From this unit on, these are marked in the vocabulary boxes with an asterisk*, and also appear like this in the glossaries at the end of the book. aaah IS als The dog was white kaana I-kalb abyaD el SaiS la uh We read many newspapers qara’naa jaraa’id kathiirah ams —_—yesterday Soul 8 seal GL We met Ahmed in the souq qaabalnaa aHmad fi s-suug When to use the accusative In Arabic, the accusative is used in four instances: 1 When the second noun is the object of the sentence, i.e. the thing or person the verb applies to: LaS5 | yun Iysalin They saw a magnificent shaahaduu gaSran fakhman castle146 ARABIC 2 After the verbs kaana was, were/to be, laysa is not, are not/not to be, aSbaHa to become, and a few other similar verbs*. Note: laysa only can also take an alternative construction using the preposition bi- which does not take the accusative: goths coal LE cual Tam not rich lastu ghaniyyan/lastu bi-ghanii 3 In some common expressions and adverbs, when the ending is most commonly heard in spoken Arabic: Wyss y Sui ahlan wa sahlan hello, greetings (is. marHaban welcome \,S& shukran thanks \s jiddan very hal abadan never Lasb Tab:an naturally 4 After certain short words, known as particles, such as inma and anna*. *The Arabs refer to these words as ‘kaana and her sisters’ and. ‘inna and her sisters’. 3 Saying where something was kaana can be used before prepositions (words which tell you where something is), and such sentences are the same as the those verbless sentences in the present, except that kaana is put at the beginning (and obeys the agreement rules given in Unit 7) kaana qalam-ii fii jayb-ii i> re al ols (he-)was pen-my in pocket-my My pen was in my pocket 4 How to say is/are not The word maa, not is used before normal verbs (see Unit 7, Unit 10), and can also be used before kaana in a past tense sentence. To negate is/are sentences, the verb laysa is used. This verb isUNIT 8 147 unique in Arabic, as it is only used in what looks like the past tense, with past tense suffixes, but the meaning is actually present. Like kaana it has two stems (lays- and las-). As with kaan-/kun- you will see that in both verbs the first stem is used for the he, she and they (masc.) parts, and the second stem with the rest, Remember that, although it looks like a past tense, it means isn ?/ arent. Singular Plural he isn't val lays-a they (m.) aren't Igual lays-uu she isn't und lays-at they (f.) aren‘t (uu! las-na you (m.) aren’t cual las-Ha) you (m.) aren‘t aid las-tum you (f.) aren't su! las-ti you (f.) aren’t (iu las-tunna | am not cut las-t(u) we aren't Liu las-naa laysa |-walad mujtahidan Nagias aboll ual (he-)is-not the boy diligent The boy is not diligent Accusative marker laysa requires the accusative marker in the same way as kaana. (But see also alternative construction with bi- described above.) 5 How to say to become There are several verbs in Arabic meaning to become but wel aSbaHa is by far the most common. Like kaana and laysa it Tequires the accusative marker on unsuffixed indefinites, but it has only one stem aSbaH-. Note: The initial hamzah of aSbaH is never elided, so if you say and he became it is wa-aSbaHa, not wa-SbaH. aSbaHa I-walad mariiDan Lids ys al gl epeal he-became the-boy ill The boy became ill148 ARABIC aSbaHat al-bint mariiDah Uda ys cil oe wl she-became the-girl ill The girl became ill 4 bint is an example of a feminine noun without the suffix &. However the adjective mariiDah still has to have the suffix, as it refers to a female. These verbs have all been dealt with together here as they share the common feature of using the accusative marker on what is not a direct object. 6 Sentences with inna and anna The particle inna, though frequently used, is virtually meaningless. However, it is translated in this book where necessary as indeed, just to show it is there (older Arabic-teaching manuals use the biblical verily). inna is usually used with is/are sentences which require no verb in Arabic. When they are followed by an indefinite unsuffixed noun — usually the name of a person or place — this noun takes the accusative marker -an, and this time it is the first noun in the sentence which has the accusative marker (unlike kaana, laysa and aSbaHa sentences where it is attached to the second noun). inna muHammadan :aamil agiae ole Irene I mujtahid Muhammad is a hard indeed Muhammad worker hard worker anna is the conjunction that and follows the same rules as inna. The Muslim Confession of Faith as heard from the minarets every prayer time is a good example of the use of anna: AL jury Leama Gly alll Yall Yi aps ash-hadu allaa ilaaha illa I-laah wa-anna muHammadan rasuulu |-laah* It is usually translated as ‘J witness that there is no god but Allah, and that Muhammed is His apostle’ *The transliteration here reflects the Classical Arabic pronunciation. allaa is a contraction of an-laa that not, no,UNIT 8 149 inna and anna with pronouns Since imna requires an accusative after it, it has to use the suffixed pronouns (given in Unit 7) RYeagre ar e)| (Indeed) it is good news inna-h khabar jayyid Zab) a3, isl (Indeed) she is a pleasant inna-haa bint laTiifah girl Summary of the Arabic sentence These are the four types of Arabic sentence: 1 Is/are sentences with no verb: (the) X [is/are] Y qth Jay sbrsinal! Sindbad is a rich man as-sindibaad rajul ghanii 2 Sentences with a verb (other than the kaana group below): verb X Y gldell same opt Mohammed drank the tea shariba muHammad ash-shaay 3 Sentences with kaan, aSbaHa and laysa The second term of the sentence is accusative, marked with an alif when required: kaana/aSbaHa/laysa [the) X Y-accusative (yada slisight ols Hindbad was poor kaana I-hindibaad faqiiran150 ARABIC 4 Sentences introduced by inna and its associates. The first term of the sentence is accusative, marked as appropriate: inna (the) X-accusative [is/are] Y giao deals we Gg! Indeed Hassan is a hard- inna Hasanen working pupil tilmiidh mujtahid Remember: a The accusative marker is only written after words which: i) do not have al- the in front of them ii) have no other suffix like the feminine ending -ah or are one of the minority of such words which never take the accusative marker (noted with an asterisk as they occur). b The negative verb laysa is/are not is past in form, but present in meaning. 7 How to say had done something Although there are only two tenses in Arabic, past and present, the verb kaana can be used to express the meaning of had done something, called the pluperfect tense in English. The little word gad is commonly introduced between the subject and the main verb. It emphasises that the action has been well and truly completed, that it is over and done with. The word order is as follows: 1. The he- or she- form of kaana (because it always precedes its noun — see Unit 7). 2. The subject of the sentence (i.e. who is doing the action) if this js stated. If it is a pronoun (he, we, etc) it will be implicit in the verb (see Unit 7).UNIT 8 151 3. The word qad (optional). 4. The fully-agreeing part of the main verb (i.e. the action which had been carried out) It is fully-agreeing because it comes after its subject (see Unit 7). 5. Any other information (when, where it happened, etc.). kaana I-mudiir waSal cru pga eos petal GIS yawm as-sabt The manager had arrived he-was the-manager he- on Saturday arrived day the-Saturday kaanuu qad saafaruu ila hd Gs ell NM lg pols 35 [ils I-hind min qabl They had travelled to India they-were qad they-travelled before to the-India from before eolelsti oly) awzéan al-kalimdat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike C'aC*C*aac* Haddéad sla had Dad (as in had blacksmith Dad known ...) This is a formation often used for trades. In the Sindbad story we have Jlax Hammaal, porter, from the root H-m-l, carrying. Haddaad comes from 31> Hadiid, iron. Other examples are: ys najjaar carpenter 5las khabbaaz baker +l, bannaa’ builder 44 khayyaaT tailor This type of word takes the ¢, 5 -uun plural It is really an intensive form of CaaCiC (see Unit 2), in that it152 ARABIC expresses the idea that somebody is always, habitually or professionally performing the action of the root. The feminine ending -ah is often added to this word shape either to indicate a female member of the trade or profession: abl khayyaaTah tailoress, seamstress or a machine: 45 dabbaabah a (military) tank (Lit. a crawling machine, from the root d-b-b crawling) @Lué ghassaalah washing machine (from root gh-s-l washing) 3x sayyaarah car (lit. going-machine). 3 jluec :aSSdarah juicer isla dabbdasah stapler These take the plural ol -aat. olay yo3 tamriindat (Practice) Exercise 5 Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the appropriate form of kaana. Don’t forget to add the accusative marker where necessary. YO Sylall da5u GI gh Bygam Lill oS Tall gosluall dual gusleall cael (gb eeeeseeesseee Ayala!UNIT 8 153 Ts (3 hgh oN GTI Waa eet. NAA eS YN uel eta dale a gull £ es) -" OY! al-aan now ol days darajah, -aat step, degree 3ylyall days darajat al-Hardarah temperature lit. degree of heat) Sgdue «duo Saff, Suftuf class (in school) uslu séadis sixth gualLa khéaamis fifth slaxw .saru said, su;adaa’* happy, joyful Exercise 6 Write the sentences below in the past tense, remembering to put the accusative marker where necessary (see page 144). Example: Mahmoud is unhappy. -* Mahmoud was unhappy. Liha dyane GIS € dub dyes eg puene fine dy sill poe ¢ gd! plebll alls \ weliaw SY Yl 0 daly Goiall Glue tf ell (3 By ggine Lis Og- «fies muméththil, -vun actor, representative154 ARABIC. Exercise 7 Where are they? Mahmoud and his wife Salma and their son Hamad and daughters Faridah and Sarah are staying at a hotel in Abu Dhabi. They have left a note at the desk to say where they can be found if friends or colleagues want to contact them. Answer the questions below in Arabic, using laysa and the accusative marker where necessary. Example: Is Salma in the Palm Court café? No, she is not at the Palm Court café. Sunil ple (8 (ole a SAN phe (8 cous al | Room mumber: ... ONY ONS/OVE aay ali | | Time: ... | AL-BUSTAN RESTAURANT PALM COURT CAFE | LOBBY Stee Slay 8 | alll | BUSINESS CENTRE X CLUB HOUSE SWIMMING POOL TENNIS COURT jas CoOmoood | GOLF COURSE *UNIT 8 155 DSre cgi Syame ao Sqaeall V+. * dclull fat sJlecl Sygall (gb dyane Ja Y Srilsall abe (oo cabana 1 pales (cb (pala Ja OVY ONS ill alot Ja V Sailtucall SONY, ph Byliny Btaydy cpaleu a # Sakdll ale (5 oY GMI Ja A Scepuall at | sq: bahw (hotel) lobby QUiuws bustaan orchard Teles «eumea masbaH, masdabiH* swimming pool Jlesi a:maal (plural) business, affairs, works ete wale mélsab, maléazib* pitch, court, course Exercise 8 | An Arabic proverb says: a a | delade poilly dis spall | A leopard can’t change his spots. (lit. ‘the leopard is spotted and the tiger is striped’) a 39¢4 ga fahd, fuhiud leopard ges a némir, numbur tiger dae mukhalTta® striped } | | | | daiaa =munadaqaal spotted | | | | t156 ARABIC What is wrong with these two? Change the sentence below into the negative to make sense. die pally bas sgall Exercise 9 Change the following sentences into the negative, using the verb laysa. GUS SIU (le 1 agile we oles iy Abate! Lay oo Bast! Gulaall ¥ lam Si sqiive (pA f saisiaaall 6, Uydtee Guba Jaa Ugh Unsy Ua! Gil po Luci! oda 1 e. GQSuuS kaslaan lazy Jive mashghiul busy Olabdie «pds mustashfaa, mustashfayéat hospital yeuad .4.c8 qiSSah, qiSaS story, taleUNIT 8 157 Exercise 10 Change the sentences below into the pluperfect tense. Example: lysinall ad slsigll tay dbgsiaall pad tay (48) slysagll GIS Note: The use of qad is optional. Watch out for the agreement of the main verb which comes after its subject in the pluperfect. ALY JS Sasa Lead slg ys eadll Gs aluall cya ¥ Aneel Gia, Ge Jloall gyadl as Ff well Jaleo i oleslall aaa £ -AsSU SY Galli sto 59) rawat she fold ol desl khéadimah, -aat (female) servantO's 4 U's! akthar min waaHid More than one In this unit you will learn how to: look for a job in the paper look for a flat or a house . = talk about more than one person or thing @ say these/those . talk about two people or things 1 3;6l4 Gilb9 waDHaa’if shaaghirah Situations vacant Arabic newspapers carry classified advertisements, with all the usual sections for Situations Vacant, For Sale, To Let, and so on. When you are reading them, concentrate on picking out the key words, and learn to recognise words such as Wanted and For Rent. Exercise 1 Read through the Key Phrases, then look at the job advertisements on page 159 and answer the questions. You don’t need to understand every word. a You are an experienced hairdresser looking for a job in Dubai. Which of these three jobs would suit you best?UNIT 9 ois oil ly! Las Bally Ss Lali par S oy tial 159 feat) bya ld SpaalyS cls Gath Soslatly Sistty paul lel Laos Bail S opt oe bs SIL) b Which picture is most appropriate for each of the job advertisements below? te a Sol dos Vly GLU i jo. VON Sic peal oy yb etl pS or plta— oe, ol 4. _-S 2 HON /VYVVAALS YUN © Luss ASI appeal 1b oy lle Sle AS pate LAS ya paket! VEVON ¢ What people are wanted for the jobs advertised on page 160? Match the people to the jobs. 1 labourers and builders 2 French teacher 3 manageress for a ladies’ fashion shop 4 pharmacist 5 secretary (male or female) 6 employees for a restaurant 7 salesmen and saleswomen 8 saleswoman for a shoe shop160 pi ME ple I Ot Lemke Slay Glee pe Sas NAVA He qpihed Sada! Joa 5G Sollee Hi mil pein FR peach Liga td peti VV ili Kapaa Jape eo ya TWIP 2 digas TVA tle pelea Lays ples tWYts vi fe ik ehd clans ole Conca Fe er pee enw ey Fe Jc An Nets si et Unsigall Lal 4\A00 else gba po gh gtd 2 4agdladl dag yall Cledll bop > © WLS y alow 1 pA dali! Sale| @ tbl ye 0 ASIAN 8 yell Sly! goer yd hu de ¥4oes ARABIC 8 des ggpls pilus elajl Jook DAW Sale ty Ze ae wie, viii Sess Sa stig + Jl 4400) ix Ree! pt Bnd cla a yuee eek Se JBY analy ag etl RAS et La gh cli Ryall Sling! La peg Ly pedast St te Ll rast: x pel pe dant 36 b ye shat gl tl ly jolla ory eas Small yp i BB aeUNIT 9 161 d Which of the advertisements on page 160 require: i some previous experience? ii a driving licence? iii a knowledge of English? e Name three requirements applicants need for this position as sales representative. CeO eter dling Gical Qing 2 fedeed ey of geondill ple LP Solo asda styl) bers ob IN de Sly HE © Sap Le Ll 0 A AY A a Asi Gohd der) pure ble Ay Tt on pale 2 jLasdU li-l-iijaar For rent Read through the Key Phrases to familiarise yourself with the new vocabulary, then answer the questions. Exercise 2 Match the Arabic abbreviations to the English words. a room, bedroom 2) b bathroom Gul c telephone en d fax cé e Post Office (PO) Box No. wo f street vyet162 ARABIC Exercise 3 You are looking for accommodation. Read the advertisements and answer the questions opposite.UNIT 9 163 a You want to rent somewhere for your large family. Which place has the most bedrooms and bathrooms? b You are looking for two villas close to each other for your firm. Are there any which would be suitable? ¢ You want to rent a villa for just a few weeks. Is there anything available? d You have found a villa that you like, but can only call the owner during office hours. Which one is it? e You would like to rent a villa with a garden. Which one could you choose? f Which flat could you rent if you needed to find somewhere immediately? g You work for the Gulf Times newspaper. Which flat would be most convenient for you? h Where could you find a villa to rent, which is not too expensive, with air conditioning if possible? Aguas) Gla125 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Looking for a job lle Talaba seek, want glee maTluub wanted, required Bslé9 .daub9 waDHiifah, waDHaa’if* job, sitvation (4g- «db ga muwaDHDHaf, -uun employee, official (m.) ol dab ga muwaDHDHafah, -aat employee, official (F) GL. 3 sal9S kwaafiirah, -aat hairdresser (f.), coiffeuse OS «48 fannii, -vun technician t= gilt gS kahrabéa'ii, -uun electrician ol «4,40 mudarribah, -aat trainer (F)164 ARABIC Og+ Ly bande’, -vun builder Gl du3Ysue Saydalaaniyyah, -aat pharmacist (f.) ol 6 yg j Sus sikritayrah, -aat secretary lesa giguia slaire Gosia manduub mabiiaat, manduubuu mabii:aat sales representative (mumaththil is also used instead of manduub) Og- atl baa’i:, -uun salesman ol .dsil: baa’izah, -aat saleswoman ol -aate mabii:, -aat selling, sales ol. «ssSe mukayyif, -aat air conditioner Gl «jaa maHall, -aat (big) shop, store 4u3ai aHdhiyyah footwear 351 khibrah experience’ dSlgus dad, rukhSat siwaaqah driving licence aL} iqaamah residence; residence permit Gils SaaliHl valid; (of people) upright 44,20 ma:rifah knowledge Gly raatib salary 1) ),x-a mughrii attractive, tempting (for the spelling of this kind of adjective, see Unit 18) 4.313 5540: siirah dhaatiyyah CV; resumé _dyliaJ li-tinaayat... for the attention of... a itt sala |-aqall of leastUNIT 9 165 Looking for accommodation & Quill li-l-bay: for sale gla.sU li-biija@ar for rent @ad dit shaqqah, shiqaq flat, apartment Jad «kad fiilla, fiilal villa 358 44,2 ghorfah, ghoraf room, bedroom dUlce Saalah sitting room, lounge ol alan Hamméam, -aat bathroom yiu dushsh shower feta malbakh kitchen Gilg (ile Téabiq, Tawaabiq* siorey, floor gleul «youu size, as:Gar price yglaia mutajaawir adjacent, neighbouring, next to each other gt! 3ychLse mubéasharat al-khalw for immediate occupation Jarl oligl awqaat al-samal working/office hours gsSLa faaks fox Jayt Ggsiuo Sandéuq bariid PO Box 44M! 3813 taraakiib al-lighah (Structures) 1 Talking about more than one of anything a) Arabic plural formations are not often predictable, so they must be learned along with their singulars. b) In Arabic, the plural of inanimate objects or abstracts is treated in all respects as a feminine singular, so verbs and adjectives must be in the feminine singular form. c) In English, the word ‘plural’ refers to more than one (i.e. 1+).166 ARABIC However, Arabic has a special form for two of anything, called the dual, so the plural in Arabic refers to more than two (2+). Plurals of nouns There are three ways to form the plural in Arabic: 1 The external or suffix masculine plural. 2 The external feminine/neuter plural. 3 The internal plural. 1 The external or suffix masculine plural Add the suffix ¢,, -uun to the singular noun. For the accusative form (see page 144), add ,,. -iin to the singular. This kind of plural can only be used on words which indicate male human beings, as opposed to females and things/abstracts. The common exception to this is iu pl. 4siu (sanah, sinuun) year, and even this word has an alternative plural (ol,iu sanawaat). HaDar al-mudarrisuun paiigall G gery sell pee al-mu’tamar The teachers attended the he-attended the-teachers the-conference conference hum muqaawiluun Oglylic aa they contractors They are contractors kaana |-muhandisuun miSriyyiin Ga2 2s jgwtigall ols he-was the-engineers Egyptians The engineers were Egyptian aSbaHuu muHaasibiin Aven (veil igtezal they-became accountants They became accountants 2 The external feminine/neuter plural Drop the & (if there is one) and add sL -aat to the singular word. This can be applied to words indicating females or things/abstracts, and there is no special accusative form.UNIT 9 167 waSalat aT-Taalibaat Aaoall ag. olllbtl clus y yawm al-jum:ah she-arrived the-[female]students The (female) students day the-Friday arrived on Friday aSbaHna mudarrisaat la se jaca they (f)-became teachers They became teachers a-antunna mumarriDaat? Solus pee oll (?)-you (£.) nurses? Are you nurses? ta:allam-naa kull al-kalimaat oLilst! JS Gals we-learned all the-words We learned all the words 3 The internal plural This is formed in two ways: a) by altering the internal vowelling of the word (like English foot => feet); and/or b) by adding prefixes or suffixes. The internal plural is used mainly for males and things/abstracts, and rarely for females. There is no general relationship between the singular word shape and the plural word shape. Some words indicating males form a plural with the feminine ending ib .J\b Téalib, Télabah, male student. (This word also illustrates the fact that some words have alternative plurals, in this case Mb Tulléab.) Such plurals are still regarded as masculine. Tip: The Arabic internal plural system cannot generally handle words consisting of more than four consonants, excluding suffixes such as & -ah, but counting doubled consonants as two. It is therefore likely that ‘short’ words will take an internal plural, but this is not a rule.168 ARABIC dakhala r-rijaal al-ghurfah 44 34i Jla |! dau he-entered the-men the-room The men entered the room naHnu :ummaal fii sharikat Sluull AS 3 lac Gas as-sayyaaraat We are workers in the car we workers in company (of) the-cars company al-kutub :alaa I-maa’ida Salli le WaSI! the-books on the-table The books are on the table Plurals of adjectives It is a good idea to think of adjectives in Arabic as another class of noun. They have the same choice as nouns in forming their plurals: a) -wun or -aat ending b) internal plurals, which which must be learned with their singulars. If no adjective plural is given in the vocabulary, use the suffixed plurals according to the rules below. Internal plurals are given for those adjectives which have them. Noun Adjective plural form male human beings internal plural if it has one, otherwise + -uun. female human beings + -aat things/abstracts + -ah (fem. singular) These rules hold for all adjectives with a few common exceptions, mainly relating to the primary colours (see Unit 16)UNIT 9 169 Common adjectives with internal plural forms Adjective Meaning Male plural form Guus kaslaan lazy gllus kaséalaa 44243 nashiiT active bis nishéaT puis kabiir big glis kibéar pte Saghiir small jliwe Sighaar cds naHiif thin -jlas niHaaf (aau samiin fat Glew siméan Jagh Tawiil tall Ulgb Tiwaal yea’ qaSiir short lad qiSaar st dhakii clever 283i adhkiyaa’* gett ghabii stupid elsséi aghbiyaa’* Jaca jamiil handsome Jlaa jimaal situs satiid happy slsxu sucadaa’* Oaj= Haziin sad #3 Huzanéa‘* wat ghariib strange sli,é ghurabaa’* etal djnabii foreign Gila ajaanib* aulas :aDHiim great, mighty sLalis :uDHamaa’* suse jadiid new dua jodud (Note: Many of these plurals - marked with * - do not take the accusative marker. This applies to the plural only, not the singular as well.) Remember: The plural of things in Arabic is regarded in al respects as feminine singular for the sake of grammatical agreement. Here are a few more mixed examples: al-awlaad Tiwaal Jhgb o¥ 41 the-boys talls The boys are tall170 ARABIC. aT-Talabah mujtahiduun Ogt¢ios Aalbll the-students diligents The students are diligent al-mumaththilaat al-jadiidaat lagsall odie! the-actresses the-new(ones) The new actresses al-buyuut al-qadiimah Zag sll oo gual the-houses the-old(one) The old houses 2-4 haa’ulda’(i)..., olt'¥i uulda’ik(a)... these..., those... You have already learned the demonstrative pronouns oia/lia this and ells / ell3 that (see Unit 4) to describe singular words which are either masculine or feminine in gender. Because plurals of things/abstracts in Arabic are regarded as feminine singular, all verbs, adjectives and pronouns relating to them must be feminine singular. When speaking of plural male/female human beings, use the forms 25a haa’ulaa’(i) these, and els‘, uulaa’ik(a) those respectively. The final vowels are often missed out in informal situations. With these plural forms, there is no distinction for gender, so both of them can apply to either males or females. haa’ulaa’i T-Talabah HaaDiruun = 5,5 .4ls Albi Ya these the-students presents These students are present uulaa’ika I-banaat jamiilaat edaes sh bY, those the-girls beautifuls Those girls are beautiful tilka Il-buyuut kabiirah ByaS or gadll ls this the-houses big These houses are big 3 Talking about two people or things. Arabic has a special way of talking about two of anything, called the dual. This is obligatory in use for both people and things (i.e. you can’t use the plural).UNIT 9 171 Formation of the dual a) If the noun does not have the feminine ending -ah, add the suffix -aan to the singular. This changes to -ayn when an accusative marker is required. al-waladaan Tawiilaan Odegb Glal oll the(2)-boys tall (x2) The two boys are tall kaana I-waladaan Tawiilayn Cates Gla Gls he-was the(2)-boys tall(x2) The two boys were tall This applies to the vast majority of nouns and adjectives. b) If the noun has the -ah ending of the feminine singular, this changes to -at (spelled with an ordinary =), and the suffix -aan is added to it. as-sayyaarataan kabiirataan OG eS gb Lull the(2)-cars big(x2) The two cars are big kaanat as-sayyaarataan kabiiratayn 45 615 Lull els she-was the(2)-cars big(x2) The two cars were big Since Arabic has this dual form for two, it is not usually necessary to insert the numeral word (see Unit 2). As with the personal pronouns and verbs, this is only used for emphasis. (As with the masculine plural ending o+/S9- -uun/-iin the final ¢, of the dual is omitted if the word constitutes the first term of a possessive construction. See Unit 14). Dual pronouns Arabic does not need to distinguish between one and two for the person who is speaking, so where English says we two, Arabic says simply we. you two 433) antumaa (both masc. and fem.): antumaa ta:baanaan oblas Lai you-two tired(x2) You two are tired172 ARABIC they two os humaa (both masc. and fem.): humaa mashhuuraan Oly ggine Law they-two famous(x2) They two are famous In practice, the dual is not common, except when speaking about things like hands, feet, etc., which always come in pairs. ss yad hand a5 rijl foot ool udh(u)n ear Ga tayn eye Note: These words - and indeed all parts of the body which occur in pairs — are feminine. There are also special dual markers for the verb. These are given in the Verb Tables, but they occur so rarely that they need only to be noted at this stage. csLalSit 139i awzdan al-kalimaat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike CuCaCccic mudarris ju jsa McCaskill teacher This shape indicates the person or thing carrying out the action of Verb Form II (see Table S-II), grammatically known as the active participle. The verb _» 9 dérrasa means fo teach, 80 (. janis a teaching person, i.e. teacher. This shape is also often used to indicate trades or professions (see Word shapes in Unit 8). A similar shape with an a-vowel instead of an i-vowel after the middle radical is also common. This is the passive participle, i.e. the person or thing to which the action of the verb has been applied. An example of this is uk. muw4DHDHaf official,UNIT 9 173 employee. This comes from the verb eis, waDHDHafa to appoint to an official position, to employ. All these words can be made feminine by the addition of the ending 4 -ah. The male versions take the plural suffix (5, and the females =L. Remember that the point of learning word shapes is to be able to read and know something about Arabic words. It is not always possible to get an exact English sound-alike, but the pattern is usually easy to imitate. Say them aloud one after another until they become familiar. uv 40 mudarris teacher yte mudarrib trainer iso mumaththil representative, actor goes muHarrir editor Guise mufattish inspector v4 «0 mumérriD nurse epi mundjjim astrologer 4,45 tamriinaat (Practice) Exercise 4 Listen to the recording or read the transcript of four people describing where they live. Then try to identify which person lives in which of the flats or houses described below. a A villa with four bedrooms and two bathrooms, two living rooms and a kitchen bA small villa with three bedrooms, living room, bathroom and kitchen174 ARABIC cA flat with one room and salon d A two-bedroomed apartment with living room. Raye gud Lissa Lasny ye Lad Bypise Las gb Qu) fethey plans Uley Busy sess ui gel Sualy Gladys Lyd. Sazse UGE po (Sus i Bling sYydU sualyy ful Gate lin Uber (58 youll Ge da 3 Wad 4b OST Lark febe dling Giles GLLas 42 pleas UlLes de S36 da Sygve Wes WS 3 Sui t Gtbey Exercise 5 Write the correct form of plural for the adjectives in brackets. (55) oY gl oY ga | (Joe) eb, ¥ (bere) Glioaill (q5elss¥!) ssLall GLa ¢ stl say (Jgdde) el piail © (Laasd) (cs pumall) Lai Exercise 6 Change the noun, adjective or pronoun in bold type in the following sentences into the correct plural form. Example: I bought a shirt last week. I bought three shirts last week. spt g seul! Lapa oe alll esuall Glas 0G onUNIT 9 175 By alall 9 lose Leas Gsay \ ec Lein WY jasall ee ¥ Solega cil Ja Y Algniia 3 pst Suall £ Aaslall .¢ dullb Yi 9 its Laas 9a 1 agl alaatt Gls ¥ ayia! ishtaréyt | bought (Glaad «yarad qamiiS, qumSaan shirt saa jayyid of good quality G92 Glogs jaw:aan", jaw:aa* hungry Exercise 7 Now change these whole sentences into the plural. Remember that verbs preceding their nouns remain singular, and that the -uun/-iin plural ending must show the correct case. wagsall Jalatl uss ) S cath pill SSH Sal SM le Lusi atuay Linew toll cueol £ Gaal Gyo auall @ a © Soa dud Dayf, Duybuf guest176 ARABIC Exercise 8 Choose the correct ending for each of the sentences below. edgy yh GELS ada! wv lages ¢lad Va T we gg wall oba t wo gES Gg Lal Alb Wa £ ghald Gaspeall Alb BY yi OSI, a liven liad AY gS, D Bases Gail oda GSly € ie gual stall oda QSlyd (S19 walaakin, walaakinna but (the latter behaves like (| inna. See Unit 8) plas nisaa’* women (pl.) Exercise 9 Put the following sentences into the dual. (You can leave the verbs in the singular as they come before the noun.) 1 The office is closed. gabe SalI 2 The technician is not present. dele cell oul ¥ 3 The bathroom is spacious. sternly plas ¥ 4 The employee (fem.) worked in .3 yl) oll (8 Lab gall foc # the ministry. 5 The manageress spoke to the aJoLall 8 sal! cals © workman.UNIT 9 W77 ge Exercise 10 Read (and if you have the recording, listen to) the following information about John Barker. 4D case pls ca phe pa dau VY ojec cc jeletl Sub Ose Talgw died, oul oLLYl got ohansall (8 ol pis 0 Bye wh LY fe) Lalsl, John is looking for a job as a salesperson in Abu Dhabi, and wants to register at an employment agency. He needs to fill in an application form. Imagine that you are John, and fill out the application form for him. A possible reply is in the Key to the Exercises. eee te al Slam Peay aslii Lundell ¥ somnnnnen Cape fragel # osactantanenae ents, CHL Gaal LO: . oY ey easy Aaliguaidems 5 cls.sl elacd w- foe ee Aatlis doll ins, chal fad » Se Vere 178 ARABIC JalS kéamil complete, whole ol Auta jinsiyyah, -aat nationality asi @:zab* bachelor, single Egy mutazawwaj married Gaglas «Olgas :unwaan, sanaawiin* address dat laday-k you have (lit. ‘with you; in your possession’)i 0 S fart Ibe maadhaa ta:mal? What do you do? In this unit you will learn: to say what you do every day to talk about your interests to say what you will do in the future . ™ to say what you like or dislike 2 = more about not 1 fags JS Jead Jile maadhaa ta:mal kull yawm? What do you do every day? A women’s magazine has sent Fawzia to interview Kamal, the sales manager of a local business. She asks him about what he does during the day. Listen to or read the interview several times, each time concentrating on a different point. Then answer the questions. Exercise 1 a What does Kamal always eat in the morning? b Does he telephone his ison? ii daughter? iii mother? ¢ Does he read reports for i 2-3 hours? ii 3-4 hours? iii 4-5 hours? d Did he learn to use a computer iat school? ii at college? iii at work? € Who does he sit with in the afternoon? f How often does he meet the employees?180 ARABIC Sceuall USES Mole 4uj98 B43 Godly Dany bus Llaly Lait «Shpall JST las Soyoil 98 Gare 8 Oph gil gs alssi aule, SAS say ard Miley dajgi alssly AV + Telul cil gs SiLall Salt ll casi Jas egal SLs! Ge Bjlaall 3 aes SAMS sary dag (ia A SLall 52 La Lat Gly Lily (pas Spi Sul Lass volels SM igaiele GyRiuay SdwLall UY pusind Ja dazgd LS (3 Lull JY lasts! cuales Leak vari les Jylall Spglall say ard Miley daz ga AS sll Gsigte Gaby @Lall aall eo Gulaljgbll sey Ybas Calle yall gs Trays oleLaial pAals Exercise 2 Now read the interview again. Link the English phrases to the corresponding Arabic expressions. a I drink coffee. ASayol 8 Gas ga b He lives in America. AS yhall ogi GudlLs ¥ cI talk with him in the car. Paap ben als d And what do you do in the afternoon? ¢y¢laIl say ard liley ¢ e We discuss company affairs. Boll (3 dre alssi °UNIT 10 181 Jsla .Jsi Gkala, y4’kul [S-I u] ear 4Sl9a .4gSLa faakihah, fawaakih* fruit HS khubz bread dasa jubnah cheese Qyity «yt shériba, yashrab [S-I a] drink atSiy .alSG takéllama, yatakallam [S-V] speak @4 méza with, together with vias «juile :aash, ya:iish [My-I] live, reside ary «fas :dmila, ya:mal [5-1 a] do, work (efda «o83 dhahaba, yadh-hab [S-I a] go O9~ «Gil séa’iq, -dun driver Jiegs fio waSSala, yuwassil [S-Il] connect, transport gual «yt khébar, akhbéar news Qs «asl Tabaia, yaTba: [S-I a] print, type igs |,8 qa@ra’a, yaqra’ [S-I a] read JG 45 45 tagqriir, taqaariir* report gle méalii financial GyAGuy gril istaghraqa, yastaghriq [$-X] fake, use up, occupy (of time) Prt asdiual istékhdama, yastakhdim [S-X] use diula df éalah Haasibah computer* axis ated ta:dllama, yata:allam [S-V] learn aludciuul istikhdaam use, employment ol als kulliyyah, -aat college, faculty 3,la3 tijaarah trade, commerce182 ARABIC gulag «ula jélasa, yajlis [5-1 i] sit als :aamm general UAL: «yids néaqasha, yunaaqish [S-Ill] discuss g§4 ghd sha’n, shu’dun matter, affair aod «ya HéDara, yaHDur [S-I u] attend 1 Ysi aakul | eat. Note spelling here. This sign over the alif (called maddah) is always used when (theoretically) two hamzahs come together, or a hamzah is followed by a long a-vowel (e.g. in the word for computer in the next note) 2 iuula 4i aalah Haasibah computer. This coinage — literally meaning counting machine - seems to have met with fairly general acceptance, although ji9::8 kambyuutir is also common. Ge 2 se) jy ol gi gst aa lala maadhaa ta:mal fii awqaat al-faraagh? What do you do in your free time? Ruhiyyah and Hisham al-Musallam, on business from Jordan, are discussing with Ali, a Sudanese business contact, what they do in their free time. Exercise 3 Listen to the discussion and answer the questions. a What does Hisham not play any more? b What do he and Ali have in common? c Who likes to watch Egyptian television serials? d What does Ruhiyyah invite Ali to do this evening? e Who is the most active: i Hisham? ii Ruhiyyah? iii Ali?UNIT 10 183 Salina Lg Lall oligl .b Ja Ls te CES glee gb Gultile LS Ld eauly Glyall Gall alin Ayats Lal call Y GS gS itll Gall sail gaeS Ua cysall jail asl allis Las Lali ye Miagsk aks tS Sys5alall le Gyasl olily ll asl LEY diay, 4a eal Mebavall Useal ¥ Gi lt chal gl gh CALE wal all Juaal ed ya Si LEY, alias Audley! sas Y daays GS cA Ga Gy GLtY ga Leiuull Gas LASly dung, Sogle Ly Wins pcan eLucall 5d Leia! Exercise 4 Read the dialogue again, and link the English phrases with the appropriate Arabic expressions. a | used to play tennis. gual wali ois) b Do you like poetry? siecle i ge ¥ cI prefer novels. Audley! cas Y day l d Ruhiyyah doesn’t like sport. Syatall Gains fa t e We are going to the cinema. bly Sl aii °184 ARABIC | Jads Jad fexala, yéfral [5-1 a] do Lal 34 waqt al-faraagh free time wats «ual laciba, yakab [5-1 a] play Ulile séa’ish living ed sabaHa, yasbaH [S-I a] swim Giga guulf golf yd tanis tennis Ov! al-@an now put shisr poetry ay «sai aHabba, yuHibb [D-IV] like, love Uucsdy ua f4DDala, yufaDDil [S-Il] prefer GL .dylg) riwaayah, -Gat novel, story vs «. sie -¢, ja tafarraja, yatafarraj :ala [S-V] watch, look at OL jute musalsil, -Gat serial, series Y9 wé-laa and not, nor oyS4 «9,8 kariha, yakrah [S-1 a] hate a3 fislan really, actually, in fact wales qaly barnaamij, baraamij* programme as thaqaafii cultural dusty, riyaaDah sport, sports fight la jéa’a, yajii’ [My-l] come Gh dauaiy oles ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Asking what others do and saying what you do Semel Jsb Ws What do you eat in the morning?UNIT 10 Sg tll say fond 1SLe 8S Lat da Sl asl LaSls aSJ gall Jsi LyaiS 8545 Gil cilya / uid Gall cel 185 What do you do in the afternoon? Do you read a lot? I go to the office 1 always eat fruit I drink coffee a lot I play tennis/golf I swim Asking what others like and saying what you like to do gai dai of ad ML se Lall olay ogazalill Gai pvall 5 Ga Ya Lala ll gals oS jaa ol ad tuHibb an téfial you like to do (lit. you like that you do) What do you like to do in your free time? I like television She doesn’t like football We hate sports programmes audi 34S kérat al-qadam football antl wS!3 taraakiib al-laghah (Structures) Talking about things in the present This unit contains an overview of the Arabic verb system, placed here for ease of reference. Do not try to absorb all this information186 ARABIC at once, as you will have ample opportunity to revise and consolidate your knowledge in future units. The overview should be studied in conjunction with Unit 7, which deals with the past tense, and, in particular, with the Verb Tables at the back of the book. 1 How to form the Present Tense Look at the Present Tense column of Table 1 on page 364. You will see that the present tense is formed from a stem (whose vowels usually differ from those of the past stem), to which are added prefixes for all parts, plus suffixes for certain parts. With only a few exceptions (see below), the same set of prefixes and suffixes apply to every Arabic verb, so it is obviously important to learn them thoroughly from the beginning. Here is the present tense of fo write in transliterated form, without the dual forms which occur rarely and can be learned later. The stem is given in bold type: Singular Plural yaktub he writes, is writing yaktubuun they (m.) write taktub she writes yaktubna they (f.) write taktub you (m.) write taktubuun you (m) write taktubiin you (f.) write taktubna you (f.) write aktub | write naktub we wrife Tips To help you remember, here are some pointers: Prefixes: * The you-forms all have the prefix ta-, which is similar to the t in the pronouns anta, anti, etc. * All the third person forms have the prefix ya- with the exception of the feminine singular. The J-form has a-; the pronoun is anaa.UNIT 10. 187 The we-form has na-; the pronoun is naHnu, Suffixes: * The you (fem. sing.) has suffix -iin to distinguish it from the masculine. * The they and you (masc. pl.) have the external plural suffix -uun. * The they and you (fem. pl.) have the suffix -na. 2 Vowelling of the prefixes In the types of stems which we have marked II, III and IV (see Verb Tables), the vowel of all the prefixes changes to u (yu-, tu-, u-, etc.) 3 The present stem In this unit, both tenses of the verb are given in Arabic script and transliteration in the he-form, plus the verb type in square brackets [{S-Ill, Mw-I, etc.] to enable you to look them up in the verb tables. Example: Past Present Type Meaning as «ues faDDala yufaDDil [S-II] prefer In subsequent units, verbs will be given as follows and you should refer to the appropriate verb table to identify all the parts of the verb. Past Ar. _ Past Trans. Type Meaning uaa faDDala [S-Il]_ prefer 4 Type S-I Verbs Type S-I verbs are the only ones where the vowel on the middle radical is not predictable. In both tenses it can be any of the three Arabic vowels, a, i or u. Since these vowels are never written in Modern Arabic, they have to be learned. In this book they are given in the following form: Past Ar. _ Past Trans. Type Meaning wis kataba {S-lu] write This should be interpreted as follows:188 ARABIC a) The Arabic gives the three root letters. b) The transliterated past identifies the middle radical vowel — here a (kataba). Note: The vowel on the first radical is always a in the past tense, and this radical has no vowel in the present. c) The verb type (here S-I) directs you to the appropriate verb table. d) The vowel given after the verb type (here u) is the middle radical vowel in the present stem (ktub). The following scheme of things usually prevails, but there are always exceptions. Past stem Vowel on C? + Vowel on C? Present Stem CaCaC a > vori cCuC kataba fo write ktub CaCic i > a CCaC fahima fo understand fham CaCuC u > u ¢€CuC kabura fo be big kbur Most S-I verbs are of the CaCaC -» CCu/iC type. There are quite a few CaCiC -» CCaC types, but CaCuC > CCuC is rare, and usually indicates a state of being or becoming something. Tip: You will usually still be understood if you get these vowels wrong, so don’t worry too much about them at this stage. 5 Other types of verbs Type D-I and type Fw-I verbs also have variable vowellings which will be indicated in the same way. All other types of verbs (including S-II to X) fortunately have standard vowellings for both stems, so reference to the appropriate verb table will provide all parts automatically. These will be explained as they are introduced, with reference to the verb tables, but there are some general pointers which you can learn about now.UNIT 10 189 You know already that there are no really irregular verbs in Arabic, with the exception of laysa (see Unit 8). The same prefixes and suffixes are used for all verbs, but some verbs have two stems, in one or both of the tenses. An example of this is the verb kaana, (see Unit 8) which has the two past stems kaan- and kun-. This type of verb is usually known as a hollow verb, and is the subject of Table Mw-I. Although it should not be used in is/are sentences, kaana has a ‘present’ tense which is used in certain contexts to express doubt or uncertainty. This also has two stems: kuun- and kun-. Again refer Table Mw-I. 6 Function of the present tense Arabic has only two simple tenses, the past and the present. Just as the past tense serves for did, has done, the present tense fulfils the functions of does, is doing and, in questions does do, as in Does he live here? Common sense will tell you how to translate from Arabic. et gil gb RS Ub gta ya:iishuun fii shaqqah kabiirah fii abuu DHabi they-live in apartment big in Abu Dhabi They live in a big apartment in Abu Dhabi oetull gl (8 olson YI Le gSall bi3 tanshur al-Hukuumah al-iHSaa’iyaat fii awwal ash-shahr she-publishes the-government the-statistics in first the month The government publishes the statistics at the beginning of the month Scleall (3 Usb iL maadhaa ta’kul fi S-SabaaH? what you-eat in the-morning What do you eat in the morning? 7 The past continuous The past continuous is what we call a verb-phrase such as was190 ARABIC studying, used to study, and so on. In Arabic this is expressed with the aid of the verb kaana (type Mw-lI), in the same way as the had done type verb explained in Unit 8, except that the main verb this time is in the present tense. In all other respects, including agreement and word order, this tense behaves like its sister in Unit 8. kaana + present tense verb = past continuous was studying kaana + past tense verb = pluperfect had studied Dail Lrole (68 Gey Labla ails kaanat faaTimah tadrus fii jaami:at landan she-was Fatimah she-studies in university [of] London Fatimah was studying at the University of London poz JS Gguall ot oa LS kunnaa nadbhab ilaa s-suug kull yawm we-were we-go to the-market every day We used to go to the market every day 8 Talking about what you will do in the future There is no future tense in Arabic. Actions which have not yet happened are expressed by placing the word yu sawfa, or the prefix —. sa- before a present tense verb. Since it consists of only one Arabic letter, sa- is joined to the word which follows it. Nae jah oll umes ob pe sawfa yaSil al-waziir ghadan [future] he-arrives the-minister tomorrow The minister will arrive tomorrowUNIT 10 pulilll ¢ saw !l blue sa-usaafir al-usbuu: al-qaadim 191 [future] - I-travel the-week the-coming I shall travel next week uaa «uog waSala, yaSil [Fw-l i] fo arrive 9 The complete not Arabic has several ways of expressing not which must be used in different contexts. Negative usd laysa* Y laa la maa cA lan ad lam Context is/are sentences present verb past verb future verb past actions * Unlike the other negatives, laysa is actually a verb and has to be used accordingly. (See Unit 8) ** For these terms see later in this unit. Formation second noun/adjective, if indefinite, has accusative marker verb takes normal form verb in the past tense sa-/sawfa omitted, and verb in the subjunctive** verb in the present jussive** form, but with past meaning a) laysa is used for negating is/are sentences: laysa r-rajul kabiiran is-not the-man old boas asl! cual The man is not old192 ARABIC b) maa negates a past verb: maa saafarat ila l-maghrib woiall So sls b not she-travelled to the-Morocco She did not go te Morocco c) laa negates sentences with a present tense verb : laa ya:rafuun al-lughah Aus all EU gd ay Y |-faransiyyah They (masc.) don’t know not they-know the-language the-French French d) lan negates the future. The sa- or sawfa future marker is omitted. when lan is used. lan taSilii qabl aDH-DHubr obll Ua (pleas Oo! not you-will-arrive before the-noon You (fem. sing.) will not arrive before noon e) lam negates verbs which refer to the past, although, as will be discussed below, the actual verb used is a form of the present. Jam ya’kuluu aHm all list, al not they-ate the-meat They didn’t eat the meat Note: maa + past verb and lam + present verb convey exactly the same meaning. Literary Arabs regard the latter construction more elegant. 10 Altered forms of the present verb If you look carefully at examples d) and e) above, you will note that the verbs used are slightly different from those you have learned (they have no final ¢, for example). Historically, in addition to the normal form, Arabic had two so- called moods of the present (not the past) tense, called the subjunctive and the jussive respectively. These altered forms must be used after certain words in Arabic. Two of these are lan, which requires the subjunctive, and lam, which requires the jussive.UNIT 10 193 Fortunately, for many verbs, the subjunctive and the jussive are identical in writing. They are given in full in Table 1 on page 364 but, for convenience, here are the parts which show a difference. Other parts of the verb remain unchanged. Verbs which show further deviations will be explained as they occur. G28 taktubiin you write (fem. sing.) > taktubii as O38 yaktubuun they write (masc. pl.) > yaktubuu | 5:38) 94355 taktubuun you write (masc. pl.) > taktubuu 15.583 The Arabs call this ‘the omission of the nuun’. An unpronounced allif is added at the end. You will remember that the same thing happened in the past tense. In fact it is a convention that any verb which has a -uu suffix adds this redundant letter. Nobody knows why. Remember to use these forms after both lan and lam. 11 Prepositions and pronoun suffixes Prepositions tell you where something is in relation to something else, such as on, behind, in, etc. However they often, in both English and Arabic, form an essential part of what are known as phrasal verbs. English examples of phrasal verbs are call up, call on, call in, all essentially different meanings derived from the simple verb call. In Arabic, for instance, you don’t ‘need something’, you ‘need towards something’. Here are some examples: ull cla .¢ Ga! iHtaaja, yaHtaaj ilaa [Mw-VII] to need something — Jaia, «aia! iHtafala, yahtafil bi- [S-VIM] to celebrate something194 ARABIC if stn ee raghiba, yarghab fii [S-I a] to want, desire something Geos «say raHHaba bi- [S-II] to welcome someone Prepositions required after verbs are given in the vocabularies. When prepositions are used with pronouns (towards him, by her, and so on), they use the same possessive pronouns suffixes as are used with nouns (see Unit 5): US kitaab-ha her book (gis min-ha from her Pronunciation Arabic prepositions alter slightly when they are attached to a suffix, and some of them affect certain suffixes. i) Prepositions ending in -a lose the -a with the suffix -ii, me: maa with +-ii me = |,» mai with me ii) Prepositions ending in -n double this with the suffix -ii: min from + -iime = (is minn-ii from me akhadhuu Ljariidah min-nii (i+ $45 5a! Lysal they-took the-newspaper from-me They took the newspaper from me (Note: This is different from ea min-naa, from us, where one n belongs to the suffix.) iii) After long vowels and -ay, -ii me is pronounced -ya: se fiiya (or fiyya) in me (isle :alayya on me iv) After -i, -ii or -ay, -hu, -hum and -hunna change -u to -i (not visible in the written form): 444 fii-hi in him et: bi-him with themUNIT 10 195 v) Prepositions ending in long -aa written as a -y without dots (see page 21) change their endings into -ay: cll ilaa, towards becomes -1I ilay-: aSyi| ilay-kum, towards you cele talaa, on becomes le salaay- : isle :alay-naa, on us yaD-Hak :alay-naa Ligle claus he-laughs on-us He’s laughing at us vi) 4 li-, to, for becomes la- before all the suffixes except -ii (see i) above), This change is again not apparent in the written form: eq la-hum for them sa-adfa: la-haa Il-mablagh do gucall ALill Ut adsl al-maDbuuT I'll pay her the exact (future)I-pay to-her the-sum amount the-exact Note: li-, as a one letter word (see page 22) is attached to the word after it. If this has al- the, the alif is omitted: al,l! li-l-walad for the boy In addition, if the noun itself begins with laam, the doubling sign is used 4a! li-l-lughah to the language olalsti lagi awzaan al-kalimaat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike CuCaCaa’* wuzarda’ ely) 9 fo a rat (Cockney/ ministers Glaswegian pron. of the tas a glottal stop) This shape is mainly used for the plural of certain male human beings which have the singular shape CaCiiC. In fact it is196 ARABIC relatively safe to guess plurals of such nouns using this shape. It does not take the accusative marker. el aw sufaraa’* from ja. safiir ambassador el Lyall ‘ al prince, emir ely d5 dy Minister el de «eto director, manager It is also used with some adjectives of the same shape: cliaw «tzau saciid, su:adaa’* happy, joyful and some nouns with the singular shape CaaCiC: ela el shaa:ir, shu:araa™ poet oly yo3 tamriinaat (Practice) Exercise 5 Nafisah plays tennis, and enjoys going to the cinema and swimming, She would like to make friends with someone who has the same interests as she does. She sees the following entries in the newspaper. Who has most in common with her? site oS kun Sadiiq-ii! Be my friend! al papad (paul peal JS ginal al pull 5 5UNIT 10 197 obi «gt lab, alzaab playing, game ol .As194 hawaayah, -dat hobby daLlus sibaaHah swimming Exercise 6 Change the following sentences into the negative, using one of the words in the box below. Use each word only once. eos eal Ia} pela 3 Lead) cpa! Y poll etal (8 sigll I 3LUG gue ¥ Aacall age crmall lf liras ¢ Aglauue (gb Jord ial e WSa yeh go elles Guys 3 (DA ena iw cous y al Jlea joa jamal, jimaal came! Ges aabiiH ugly sgt al-hind India 4st «guys dérasa, yadrus [S-I u] study Exercise 7 Fill the gaps using the prepositions from the box below. Lg USL, Gene abs atall 4 Bis Ua oo 54 cess, ilu ¥198 ARABIC agrees Bay yall cial Bao Eh lias cing) Sue GUS Nia e oa oe J wit a! Exercise 8 Hameed is an active person. Make up complete sentences about him, saying what his sports are and what he likes and dislikes, and using the information in the table below. The first one is done for you. “BUS Gals tyan Hameed plays football. 28: | gut os | we ena) Bel all a 3 gaa asl Zola! Exercise 9 The verbs in brackets in the following sentences are all in the he- form. Referring to the translation below, substitute the correct present tense forms. ESL La jaall ob Gjales¥! Gall (ale) G2 sy) ese SS yolk (eats) ¥ sdaall Gs Ge gay ie gli (yb) By 53 pdnsee ll Ubu, (WiS,) # Hyg G84) oI aja ae gall’ Saul! els (G2) Ja 4 NV Relat ollsseall (Jas) VUNIT 10 199 oases aga hase 525 coll (ens) Byun A Ghyll sy) ee (Gah) oil cals 4 soul gb Lut (Cou) Algal agame QS Ss Translation: Qatari children learn English in secondary school She telephones her mother every day. We drink tea on our return from the work 1 am writing a letter to my friend Nourah The official wants to talk to us immediately. Do you (fem. sing.) know that man? The pharmacies close at six o’clock They (fem.) will arrive in New York on Thursday The girls used to play with the neighbours’ children. 10 Mahmoud and his brothers used to earn a lot in Kuwait. Exercise 10 Change the following past tense verbs (in brackets) into the present tense. Went AanhRwWnNe Wis ayaSua (Ls) ASLeed MS gg Hl call (clan) ¥ ose pall S936 Garb! (ona) ¥ woth LI (ps3) OS Goalie £ wpLBSI! aa (crag) Le © S(cx205) Gal AIS Translation: 1 He asked his (male) secretary a question. 2 The girl carried the coffee to the living room. 3 The doctor examined the eyes of the patient. 4 The shopkeeper offered us tea. $I didn’t understand this book. 6 Where did you (masc. sing.) go?200 ARABIC ead faHaSa, yafHaS [S-I a] fo examine es. (py Asya mariiD, marDaa* (adj.) ill; (noun) patient Exercise 11 Read the article below about the Dubai Shopping Festival, and answer the following questions. a When does it take place? b Why do so many people come to the festival? c¢ Name two of the attractions. d Where is the firework meee held? alas yuqéam is held, takes place (passive verb) wl glajge mahrajéan, -éat festival (jgusi fasawwug shopping sudius liu! istafaada, yastafiid [My-X] benefit ol .J4j43 tanziil, -aat lowering, reduction glaul jaui sitr, as:aar price giles; baDaa’i:* goods, merchandise gs tijaarii commercialUNIT 10 201 ANS (yl! 44.5) iDGafatan ilaa dhéalik in addition to that aud .aud qaddama, yuqaddim [S-Il] offer, present Hilgm 33j4le jéa’izah, jawaa’iz* prize, reward aul qayyim valuable, expensive oligaw ..au saHb, suHuubaat lottery ai dhahab gold Layi @yDan also ol duke’ fa:aaliyyah, -aat activity, event en fannii artistic; technical igi@ly) riyaaDii sporting Jas mithl like Qiu sibaaq racing Jgi5/Ja% khayl/khuyoul horses (both with plural meaning) Y495£ «4256 :arD, :urduD show, display 44,14 Glu al:aab naariyyah fireworks (498 fawaq(a) above, over gg khawr creek1 t dra Muy! slic Y al-a:yaad al-islaamiyyah Islamic Festivals In this unit you will learn: about the main Islamic festivals ™ special greetings used on festival days = the Islamic calendar = how to say what?/where?/who? = how to say to have Introduction The emphasis of the book changes slightly from this unit onwards. Units 1-10 contain all the essential basics of Modern Standard Arabic, so now we can go on to more advanced and realistic texts and dialogues. These use more complex sentence structures, so make sure you have mastered the principles given in Units 1-10 before going on. Individual words can be looked up in the glossaries. However, it is less easy to refer back to half-absorbed constructions, so some revision now will pay dividends later. The Arabic texts and dialogues will be given as they would appear in a modern book or newspaper; that is, with only occasional vyowelling. Only a literal word-for-word translation of the texts will be given in the Key to the Exercises to help you to concentrate on the Arabic structures. You should try to convert this into normal English. Major new grammatical features are given in special sections just as before, and minor points and reminders of things already dealt with are given in the Notes after the texts.UNIT 11 203 Where there is no realistic alternative, data which has to be learned mechanically (for instance parts of the verb) can be referred to in the tables at the back of the book. We suggest that, while you refer to these as much as possible, you should not allow yourself to become discouraged if you can’t take them all in at once. Rather keep coming back to them as you work through the units. daattuY! slic Y! al-a:yaad al-islaamiyyah Islamic festivals Jack and Fran, visiting Egypt during the month of Ramadan, ask their friend Ahmed about Islamic festivals. Exercise 1 Look carefully through the new words before you begin. Listen to the recording several times, and answer the questions. a How many festivals do all Muslims celebrate? b Which month comes before the first festival? ¢ What should people abstain from during the month of Ramadan? Exercise 2 Listen to the recording again and answer these questions. a The great festival of the pilgrimage begins: ion the first day ii on the last day iii in the middle b People travel: i to Mecca ii to Medina iii from Mecca ¢ They visit: ithe Kaabah ii the mosque d How do they celebrate the festival? e Which Muslim celebration resembles a Christian festival? Now read the dialogue.S Gabel aie lage 6S U3] Bake Lagall slacd SLaa Lay Ghill Ge eecl, jatuall sini ga chy Tl Sea seb gl do hy sete Se ase Us! (sf vateall sual! Saiswlio Loy hyp Sl Glade pgs las Ios ets G) AtaLbe Copabuall she pyuall gis SpSuie pra sine Las Wa Leith 63 cupeotas Vy GolSle Y GuLall Gi cline p.gucll ppeall ae ya gall sual ga ley veel sae sh aS! sual ga Sddpalio Loy galls gall pal coe psp ol line aay gall Gaalie SaSW ete atasiecosSallla Sorell gagaline ull GlioLues Saaall lage Cpls LS; pls 4b Ggaek aa Shas ca Ley Vung gall Olgs 6b AisiSlay dyads Gye pa dal Pea acraale $13] hei’ GUS) Solyela NG aay Qoltins WLLSY! Gas a oY tga les JS eats ots oh plans dale AU phi «pail alge 9a Cage ueall Gad Gade sWaall aye Joe Ma saad ARABIC dla saai ola dol dla deal ola sani dle aaal ola sai dla seal Oba sani dle sani ola seal dl wool olaUNIT 11 205 Exercise 3 Read the text again, referring to the notes below, and link the English phrases with the equivalent Arabic expressions, a We have two important festivals. te Os as Ulsl el b Which month is it in? wh gt ¢ The first day of the month of Saal lage Qgldias US Shawal. S13) Ls GLE Solel ¥ d What do you mean by fasting? SpSuie pyall Gaol, ¢ ¢ People don’t eat or drink inthe sie sSaall sue fis lia 0 daytime. -Casatueall Gad f' How do they celebrate this AG Tegal ble 4 festival? «Oil g What is the sacrifice? -Gaebuall sie Sule fia h It is a custom among the Yo cols ¥ Gull Muslims. ual 8 Gt i So you only have two festivals? oawill ale 4 j This is like our Christian Christmas. S98 bts col pd i slici ss slid, azyaad festival; anniversary G5 lus moslim, -uun Muslim ads muhimm important ghd filr breaking of a fast digi shawaal name of an Islamic month. See list later in this unit. ol duslis mundasabah, -aat occasion wis :@qaba $-1 u come after, follow lS ax)S kariim, kiréam noble, generous (here used as an honorific adjective for the month Ramadan, often translated holy) @geo Sawm fast, fasting (4% m4é:naa* meaning206 ARABIC 444 nahéar daytime, hours of daylight yl aakhar* (fem. os. a) bkhraa*) other ell sas tid al-aD-Haa Festival of the Sacrifice (see below) gall al-Hajj the Pilgrimage Jal Gakhir last (of something) abi ‘ags yawm, ayyéam day dajSall 24 makkah I-mukérramah Holy (City of) Mecca ij zaara Mw-l visit 4x5! al-ka:bah the Kaabah (Holy Shrine in Mecca} — Jia! iHtafala bi- S-Vill celebrate qs dhaébaHa S-1a slaughter Giles dans dhabiiHah, dhabéa’iH® sacrificial animal GUS «5954 kharduf, khurfaan sheep 4alg3 nih@ayah end jl gale :@adah, -aat custom, habit 13) idhan so, therefore aay ba:D some, part of something ylaai «yb quTr, aq?aar region, zone, area SJL thaalith third (adj.) eth! stg méwlid an-nabii (festival of) the Prophet's Birthday play cule alll pte Sallaa |-Laahu :alay-hi wa-sallam Prayers and Peace be upon Him (said after mentioning the name of the Prophet) Jia mithl like sMaall sac siid al-miilaad Christmas OS- ygapus masiiHii, -vun ChristianUNIT 207 al-mulaaHaDHaat (Notes) oU4- Stal! i kam how many. This word takes the singular of the noun, which is also marked with the accusative ending -an if there is no other suffix (see Unit 8). @ muslimiin. The masculine plural ending -uun becomes -iin after all prepositions (in this case sind), and also when the noun is the possessing item of a possessive construction (see Unit 14). For sind expressing fo have, see later in this Unit. Hi Note the dual pronoun humaa they-two for two things or persons (see Unit 9) B awwal yawm the first day. The adjective awwal first can be used in the normal way, but frequently precedes its noun which then does not have al- the. @ shahr shawwaal is a possessive construction (the month of Shawwal), so the word shahr cannot have al-. @ anna that (conjunction), like inna (Unit 8) is always followed by a noun showing the accusative marker if applicable, or a pronoun suffix. @ cline ma:nao-h ifs meaning. Words ending in -aa but written with ., change to alif when anything is added. .¢ can only exist as the final letter of an Arabic word or word combination, the same as 3 (which becomes = when anything is added). i The verbs eat and drink are in their full plural agreeing forms because they come after their subject an-naas the people (see Unit 7). ® cakhir last behaves in the same way as awwal. See above. B yazuuruun they visit. This kind of verb, called by the Arabs a hollow verb, has two stems for both present and past tenses. This one is vowelled like kaana, but there are two other vowel patterns. Study these in Tables Mw, My and Ma, and you can always refer back to them in the future. Like all verbs, these occur usually in the he or she forms (because of the208 ARABIC agreement rules), so are often recognizable from their long aa vowel in the past. In the present tense the long vowel is (in order of statistical frequency) wu, ii or (infrequently) ae. BB fii-h. The use of prepositions in both English and Arabic is very idiomatic and therefore unpredictable. We would say on it, but the Arabs say in it. A similar idiosyncracy in English would be: on Tuesday, but in March. WB kharuuf yadhbaHuun-uh a sheep which they slaughter. English would supply the word which, and ignore the ending -uh on the verb. See relative clauses, Unit 13. B haadhaa :aadah this is a custom. You will recognise this as an is/are sentence. The haadhaa does not agree with the feminine noun, as it refers back to the preceding sentence as a whole. i faqaT only. This word always follows what it refers to. yoHtefiluun they celebrate. The verb is plural here, because no subject is stated, it being the they implied within the verb. Bi naHnu we is for emphasis or contrast here. OP dus 4) lygu23 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) What to say at feast times and birthdays The most universal greeting at festival times: los ss ciid mubaarak May the festival be blessed (for you) The reply: ds dla atl God bless you Al-laah yubaarik fii-k (fii-ki to a woman, fii-kum to several people)UNIT 11 209 A greeting which can be used for any annual occasion such as a birthday: pee ail, ele JS Every year and [may] you kull :aam w-anta bi-khayr [be] well (fem. anti, plural antum) The reply: preey cil And [may] you [be] well wa anta/anti/antum bi-khayr Cards are often sent, usually bearing one of the congratulatory phrases given above. 48185 olaglae ma:luumdat thaqaafiyyah (Cultural tips) The main religious festivals celebrated by all Muslims, regardless of sect or country of origin, are: gil aye sid al-fiTr (or Lesser Bairam, at the end of Ramadan) Date: 1st of Shawwal (see calendar, page 211) This is a holiday of about three days, marking the end of the fast of the month of Ramadan, during which Muslims allow nothing to pass their lips (food, drink, smoke) between sunrise and sunset. On the first day of the feast there are special prayers in the mosque, and the rest of the holiday is traditionally spent visiting family and friends, offering congratulations, and making up for lost time with large feasts. Children usually receive gifts of money and new clothes. As you can imagine, total abstention from food and drink during the daytime in Ramadan causes considerable hardship. Working hours are reduced, but you will find that people tend to be listless. Lack of sleep is another problem, as a sustaining meal has to be Prepared and consumed before the dawn deadline. If you are in a210 ARABIC Muslim country during Ramadan, it is polite to show consideration by not eating or drinking in front of local people. (p59 aus cid al-aD-Haa (or Korban Bairam) Date: 10th of Dhuu 1-Hijjah (see calendar) This is the major feast of Islam, and again merits a holiday of several days. Even for those not on the pilgrimage, a large feast is in order, those who can afford it slaughtering (usually) a sheep and sharing it with the family, often giving some of the meat to the poor. The richer and more important you are, the bigger the feast that is expected. Members of the family visit each other’s houses, offering congratulations, and again gifts are made to the children. (gti alge muulid an-nabii Prophet's Birthday Date: 12th of Rabii: al-awwal (see calendar) The Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday is often just called muulid. Although not officially prescribed by Islam, this is celebrated in varying local forms in many parts of the Arab world. Muslims of the Shi’ah persuasion have additional festivals of their own. The Islamic calendar Although nowadays it is only used in most countries for religious purposes (such as festival dates), you should be familiar with the Islamic calendar. ae nC eT AY ett) Jott eae | Aaah yap otayeneatn gets ans!” pat ° J 4s V4 SA SY SN ABLE vi Ye Veuve YY vt v4 YAUNIT 11 211 The Islamic date is calculated from the date of the Prophet Muhammad's flight (in Arabic hijrah) from Mecca to Medinah, which took place on July 16, 622 Ap. For this reason, Islamic dates are specified as (¢ ,» hijrii, often abbreviated to -s. The English abbreviation is AH. Apart from starting more than six centuries later than the Western calendar, the Islamic year consists of 12 lunar months, adding up to only 354 days. Consequently, the years are not synchronised with our solar calendar, so festivals creep forward according to our dating system. For instance in 2000 ap (1420-21 _4 ) Ramadan started about 5 December. For most secular transactions, Arabic versions of the Western month names are used. The Arabs call the AD year ccs ‘Lss miilaadii pertaining to the birth (i.e. of Christ), abbreviated to ins VET — a Yeu Below is a table for the two sets of months. For the reasons given above, these do not, of course, correspond except in the order in which they come. fi Western calendar Islamic calendar oily yanaayir go> muHarram li fabraayir ite Safar uss maaris Us¥l aa, rabii: al-awwal al abril (GUI ga rabii: ath-thaanii gale maayuu ol 1,1 slea jumaada I-uulaa 252 yuunyuu 354.91 (gules jumaada l-aakhirah sels: yuulyuu 2p rajab wauwé! aghusTus olab sha:baan Jiciuw sabtambar Olé.) ramaDaan 23S! uktuubir Jly2 shawwaal voi, nuufambar J+euss diisambar Suadll 94 dhuu I-qa:dah 4aall 53 dhuu I-Hijjah212 ARABIC There is a third set of month names, starting with kaanuun ath- thaani ‘the second Kanoon'’, used mainly in the Syria—Iraq region, and you should try to learn these if you are going to that area. aU] GS1,3 taraakfib al-laghah (Structures) 1 Question words These question words differ from the question markers.Ja hal and | a given in Unit 2, which merely turn statements into yes/no questions. The words referred to here are more specific. What? There are two words for what: , maa is used before nouns and subject pronouns: 5a Le What [is] it (he)? Slia Le What [is] this? Saou! Le What [is] his/its name? \3L. maadhaa is used before verbs: st {isi \3L. What they ate? (What did they eat?) Saag 1ale What he-carries? (What is he carrying?) Note: \s is a very versatile word in Arabic, and its meaning depends on the context. You have already seen it meaning not in Units 7 and 10, and it has other usages too. Note also the common construction in the text: Sdayall a le What [is] she the-sacrifice-animal? We would say What is a sacrifice animal? Who? ©» man is used before both nouns and verbs. In unvowelled Arabic this looks identical to min from. You have to decide from the context, which does not usually present any difficulty. Sea oe Who [are] they?UNIT 11 213 Soll ~33 (40 Who he-opened the-door? (Who opened the door?) Also note: Syatall 58 G2 Who he [is] the-manager? (Who is the manager?) Which? el ayy (masc.), is) ayyah (fem.) This is followed by a singular noun without al- and agrees with it in gender. Sey el Which man? Gesis 43) Which girl? How many? 3 kam This is followed by a singular noun which requires the accusative marker -an, unless it has a feminine ending. Shige eS How many festivals? SB law @S How many cars? How? Ra.< kayf(a) is used before nouns and verbs. The final -a is often omitted. Scxysla aS How you-travelled? Sells 4:5 How [is] condition-your? (i.e. How are you? — a very common greeting). Where? oi ayna Note that when ayna means where to? and where from? it is Preceded by (II to and ys from respectively. SGarall ool Where [is] the-museum? Sas al sl! To where you-go? Sy yee al - From where they-came?214 ARABIC When? (-» mataa usually used with verbs. Spilas ie When you-arrived? Why? \sLa! li-maadhaa used before verbs. Shiue (ll a yalu libel Why she-travelled to Muscat? 2 How to say to have Arabic has no actual verb meaning to have, but uses a combination of a preposition and a noun or pronoun. Three common prepositions are used: _ li- to, for sic tind(a) with (equivalent of French chez) (ga! ladaa with — this is slightly archaic, though still used. When a pronoun suffix is added, it behaves like ilaa (see Unit 10). It has not been used much in this book. So, to say Muhammad has a new car we say: Busse By lus somal to-muHammad car new plies GUS (guie with-me book excellent (I have an excellent book) Note: li- and tind are more or less interchangeable. The former is considered more elegant, but in spoken Arabic the latter is used almost exclusively. To say had, Arabic uses kaana was/were + li-/:ind: Sugua Bylaw tana Gils she-was to-muHammad car new glass GUS gute OLS was with-me book excellent In the first example above, it is not always necessary for the verb kaana to agree with its subject (here sayyaarah feminine). kaana would be just as acceptable. To say will have use yakuun (the present tense of kaana) + li- /sind. With this verb the future marker sa- or sawfa is optional: bd Baud pSuhe Sw [future marker] he-is with-you guest tomorrowUNIT 11 215 (You will have a guest tomorrow) To say have not in the present, use the verb laysa (see Unit 8) + li- /:ind, and in the past and future by applying the appropriate words for not (see Unit 10). 3 Thematic sentences A type of sentence which is often encountered in Arabic is the thematic or topical sentence. The topic of the sentence, that is the person or thing the sentence is about, is stated first, followed by what you want to say about the topic. The part of the sentence which comes after you have mentioned the topic must be able to stand independently, and very often has a real or implied pronoun which refers back to that topic. There are a number of these in the text, and we have given below a few examples with literal translation to help you understand the concept. There is no need to spend a lot of time learning how to use this construction, but the Arabs regard it as an elegant construction and you will come across it frequently. It is more or less equivalent to English sentences beginning with as for, as in As for Peter, he’s rarely at home. Note that the part of the sentence following the topic (Peter) makes complete sense on its own by including the pronoun he. oeteell saat! ga dg! the-first he [is] the-festival the-small wdih Live p gual the-fasting meaning-his [is] that... 4 The ordinal numbers 1-20 These are adjectives which tell you the order things come in. With the exception of first and sixth, they are easily related to the cardinal numbers, using the root of the number and the word shape CaaCiC (see Unit 2). Apart from first, they all form the feminine in the usual way by adding 5 -ah. first gi dwwal, fem. ,J4i tulaa second all ol thaanin, ath-thaanii** third SJG thaalith216 ARABIC fourth gal raabi: fifth «els khaamis sixth cutls saadis seventh glu saabi: eighth ¢2UG thaamin ninth qu taasi: tenth yale taashir eleventh uc cule Haadii :ashar (fem. uc 4,41.) twelfth jhe gl thaanil :ashar (fem. 3h6 25U) thirteenth ye GIL thaalith :ashar (fem. & ue IL) ...and so on up to nineteenth. twentieth the cardinal number (¢,3 yiue / 9») is used. ** For this kind of word, see Unit 18. colelsi oljal awzaan al-kalimadat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike CaCaa’ic* jaraa’id 35> examine newspapers This is another internal plural shape, usually coming from feminine singulars of the shape CaCiiCah, e.g. 34: ,. jariidah, singular of the above example. It does not show the accusative marker. Silns from 43.5 tax ilia from isis bag, suitcase Gilaa from 4a,4— garden, park Note: If the singular refers to a female human being, the -aat plural is used: dLye3 (female) colleague; pl. =r}UNIT.) ol4 5 tamriindat (Practice) Exercise 4 217 Match the questions below with the appropriate answers. wdgaung purl s aaam 2555 se ge es ee gd i dyaa re Sal Sf oat Estos Gas Casall cle cuss Lgl Lyall Lai daeall ays thie Usen Ls So eh oO ae oe Dp on SOLSI ba Calpe Se Sy piu Yl Lag ce Gal Sov Joad HL SBse G2 Ay se Selaic lay aS Scull oda Gas Jalal Shpall oda Gab aS $Bog 5S cars oy gl Slia Le \ »=>+ a oO m 4 Sense by ands Cal Ys fa Og il’ mu’Gllif, -vun author Co sharaHa S-Ia explain Exercise 5 Rearrange the months of the year into the correct order. rans V gale A viaiys 4 ulead! 1 « sei VN re pels dal -— 4 233494 .duali tilmiidh, talaamidhah pupil ss, 218 ARABIC Exercise 6 Make complete to have sentences in the present tense, using either li- or sind. Example: wf 9G ya YG NE ge (He ........... three sons. = He has three sons.) VussWtiesluc i nerariese dt ees pats Sacadi ea tellall” | Ags Gilia ... y gical gale. eal ¥ Peg7d Ciereierans A i earanisl eect: aul ¥ ecay ise cam Ae ted gse Liab ul ¢ peste ataa ea Bopeaun) Vir tp cdagalss oe Bey ealll se £928 «ga fart, furdur branch {of a tree, company, etc.) guild lid fustéan, fasaatiin® frock, dress Now change the sentences 1-5 above into the past tense, using kaana. Exercise 7 Prayer is the second of the five pillars of Islam, and Muslims are called to prayer five times a day. The daily calls are: pal al-fajr dawn y#4ll aDH-DHuhr midday easel alezaSr mid-afternoon ykall al-maéghrib sunset sldiatl al-:ishaa’ late eveningUNIT 11 219 Prayer times vary according to sunrise and sunset and are always listed in the daily newspapers. Look at the prayer times here from the month of April. Which day came first? PRAYER TIMINGS Fajr 0453 Shurug 0613 Zohr 1230 Ase 1557 Maghrib 1836 isha 2006 Add four minutes tor Abu Dhabi, deduct four minutes for Ras Al Khaimah and six min- utes for Fujairah Exercise 8 Listen to the recording or read the transcript to find out which floor of the apartment block these people live on.220 ARABIC Then record the information about them. Example: Ali lives on the third floor. SILI BUN gb GSual ole cau 9 sousLall GyUbIl (b {Sul Gloom ipoul ¥ pull Glbll re) (Sul plee ul ¥ quell ByUball (gd (Saud claus (paul t cos tll GaUball (63 (Saad alll sae paul & guLadl Bylball go Saud By gh paul «ig Ml BUlall (95 GSuub seam ppauel ¥ Exercise 9 Abdullah takes his family shopping to a large superstore out of town. Everyone is looking for something particular, and the store is so big that they have to ask at the information desk where to go. Look at the store guide and say which row each of them needs to go to. Example: Abdullah needs a pair of shoes and a fax machine. wpa gull Gell uslall aus! SM ads He goes to the fifth row and the 19th row. a Qasim (aged13) wants a shirt, a video game and batteries. b Nadia needs a greetings card for a friend, some coloured pens and a cassette. ¢ Miriam (17) wants a hair dryer, jeans and a new game. d Ali (18) wants a T-shirt, a CD and a computer. e Sarah wants towels, some chairs for the balcony and clothes for the baby.UNIT Ec Household linen 2 Men's clothing | 3 Women’s clothing 4 Children’s clothing & shoes 5 Men‘s & women’s shoes 6 Baby garments | 7 Bicycles 8 Toys 9 Games/Sports accessories 0 Stationery . 1 Books/Greetings | cards Hardware/Batteries 3 Tables/Chairs 4 Home Appliances/CDs- 5 Video tapes/Cassettes 6 Electrical accessories/ Video games | 17 wogage a 8 Computers/Software | 19 Phones/Fax machines . 20Cameras/Radio cassette recorders Spe Gtylis dhe, de Jtabl as3nly te Atle Wee) iol Ball adm yas dhe Sleljs cal Bol Cajline jul Ryualb 95 Bales Sly / oS apealt espn Reese gol gl ia Slyal CdS th yal [sab te tl cola etl S loa) Gal /siened ijeel Slo /ailys p91) Seems (SI yal12 3) pall dadus SafHat al-mar’ah Woman's page In this unit you will learn: = how to express nationalities such as English, Lebanese, etc. Sl yall da4.5 SafHat al-mar’ah Woman’s page The following interview was given to a women’s magazine by a well-known fashion model, Leila. Look through the vocabulary given below, and listen to the interview a few times before answering the questions. Exercise 1 Say if the following sentences are true or false. a Leila comes from Jordan. b She is 28 years old. ¢ She was interested in fashion as a child. d She specialised in literature at university. Exercise 2 Listen to the interview again, looking again through the new words underneath, and answer the following questions. a Does she want to found an agency which: iis worldwide? ii shows world fashions? b Does she hope to employ: i male models? ii female models? iii male and female models? c What else does she hope to do? d What two things help her to keep slim? e What kind of beauty look does she try to achieve? f How does she feel about make-up?UNIT 12 223 yang Mal ddr wh Sal kal Galigade Lo YG) Ipiacalll yon Ge TSENG) yl Gd pec Audacall daa YA gore tl SelajWl Gaye Lage (gb olay GS dydouat ccall glyll Gye gh UY Lg’ Gaye Gal aly Gio plat Shoal fhe (6b colds alll So giall cums le dadauali pyscad gb cumnday Leola (gb Gyghill age cad pl lal Salaiges (5b all Games ley dda! pest ol M Goyal Ladle US, Lisl ya gaye ol suey Gane abayley Guaste Nia jad egptng Aydouall wceauly Lalgu ASyLe ead clasl prawatips gl Gulsalin, (ple Gplbdlas GS, Zadacatl Fags Lalyll Gully dea asl ll Selllaay dada cle gpa Lil Maly «pagel JLoall Uuadl if pla edsall shy ual YI CLSLA eds Gal Wy diab ai wi Si dabauall coe tai 224 ARABIC Exercise 3 Now read the dialogue again, and link the English phrases to the Arabic expressions. a How did you begin in the loa laa (2 oles dal) fashion modelling profession? Aaolall gb stall ou b because they are a kind of art ppt! Joa aaal c that is why I entered this field vase Ups (3 clas aS £ dI studied arts at university. sela5 YI e male and female Western and ‘Seisli, le {shales As © Arab models usps ala gley gaajle f How do you keep slim? worry g I prefer natural beauty. call elysl oe Usd v ise SéHufii reporter/journalist (fem. SuHufiyyah) a gi 4@wwalan firstly iss bada’ S-I a begin G4 Aiga mihnah, mihan job, trade, profession US) sarD showing, displaying slay «3 Hlyy, azyaa’ clothes, fashion, style iia méndhu since 4b Tufoulah childhood oY l@nna because e3J li-dhaalik because of that, for this reason ol «Jlaa majaal, -aat field, sphere of activity yas takhaSSaSa $-V specialise apssai taSmiim design, designing sll jab TamaHa ilaa $-I a aspire to, have the ambition to cgsb TumbuH aspiration, ambitionUNIT 12 225 eis| inshaa’ foundation, setting up ol Hawwala Mw-II to convert ® Js 9>5 converting, conversion lis a3 tamriindat (Practice) Exercise 4 Here are some common word combinations, many of which you will see on road signs, in shops etc. We give you two nouns, e.g. 3S,» markaz centre — 3,\.5 tijaarah commerce, and your task is to put them together, making the second noun into an adjective: ¢¢,\.5 3S,» markaz tijaarii commercial (shopping) centre “ Some are given in the definite form. a 4abi. minTaqah area, zone —4c\,3 ziraa:ah agriculture b (ii al-maTaar the airport — 4\ya\| ad-dawlah the state € <3 qamar moon — ic\i.o Sinaa:ah manufacturing ** d Gull as-suuq the market — 3S yall al-markaz the centre e oil al-bank the bank — 441i al-waTan the nation f 5a! as-sifaarah the embassy — si¢\\ al-hind India & 495i! ash-shu’uun the affairs — ¢)\sIl al-khaarij the exterior230 ARABIC h e439) al-azyaa’ the fashions — ¢Laill an-nisaa’ the women i 2&hi. minTagah zone — 4clice Sinaazah industry J gb Tabiikh cuisine — 2 :arab Arabs k 434)! al-matHaf the museum — —2d! ash-sha:b the people, folk 1 435!) al-bariid the post — ya\ al-jaww the air migLaiall al-qunSuliyyah the consulate —\Ss | amriikaa America n 3Jo¥i al-idaarah the administration — sh) al-balad the town, municipality o 4abi. minTagah area, zone — Swe :askar army, troops Ps es re post — & nes Eheart) ee es 1 ty pall q JY al-aathaar the remains — @4 14 ana hst ivy at-taariikh the history NAS r oll wll ad-diraasaat the studies — wal al-adab the literature S pylal al-:uluum the sciences — das loil aT-Tabiizah the nature t LS al-al:aab the games —_,UNI an-naar the fire u «sill al-qaSr the palace — ellall al-malik the king VY (Aisa! al-mustashfaa the hospital —5S yall al-markaz the centre W 42; bariid post — J&\s daakhil interior X 8342Vlal-ajhizah equipment Pag (pl.) — el. 54S! al-kahrabaa’ the electricity Y lull ad-diiwaan diwan, personal office — y.0\ al- amiir the emir **Here, the adjective means artificial: ‘artificial moon’, i.e. satellite.13 sl Gala! al-khaliij al-:arabi The Arabian Gulf In this unit you will learn: = more about describing places = how to use the relative pronouns who, which, that, etc. = about passive verbs 45 jUi) 5d cil puis ibtasim, anta fi sh-shaariqah Smile, you’re in Sharjah The passage below is from a tourist brochure about Sharjah, describing its role in the Emirates. Listen to the audio and read the passage carefully several times, referring to the vocabulary given below. Exercise 1 Now answer these questions. a What phrase welcomes the visitor to Sharjah? b Where is Sharjah’s geographical location? ¢ What kind of activity is Sharjah a centre for? d How many inhabitants did Sharjah have at the last census? e Name three areas in which Sharjah pursues scientific development projects. f What capital of the Emirates is Sharjah considered to be? g What does Sharjah have a number of? h What type of programmes are transmitted from the television Station?ARABIC terol ie ghSU Loui 14° AUST esa ee aes Tabiie sine Le yl! pbuh eg SI SM a sll Lass Jolt! paletl bobs cll Lit ali GLa, Gyo luully deel gly Qoleais¥ fll Lala, LelaiaYly Gai tysl 23, Li G3,5, cool Lol Uys) LegLEEN Lone S85 5e 5 Lol ails diay LS. YLYL dala Assy! aa liall Ge fous ByLe¥l aids Zea das Lilly Lata olhss Sasi Oo Lhasy HSH pad A yapailill Slay Agoglatlly L552 eal yall 0 aayLall a coil aul et Gas A Lat edgy Galeall soll elias JS) pydais Belg cpa eaes aa sad gaan Aya ohLl ssl Ss 43,LSI ill Badal Gy yall oh Le cle Ipacde Lilia Ladys Jind dam cise sty pall ils! shail pte eiai3 2G ,Lill Oak Gar G85 yt ype! pal pe SSeS pall ea tal soloill bLtall 5S1y0 Sua ee Gl&all suc jody ple cuyal pi ollLinayl Cg ebs ised Mya 1990 ellgae ud CALS, cl Load Exercise 2 Link the English phrases to the Arabic expressions on page 233. a which expresses the feelings of true friendship b the latest census which was carried out ¢ which looks after the implementation of cultural activities da number of magnificent scientific and historical museums e Sharjah is described as the cultural capital f 190 people to the square kilometre g one of the most important centres for commercial activity h many cultural and educational programmesUNIT 13 233 gl! jeltee JS) ads IN Y dasall ay Lilly Qyalell Galaall Cpe base ¥ geval jie glsSll Gaus VA 7 Kpoglailly QSL geal yall po psSIl cesal ill olbLeaY Susie coleall LAH 3S1y0 al go 1 ALG Uat54) 345 oe 5 V L5G Caco Uh U5, Lill Ge oA & ausiy! ibtGsama [S-VIII] smile ol. 3,lis :abéarah, -Gat phrase, expression avs tarHiibii welcoming (adj.) (gill alladhii who, which, that (fem. gh! allatii) 4 ySUi afaaDa bi- [My-IV] flood, overflow with JS kull each, every, all yeaa mashaair* feelings, sentiments 49 wadd love, friendship ele Séadiq truthful, irue Julia! istaqbala [S-X] receive, meet 4! iHdaa one (fem. of sai aHad) dgs gu dawlah, déwal country, state Seatal! dasat! of Ley! al-imaaréat al-:arabiyyah al- muttéHidah The United Arab Emirates Ga! iHtalla [D-VIII] occupy Galgs edge mawgi:, mawaagis® sife, situation, place gilda iughraafii geographical jeeie mutamayyiz distinctive, prominent itl ell! al-khaliij al-:arabii the Arabian Gulf234 ARABIC Jae jaala [S-I a] cause, make do something = gici tamattaza [S-V] enjoy apasdl siskal gle sala imtidéad al-:uSuur over the ages Jl Igai gg dawr, adwaar role, turn gilts giyéadii leading Oo bayna among, between S ka- as, like jSlye GS ys markaz, maréakiz* centre ai ahamm more/most important bss nashaat activity goles tijdarit commercial ysis yuqaddar (passive of $-2) is estimated slacl «asc :dad, a:da@ad number Glku GSlu séakin, sukkaan inhabitant, resident qeuix Hash according fo sai @Hdath newest, latest ol .elaa| iHSéa’, -Gat count, census Sajal djriyat was carried out (passive of Ly-IV) algel «ale :aam, a:waam year SLiai! duet niSf, anSaaf half aus nasamah individual (used in population counts only) gi ay that is 4aLis kathdéafah density aty+ murabba: square (adj.) ytiai tu:tabar is considered (passive of S-VIIl) gluse mustawaa level, context Gblis dilia minTaqah, manda¥Tiq* region, area eel intahaja [S-VIll] follow, pursue (a path, method, etc.) epllial sglul usléub, asaaliib* style, method doub55 takhTiiT planningUNIT 13 235 silmii scientific Jala shaamil comprehensive Qube « 6.9 nha mashréu:, mashéarii:* project 4043 tanmiyah development gobeoail iqtiSGadii economic (fly) ziréatii agricultural alan siyaaHii tourist (adj.), touristic (ghleial ijtimaatii social gals thaqaafii cultural eo etc. (abbreviation, pronounced ila éakhirih(i)) Usk .. du093 tuSaf.... bi-anna-haa ... is described as yilgs 3313 déa‘irah, dawéa’ir™ Canali directorate (government) yelA khaaSs special; private (sf Pazaq [Lh-l] foke care of, look after 44845 tanfiidh implementation, execution Las ka-maa just as, also (gol teariilhii historical Jlus | irsdall transmission, sending en adhéaza [My-IV] fo broadcast (x4 yi) al-kathiir min... many, a great number of... walys qaliys barnaamij, baréamij* programme gettlas tasliimii educational & Gi; Les fii-maa yata:éllaq bi- as regards, with regard fo 4yal85 olaglee ma:luumaat thaqaafiyyah (Cultural tips) The literary Arabic form of the name Sharjah is ash-shaarigah. The English version omits the Arabic definite article, and the j236 ARABIC comes from a local pronunciation of the Arabic letter q. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was formed in December 1971 as a federation of seven sheikhdoms, of which Sharjah ranks third in size and wealth (after Abu Dhabi and Dubai). Although their economies are ultimately based on oil production, all the Emirates have made efforts to diversify. Sharjah has concentrated on promoting and encouraging social, educational and cultural projects, resulting in its being named Arab City of Culture in 1998. al-mulaaHaDHaat (Notes) Uda dali BB jazala The original meaning of this verb is to put. However, it is very frequently used with a following imperfect verb (here yatamatta:) fo express fo cause, to make do something, also sometimes fo begin. Bi yuqaddar is estimated, evaluated. This is a passive verb (see grammar section below). Other examples in the text are the feminine form of the same verb — tuqaddar, ujriyat were carried out, tu:tabar is considered and tuuSaf is described. H nasamah a person, individual. This is is a special word only used in population counts. B uulaa is the feminine of awwal first. fl efc. Abbreviations are not very common in Arabic. The pronunciation is given in the vocabulary above and the literal meaning is fo its last or fo its end. B kamaa, literally just as, is often used to join sentences and can usually be translated simply as also. @ baraamij. The singular barnaamij has — according to the Arab interpretation — five root letters (b-r-n-m-j). Such words are rare, and almost always of foreign derivation. Since the Arabic internal plural system cannot cope with 5-consonant words, one is arbitrarily ignored in the plural formation.UNIT 13 237 Asus, Ol s125 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) USL Sl B5ga Ul aires 4b Jory Wey abl gaabalt rajulan ya:mal fii maSna: al-ajhizah al-kahrabaa’iyyah J-met a-man he-works in factory [of] the-equipments the-electrical I met a man who works in the electrical appliances factory SS gb Siwy Qual 4555 ill Geteall aS-Sadiiq alladhii zurt-uh ams yaskun fii tuunis the-friend who I-visited-him yesterday he-lives in Tunisia The friend whom I visited yesterday lives Tunisia cctiall (3 Gulla lin 43 Low (sill LyLall aD-DaabiT alladhi sayyaarat-uh hunaak jaalis fi |-maghaa the-officer who his-car [is] there [is] sitting in the-café The officer whose car is there is sitting in the café Camel! (8 de gies gis id all Baysoll Ul al-badhlah al-jadiidah allatii ishtarayt-haa maSnuu:ah fi S-Siin the-suit the-new which I-bought-it [is] manufactured in the-China The new suit which I bought is made in China 44il) GsS1,3 taraakfib al-lighah (Structures) 1 Relative clauses Relative clauses in English are the second half of sentences such as: I replied to the letter which arrived last week.238 ARABIC They are usually introduced by linking words such as which, who, whom, whose, that, called relative pronouns. The person or thing which the relative clause describes (here letter) is called the antecedent. There are two important things to decide in Arabic: 1 Whether the antecedent is: a) definite (with the or the name of a person or place): The train which we were supposed to catch was cancelled. Mr Smith who lives next door lent me his lawn mower. Muscat which was once a small town is now a large metropolis. b) indefinite (usually with a): He is a character who always has an answer to everything. Books which you have already read should be thrown out or given away. Arabic has two different structures, according to the indefinite/ definite status of the antecedent. 2 The antecedent’s role in the first part of the sentence, i.e. whether: a) it is doing something (subject); b) something is being done to it (object); c) it belongs to someone or something (possessive). English makes slight alterations to some of the relative pronouns: * who shows that the antecedent is the subject; * whom shows that the antecedent is the object, or having something done to it; © whose shows a possessive relationship. Sometimes the relative pronoun is omitted in informal speech: The woman [whom] I love... The films [that] I like... Forming relative clauses in Arabic a) those with definite antecedents require the use of relative pronouns (the equivalents of who, which, whom etc.) b) those with indefinite antecedents do not use relative pronouns. Otherwise, the methods of forming both types are identical.UNIT 13 239 Arabic relative pronouns Form Arabic pronoun _ Used with antecedent types masc. sing. ol alladhi one male ‘one object of masc. gender fem. sing. geil! allati one female one object of fem. gender plural objects of either gender masc. plur. gail! alladhiina plural males only fem. plur. yt! alléati plural females only dual (masc.) g/L) alladhéani two men dual (fem.) gti allataani = two women/objects Notes: 1 Duals change their endings to gs -ayni when they are governed by another word. (See Unit 14). 2 In most varieties of spoken Arabic, all the above are reduced to illi. There is no distinction in Arabic between who, whom or which as there is in English. The relative pronouns agree only in number and gender with the antecedent. As well as deciding whether to put the relative pronoun in or not, the Arabic relative clause differs from that of English in two ways: a) it must constitute a complete and independent sentence on its own. English ones do not; which I bought yesterday does not make independent sense. b) it must contain some stated or implied pronoun which refers back to the antecedent. This pronoun is called the referent. Definite antecedent English: The film that I saw... Arabic: The film (masc. sing.) + that (antecedent is definite, so relative pronoun required; select from box) + I saw (referent required to show that what you saw refers to the film)240 ARABIC This gives the model: The film — that —I saw it Because film is masculine in Arabic, it requires the appropriate masculine relative, and it is expressed by masculine -uh him. So in Arabic we say: ual, — gil ~ eluall al-fiilm — alladhi — shaahadt-uh In both English and Arabic the relative clause makes independent sense. The relative pronoun is simply a joining word. Indefinite antecedent For indefinite antecedents the process is identical, except that there is no relative pronoun: A film which I saw A film — I saw it (him) a5aale — als fiilm - shaahadt-uh Relationship between verb and antecendent In the above examples, the antecedent film is the object of the verb, i.e. the action of the verb is being applied to it. There are three other possible common relationships between the antecedent and the verb: 1 Subject. The antecedent is performing the action of the verb. Remember that in Arabic, all verbs are regarded as having built-in pronoun subjects. yaktub does not just mean writes, it means he writes. The official who works in the customs The official — who — he-works in the customs (definite, so needs relative pronoun) yLoall (gb dary — gill — Gb gall al-muwaDHDHaf — alladhi - ya:mal fi l-jamaarikUNIT 13 241 An official who works in the customs... ® (an) official — he-works in the customs (indef. — no relative pronoun) eyLaall (gd Jans — ib ge muwaDHDHaf - ya:mal fi l-jamaarik 2 Possessive. This is almost always expressed with the relative pronoun whose in English. Maryam, whose sister lives in London Maryam — who — her sister lives in London (relative pronoun required after proper name, in this case feminine) Sail gi Uysal GSu5 — gall gaye maryam - allati — taskun ukht-haa fii landan A girl whose sister lives in London (a) girl — her sister lives in London Gall gb al (Sud — oy bint — taskun ukht-haa fii landan 3 Prepositional phrases The contractors to whom I paid a large sum The contractors — who — I-paid to-them a large sum Las bee pg! oats — Gall — sl slid al-muqaawiluun — alladhiina — dafa:t la-hum mablaghan kabiiran Contractors to whom I paid a large sum Contractors — I-paid to-them a large sum IyasS Liles ag! caabs — yl ylie Muqaawiluun — dafa:t la-hum mablaghan kabiiran All the above examples have verb sentences as the relative clause, but similar combinations are possible with is/are verbless242 ARABIC sentences. The same rules regarding inclusion or omission of the relative pronoun apply. The manager, whose name is Qasim... The manager — who — his-name Qasim peal dal — oil — yasall al-mudiir — alladhi —ism-uh qaasim An official whose name is Muhsin Official — his-name Muhsin Cyne dow! — Wil go muwaDHDHaf —ism-uh muHsin 2 Passive verbs A passive verb is one whose subject suffers the action, rather than carries it out (known as an active verb). English uses the auxiliary verb to be for the passive: Active: A bolt of lightning struck the tree Passive: The tree was struck by a bolt of lightning The use of the passive is much more restricted in Arabic than in English. In many verbs it is identical in writing to the active, as the only changes are in the vowelling which is not shown. The rules for forming it for the various verb types are given in the Verb Tables. There are five examples in the text. Three of these look identical to the active forms, but differ in (unseen) vowelling: 4a: yugaddar (active yuqaddir) is estimated and its feminine tuqaddar [S-II verb] psiad tustabar (active tu:tabir) is considered (fem. form) [S-VHI] oe yal ujriyat (active = yal ajrat) was carried out (fem. form) [Ly-IV] i.e 3 tuuSaf (active ust taSif) is described (fem. form) [Fw-I]UNIT 13 243 Some of these verbs are among the most frequently-used passive forms in newspaper Arabic, so look out for them. In the case of those which are identical to the active in spelling, your only guideline is the context. For instance (after you have looked up all the words), the subject of the first example is :adad number. Since numbers can not carry out estimations, the verb must be passive. clelsti Njgl awzaan al-kalimaat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike maCaaCic* maraakiz 3Si ys maraccas centres This is a plural form for many words in Arabic which begin with the prefix ma- or (less commonly) mi-, some of which have the feminine ending s. One of the few mainly reliable rules for forming internal plurals is that, if the vowel after the middle radical of the toot is short, then they will almost invariably take this plural shape, e.g. the example in the box above is the plural of markaz (short a after middle radical k). This word pattern does not take the accusative marker. Other examples from the text are: Gilyo mawaaqi:* situations € ei». mawgqi: GbLi. manaaTig* regions € 4ab.. minTagqah Here are a few more common ones: o+ylas madaaris* schools € 4.51. madrasah giles maSaani:* factories € gira» maSna: wsl<. makaatib* offices, desks €- 3S» maktab J5lis manaazil* residences € J3is manzil244 ARABIC oli ys3 tamriindat (Practice) Exercise 3 There are eight relative clauses in the tourist brochure above, four definite and four indefinite. Can you spot them? Exercise 4 Rewrite the following sentences, supplying the correct relative pronouns (if any) to put into the gaps. oye uade oe Call ge af eine gb Jars corcsnee ¥ igsall bay (go Galee cee ¥ Ay SLE Qa guall (9 Guys GUS oi3. t Ny puSco dpe Cale ceoesseres cae SUI GlS 9 sLjLEY gy Raclall od Sgt ceceeeeee Lalas pall cules gab Lall pyeus YGS ones dla, ¥ adygeall gb Le ghee Gpuall 6 US gagiy oie Glamabll A Aa gus yg phw BatS alge God By ggine cals ... Translation 1 This is the house which we are going to rent. 2 An employee who works in a factory visited me. 3 I saw the doctor whose clinic is in the middle of town. 4 Khalid whose book I read teaches at the secondary school 5 The chair which she sat on was broken 6 The students who study at the university are from the Emirates.UNIT 13 245 7 A letter which he sent last week arrived today. 8 The shirts which they sell in the souk are made in China. 9 Asinger (f) who was famous many years ago will be visiting Syria. 10My son has a friend who is originally [his origin is] Scottish. B patil isté’jara [S-X] fo rent, be a tenant of ol 3slis tiyaadah, -aat clinic dausy wasT middle els baéa:a [My-l] sel! duaie mughénniyyah (female) singer Exercise 5 Read the following excerpts from a Gulf tourist brochure and look out for passive verbs and relative clauses. These are marked in the answer key with bold type and underlining respectively. eG gi Lg AR GA pie ely asl ul —1 Eloi ely, Lge que oll GH GAL ga Galstl iio Guill ita Lg ts Julpitt Bball 03a) Aa Big UUglly ai Su! 4 NaH oll Lk gil dass i) ul st ABbe ill ois a -Y doi SsaLihe Ses colggll Gassh JLSail OLS pb! oa! ai eLiti daoat! alii Pdf gd oogh iil dal cagag gible (hl Bade (yl Ga |246 ARABIC alsi a:éada [Mw-IV] fo repeat, renew sls binaa’ building, construction (ALS kaa’in being, existing, situated (Sai Gmkana [S-IV] fo be possible 3saldiia mushéahadah seeing, viewing Jlsai fsa shakl, ashkaal kind, type, form slga hawad’ air doaly aay: barjiil, baraajiil traditional wind tower sa)24 tabriid cooling ssa jaddada [D-II] renew, restore eu 4at§ qaélah, qilda: fort, fortress, citadel su shayyada [My-Il] erect, construct Ogs8 «Gi qarn, quréun century (G2 Dayyiq narrow yl93 Aly zGa’ir, zuwwaar visifor ulga uli téabil, tawaabil spice 243! inbé:atha [S-VIl] emanate, be sent out Gilgy dail, raq‘iHah, rawéa’iH* smell, scent, perfume Jai,8 qurinful cloves Jls haal cardamom 443 qirfah cinnamon yulasi uss kiis, akyaéas bag, sack Lai aHaaTa [Mw-IV] surround goalie joie matjar, matéajir* trading place, shop, stall ol «glu sibéaq, -aat race O22 «gsa2 hajiin, hdjun racing camel gress shbii folk, popular alii aqaama [Mw-IV] (here) fo hold (of an event) eUii shitaa’* winterUNIT 13 247 Exercise 6 Link the two sentences together using a relative clause. By8S Byggiao Lylgul ual co jume fies Gs till yee § NANA Rie (65 ARGS) Layaiill Sal Lasse ll gas ¥ ORHS chy Laggie Lage Liye pd UT ues ah cgetoell alll go UE jLeN is UHL ob pay aes sudlyll gb lpale (Say Sikes 3 Ub alias otal! 5 y5Uall boy eval! SLs Yue Gl ly dla ¥ el iil al-batraa’ Petra siiasi iktashafa [S-VIll] discover (here passive) gio®. .a far:Gunii pharaonic Gtias dimashq* Damascus Exercise 7 Many adjectives in Arabic are derived from nouns, and there are several examples of them in the text above. See if you can find the nouns in the box on page 248 in r transliteration in the wordsearch. a/h|t|b/¢ jaa] b jaa} t | | hialalilq/ilf|r]/ijm b}/s|Sla/I/S/q|i|H/a t jaa) th| k | u alzl\y|w d{|h|a|Hliaa)y|]i|S| i jaa+s, 248 ARABIC geography history commerce science economy agriculture tourism meeting; sociology sports education culture1 4 dc Ussi 9 fedeuuall as-sam: wa T-Taa:ah Hearing is obeying (The Arabian Nights) In this unit you will learn: = to follow a recipe = how to tell people to do something = more ways of addressing people or attracting their attention = about duals and masculine plurals in possessive constructions fe) g puSNI al-kushari Koshari Koshari is a popular Egyptian dish of lentils and rice, often sold from carts in the streets. Look at the Key Phrases below, and read through the recipe. It will help if you listen to the recording at the same time. Exercise 1 Now answer these questions. a How many people does the koshari serve? b What proportion of rice is used to lentils? ¢ How long must the lentils be soaked? d How long do they cook with the rice? e What else is layered with the rice, lentils and macaroni? f What is added to the dish before it is served?250 ARABIC ‘uplalt eal! Vibad Ld; quell pail 4 dusty Gyf uaiy OL STE * Aaheoy Glee pieons gab pS cas5lly Joma cg pam sal Sul Like OS ily Mall pls Se AS ily Gy AS sly Grsally 500 sin 9 | Aags b+ Bad slab le pi elally 055 Saal! all pS ccubll ploLaball cs yan Ggeaey Jalil panel sgelally ploLatall SoM bls aud aaiall Last ce Ligh 65 AGF usally aducngll (ye Ligh pb Lig Saal gf Bylot Leake Ad yd ptoay Geel ile SM Upgesd Exercise 2 sgl jose OS a) 9S clues Le sue cle °) SoU obs GS cinasy UST of By Saal! Ghul els GSI V+! Lis Sue LS © Loy Saal! 5 plab Ledels Ugh pile Winkie oe: 1 ° Saw plab tials ¢| La yyey Syhde pblab ola 1 ¢| Cgabe le pal filha sie dials ¢) plaLabll Spans de plas Uiale *} Te owe ele | Link the English phrases to their Arabic equivalents. a fry the onions in the oil b leave them on a low heat c add the pepper and the tomato paste d then add the rice and lentils e pour the hot sauce over it pblabll oases Jilill paucl ) SyLall Lokal ay pt, usally 00) paul ab 1 etl Jeol cjam t Usla 5U fle S31 0UNIT 14 251 uS kishari name of an Egyptian dish ol dacs kammiyyah, -aat amount is kafaa [Ly-I] fo suffice, be sufficient for yolauil «gaaui shakh$, ashkhaaS person yislia Glsis miqdéar, maqaéadiir* quantity, measure wilysi «gS kuub, akwéab glass, cup (in recipes) Eyl G@ruzz rice uué ghdsala [S-I i] wash site Saffaa [Ly-Il] drain, strain use zads lentils agul @swad* black, here meaning brown (lentils) 44 zayt (edible) oil gets milH salt ol Hattaa uniil (slé ghalaa [Ly-I] fo boil, come to the boil 4L.s) aDéafa [My-IV] fo add ys naar fire (fem.) igela héadi’ gentle, quiet Galas 4igds dagiiqah, daqda‘iq* minute ii athnaa’(a) during, while @vsid taqdiim presentation, serving ey waDara [Fw-l a] fo put, place touts khaliiT mixture ol daub Tabaqah, -aat layer yiy rashsha [D-I u] sprinkle, spray gi aw or asi qaddama [S-ll] fo present, serve Vilga ila jaanib, jawaanib* side Glabi «ib Tabaq, aTbéaq plateUNIT 14 253 4sal55 Glagiza ma:luumaat thaqaafiyyah (Cultural tips) Arabic cookery The recipe given is for koshari, a simple, nutritious (vegetarian) dish from Egypt. Instructions in Arabic recipes are usually written in the feminine singular, on the assumption that Arab men stay out of the kitchen! Although all Arab countries have their delicacies, the most highly regarded are those of Lebanon and Syria, which have much in common with the cuisines of other Eastern Mediterranean countries. North Africa has many tasty dishes, many of them long-simmered stews eaten with couscous (polenta). Cookery in the Gulf is much influenced by Indian cuisine, with the extensive use of spices. The staple in the Gulf is rice, and there is a wonderful selection of freshly-caught fish and shellfish available from local souks at reasonable prices. There are many good books on Middle Eastern cookery, but those by Claudia Roden and Anissa Helou are especially worth seeking out. Fuss oo! 123 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) Describing how to prepare the ingredients The ingredients should be... Juice mugashshar peeled gba. mugaTTa: chopped Oss. maT-Huun milled, ground254 ARABIC Quantities eleb déal. mil:agat Ta:aam tablespoon (ss Gaal, mil:agat shaay teaspoon wyS kuub glass, cup (in recipes) ele is mi’at ghraam 100 grams oid liitir ditre Instructions All instructions are feminine singular (see above). (stil inga:ii soak (sto Saffii strain bal ikhliTii mix («> Hammirii brown, fry (silu! uslugii boil (seal irfazii lift (Avi utrukii leave ge Sul uskubii pour (eiual aDiifii add ¢s#y Tushshii sprinkle cht ghaTTii cover os qaddimii serveUNIT 14 255 alll 43815 taraakiib al-laghah (Structures) Giving instructions and directions The type of verb used for giving someone instructions or directions js called the imperative. In English this does not usually differ from the ordinary present tense verb: Present tense: You work hard Imperative: Work hard! Arabic uses a special adaptation of the variant form of the present tense called the jussive, which you can find in the Verb Tables at the end of this book. Forming the imperative This is also explained in the section on verbs at the end of the book, but it is simply constructed as follows: a) Look up in the verb tables the you form, or 2nd person singular, Jussive form of the present tense, e.g.: eis tugaddim you present, serve b) Remove the prefix ta- or tu-, to get esd qaddim. c) If the result, as in the above example, begins with: * aconsonant followed by any of the vowels, you have formed the imperative masculine singular (643 qaddim Present!) . two consonants (Arabic letters dh (4), kh (); ete. counting as only one consonant), supply an alif at the beginning and pronounce it in most cases as the vowel i. lai. tasta:lim you enquire > piri. sta:lim > lei. ista:lim enquire! d) Form I verbs, as usual, show vowel variation. With sound Form I verbs (see Table S-I), removing the prefix always results in a256 ARABIC two-consonant beginning, so an alif must be prefixed. Note the vowel following the second consonant, which can be a, i or u. ° If it is a ori, the above rules for two consonants apply: Jui taghsil wash > J.ué ghsil > Jue! ighsil Wash! ¢ Ifitis u, the alif must also be given a u-vowel: 235 tatruk leave (aside) > 33 truk * ol 3/ utruk Leave! In practice this is not too important, as these vowels are very often elided unless the imperative comes at the beginning of a sentence. Note: The one exception to the above rules is the Form I'V verb (all types; see Tables). In these verbs, an alif with an a-vowel is always prefixed to the shortened jussive form, whether this begins with two consonants or not. This initial a-vowel is never elided, and is often written with a hamzah as below: Jun 3 tursil (from duu) S-IV to send) - Jus, rsil & Ju arsil Send! eis.cs tuDilifii (fem. sing. from aLal-My-IV to add) > iu. Ditfii > (xsl aDiifii Add! (fem. sing,). The alif is added even though the shortened jussive begins with a consonant followed by a vowel. Irregular imperatives The only common irregular imperatives are: Jl ta:aal Come! (no phonetic relation to the verb ¢Ls jaa’a) ia khudh Take! from isi akhadha to take ola haat Give!, probably from the verb il ataa JS kul Ear!, from Jsi akala to eat Feminine and plural imperatives Feminine and plural imperatives obey the rules above, using the relevant parts of the jussive: ee -ii fem. sing. (addressed to one female)UNIT 14 257 {,--uu masc. pl. ¢ ha fem. pl. For come! these same endings are added to JLs3 giving |,Jlaa alls etc. The same is true for the other irregular imperatives listed above Note: The dual imperatives for addressing two people occur rarely and have been omitted from this section. However, they can be deduced from the jussive form in exactly the same way. Negative imperatives Use the negative word ¥ laa, not followed by the appropriate part of the jussive, retaining its prefix: 45 Y laa tatruk don’ leave (to a man) jpluas Y laa taghsilii don’t wash (to a woman) {,olei..3 Y Jaa tasta:limuu don’t enquire (to several men) 438185 ¢Lagine ma:luumdaat thaqaafiyyah (Cultural tips) A situation in which you often see imperatives are road signs telling you to do something (slow down, stop, etc.) However, many common signs are expressed 1 in a different way, for instance with the word ¢Ls p!! ar-rijaa’ which means the request, Le. it is requested, please do/don't do something. This is followed258 ARABIC by a noun indicating the action requested. Such signs often feature the word ese :adam lack of, absence of when the request is a negative one, i.e not to do something. 2 More ways to address people As we have already seen, all forms of Arabic use the vocative particle ls yaa when addressing people or attracting attention: | pola Ly yaa saamii Sami! A slightly different form is used when the person addressed has the definite article: tyes! (gal Ly yaa ayyuhaa al-amiir! O Emir! This construction is commonly found in political and other emotive speeches with a plural noun: opal Bad! Gal O Arab brothers! yaa ayyuhaa |-ikhwah al-:arab tolsuall gia! Ladies! yaa ayyatuhaa (fem.) as-sayyidaat 3 Masc. plurals and duals in possessive constructions As you know these endings all end in the letter nuun ¢:UNIT 14 259 Masculine plural: Og “aun (subject) os clin (object and possessive) Dual: ol -aan (fem. ¢,L_ -ataan) (subject) os ayn (fem. 5.1. -atayn) (object and possessive) However, when any of these types of word form the first part of a possessive construction, the letter nuun of the endings is dropped. There are several examples of such duals in the recipe: Lig Sao LS two cups of macaroni oy) ebb Girl two tablespoons of oil (this is a double possessive, the Arabic literally reading two-spoons [of] food [of] oil) Examples of the masculine plural are: Ze Soll yal go as The officials of the govern- HaDara muwaDHDHafuu ment attended 1-Hukuumah chars pigtie IS Sul lbs The company is seeking sales taTlub ash-sharikah manduubii _representatives mabii:aat olalss| oljgl awzaan al-kalimaat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike isticCaac istinkaar )lSiiu! (m)ist in car (omitting rejection first letter) This is the verbal noun of S-X verbs.260 ARABIC g alodtull istikhdaam using, usage, use Jlssiu! isti:maal same meaning as above adel isti:laam enquiring, enquiry Jliiu! istiqbaal reception (of guests, etc.) -Littul istithnaa’ excepting, exception oli 23 tamriindat (Practice) Exercise 3 You are in an aeroplane and are served a meal. Match each of these packs of food and seasoning to the appropriate English word. ipo ii = busy = Fevers iv sere OV pla asalt b pepper c sugar d butter e water Exercise 4 Look at these road signs and match them with the English. i a Turn left b Stop ¢ Slow down d Turn rightunit 14 261 Exercise 5 You are in a car park in Dubai and have to pay the parking fee. d the instructions on the ticket machine and answer the questions on page 262. a as! pee Y adele phos 0 =olaely prehaokly Glas ~ cbse Yl, deat | por\V=okl t (guld 0» 3h) p02) Asaall BIL ail ee)262 ARABIC a Match the following English with the Arabic: i Payment by coins @albdl, aaull! ii Payment by card Used og8L aaull ¥ b Which coins can you use? ¢ On what day do you not need to pay a fee? d What is the longest time you can park? e How much does it cost to park for two hours? f Find the word for press Exercise 6 Find an appropriate response to the cues in the right-hand column. (Note: Some of these are in the feminine singular.) Uy ga dyna olege LIN Jysa daly ola b its GY aall ous ¢ VpuiSG 1 aS ¥ tisk JS d pada sSiliat (hiuall (i Loa € Sul cali Le cg yaw & lsoal f sand GSI Iba 4 Abaull g Tuas al ¥ bh lesb «Le gyae tUmrii mad + | have never ... o> jarraba [S-Il] try out, taste wll radda [D-I u] return something to someone v> iéraa [Ly-1] run ali néama [Ma-l] sleepuNit 14 263 A local supermarket has special offers on some food items which are announced over the loudspeaker. Listen to the recording, and answer the questions. a How much is the minced lamb per kilo? » b What do they want you to see? | c What do they suggest you make for a meal? d How long does the cheese offer last? e Listen to the recording again, and select an appropriate word from the box to put into the gaps below, putting it into the imperative form. pal pb ONG Mads sleds oo Hell asa ll cseersees etlya A ghSll ag pial! ail BG Sae Ling en Lllbgls Ladd Ge Grell UsSis AGS pgall Cols jLaud Sidi! pglatl Dae oo pall LL {goad eres Igflad lgdealal Sg yah aluai «qui qism, aqsaam section, division aga! aa! laHm, luHGum meat aié ghanam sheep (collective) ol .445.5 tashkiilah, -Gat selection GL .dsa9 wajabah, -aat meal 1 Zia jobnat al-Hallgum Halloumi cheese Ayla dare j Exercise 8 a Read the following exchange between Fawzi and his assistant Karim. (Note that where English says shall I..., Arabic uses the simple present tense)264 ARABIC SU Lal oda cial ays A gatil pad gig Instruct Karim to do what he offers to do, using an imperative verb (with suffix pronoun if necessary). SQV GSU Jue gh Ghygd Ua yl Casi ¥ CSL, healt b Fatimah’s new maid is helping her with the lunch. Can you tell her to do what she is offering? SLU plat! (cle Lill cual Gfepleall 3 3M Lal ¥ Soygmecall Quadl 1” | 53! al-4an now Jussi Grsala [S-IV] send 1,94 fawran immediatelyFD Bless sd ol al-:arab fii huuliiwuud Arabs in Hollywood In this unit you will learn: = to make comparisons = to say how things are done = more about shopping J9gtioa (64 Gyr! al-:arab fii huuliiwuud The Arabs in Hollywood The best-known Arab actor to have achieved stardom in the Western cinema is the Egyptian-born Omar Sharif, famous for his celebrated roles in the films Lawrence of Arabia and Dr Zhivago. However, in the 1990s competition came along in the shape of Salma Hayek. Read the magazine article about Salma, looking carefully through the new vocabulary. Exercise 1 Now answer the questions. a What was Salma Hayek the first Arab woman to do? b What aspect of her beauty appeals particularly to the West? € Which stars does she compete with in Hollywood? d When was she born? € Where does her mother come from originally? f How old was she when she was spotted by producers? g What film did she work in with Quentin Tarantino? h What will her most recent film give her?266 ARABIC Raslaul Lg sats laos JLsall patel lily rol Byaill G55 Glow gLiglt Ls, cull pale aye (8 Gac Lyi sE3 log Dee | tue AIL (6b oaky Gua till Lgsay co pials apace Ge eb Fp ga5alill ogayll Leal og! ll SLL giidll Leal pte be SoD yu dsl Lparslail Gila cll «ul yesussn Late plea chels wulsals pletal gt ule loa Leal Slew s sysSll (Lay ols Ue BysiSU agdall Ul Lyoud Le Be OS Lys Lage sal Lal Byagie Tidal shay Gl Gd yiball psgalge gate GSts aS pel ool tS Yl Gyeg Lpste (pole Iplecs ASML old clones plea fa A Uaaily 843 357 aj selene Te Aggilgm Cyaa Leal! & pai La yas Gydll 3b 98S Gf celbaiad ill ga sall sg gales slgud 5385 Spal Jl Lal glad gle Yad US 38, cLaiuall class gauul Hes Led grstas All gas ceeds Gs La Ley Gil gl JLeall po dole Gg Lagbel igs pull bs pe Ll 5S) boy bl olass sisi ple Lgiplabs cab lily Vos ayy atye gals pal 3 py al Lal Ge Labyds ose poets O5tH dagelye class Gh Bgl gf elsLall alu AAV Gis Baglgall aoa (3 adie gE aly Ll osUNIT 15 267 Exercise 2 Match the English phrases to the Arabic expressions. a the first woman Vas aygalpe class 3574 b the leads in their greatest films Lal, 553 ossi wads ¥ ¢ most of the stars of Hollywood in terms of beauty al dsl Y d the most beautiful television eae personality 4 92 ALI! o ga oll aal £ e greater eminence as regards pee dhal asi ioYghull e power and popularity #4 qahara [S-1 a] fo conquer gic! istabara [S-VIIl] fo consider, regard ol 3 yd safiirah, -Gat ambassador (female) gleiul istaTaara [Mw-X] fo be able elu .3i,a! imré’ah, niséa’ (irregular plural) woman 924) ikhtaraqa [S-VIII] fo breach (wall, defences, etc.) gigui ygu suur, aswaar wall, fence vS,A faraDa [S-I i] impose yug8i ui nafs, nuféus self; soul (fem.) (gle! a:laa highest; the highest point, top ol 433 qaa’imah, -aat list GL das néjmah, -éat star, (female) film star 394) |S! akbar Note: Although it is not always written, the prefixed alif technically has a hamzah on it (1), so the a-vowel is never elided. This form does not change and is used for all genders and numbers. The word for than is ¢s min: lil Oo asi ual The elephant is bigger than the mouse al-fiil akbar min al-fa’r Look at the following common adjectives and their comparatives:272 ARABIC le) Fill | Juslo fall Jgbi taller suas short pedi shorter guts big ssi bigger/older (humans) yates small dual smaller/younger (humans) ausi old asa older (things) yastiy cheap yadyl cheaper dasa beautiful gaai more beautiful pote Gule kl gel GyUb dy yb pals el Oe peal Gal saliim aTwal min Taariq ukht-ii aqSar min umm-ii Salim is taller than Tariq My sister is shorter than my mother Pronunciation notes: 1 If the adjective has the same second and third root letters, the a- vowel is shifted back from the second radical to the first, and the second and third radicals are written as one (technically with the doubling sign shaddah, but this is usually omitted): suk shadiid strong, violent radicals s-s— > st) ashadd els haamm important + radicals a—a—a > aal ahamm 2 If it ends in one of the weak letters 4 or ¢g, this becomes a long aa (written ,¢) in the comparative: gla Hulw sweet, beautiful > radicals 9=dSG > bi aHlaa lI! al-ghaalii** expensive + radicals _\¢| > (¢—J—¢ aghlaa ** given here with the definite article, as indefinites of this type have an irregular spelling (see Unit 18).unit 15 273 es 3 For polysyllabic words which cannot conform to the above system, Arabic uses Asi akthar more and Jai aqall /ess followed by an adverbial accusative (see below), ending in a marked or unmarked -an. Superlatives Superlatives are formed in exactly the same way as comparatives, put take different sentence structures. All of the examples below are taken from the article above. 1 Superlative + indefinite singular noun (technically in the genitive) siyel Ug awwal imra’ah the first woman first is regarded as a superlative. 2 Superlative + definite plural noun si gs5 alll ayegll asi the most beautiful television personality ajmal al-wujuuh at-tilifizyuuniiya This equates with the English parallel the most beautiful of [the] television personalities. 8 Definite noun + definite superlative Gl cI ols 3 the biggest production companies sharikaat al-intaaj al-kubraa In the last example, the first word sharikaat is definite because it is the first term in a possessive: see Unit 6. Note: a) this is actually more of an intensive than a superlative, probably better translated as the great production companies. b) a few common adjectives have a feminine form when required by agreement (here for a neuter plural), This is derived from the three root letters and vowelled and spelled as in kubraa. This is the least common of the three constructions, but is often encountered in set phrases, e.g.: doug VI 3d! ash-sharq al-awsaT The Middle East (masc.) geeball Lith, briiTaanyaa |-:uDHmaa Great Britain (fem., from aalke mighty).274 ARABIC c) Jyl awwal first functions exactly as a superlative. When used after the noun, as in construction 3 above, it takes the feminine form asl uulaa, €.g. 50 isl or Al 3yel [for] the first time. Note that none of these comparatives or superlatives take the alif accusative marker. 2 The adverbial accusative The adverbial accusative is often associated with the comparative or superlative, and there are several examples in the article above, We will look at adverbs themselves in more detail in Unit 16. Use of the adverbial accusative The adverbial accusative tells us to what respect or characteristic the comparative refers. In English we might say: He is better off than me in terms offas regards possessions, but he is worse off for money. Modern colloquial English often uses the suffix -wise: She has done less well career-wise, but her personal life is more satisfying. Formation The adverbial accusative is always indefinite, and is formed from a noun or adjective with the ending -an (marked by an alif on most masculines; unmarked in the feminine). This ending is usually pronounced, even in informal spoken Arabic. Therefore, you need only remember to put in the alif when required. Examples from the passage are: Yhap sysalsa oles isi lit. the greatest of the Hollywood stars in terms of beauty (marked accusative jamaalan) LLasily 353 Asi daytLat prominence greater in terms of strength and popularity (unmarked quwwatan, marked intishaaran)= UNIT15 275 This construction is frequently used with the two words akthar more, most, and aqall less to form comparatives and superlatives where the adjective is too long or complex to use the direct formation. In this case the equivalent noun of the adjective is used. This takes experience, but here are two examples. a) The adjective 14:3. mujtahid diligent, hard working has far too many letters to form a direct comparative. The equivalent noun is sl4ie! ijtihaad diligence. Adding the accusative ending, we get: jalgi—!_ssi akthar ijtihaadan more diligent (lit. more in terms of diligence) b) The adjective 4.4. mufiid beneficial comes from the noun ss! ifaadah benefit: Sul! Js! agall ifaadatan Jess beneficial, of less benefit Here the noun has a feminine ending, so there is no alif 3 Conjunctions Conjunctions join parts of sentences, explaining the relationship of one part to another. Common examples are and expressing a direct link, and or which expresses an alternative. Others express a more complex link, for instance purpose, reason and so on. These latter in Arabic fall into two distinct categories, depending on the type of word which comes after them. Here are some examples of the most commonly encountered conjunctions from the interview above: 1 Conjunctions followed by verbs o! an that. The verb following is usually in the present subjunctive (see Verb Tables): ah pel Jal og of eclbiul she was able to be the first (Lit. she was able that she be...) woman... Boag Akad sis GI Gd ball Gye GIS ...should have been entrusted (lit. ...was of the supposed that to a famous singer it be entrusted)276 ARABIC 4 li to, in order that. The verb following is always in the subjunctive. (Note that this should be distinguished from the identical word meaning to, for use with nouns, which is a preposition, not a conjunction.) absall 3 ol anal (in order) to take part in the film Other conjunctions in this category will be pointed out as we come across them. 2 Conjunctions followed by nouns or pronouns These are technically in the accusative: oi anna that plabll laa ol SBI Gay and it is certain that this film... (followed by a noun with the demonstrative pronoun) oY li’anna because Noe has uy 3 and because she is very beautiful (followed by the suffix — i.e. accusative — pronoun) OS! «G&ly walaakinna, laakinna bur (no difference in meaning) dg galye (satie (Sly but the Hollywood producers... (lit. producers of Hollywood) showing accusative masculine plural noun with final nuun dropped (see Unit 14) Note: Although not really a conjunction, the slightly emphatic particle | inna also belongs to this category; see Unit 8) sLatSN! y1,9/ awzdan al-kaliméat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike CaCaaciic* magqaadiir julia magazine quantitiesUNIT 15 277 This is another internal plural shape. This one derives from singulars which have four consonants, with a long vowel between the third and the fourth. The accent is always on the last syllable. Presence of the feminine suffix s -ah makes no difference. This is a pretty safe bet for any such word, but there are a few exceptions. These plurals do not take the accusative marker. In the text for this unit we have: eb Lal dy glu! usTuurah, asaaTiir* legend (the hamzah counts as a radical) Here are some other examples. Watch for the long vowels (any of them) between the third and the fourth radicals: @ like miftaaH key > «li» mafaatiiH* vlads miqdaar amount, quantity > ,.s\4. maqaadiir* ysis mandiil handkerchief -® Jss\,. manaadiil* (Gysice Sunduug box, chest sli. Sanaadiiq* ypieac :uSfuur sparrow, small bird > jsiLoc :aSaafiir* There are not many exceptions to this rule. Some adjectives take the ¢,» -uun ending, and note the following nouns: 333L.) .3liwi ustaadh, asaatidhah professor Bio %G .ixals tilmiidh, talaamidhah pupil (but also i125 talaamiidh) 4.8185 olaglna ma:luumdat thaqaafiyyah (Cultural tips) There are quite a few English words which derive ultimately from Arabic, often via Spanish and hence French (the Arabs ruled most of Spain for about 500 years). Magazine — originally in the military Sense — is one of them. It comes from ¢,jl4. makhaazin*, plural of ¢54e makhzan storehouse (a slightly different Word Shape from that given above). Here are a few others:278 ARABIC * both zero and cypher ultimately derive from ,a.. Sifr zero, the concept of which the Arabs invented + calibre derives from —J\G qaalib mould (for bullets, etc.); * algorithm derives from the name of a famous Arab philosopher ceejol gal al-khawaarizmii; * algebra is from another famous Arabic name Lal! al-jaabir; * chemise is from .«:.3 qamiiS, mentioned in the Koran (7th century AD); * more subtle is arsenal from 4clo!l Js daar aS-Sinaa:ah, and admiral from j=. jso) amiir al-baHr (with the last word omitted). ls a3 tamriinaat (Practice) Exercise 3 The adverts below all offer bargains to the shopper. Look at the ads and answer the questions about each one on page 279. The key vocabulary is on page 280. Le : ioe ¥ be asl Oe cuisine MPa Hayy WL flatts aea What do you have to do to win a prize? b i When does the offer end at the Co-op? ii How long have they been serving their customers? € What do you get free if you buy the oil? d What are the two main prizes to be won e What does Western Union promise you? f How do you obtain the discount offered at Bou Khalil?ey 280 ARABIC ty raébaHa [S-I a] fo win, gain, profit dla faaDil favourable, good 0299£ «426 rarD, :urduD offer, deal G44) «G925 zabbun, zabaa’in* customer, client Glas majjaanan free, gratis 3984 .383 naqd, nuqdud cash, money dasaj ylss makéan, amkingh place auim Hasm discount ol. dil, buTaaqah, -aat card jlsual imtiyaaz distinction, privilege Exercise 4 You are thinking of buying a computer, and have narrowed the choice down to two possibilities, Look at the two specifications below. dogs WV Gala dog VO dtl Cpe Ve cA Gopi fauie MP las A oll yo ydll facie Ml coaslige VE pilycus query 5,513 ME) ulina VY gigi yung 551s JON yuSla age tt age pays 6644 last) Sq aay Yrs. a7 281 re ON UT PEE SO a Select appropriate adjectives from the box to fill in the gaps, changing them to the comparative form. RCH TELS I ye sSI a 4 Pee Reeves yaa! Be eae ck asinuy re eal cnanalet Qa Saris fast dg sahil easy Guu» Hasan good yao Saghiir small yesh, rakhiiS cheap gai kabiir big a 4uLi sha@ashah screen awvge moudiim modem 6,513 dhéakirah memory uli yo,’ qarS thaabit hard disk Jlesius! istizmaal use, vsage b Which computer does each of the specifications in part a above refer to?1 6 dudls yl! dadus SafHat ar-riyaaDah Sports page In this unit you will learn: ® about sports and leisure activities = about colours ™ to describe how or when you have done something lsgul) LU! al-laylah s-sawdaa’ The black night Listen to the recording of this report of a football match between Morocco and Tunisia. The vocabulary is given for you below, so look through that carefully first, and then attempt the exercises. Exercise 1 a For which side is it a black night? i Morocco ii Tunisia b Which round of the competition is it? ithe first ii the fourth iii the final c Where did the match take place? d How many spectators were there? Listen to the recording again and answer these questions. e How many goals did Mahmoud al-Turki score? f Which side scored first? g Who scored at the end of the first half? Listen to the recording one more time. h When was the last goal scored? i What happened to Suleiman al-Fasi? j Which team was he playing for? Now read the report.epSy oles Lay G BS pan! Jalaill dyahy puch gl po pall AB ALE Gare! GI ly Sl, ost gb elLias Nigh Wipe a, sail ple Casa gill pase SLI dlua eloy dol 5 oy tes Bo V Lag Sull po Leal Le pus ss! eral Lesie Bjlodl Rag ptall AS tall go BSN gaa gd pS! uct Le ing AGILGI 5 all galaall bs Tas, US, atest pool all GLa gts paul ASL ol ial a5Lbul Ausyéall aySUl claga aba! oll ll pug Goat Las} BS all lS Tislce Gye Syl Agg pial 8 SU clogs Ud 3 pall conel BAL (63 L5H Gale (ples pane LG cp boe all EY ally ok MH pai tt Gy atl Sl get Glaal GIG esas 55! Jouy N=0 cogil ail al Leal Spotl! pus gill Sa pill italy gil phase choy cet Garb Ge! Cols be Lath Bagady Jule ce pata GLa eae Lilia! SIS y BL Leal Gyo Saas Lal Aad SAU Ay Ceo a dais Exercise 2 Link the English phrases below with the Arabic expressions. aa black night for Moroccan football b al-Turki himself scored three goals ¢ the Moroccan players raised the white flag d for the third time the referee awarded a corner kick f for getting his second yellow card Ngady 45 Aa jLaall Gare Ul... ' eld QL TILA gpl ¥ TSU 6) aoall GLa aha Ay pdall BSH cla gun UL £ 2uS, US, Sal) cucal cilaal 596 oaay (Spill Jaws 1Re) F 284 ARABIC Jl ol Au layla, -aat, layaalin night eld geu edgual aswad", fem. sawdaéa’* black ol .3,S korah, -at ball, also used as a shortened form of pull 3,5 korat al-qadam football da ylae “st 4,24 maghribii, maghéaribah Moroccan Jali ta’ahhela [S-V] fo qualify (_1I ilaa for) Goa «48 fariiq, firaq team its nihdo‘ti final (adj.) ol .dislius musaabagqah, -aat competition Hg §S uls ka’s, ku’bus cup, trophy Alla}! az-zaméalik Zamalek (an area of Cairo) 91 «ali alf, dalaaf thousand O9- guia mutafarrij, -Gun spectator sla qéada [Mw-l] fo lead 398 fawz victory dau sdjjala [S-Il] to score, fo register osag waHduh himself alsai isa hadaf, ahdaaf goal, target, aim olyjlra 31jL4a mubéarach, mubaarayéat match (sport) (54! intahaa [Ly-VIll] fo come fo an end, finish iia iftataHa [S-VIll] fo commence, open sau tasjiil registration, scoring Gaye Ye zan Tariiq by way of og wet laazib, -oun player dawg Us Ibazib wasT midfield player (football) ol .3sssu5 tasdiidah, -Gat shot (football) ail réa’i: splendid, brilliant, marvellous Gut khéarij outside Qgblis date minTagah, manaaTiq* area (football: penalty area) ¢2% khadaia [S-1 a] fo deceiveBE UNIT 16 285 lS ule Héaris, Hurréas guard (football: goalkeeper) qed téasi: ninth ga 42445 natiijah, natéa’ij* result, outcome yeya duo, forSah, foraS chance, opportunity sing waHiid sole, only, singular Leigitl log shawT, ashwéa} half (football), heat (athletics, etc.), race Lasic tindamaa when ssi saddada [S-Il] fo aim (football: shooi) (esl qawsii curved, bowed gas dékhala [S-I u] fo enter glsyi Sy rukn, arkaan corner 44 marmaa goal, goalmouth dyai Gdraka [S-IV] fo attain, achieve Joli ta:Gadul balance, equality (football: draw, equal score) jas badaa [Lw-l] fo appear, seem, show ok .44|, raayah, -Gat flag, banner slias: aul abyaD*, fem. bayDaa’* white (pl ath-thaani the second tgls ylauu sayTara :alaa [Q-I] fo dominate wal lazb play, game 6 yew sayTarah domination aU taamm complete ds surah speed ysal akhiir last sgl G@wdaia [Fw-IV] fo place JL 45. shabaka, shibaak nef, netting ol .3y0 marrah, -aat time, occasion La aay bard maa after (before a verb) quia! iHtasaba [S-VIIl] to award, grant286 ARABIC alsa .aSa Haékam, Hukkaam referee, umpire ol dls, rakiah, -Gat kick (giSy rikanii corner (adj.) ayb Tarada [S-I u] fo banish, drive away (football: send off Og «abla mudéafi: , -Gun defender Jui nayl getting, receiving Ol. dle, buTaaqah, -aat card slyaso dual GSfar’, fem. Safraa’* yellow al-mulaaHaDHaat (Notes) >A Stal! HW sawdaa’ black, fem. For this and other basic colour adjectives, see grammar notes below. & sajjala scored. This and other words take on special meanings in football contexts. Its usual meaning is fo register, record. @ ahdaaf, pl. of hadaf goals scored. The word for the physical goal (posts and nef] is marmaa which occurs later in the text. @ sayTara ... sayTarah taammah dominated ... completely. See section on adverbs below. § akhiir and aakhir both mean last, but they are used differently: - akhiir is a normal adjective coming after the noun: bY! dual al-fas! al-akhiir the last section. ~ aakhir is a noun meaning the last part of something and is usually used as the first term of a possessive construction: La,3/ aakhir-haa the last of them, i.e. the goals. @ awda: ... al-kurah ash-shubbaak placed the ball in the net. Arabic does not use the preposition in with this verb. @ ba:d maa affer, When ba:d, qabl before and certain other words relating to time are followed by a verb, it is necessary to interpose this (meaningless) maa. i li-nayl-uh getting, obtaining. nayl here is a verbal noun, and the phrase can be paraphrased because of his getting, for getting. This type of construction is quite common in Arabic.UNIT 16 287 Asuitt, Ol ,s125 ta:biirdat ra’iisiyyah (Key phrases) plyaal 3Lu.J! as-sayyaarah Il-Hamraa’ the red car Gy)! cased qamiiS azraq a blue shirt elpaue 345 Zahrah Safraa’ a yellow flower pes sali al-jabal al-akhDar the green mountain dal!l S13 taraakiib al-lighah (Structures) 1 Irregular adjectives As you learned in Unit 3, most Arabic adjectives form their feminine by adding é -ah to the masculine form. There is an important set of adjectives which behave differently. The most common of these refer to the basic colours, and some physical disabilities. These adjectives have three forms: 4) masculine singular b) feminine singular c) plural for human beings @) Masculine Singular Identical in all respects to the comparative adjective (see Unit 15), and following the same rules regarding doubled and weak radicals. Does not take the alif accusative marker. b) Feminine Singular. The first radical takes an a-vowel, the second no vowel, and the Suffix -aa’ -L is added after the third radical. Again this does not take the accusative marker. ¢) Plural Form Used only when referring to several human beings. The first Tadical takes u-, and the second no vowel.288 ARABIC This form does take the accusative marker when required. English Masculine Feminine Plural black sgui aswad — elagus Sawdaa’ sg suud white yaniabyaD rlaybayDaa’ (4s: biiD* red yealaHmar = ¢lyaa Homrac’ yo2 Humr green pesiakhDar yi khoDroo’ 25 khuDr yellow gael aSfar —+1,dis Safrac’ is Sufr blue 3,3) azraq sly) zarqaa’ 3) zurq lame quel a:raj slays tarjaa’ 7 suri blind ssia:maa’ slic camyaa’ (lias cumyaan’ 1 root ends with ,¢. (See rules for comparatives in Unit 15) 2 Arabic will not accept the combination uy so the vowel changes to ii. 3 An alternative form, usually used with this adjective 2 Other colours The above rules apply only to what Arabic regards as the basic colours. Other colours are formed from nouns with the adjectival ending re -ii (see Unit 12) and behave normally: Noun Adjective Jl ,, burtugaal orange je S93 orange ox bunn coffee beans (gt Drown quits banafsaj violet (peeks violet 39 ward roses (S49 pink Examples from the text are: ela gu ULI a black night elLudaall Jl the white flag el aecll A8Lball the yellow card aa yl Taarig al-aHmar (here used as a proper name)UNIT 16 289 3 Adverbs Adverbs describe how, when or where the action of a verb is performed. In both English and Arabic, there are two ways to form them: Accusative marker In English by adding the suffix -ly to the adjective: She sings beautifully. The Arabic equivalent of this is to add the accusative marker to an adjective, or sometimes a noun. This is written with an alif unless the word has the feminine ending, and is always pronounced -an. Such common words as very, always, never are also formed in this way. So we have lu.s% shakhSiyyan personally, from shakhSii personal, which is itself derived from shakh$ person. Here are some other common examples: ." a) From adjectives: {yaiS kathiiran frequently, a lot, often {ys naadiran rarely Lu’ qariiban promptly, soon Las yu sariitan quickly tags yawmiyyan daily Liga shahriyyan monthly Yogi awwalan firstly (also the other ordinal numerals:) LU thaaniyan secondly UG thaalithan third, etc. 1,23 akhiiran lastly, at last ails daa’iman always Liaw, rasmiyyan officially b) From nouns: 3aLe :aadatan usually 3L.4 faj‘atan suddenly asso Sudfatan by chance, fortuitously lax jiddan very ‘sai abadan never lis aHyaanan sometimes 1,9 fawran immediately 3 pulse mubaasharatan directly Las’ Tabsan naturally, of course las Haqqan really, truly, in fact290 ARABIC Prepositional The second way to form adverbs in English is to use a preposition (usually with, in or by) plus a noun: J am writing this in haste. The same applies to Arabic, the usual preposition being bi-: 4u4/L, bi-DH-DHabT with exactness, exactly In Arabic, as in English, both methods can be used, often with a slight change in meaning — hastily/in haste. las sarii:an quickly can also be expressed as 4c yu, bi-sur:ah with speed. Common examples of this type are: elas: bi-buT’ slowly say bi-jadd seriously THs: bi-wuDuuH clearly Verbal nouns A common adverbial construction in Arabic is verb + its verbal noun (accusative) + an adjective (also accusative) qualifying the verbal noun. This will be familiar to readers of the King James Bible where phrases like They rejoiced a great rejoicing are quite frequent in the Old Testament (presumably because it was translated from Hebrew, a sister Semitic language to Arabic). This has exactly the same meaning as They rejoiced greatly. There is one example in the text: TAG Base Gall le gaat gl jl The Tunisians dominated the play completely (lit. a complete domination) csLaSl 139/ awzdan al-kalimdat (Word shapes) Pattern Arabic example Eng. sound-alike CaCCaCah barbarah 3 1 Barbara barbarism