INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINE
BY:
SUNSHINE C. FERNANDEZ
ISRAEL JOHN D. GAMAY
GLORILYN B. SERQUIÑA
MICHAEL ANGELO P. CAPUNO
INTRODUCTION
Internal Combustion Engine

▪ An engine that creates its energy by

burning fuel inside itself.

▪ Any engine that uses the explosive

combustion of fuel to push a piston
within a cylinder - the piston's
movement turns a crankshaft that
then turns the car wheels via a chain
or a drive shaft.
Brief History of Internal Combustion Engine
▪ 1680 - Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens designed (but never built) an
internal combustion engine that was to be fueled with gunpowder.
▪ 1807 - Francois Isaac de Rivaz of Switzerland invented an internal
combustion engine that used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen for
fuel. Rivaz designed a car for his engine - the first internal combustion
powered automobile.
▪ 1824 - English engineer, Samuel Brown adapted an old Newcomen
steam engine to burn gas, and he used it to briefly power a vehicle up
Shooter's Hill in London.
1680 1807 1824
▪ 1858 - Belgian-born engineer, Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir invented and
patented (1860) a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion
engine fueled by coal gas. In 1863, Lenoir attached an improved engine (using
petroleum and a primitive carburetor) to a three-wheeled wagon that
managed to complete an historic fifty-mile road trip.
▪1862 - Alphonse Beau de Rochas, a French civil engineer, patented but did not build a
four-stroke engine.
▪1864 - Austrian engineer, Siegfried Marcus, built a one-cylinder engine with a crude
carburetor, and attached his engine to a cart for a rocky 500-foot drive. Several years
later, Marcus designed a vehicle that briefly ran at 10 mph that a few historians have
considered as the forerunner of the modern automobile by being the world's first
gasoline-powered vehicle.
▪1873 - George Brayton, an American engineer, developed an unsuccessful two-
stroke kerosene engine (it used two external pumping cylinders). However, it was
considered the first safe and practical oil engine.

1873 - Brayton motor

hydrocarbon engine
▪ 1866 - German engineers, Eugen Langen and Nikolaus August
Otto improved on Lenoir's and de Rochas' designs and invented
a more efficient gas engine.

▪ 1876 - Nikolaus August Otto invented and later patented a

successful four-stroke engine, known as the "Otto cycle".

▪ 1876 - The first successful two-stroke engine was invented by Sir

Dugald Clerk.
 1876 – Otto Engine 1876 – two stroke cycke

1866 - Otto & Langen Free-Piston

(Atmospheric) Gas Engine
(internal combusion engine)
▪ 1883 - French engineer, Edouard Delamare-Debouteville, built a
single-cylinder four-stroke engine that ran on stove gas. It is not
certain if he did indeed build a car, however, Delamare-
Debouteville's designs were very advanced for the time - ahead of
both Daimler and Benz in some ways at least on paper.
 • 1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the
prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and
with gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887).
Daimler first built a two-wheeled vehicle the "Reitwagen" (Riding
Carriage) with this engine and a year later built the world's first four-
wheeled motor vehicle

Gottlieb Daimler's First Automobile

(March 8, 1886)
▪ 1886 - On January 29, Karl Benz received the first patent (DRP
No. 37435) for a gas-fueled car.
1890 - Wilhelm Maybach built the first four-cylinder, four-stroke engine.

Wilhelm Maybach and his most famous creation: The

original Mercedes automobile of 1901.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
OF AN INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE
FOUR- STROKE ENGINE
• A four stroke engine delivers one power stroke for every two
cycles of the piston.
1. Intake Stroke – air fuel mixture is introduced to fill the
combustion chamber.
2. Compression Stroke – the trapped air-fuel mixture is
compressed inside the cylinder.
3. Power Stroke – hot expanding gases force the piston head
away from the cylinder head.
4. Exhaust Stroke – occurs when spent gases are expelled from
the combustion chamber and released to the atmosphere.
1. Intake Stroke
2. Compress Stroke
3. Power Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke
TWO- STROKE ENGINE

• The system only requires two piston movements in

order to generate power.
1. As the piston rises on compression, its underside
pulls a partial vacuum in the crankcase. An
intake port opens, allowing air to rush into the
crankcase.
• As the piston nears TDC, a spark fires the
compressed mixture.
2. As the piston continues down the bore, it
exposes an exhaust port in the cylinder wall
ROTARY (WANKEL) ENGINE

• The Wankel engine works in the same 4-

stroke cycle as the reciprocating piston
engine, with the central rotor successively
executing the four processes of intake,
compression, ignition (combustion) and
exhaust inside the trochoid chamber.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Stroke
Engine

Advantages
• More torque
• Last longer
• Run much cleaner than 2 strokes
• More efficient use of gas
Disadvantage

• Far more complex to manufacture

• Worse weight to power ratio
• Less smooth operation, because each cylinder fires
only every second revolution
• Requires frequent oil changes
Advantages of 2-Stroke Engines
• Don’t have valves which are easy to construct and lowers
their weight
• Fire once every revolution. Power is produced once during 2
strokes of the piston .This gives a significant power boost.
• This two stroke engines lower output in horse power
• Two stroke engines can work in any position, since oil flow is
not a concern with any valves to worry about.
Advantages of 2-Stroke Engines
• 2 stroke engines are lighter comparatively.
• Since the power produced by the two-stroke engine is higher,
these engines are small and compact in size.
• The torque produced on the crankshaft is more uniform
because the power is produced during every alternate stroke
of the piston.
• These Engines often provide high power-to-weight ratio,
usually in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the
“power band”.
Disadvantages of 2-Stroke Engines
• Two stroke engines do not last as long as four stroke engines;
there is no lubrication system in a two stroke engine so parts
wear out a lot faster.
• Two stroke oil is expensive; you would burn a gallon every
1000 miles if it were in a car
• Two stroke engines are Less Efficient.
• Two stroke engines produce a lot of pollution, and the way
the engine is designed that part of the air/fuel leaks out of the
chamber through the exhaust port.
Disadvantages of 2-Stroke Engines
• The exhaust gases often get trapped inside the combustion
chamber. This makes the fresh charge impure. Therefore
maximum power doesn’t get delivered because of improper
incomplete combustion.
• Since in two-stroke engines power stroke is produced after
every stroke, a large amount of heat is generated within
them. To reduce the temperature of the engine and keep the
moving parts well-lubricated, good lubrication and cooling
systems for the engine are required.
Advantage of Rotary Engine
• A far higher power to weight ratio than a piston engine
• Approximately one third of the size of a piston engine of equivalent
power output
• Easier to package in small engine spaces than an equivalent piston
engine
• No reciprocating parts
• Able to reach higher revolutions per minute than a piston engine
• Operating with almost no vibration
• Not prone to engine-knock
Disadvantage of Rotary Engine

• No efficient air-fuel mixing is performed in such combustion

chamber that results in low fuel efficiency and low ecological
compatibility.
• Can not operate on diesel fuel. It’s simply would not endure
the work load typical to diesel engine.
ENGINE MEASUREMENT AND PERFORMANCE

As a Mechanic, we must know the various ways

that engines and engine performance is measured.
An engine may be measured in terms of:
• Cylinder Diameter
• Piston Stroke
• Number of Cylinder
ENGINE MEASUREMENT AND PERFORMANCE

It may be measured, performance wise, by:

• Torque
• Horsepower it develops
• Efficiency
TORQUE
• Torque is a force that, when applied, tends to result
in twisting an object, rather than its physical
movement.
• When torque is applied to an object, the force and
distance from the axis depends on each other.
• Engine Torque is a rating of the turning force at the
engine crankshaft.
HORSEPOWER
• The work capacity of an engine is measured in horsepower
(hp)
• The equivalent of one horsepower can be reached by
multiplying 165 feet by 200 pounds for a total of 33,000 ft.lb
per minute
𝐿𝑊
• 𝐻𝑝 =
33000𝑡

• The more horsepower a car produces, the better its

acceleration, which is a strong factor in its overall
performance.
EFFICIENCY
• Mechanical Efficiency - is the relationship between the
actual power produced in the engine and the actual
power delivered at the crankshaft.
• The actual power is always less than the power
produced within the engine. This is due to the following:
• Friction losses between the many moving parts of the engine.
• In a four-stroke-cycle engine, a considerable amount of
horsepower is used to drive the valve train.
EFFICIENCY
• Thermal Efficiency - is the relationship between actual
heat energy stored within the fuel and power produced
in the engine.
• A large amount of energy from the fuel is lost through
heat and not used in an ICE. This unused heat is of no
value to the engine and must be removed from it. Heat is
dissipated in the following ways:
• Cooling system removes heat from the engine to control engine
operating temperature.
• Engine radiates a portion of the heat to the atmosphere.
CLASSIFICATIONS
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Based on application Based on basic engine design
❖AutomobileEngine ❖Reciprocating:
❖AircraftEngine
• Singlecylinder,
❖LocomotiveEngine • Multi-cylinderIn-line,
• V,radial,
❖MarineEngine • opposedcylinder,
❖StationaryEngine • OpposedPiston.

❖Rotatory:

• Singlemotor,
• Multimotor
Based on operating cycle
❖Atkinson(For complete expansion SI Engine)
❖ Diesel(For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
❖Dual(For the Actual Diesel Engine)
❖Miler(For Early/Late Inlet valve closing type SI Engine
❖Oto(For the Convectional SI Engine)
Based on working cycle

❖Four stroke cycle

❖Two stroke cycle
Scavenging; direct/crankcase/cross flow; backflow/loop;
Uniflow
Naturally aspirated or turbo charged
Based on Valve/port design and location
❖Designofvalve/port
• Poppetvalve
• Rotatoryvalve

❖Locationofvalve/port
1. T-head
2. L-head
3. F-head
4. L-head
Based on Fuel
❖.Convectional
• Crude oil derivatives; Petrol, diesel
• Other sources; coal, bio-mass, tar stands, shale

❖Alternative
• Petroleum derived: CNG, LPG
• Bio-mass derived: alcohols, vegetable oils, producer gas, biogas and
hydrogen

❖Blending
❖Bi-fuel and dual fuel
Based on mixture preparation
❖Carburetion
Based on stratification of
❖Fuelinjection
charge
Basedonstratificationofcharge
Based on ignition
❖ HomogeneousCharge
❖Spark ignition ❖ Stratifiedcharge
❖Compression Ignition
• With carburetion
• With fuel injection
Based on combustion chamber design
❖. Open chamber: Disc, wedge, hemispherical, bowl-
in-piston, bathtub.
❖Divided chamber:
• (For CI)1.Swirlchamber,2.Pre-chamber
• (for SI)1.CVCC,2.Otherdesigns

Based on cooling system

❖ Air-coolingsystem
❖ Water-coolingsystem
Parts and Functions
Internal Combustion Engine
Cylinder Block:-

Cylinder Block

• It is a container fitted with piston, where

the fuel is burnt and power is produced.
Cylinder is the main body of IC engine.
Cylinder is a part in which the intake of
fuel, compression of fuel and burning of
fuel take place. The main function of
cylinder is to guide the piston.
Cylinder Head/Cylinder Cover

• One end of the cylinder

is closed by means of
cylinder head. This
consists of inlet valve for
admitting air fuel
mixture and exhaust
valve for removing the
products of
combustion.
Piston

• Piston is used to
reciprocate inside the
cylinder.
Piston Rings

• These are used to maintain a pressure

tight seal between the piston and
cylinder walls and also it transfer the
heat from the piston head to cylinder
walls.
Connecting Rod

• One end of the connecting rod

is connected to piston through
piston pin while the other is
connected to crank through
crank pin.
It transmits the reciprocatory
motion of piston to rotary crank.
Crank
• It is a lever between connecting rod and crank shaft.

Crank Shaft
• The function of crank shaft is to transform
reciprocating motion in to a rotary motion.
Crank Case
• It supports and covers the cylinder and the crank shaft. It is used
to store the lubricating oil.
The main body of the engine to which the cylinder are
attached and which contains the crankshaft and crankshaft
bearing is called crankcase. It serves as the lubricating system
too and sometime it is called oil sump. All the oil for lubrication is
placed in it.
Fly wheel
• Fly wheel is a rotating mass used as an energy storing device.
A flywheel is secured on the crankshaft
Poppet Valves
• A valve is a device that regulates,
directs or controls the flow of a
fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids,
or slurries) by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various
passageways.
The intake and exhaust valves
open at the proper time to let in
air and fuel and to let out exhaust.
Spark Plug
• The main function of a sparkplug is
to conduct the high potential from
the ignition system into the
combustion chamber.
It provides the proper gap across
which spark is produced by
applying high voltage , to ignite
the mixture in the ignition
chamber.
Engine Bearing
• The crankshaft is supported by bearing .
Everywhere there is rotary action in the engine , bearings are
used to support the moving parts.
Its purpose is reduce the friction and allow parts to move freely

Gudgeon pin or piston pin

• These are hardened steel parallel spindles fitted through the
piston bosses and the small end bushes or eyes to allow the
connecting rods to swivel. It connects the piston to connecting
rod. It is made hollow for lightness.
Governor
• A device for regulating automatically
output of a machine by regulating
the supply of working fluid.
When the speed decreases due to
increase in load the supply valve is
opened by mechanism operated by
governor and the engine therefore
speeds up again to its original speed.
Carburetor

• The function of a carburetor is to

atomize and meter the liquid fuel
and mix it with the air as it enters
the induction system of the engine.

• Maintaining fuel-air proportion

under all conditions of operation
appropriate to the conditions.
Fuel Atomizer or Injector
• Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an internal
combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system
used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely
replaced carburetors in the late 1980s.
• The primary difference between carburetors and fuel injection is
that fuel injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a
small nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor relies on low
pressure created by intake air rushing through it to add the fuel to
the airstream.
• The fuel injector is only a nozzle and a valve: the power to inject the
fuel comes from a pump or a pressure container farther back in the
fuel supply.
Manifold
• The main function of manifold is to supply the air fuel mixture and
collects the exhaust gases equally form all cylinder. In an internal
combustion engine two manifold are used, one for intake and
other for exhaust.

Pushrod
• Pushrod is used when the camshaft is situated at the bottom end of
cylinder. It carries the camshaft motion to the valves which are
situated at the cylinder head.
MAINTENANCE OF AN
INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE
✓Oil Change
▪ Engines have many moving parts which produce
excessive heat. When it comes to machines or electronics
heat is not a very good thing and oil keeps vital parts of
the engine lubricated which in results helps the parts to
cool down easily.
▪ If you don’t change the oil every once in a while this
can cause internal damage and significantly reduce
the engine life and performance. It’s suggested to
have an engine oil change every 4000 Kms or less.
 ▪ There are many engine oil’s available in the market today
such as Havolin and Shell Helix. Make sure you check
manufacturer recommended oil for your car.

✓Cooling System
▪ All cars have a cooling system which is the most effective
way of cooling down the engine. A radiator, water pump,
thermostat and a coolant are the part of this system
responsible for the cooling process.
▪ Thermostat decides whether your engine needs
cooling or not and when the engine overheats the
water pump takes the coolant from the radiator and
directs it towards the engine.

▪ During this process, some of the coolants is lost and

this is where the problem begins. If the coolant falls
dangerously low the cooling process will be affected.
To avoid this pop out the hood and give the coolant
tank a look.
 ▪ The tank is marked with an indicator mentioning the maximum
and minimum mark. Make sure the coolant is on the max side. If
your car still has problems cooling down even with the right
coolant then get it checked by a professional.

✓Air Filters
▪ The basic purpose of the air filter is to keep the outside things
from ending up in the engine while making sure it also gets
clean air. These things include dust, dirt, insects or anything small
enough to enter the engine bay.
▪ With the passage of time the air filters get in bad shape
and often clogged. Which can deprive the engine of air or
even let the outside things inside. All of this will contribute
towards engine not doing its work right. To avoid this make
sure you get the air filter replaced on time. There are
multiple air filters available in the market today ranging
from PKR 200-1500.
✓Belts
• To run things like fan, water pump or even the air
conditioners car engines come with belts. Al though
their function can vary from car to car but they are
very important. These rubbers belts usually run for very
long but once they start to crack or show signs of
wear you need to make sure you get them replaced
as soon as possible.
• If a belt breaks this can cause some serious damage to the
engine. Spot the damaged engine belts by popping off the
hood and inspecting the belts by touching and turning it.
The screeching noises from the car when the engine is
running is also a clear indication for belt replacement. A belt
replacement can cost around PKR2,500-5,000.
✓Spark Plug and Wires
• Spark plugs are very important if you want your
engine running smoothly. The wires send an
electrical current to the spark plugs which in result
produces a spark. Due to which in the cylinders air
and fuel mixture ignites.
• With the passage of time spark plugs can lose
their effectiveness which will make your engine
working not so smooth.
• It is recommended to get the spark plugs and
wires changed every 50,000kms to keep your
engine happy. Each spark plug can cost around
PKR 2,000 and expensive options like iridium and
platinum plugs can last upto 70,000 kms or more.
Advantages of internal combustion engines
• Size of engine is very less compared to external combustion
engines
• Power to weight ratio is high
• Very suitable for small power requirement applications
• Usually more portable than their counterpart external
combustion engines
• Safer to operate
• Starting time is very less