h-S— > Sentclasscal_physes Aloms the contulov oe if The pn of positive jor & free elecvons sl tee, TM Ve se 2 tee ResisTanca of deébrons oh = Be paft veedty, Bas Wax Vain — Tes - 2 ASO, Mae — pa a= pee an Sent corguctey , AS TP 4 —> conductwnily T > pobibily + In conducloy As Tap t= conductivity = perilely A Or Seni cordsclOn'S ye Tet Ih = 222% 2° Tee wh n-type 4 Z 1 Je L cB tf = penn prone | [oS Pate fav levels ] _1x8ve charge — gudy oO qutlety the stalenrort nullified because eve" ‘TavoenT ale acon bol me ext eleclvon. GB) notype 1s hOHNG Ad Statement 1S oes he fee © notype . { | ye fo _| KR f Fermi level | " [ [xe —— | @ ts Temp * fore level come To middle 7 Oe of bah wtye «8% pTYPE SC @* In case of n-Tpe SC ohn Top snevensed , Pe Thevally aenersted dledvons ove nove dexatvoled ord donav elecCvons unt volume 7S \abla. So nType behaves OS The, eoddle of eneegy | per pee SC ond feenf level” comes TO ah © —_ stasonic Coe) Je Fert Level Cewally @ oniddle) a | Ye f entegy ep r t \ L {= ewe , $(€)> Feri Divac Destebition fd ® HO gees the info veppding The probability of feodig she eleLex ra iven, enuygy lk @® fE) dossnT ge te c a re ave othe how rrany — eecTvons © HE doesnT gue te infp vepeing To hao Type of enurgy levels ove. tee! with rae “e© ame density o cone of dleiors in conduclion band of an = titsinsic «SCS gun by — . \s/2. 8 4] neon 22ers oreKT | be | mee Sffeve mass of an elecler K= Boltyronn onl = 38 KLO 3K re Ports aml = 6.exsKes Js Te fbelule Tene Eee Fert Srey level Coz conduclion Enevg level. ® Concestoation of _ holes ta valence bord = *S geen by | me aren Oh ) ce-edlet || Kore [a= . | © — ® [etansic, ont of choege cawwievS ae TT = 3 eK ) ay z ome, ge srk Goeth) (0 ensto) y= Ee“ Ey 2osdth of The prssden nwgy 990 @ Fennt level solencic SC 7 Gera 4 3 < ~ | ee eae + ger ws[2e] ot g 4 sffective mass of tole, mh = Sfletlive mas of elelwn, Me hin, 2 Ect&y Ge@® Fewt toel_to_n-type sc Fevest_leel_ to nTfe \ an ® Ne \ an «ANY Ee = Eo- *T In (| | fe 7 a wee neo a [RE 5 0 cata? Nq=2 Donav cont A ont level: es belt tte ballon of fe cenduilion bard $C Few level 70 ——— 7 | &- ft verte [ \ from Saf ® Le } me" het Ny= 2 sensi 5s a coileat™ Na acceptor coré Fmt love bes above tte bP valance bond. wtnsic, SC @ este te — we, Ne % mez ~ Go artes Ny % mpl ae “lee a _ et zo) fe @® vesw wo ‘aibeut) , «pt of ad of elton, & ‘the holes. ne conglarl mez XP {Mass atlion tou ® res n= MHP, But, MS No Cif doping move) D@) wm Pye € n= TpPp any Cf apng 98) Bot, Pe% aking bil the encbilly of eelvens i ia eondelion band GZ) @ polity of tetion 1L—— He in voluce bord ® —11 —— holes 1 —— Ul eecors © When Temp ameveases povilily dec ceases S fe ony “rata? ®@ pent decease woth The — doping ncenLvalon @ Buiion we (Ds + te Tre BS eon fee pth : os Be asst blo To sucte' 4 B® Temperotine ses f poly ) ce we 2 (ola sallevng eel / S, Temp (&) (eg sate) snevease in ofo Te to successive collisions sive allisions . te Temp 1 pbilty x =p o q @Q® Tre ait ee ae txpo Ss sudden ly susie 4 c i _ e€& & pel velocity, Va= = nen Lially cohen TecWic fad Elecicon. aeruily = charge density = ME Corel 5 re I Tze veh) cores density, JF = = ne 8d fio, je ES m Meeemy 2 @B — aeitvical andutbwly , = nee o - ™ ~ i = ep } fov —_Inteinsic_SC Op= Set On ree * Pe = we Cer pe) gh ieatie ef fe tye Ge= ne Me Be = No€ Ne Rf Np??? fox pType SC Om = TE SH Ome Nae Hh {it Naz F OX wry, FESR hs 4 @ Passton Tene, ee pa Einsleiels velLonsbiP @* “Dh. be HL che, Leia oveffely i? nw jp iy te a ° ilsT “hy a cho caxriet tage . te volue f parity p ved gous coll ve Tendany dD diffuse. ff lng © te aa het" EXCESS Te) ie Tt ‘ Te Time dura fe co be change caves a diffuse A ys piffuron co-efficient > @bsilon TimecavvievS Gs) [ateinsic cof of chavge me NN eater | Qy—H rofl woe 1 demvee of ant of chasged pric unde the applied sledsic fed. ® Diffoson caver 7S becouse ¢ ok exist in The raleval © pelt cavveil Gledions 1% holes ave in Same dvection. ® _ diffusion. cares of ElecTions 8 holes ae in opp divedlian, @ who a py dae s FB, holes oe ferry Pavegion so Nowegion Fe conf Ph the wp ff “he “Werepen ic increased oboe Thermal equibcern value Poo he ho oO nego is: gt os Wn [ mie Pet Palo) to in Pevegion iS qe as i Te decor cork wplx) = Nat Nplo) € Ten yore, Pro NB, = bales & Sleclwons conf 30 ‘thera equitbrar ati: ® pi ffoson lang th P foles K eledltonS in wtype & PPE enatevial xe at fem y why cork 6 concidered, @ na carver a psi mode 15 70 in met diode, ae ll 4 ffs | J - ——>_—T sar rs . ero pl ower @ veo on. ut aoe «6S «FG, te rl aver eile N P zs] << _ I digjusion By — 32 ott ( 8 P <— nel cavven What4s 2g, te 4 small carver exile Pe wo . L_ affusion. _ a deft bv =? nel caver se Loeft (unbwsed) = Zsa (8) e Tyeft (€9) peft vend is alo Frew as roi, ore _yneel. @ This i becouse of ions oscillaTing ond collisions aohich involves the vaise ci Te pers - tos 1s a SP by Tis ooo shoxP x Reverse soluration cavenl. @D* Avalorche _ beak dos step process wohich Takes plete Time & break down. Tris CLANS ohn pu put 33 PBK applied volage ig rove a @ Zerer_beechseonn In Zeney diodes _ fhe NP veqions OF heavily doped. gecause 4 fawwy oping , esidth of deplilion lager iS very pawow ne = Ya Voy o& & alee fold will be eweaTed eohich beeokKc all tte pwolert bonds a a Time © Hal zeray breakdown & stove pes aves Te SE of Ternperne nding elon) Found Carel 0 te ode Se oF T= To {tm} mies % = Aen Fro + fe DeTe 2 Lever ssluvolion (uverl th le yheve qr poheve, sonal le: = mel materi Mies De Tm (e ‘| Aa Axa of na f ve utoe , U7! f GF ga choge yz P St Pig e s poles in aes is poitorts Ph¥S Pe xd o) 2 KT? g Wooler gt To abo pre To be pepiteon! To 7 inglead of ee f ae - me Te (er | [oe r : a beNa = Wap A pie yunf ustose one sda iS beavil nt Sood Q called an dbvup mye : slep waded — PN- unt [ |. Fn O99 O99, |hi @ wrernal see feld S olside te depldTion region ® Te ec fad eroge'T 3 max @ Fe gun oulsido te daplior, veqror . Se. © chong deosty (8) = i ye, in aapltion veg 10 peside ave, at = m-sida . () (apacilone 6 to wile of chore of charge uv volTage dQ ye Ce we a Lamson opp § incon garg ¥Tappears when the dude is FB is ancveased , the depletion region pordth —tnevense K te yenenobilt charge also rmeveases He change in amoun of jmmobie ~ charge with veverse vollage se constdared 0S copa effet. atone: wn In RB, when the vol omnes G . eh) ve [Gow Zone = | re A, Ae cms sectional Pre, g> _ poribivily of SC ¥ po bith daplalion reqcon. ots of an ym Oa expression gesern DIES poelel plate capaciTone @® % Ie © for STP goad pope wo Wg a or oe © Nge Nott Ve @© for bord graded pope wx Ve g 1 Ege % Alig “ge Not © G | TO ore ell © Aypiciionas voitage voviable copacilov ie vovaloy diode ov vavicap ov __ \olTacae Ngo foreney potertial «© oun _utime 4005 IU appenvs 39 Fe. Te vole of change fo ameunl of ape Chae wvlo Fowevd, vata s ailled — arffosion copa Cz 8 vonishes . @ for an when fhe, Ge ine FR because he dapleTon region. almost wr | OlypX frond carved , I KOO * exponactvoh of oppleed voltage D ao eer cauils Diode bah ¥ We NT es ran pr | we nc 2 Grote the — Tolal pt g@. (¢77Cp —? PE ype q atu , el 0 w «FRO ha smmobile charges disappeav. t> foward cued > ‘mean Tae of hoes ( pan) vy = ar ye rT Gz D at ow, T3-h, We capacilonce Crt G2 G Ge Cy6" Goact_patital (1) ate differ ce pitt Wp 8 alld \o ra) of , ny ~ ‘f ne wn Ye SE In (2) + Pela &K Pae 1? Ap q me in (Ose of P-type n-Type vp 4% Re emer a @ the Gqabeuen condifion, — TpPp= ne = TnPn | ® 2 =, eile 4K ce r | | Fey Fp = Wo | Eup - Evy = AWN Femi levels 09 eth sida of the jn i gyal x egyptian ie Fey ~ Eep <0. or Expression fe the width of the —TvanciTion eq. aan ~ + | _ y2eNe Nate g mgr" Ho | WF <7 | Nana ay [No NA t ; a = Fon Ths, wala puestiol Moe $ % No ray65) ‘ C a a ate | ay} fo NatNd Ut Nafid { ay (Tha hotna) 7 Ie a 2 \2éNo |) — Xno™ agenda TNA a Nu(Nath) penn tet Np chage [nit volurea. ; “3a ply, Ms Ang = Whab volume ey“ SAN Ang = UNA AK Ql WH X_tXno~ Tce we Ly pe BA | + wine = Seay FY toe anti | @ Wel _ Manele fee yo vdety of & = aro ope pal 5? Sch oo wath of speinut (cee dursiTy = ne Nw = > b t3 Cuvee Seve ve pen tyy 2 ave pr p-type Hat _enefeced » & ) ene . te - Be Ra “eT del X toes fl IX ee ® Hall a1 » Ou 7 8o ° * y= tori! {%] an (G 6A 7 , Ay ton) | Ev \ ase = tan | pu at (Ru) : ms@ photo _conduclev Photo cond — Carnal because ct photons i0 a Tee 4 A (irae. me in of euers aries = Seep photo corduclov is ge by whet, = G2 Geruvalion vole in case of proto corduilov iS geen as The —volio af collected bY te is Guo ahe vole é which The ee 58 wats Tt to wle @ a Tha change led wthin te proto conduclor q i eae oe e ye POE ew at (126, | @ Pholo diode am Ss ofevited wn Reverse bias 3. Type of woveent axils eNay —? proto ca so The depletion vegan eh” ty N= req. el pho? it Pegi « ate ota) Steady qlile siete dual cavers density (00 be wrllen aS wer Be the += { 2RvLCy ied —— ot ss cuiToble pf 5 Y ee bigh applcalionS IT 8 openled in Sea i neThe at phsto warren tls gens in The alversic veyon ig L Te 5 €. Ge du whet 2 > pholomt absorption | lion coefeel qc€ bo (ew J pohidlh of inksensic te 4,2 priton fox oe ppato- eene effet bye Wt pm ache, WS Work fon Erbe » KES poe e = Ww @© pwect_ Sond Gap SC Indwet Sand Gap SC Ce ae < - \\) 3K Ny dl ble Se ical iS i | “a < ig aencvall atted VE oe Ext GaAs i €x:- St, Ge THis prnciple i$ in LED Fas prciplt emal be used in LED , ¢ + ® | @«x® o called __ Ager TrorsiTions yx — TL vl ~_— yy seruvaleeG) Lyft_ tering Dele (ve) at is ofeatel in forserd bias Leds ave dvel Gard P SC LED bughtness raed cavern = 3) —Tornel diode oa Spy Joped | | \|| e7 as: —> by yeny rover | Tp Fook Tunnel corceenll depistion wegson | dy Valley coven (swore) aT s ofersted in poverd bias Tunne| diode is vidiag The negeTive vesisTance son hich, is usefal for w adige of cml J sin fah_eet_ ee (3FED ed co with The meease @ when Yig2O, rene it Ne vwilage yo drain V, sida, channel will be pinched of bs, channel ON Tae Vos < Vpsach chonnel OFF Se” ate @vnen Nog NE, inch 22 @ tt drm red off our much envy becouse hen Vig He n off ; a. (pee caus by applyia h Te voltage of doin side Vp 4 applying ewuch moe pale of the crore@) wohen Vg iS eal K ly aS eal Pinch off voltage af No i sufficiendly -ve, the then deplélion —vegion med 39 channel wach ts iter % ee is pinched off Ten fac SW poh tefl fr curved — flow caries beromes 70 This value of Vos iS row as porch ef vottoge ov Vos(oft) The wath ot the depletion is qr by \ Ww * jaz | 2E Waste © Np yy - — é Nos? VRiach off , Om L z wea (v bO , channel osidth = =O) az | 2 pre e No ‘eNpoz Npinch off ae cohen Vp??\o Vp % Np, impurely cot in channel ® wee , charmel width © Vp doanit dayend upon choonel langth geet so _nectannel JEET , Tos @ pain © on cross Ws Per) 3) for a qe Ves, Tas liuaely —sncrense fy smaller Ypg <———L _ Nps . . &e = Se Tos, 2aZNoe Yn FE [Was i Bc an be wwe by Yeehin = Vas =O tun Rosco’) = ZOZNE Hn A Rafer’) 2 | 8og2 ee Feat droin— vesislance 5 mame @) AC dvamy_vesslan@ o Ae Ree x _ -——— y= /@ const og 4 Mos ® ee ov wd Teanscondrclanca Trans con ee (, -S2 @ oil Voc dn = ‘ANes | 2. eet vos) &) go SET, «Tage Joss (- ves Sas aT Ao Bal m= “ae a, - 2308 Vos = 1- “Os. | Be % ( a | a. a 2 = Me uote = 72k 8m = dmo |'~ “wp i \p @ Amp f calion faci _ Aes @ oil Ip HP® “ples Lr = va " [eit J @ ve_sen_veelone |B a Pov mechonnel = FET a . Nog 8 always posit Vos 8 alas raglive©) Cahancad —_moseCT nt Oar ZV, No channel «6 forced - ; om fo ® Vos ZV, channel s forcved L? ee . e Vas V7 20, Inversion ocrovs & “rete Chonnel is forened + _——- ONpg < (Nox-¥r) (ohne seqion) _@ yew @ Nos 2 (Nose) (saloon eye - ——— . le ac) @) ext) pa oo) Deplelion MOSFET — Fea" channel 3S olvendy pesest & Lat Tye tango Ze \ vwiTiolly T is in ON Stole » & Sd Pe @ Nog = =e cise | deel the chamel, OE vellage s ot To Ves @ Nemo velsTionship for _enhanaad _mosrET @® wun moseeT SiO obme eyion ie yy sally Vag. z 7 if Vns <(as-¥0) Tog = Halonld [ www 8 (ota = Elo aa (Tin sche Nos sell, vg s caged m ig Tos = pelea [ come) ws] mnosrer Ges gc= Nes - L Tos Pnloxbs (ovss-vd ] R Changing — Nig, the channel —vesislance can be vowed, SO mogee ET can be used as ollie _vaviahl_vesislor-® Satwration cawer , when Nog = Vog-V'r 1 2. Sh. nou (os-¥) 2b is indipendend? of Vog —— wile @ in The sailenoion qin, Ta x dapend’s only on Nes © yotocs eo [tebe ponte] Bn? ae 5 Tog = Br/y { css v0] channel _tengh__ mello . mosFET , Voce = Moc- Vr = Veep $s” = T rams a , channel pinches off drain end BL (wos Vet) aL = X (Yoe- 2) At = a (Nos ~Velt) tes = (ves eP [i+ Gs owxt«t 4 i) impr Ty dose DQ tog (thictress of G2) } ye * K NY ®% adding ampuviTies pose) relive cages bjs the region cue « doin Vy, cn be decrcated wos 0 device promt hence idan of aaleveal a a ee tn thon he Tooavds whee Az at ctamount impuri les y uml avea Ss bop ly dose ihe added To ft the desived thre ld voltage 1s calli vopurily dose , “ wily dose = & = Gov ANT imply z 2 amoral chovge pe unil arta ature, Qe Prowul of _ mn entoncemenl mcde inereased! af the amposly s depiction node mosket te channel gs uly deplsted po a » w& daplition calav vollage trown aS pinch-off volta (\p\ a pa X Jeg wo te of lox 2 Ts * alors ( Vos- VP Xk aU D) @ “The depleted moseet wilh m= channel wided the -ve watery To the gite is fncliorally ape to mosFET nese bevomes OS depletion mosFET iS aarcsyernent rede mesFET te” sluwled — med. g AD enbarcament moda meer with Areshel —_votTage Vr an SF ke trverted 100 depliTion mode ssh an impavily dose of nporly dose = Cot ( ¥e-Ve) é @® why Nos pre|fed en pros 2 ge O Hor He ® nmos shoving tigi pockie' ily whee as pes wey wiky aiff b pack in The ICsDoh enbacement — made mosFeT ave petfeed covey depleli p ion mole mosreT § gl oO Bw Mm eel slope % enrorcame] — rode MOSFET { luctuations Vp, ony vollage pepléion is wilially 9 the ON, SO ips fact vations connol pordled by tls colches some @ Dow abscton sS) oxide layer (s#) 3 coilorinant te po cockomni nants ord each ANE ctoged won & fee ac pny te repfel To rare The chonnel wotich dee éAseS veqppemen of pveshold — vollage 19 cae ee mode fon ode , conloreinalion causes Owken bn ie - taaTovs § LED %& phélo diode . ® Oyo ~ couplers 29 To embinalion of Tl Dependence f N; on Temp oi vohere 65 = value of band p @ ow GG RT, Be 2.22x0 fv Ge fox St or ge 36 xo 4 Gil Stlicon G,= 12) Ge sok = belo (200) = LtozeV