CHAPTER-1 TABLE 1.1 Principle soil types with respect to their modes of formation. MAJOR SOIL | BRIEF DESCRIPTION WITH TYPICAL TYPE TYPICAL NAMES ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS 1-RESIDUAL SOILS ‘Coarse-grained Soils (gravels, sands) Soils formed by in- | Formed by solution and leaching of | Generally good to excellent place weathering of | cementing material, leaving the more | foundation and rocks resistant particles: such as quartz constructional materials Fine-grained Soils silts, clays) Formed by decomposition of silicate | Variable properties: rocks, disintegration of shales and | Generally favourable solution of carbonates in limestone. | foundation conditions With few exceptions becomes more } except in humid and comipact rockier, and less weathered | tropical climates where with increasing depth. At intermediate | depth and rate of stage may reflect composition of parent | weathering are very great rock. }Z.ORGANIC SOILS | Peat is Formed in-place by | A fibrous aggregate of decaying, Highly plastic, very growth and vegetation matter with dark colour and | compressible, Entirely subsequent decay of | tad odour. Unsuitable for foundation plant and animal fe and construction material. life Muck Peat with advanced stage of ‘decomposition with no evidence of botanical character. 3. TRANSPORTED Sos @ Alluvial Soils | Flood Plain Deposits Materials Soils laid down by a stream within that transported and | portion of its valley subject to deposited by | inundation by flood water. running water. Point Bar Alternating deposits of arcuate ridges and swales (lows) formed on the inside or converse bank of mitigating river bends. Ridge deposits consist primarily of silt and sand, swales are clay filled Generally favourable foundation conditions however, some underground anomalies ray be present, Flow slides may be a probiem along, river banks, Soils are quite pervious. : (Channel Fill Deposits laid down in abandoned | Fine-grained soils dre ‘meander loops isolated when rivers | usually compressible, Sity shorten their courses, Composed } soils generally present Irimarily of clay: however, silty and | favourable condition, sandy soils are found at the w/s and d/s ‘ ends. Continued...INTRODUCTION MAJOR SOIL TYPE BRIEF DESCRIPTION WITH TYPICAL NAMES, TYPICAL ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS Gi) Acotinn Soils Mai transported and deposited by wind * Back swamp ‘The prolonged accumutation of flood ‘water sediments in food basi bordering a river, Soils are generally clays but tend to become silty near river bank, Alluvial Terrace Deposits Relatively narrow, flat-surfaced, river flanking remnants of flood plain deposits formed by entrenchment of rivers and associated processes. Estuarine Deposits Mixed deposits of marine and alluvial ‘originally Jaid down in widened channels at mouths of rivers and influenced by tide of body of water into which they are deposited, Alluvial-Lacustrine Deposits Material deposited within lakes by waves, currents, and other organo- chemical processes. Unstratified organic clays at the center ofthe lake wwiiich gradually grade into the stratified field of silts and sands in peripheral zones. Delta Deposits Deposits formed a which result in exten shoreline Loess A calcareous, unstratified deposit of silt or sandy or clayey sill traversed by a network of tubes formed by root fiber newly decayed, Uniform particles of about 0,05 min. thickness of deposits ranges from few emis 10 30 10 50 m or more, Sand Dunes Mounds, ridges, and hills of uniform fine sand characteristically exhibiting round grains Relatively uniform in horizontal direction. Clays are sensitive to seasonal volume clianges. Generally favourable foundation conditions. Generally fine-grained and compressible. Many local variations. Generally compressible, Uniform in horizontal directio Generally fine-grained and compressible, Many local variations of soil Stands vertically, collapsible on saturation Deep weathering or saturation ena modify properties. Colour light yellowish brown. High dry strength but decreases considerably on wetting Cavities of few meter Jength due to remnant of vegetation are common. Very uniform grain size, ‘may exist in relatively loose condition. Continued...CHAPTER-1 MAJOR SOIL] BRIEF DESCRIPTION WITH TYPICAL TYPE ‘TYPICAL NAMES ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS 4.GLACIAL SOILS _| Glacier Material transported | An accumulation of debris, deposited | Consists of material of ‘and deposited by | underneath, at the side (lateral sizes in various proportions alaciers ™oraines) or at the lower limit ofa __| from boulders-gravels-sand glaciers (terminal moraines). Material | to clay. Unstratified lowered to ground surface in an irregular sheet by a melting water of ‘lacier is called as ground moraine, Glacio-Fluvial Deposits Coarse and fine-grained soils deposited by seams of melt-water from glaciers. Materials deposited on ground surface beyond terminal of glacier is called as ‘outwash plain. Gravel ridges are know as Kames and Eskers Glacio-Lacustrine Deposits Material deposited within lakes by melt water from glaciers, Clays in central zones of lakes and alternate layers of silty clay or silt and clay (varved clay) deposits. Generally favourable foundation Conditions but rapid changes in conditions are ‘common, Many local variations Generally present favourable foundation conditions Very uniform ina horizontal direction, in peripheral zones, +] 5: MARINE SOILS | Shore Deposits Materials Deposits of sands and/or gravels Relatively uniform and ‘transported and formed by the transporting destructive | moderate to high density deposited by ocean | and sorting action of waves on the waves and currents | shoreline. in shore and ofishore areas, Marine Clays Organic and inorganic deposits of fine- grained materials, Generally very uniform deposits, compressible and sensitive to remoulding, ¥76 COLLUVIAL Talus SOILS Deposits formed by gradual Previous movement Material sransported | accumulation of unsorted rock indicates possible furure and deposited by | fragments and debris at base of cliffs. | difficulties. Generally Bravity unsuitable foundation Hill wash conditions, Fine colluvial consisting of clayey sand, sand silt or clay Landslide Deposits Considerable masses of soil or rock . that have stopped down, more or less as units from their former position on steep slopes Continued...INTRODUCTION MAJOR SOIL | BRIEF DESCRIPTION WITH. TYPICAL TYPE TYPICAL NAMES ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS TPYROCLASTIC | Ejecta Soils SOILS Loose deposits of voleanie age, laplle, | Typically shardlike bombs ete particles of sit size with Materials ejected large volcanic debris from voleanoes and Weathering and |. transported by redepositon from highly gravity, wind and plastic, compressible clzy. air Pumice ‘Unusual difficult Frequently associated with lava flows | foundation conditions and mud flows, or may be mixed with non volcanic sediments 1-1 Define the terms: QUESTIONS (i) Soil, (ii) Soil Mechanics, (iti) Geotechnical Engineer 1-2. Write a short note on historical development of Soil Mechanics. 1-3 What is the necessity of studying the subject of Soil Mechanics? Explain in brief ‘What are the uses of soil? }-4 How the soil is formed in nature? Explain in brief the terms of Mechanical and Chemical weathering agents. 1-3. Explain the terms of residual soils and transported soils. 1-6 List the various soil types with respect to their modes of formation,