Bacteria, fungi, virus. Identifies that living things can be multicellular or unicellular.

1. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?

Unicellular:

 Single cell organism.

 Unicellular organism do various activates in one cell.
 Unicellular organisms ranges from procaryotes to eucaryotes
Example:
Procaryotes- bacteria
Eucaryotes- yeast
 Unicellular organisms reproduce by asexual reproduction.
 Life period is short in unicellular, and their reproduction rate also fast.
 Unicellular organisms are microscopic.

Multicellular:

 Multicellular organisms have more than one cell.

 Multicellular organisms depend on other cell to perform various actions.
 Multicellular organisms include eukaryotic only. Example plant animal, mold etc.
 Multicellular organisms mostly reproduce by sexual and rarely asexual.
 Multicellular organisms are both microscopic and macroscopic.

What are the types of microorganisms?

Bacteria, fungi algae and virus.

Why microorganisms are called omnipresent?

Microorganisms are omnipresent in nature and are found in all parts of biosphere, Including soil, air,
oceans and hot spring water.

3. What are the different shapes of bacteria?

Rod shaped bacteria called bacilli.

Spherical shaped bacteria called cocci

Spiral shaped bacteria

Comma shaped bacteria.

4. What is the function of flagella?

Movement.

5. Does bacteria have true nuclei?

No, they do not have true nuclei. But nuclear material is scattered in the cell.

6. how bacteria are useful to us?

1
Most of bacteria are useful to us in making curd, yoghurt, cheese , decomposing of dead organic
matter, helps in fixing nitrogen to plants.

7. How bacteria are harmful to us?

Some bacteria contaminate food and causes diseases to us like cholera, typhoid etc.

8 Bacteria diagram

9. Give examples for unicellular fungi and multicellular fungi

unicellular fungi- yeast

multicellular fungi- mushroom

10. How fungi are useful to us?

 Useful in making bread.

 Mushroom in a SCP.
 Antibiotics penicillin is produced by fungi.

11. How fungi are harmful to us?

Fungi cause diseases like ringworm, athletics’ foot.

12. Why virus considered to be non-living organisms?

They cannot reproduce buy themselves. Virus can reproduce only inside the living organisms.

13. What happens to the cells, when a virus multiples in it?

Host cell die.

14. How virus multiply inside the host cell?

Virus use the energy of host to multiply in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, animals.

CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION.

1. Define cell.

Cell is a basic unit of structure and functions of an living organisms.

2. How organisms are classified based on the number of cell ?

Unicellular organisms: one celled organisms in which all metabolic and reproduction function are
carried out one single cell.

Multicellular organisms: multicellular organisms are made up of millions of cell. These cell are
specialized to carry out a particular function.

2
3. Draw and label the animal cell and plant cell>

4.. Explain the structure and function of organelles.

Cell wall: The outermost layer present in plant cell and it’s made up of cellulose.

Cell wall gives shape to the cell.

Cell wall prevents cell from bursting.

Cell wall allows free passage of water and other chemical in and out of the cell.

Cell membrane: cell membrane is present in both plant and animal cell.

Cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins.

Cell membranes are semi-permeable membrane.

It controls movement of in and out of the cell.

Cell membrane generally allows small molecules into the cell like glucose, water, and oxygen.

It allows the waste materials to leave the cells, but prevents large molecule from leaving.

Cytoplasm: it is jelly like subsatance present in the cell. It constitutes all the cell organelles in its.
Chemical reaction takes place.

Ribosomes: important for protein synthesis.

Mitochondria: release energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

Chloroplast: found in green plants. It absorb light energy and converts it to chemical energy by
photosynthesis.

Carbondioxide + water glucose + oxygen

Nucleus: Eac cell has one nucleus in the cytoplasm. Nucleus is round in structure enclosed by a
nuclear membrane.

Nucleus contains genetic material and controls all the activities of the cell.

Magnification: Enlarging the image of an object using the microscope.