Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Richard W. Munchkin
Acknowledgments
I must thank the people who so graciously opened their homes
and their lives to me for these interviews. In addition, my heartfelt
thanks to:
Anthony Curtis and Deke Castleman, for tirelessly pushing to
make this a better book.
Jake Jacobs, for his notes on bridge and backgammon.
Max Rubin, who encouraged me by saying, "If I can write a
book, anyone can."
Abble Engel, who is a movie producer in mind, but a gambler
at heart.
Fred (whose real name is Andy), for putting the best eyes in the
business to work on the final edit.
Bill B., who provided me with the best writer's retreat an author
could hope for.
Contents
Billy Walters
Chip Reese
Tommy Hyland
Mike Svobodny
Stan Tomchin
Cathy Hulbert
Alan Woods
Doyle Brunson
Index of Notes
Glossary
Introduction
Tommy Hyland lands at McCarran International Airport in Las
Vegas. A waiting limousine whisks him off to one of the grandest
casinos on the Strip. He checks into a huge suite. Chilled
champagne and a large fruit basket greet him as he walks in. His
host has made reservations for the gourmet room and given him
ringside seats for a championship fight. The casino pays for all of
this because he's a high roller. What they don't know is that Tommy
Hyland is a professional gambler.
Alan Woods sits in his penthouse apartment in Hong Kong
watching computer screens. Numbers roll by as he taps at the
keyboard. Across the room another screen blinks with the latest
Bloomberg quotes for the American stock market. The stock market
is where he does his "gambling." He makes his living via a reliable
job—betting on horse racing. He rarely ventures out of his
apartment. His life resembles that of an accountant or computer
programmer. But he, too, is a professional gambler.
Doyle Brunson sits in a poker room in Las Vegas. He studies
the people around the table, waiting for a crack in their game,
looking for a weakness. He'll sit, Buddha-like, for 10 hours, 20
hours, at a stretch, however long it takes to get the money. He just
sits in smoke-filled rooms waiting for a player to go on tilt. His style
and pace are different from Tommy's and Alan's, yet Doyle, too, is
a professional gambler.
Who are these people who fly around the world making millions
of dollars off their talent for playing games? What is it in someone's
character that allows him or her to risk hundreds of thousands of
dollars on a single bet? And what separates the professional gambler
from the losers and wanna-bes? Don't they all die broke? The
answers to these and other questions are what I set out to learn when
I decided to write about professional gamblers.
I've been fascinated with gambling and gamblers since I was a
child, and have been an avid backgammon and poker player since
high school. It was through backgammon that I first met some of
the people in this book more than twenty years ago. The idea for
this book came to me while in Hong Kong visiting Alan Woods. I
was watching him work and realized he was, without question, one
of the most successful gamblers in recorded history, yet nothing has
ever been written about him. Would he allow me to interview him?
Fortunately, he did.
I then decided to include a cross-section of gambling pros and
their specialties. After Alan, I focused on a sports bettor, a blackjack
player, and a poker player. These games are where the most money
is gambled and won.
I also included backgammon, another big-money game. The
biggest backgammon player in the world is Mike Svobodny, whom
I've known for twenty-some years. This guy lost a $100,000 bet to
a man who got breast implants—Mike was a "must-have" for the
book.
And, in order to completely portray this world and its
characters, I felt it was important to include a woman. Although
men dominate professional gambling, women have been gambling
for many years with great success, but have a completely different
perspective. Cathy Hulbert was the obvious choice because of her
experience as both a blackjack and poker player. From there, my
subjects helped me. Mike called Chip. Chip called Doyle. One by
one they fell into place.
In choosing my subjects, I took into account the amount of
money won, longevity, the respect of peers, and the stories they had
to tell. Every person in this book has been a full-time professional
gambler for at least 20 years. They're all consistent winners, because
they gamble with an advantage, and they have amassed great
fortunes doing it.
Even though I've been around the world of professional
gamblers for decades, the interview process brought many
surprises. For example, most professional gamblers don't gamble at
one game. One may start out as a poker player, but as he meets other
pros, he'll probably branch out into other games that give him an
edge. Stan Tomchin began as a backgammon player and later shifted
into sports betting. Chip Reese is considered one of the best poker
players in the world, but has probably made more money betting
baseball. Alan Woods was a blackjack player who now bets the
horses. Cathy Hulbert was a blackjack player who now plays poker.
I also found that although all serious gamblers look for a
mathematical advantage, the different games and personality traits
lead to very different working styles. Betting horses or sports is
primarily a job of computer analysis. You're up against an institution
and your opponent's personality is not a factor. These forms of
gambling do not require an awareness of human behavior. Poker, on
the other hand, can't be played without a fluency in psychology.
Blackjack players, like sports bettors, play against casinos, but have
the added problem of having to disguise their betting strategy, and
often themselves. A casino once barred Tommy Hyland dressed as
Santa Claus.
In blackjack, there's always a known correct play. In poker and
backgammon, where character is crucial to winning, players must
rely on their judgment, which can become clouded. Here, it's
important to face adversity and not go on tilt or start steaming.
Professional gamblers comprise a very small community. Although
I selected these eight people ahead of time, I found that all of them
have been interrelated at some point. Cathy Hulbert was on a
blackjack team with Alan Woods. Alan met Mike Svobodny when
he called him one morning at 4 a.m. to ask if Mike wanted to bet a
million dollars on a soccer game. When I interviewed Chip Reese,
Mike was playing klabiash (a card game) in Chip's living room.
Many people assume that for gamblers to win consistently, they
must cheat. That's a myth. Professional gamblers live by their
reputations. A theme that comes up repeatedly in these interviews
is that gamblers consider their colleagues to be much more honest
than people in the business world, especially when it comes to
loaning money. It's not uncommon for one gambler to loan another
$50,000 or $100,000 with no note, no contract, just his word that it
will be paid back.
One of the reasons the public has the mistaken impression that
professional gamblers are cheaters is they've heard that casinos
frequently bar professionals from playing. Casinos are in business
to make money. Anyone who plays with what the casino bosses
perceive to be an advantage might cost the casinos money, so the
bosses are trained to pick them off and kick them out.
Sometimes this policy costs the casino, when a player is barred
from games in which he doesn't have an advantage. Doyle Brunson
relates in his interview that he knows very little about blackjack.
However, if he were to sit down in a Las Vegas casino and try to
play, the casino would stop him, simply because he's Doyle
Brunson. The bosses would assume that he wouldn't be playing if
he didn't think he had an edge. Bill Walters talks about casinos that
bar any sports bettor who appears halfway smart and bets a lot of
money. Tommy Hyland says, "All we want to do is play a game
according to the rules that a casino lays out. We'll either beat the
game, or we won't play."
It's legal to play poker in a card room and blackjack in a casino,
or bet sports or horses in a race and sports book. There are also
places to play these games illegally, but the professionals stay away
from them. True professionals have too high a profile to risk
gambling illegally. This doesn't mean that these people don't have
problems with the law. As Mike Svobodny points out, being
extremely successful is itself cause for intense scrutiny. Chip Reese
says, "Just because I'm not doing anything illegal doesn't mean I
won't have to defend myself someday." For the best example of a
legal nightmare, see the Bill Walters interview.
Who makes the most money? Horse bettors first, followed by
sports bettors. Then poker, golf hustlers, and blackjack and
backgammon players. The amount they can bet and the number of
bets they can make per year dictate—and often limit—their earning
potential. But for gamblers at the levels we discuss in these
interviews, it really isn't about the money. Mike Svobodny says that
there's a fine line between a degenerate gambler and a professional.
They both want to stay in action, but the professional also wants to
have the best of it. Chip Reese says, "I'm like a little kid. I get up
every day and say, 'What game am I going to play today?'"
That sounds like a great life to me.
See what you think.
Richard W. Munchkin
Las Vegas, August 2002
BILLY WALTERS
I was shooting pool, playing penny nine ball. The way I got
introduced to gambling was quite different from most of the people
I know.
As a youngster, I led two lives. My father was a professional
gambler, but he died when I was a year and a half old. My
grandmother raised me, and we were very poor. My grandmother
cleaned people's houses and washed dishes at a restaurant at lunch
hour. She was the most religious lady I have ever known. We lived
in a town of fourteen hundred people in Kentucky called
Munfordville. Every Sunday morning I went to Sunday school, and
church afterward. We had training union on Sunday night and
prayer meetings on Wednesday night. I was part of a Christian youth
organization called the R.A.s, the Royal Ambassadors.
My uncle owned a pool room. When I was four years old, my
grandmother would drop me off there while she went to work. My
uncle would put Coke cases around the back pool table for me to
stand on and I started shooting pool when I was four years old.
When I was five or six, I was racking balls in the pool room.
When I was eight I got a paper route. I worked seven days a
week, three hundred sixty-five days a year. I cut grass for people.
There were eight or ten people whose yards I kept. I hired out in the
summer with the farmers, working on the crops and things like that.
I remember the first time I lost an amount of money that had a
major effect on me. I was about ten years old. The town grocer was
a baseball fanatic. His name was Woody Branstedder, and he was a
Brooklyn Dodgers fan. I loved baseball and my heroes were Mickey
Mantle and the rest of the New York Yankees. I had saved up about
thirty dollars from this paper route and I bet the whole thirty on the
Yankees beating the Dodgers in the World Series. I think that's the
only series the Dodgers ever beat the Yankees. I remember it like it
was yesterday: that sick empty feeling I had the first time I got
broke. That was the first thing that was memorable from a gambling
standpoint.
I didn't start playing golf until I was about twenty. I didn't even
know there was such a thing as a golf course. Obviously, I wasn't
raised in a country-club set. The town I was in didn't even have a
golf course. My grandmother died when I was thirteen, and I was
forced to move to Louisville where my mother lived. I worked two
jobs there and played a lot of pool. I got a girl pregnant when I was
sixteen, so I got married. I continued to go to high school until I
graduated. I worked in a bakery in the morning and a service station
at night until I got out of high school. I eventually ended up in the
automobile business. Some guys I was selling cars with invited me
to play golf.
Newport?
Yeah, Newport, and Louisville, too. Newport is better known,
because that's where a lot of the people who started Las Vegas came
from. But there was underground gambling in Louisville fifty years
before Las Vegas was ever founded. Louisville is not a city like
Chicago or New York or other major metropolitan areas. There's no
organized crime there, and there never has been any organized
crime. Everybody gambled and as long as bookmakers didn't mess
with any players, the police couldn't care less. We had walk-in
gambling establishments where you could shoot craps, play poker,
and get the call of the races at Churchill Downs. Gambling was a
way of life there. It was a wide-open town. When I moved there, it
made gambling even more convenient. I saw bookmakers that
couldn't read or write, driving Cadillacs.
In the late '70s I had a son who was diagnosed with a terminal
brain tumor. I had a marriage that was on the rocks. It was the only
thing in my entire life that I have been faced with that I couldn't deal
with. I've been shot at, I've been heisted, I've owed money that I
didn't have, I've been broke a zillion times, but I had never faced
any kind of pressure that I couldn't deal with. When I was told my
son had thirty days to live, I went through this tremendous feeling
of guilt. I was working eighty hours a week in the automobile
business and the rest of the time I was playing poker or playing golf
or doing something. Here is this kid who had thirty days to live and
I hadn't spent nearly as much time with him as I should have. The
girl I was married to at the time was having tremendous emotional
problems and our marriage was weak anyway. We got divorced and
I got out of the automobile business.
I was burned out on automobiles, I was defeated emotionally
because of the situation with my son, I had gotten a divorce, but I
was still infatuated with gambling. I looked at all those people I
competed against. I played golf once a week; they played seven
days a week and practiced. I'd go to a poker game at eleven o'clock
at night after working all those hours and I could hardly hold my
eyes open. I was up against guys that played for a living. I thought
to myself: If I could devote a hundred percent of my time to
gambling, I could be successful. It was something that appealed to
me and something I really wanted to do. So when I got out of the
automobile business, I decided I was going to become a bookmaker,
and that's what I did.
I started booking in Kentucky in '79 or '80, along with about a
hundred other people that were already booking. In no time I had a
lot of business, because I worked hard and I knew a lot of people.
Looking back on it, I was very naive. I lived there my whole life
and I'd seen all these people book and nobody ever had any
problems. Had I known the problems it would create for me for the
rest of my life I never would have considered booking, but I did it.
I booked there for a short period of time and the end result was the
same as what happens to most people that book. I wound up being
arrested. That was in September of 1982.
When I moved to Las Vegas, most people [who knew me] gave
me little or no chance of being successful. I decided I was going to
devote a hundred percent of my time to becoming the best gambler
I could possibly become. And I remarried. I married the lady that
I'm married to now. We've been married twenty-three years.
A large part of the success that I've been able to achieve has
been because of the lady I married. Unlike the first girl I married—
who didn't like gambling, didn't understand gambling, and was
against gambling—this girl knew me and knew what I was. From
day one she's been totally supportive of me regardless of whether
we had a bag full of money or we were broke. She's been that kind
of wife and partner. She wanted me to be happy, and anything and
everything she could do to support me she's done since the day we
were married.
Once you began operating this way, did they bar you from
play?
I didn't exactly get barred. For many years I'd won and lost large
amounts of money in casinos, but at the end of the day I was a big
loser.
That's a real long story, but I was basically involved with them
in marketing their product. I was moving the money. They got
started and were successful, and they wanted to expand their market
share. They didn't have the means or the ability and that's how I got
involved. I got involved with them back in Kentucky before I
moved to Las Vegas.
In 1985 I had a controversy with the FBI, who had looked at the
Computer Group. There was an agent that had been out of the
academy for about two months. He didn't have a wealth of
experience and he thought we were bookmakers. He couldn't
fathom that we were mere bettors. To be fair, up until then anyone
involved in betting sports with large amounts of money and a large
group of people had always been a bookmaker. A group of people
making large amounts of money from betting was something that
neither he nor the FBI had ever seen before. In December of 1984
they put wiretaps on our telephones. In January of 1985 they carried
out simultaneous raids throughout the United States. They raided
several places under the pretense that this was a large book-making
network.
1
For this and subsequent numeric references 2-4, see "Walters Notes" at the end of this chapter.
These forfeiture laws are more abused than anything I can think
of. Congress passed the RICO Act and it was put in place to
confiscate ill-gotten gains from drug traffickers and such.
Unfortunately, they use that law to target people. Let's say a guy is
truly guilty of violating the law, and he has assets. What the police
do now is cut a deal with him. They let him plead guilty to a lesser
offense, the person doesn't do any jail time, and the money gets
forfeited into the police slush fund. The bottom line is, if you violate
the law, I don't care if you're rich or poor, black or white, you should
be held to an equal standard. Because of the way these forfeiture
laws are worded, you have police motivated to do one thing: Get
the money.
Yes. Any money that they seize from people in forfeitures goes
into a bank account. There is no accountability for the money that
goes into the account and no accountability for money that goes out.
We've been told, and I believe it to be true, that the police working
in this department are making as much or more money in overtime
as they are in base pay. They're traveling here, there, and
everywhere, supposedly doing investigative work. Why shouldn't
they be held accountable just like any other public agency?
The vast majority of people they do this to are somewhat dirty.
For these people, it's much more affordable to give the police the
assets than it is to hire an attorney and fight it.
In the long run it could cost you more than the $500,000 they
would have accepted.
If the case is dismissed with prejudice they can't. The case was
thrown out of court both times, but it wasn't with prejudice so it
allows them to do it again. Now, you're right that in the real world
it doesn't happen. But these guys don't seem to have anyone above
them that either cares or has knowledge of what they're doing.
That's how they've been able to get away with this stuff.
I'll tell you a story about my wife. When I got indicted in 1990,
they indicted my wife along with me. The whole purpose of
indicting my wife was to pressure me into plea-bargaining, which I
was ready to do. I went down and met with my attorneys. They met
with the government and I was going to plea-bargain, actually plead
guilty to something I was totally innocent of, just because I was
afraid of what my wife was going to be subjected to.
My lawyers met with the prosecutors, but the deal they offered
was absolutely preposterous. My wife was right there, and I asked
the attorneys to explain the possibilities to Susan. The lawyer said,
"Look, you've done nothing wrong and we believe that you will
prevail in court. But, understand that with a jury anything can
happen." My wife said, "What could happen to me?" The lawyer
said, "You could go to prison." It was the first time in the whole
ordeal that it dawned on my wife that she could possibly do time.
Initially, her eyes welled up and she started crying. I said, "Honey
why don't we go someplace and talk about this." We left the
attorneys' office and went to a fast-food restaurant and ordered
coffee. I'll never forget this. I said, "Look honey, don't Worry about
this. I'm going to plead guilty to what they're offering us. Don't
worry about this at all." She got hold of herself and said, "No. We're
not pleading guilty to anything." She said, "These bastards are not
going to do this to you." In the twenty-three years I've been married
to this gal there was only one other time that I heard her use a curse
word. We went back to the attorneys' office and she said, "We're
going to trial." So we all got indicted, and I sat there in federal court
with her for fourteen days. We went through that ordeal together.
There aren't many women that are made like that.
You talked about the first time you realized that the casinos
didn't want you as a player if they thought you had a chance of
winning. Was there a specific incident that made you realize
this?
Without going into details, let me say this: It was done from a
mathematical standpoint. It was absolutely one hundred and ten
percent above board. This wasn't even a gray area. This was
basically a situation [that took advantage] of casinos with old faulty
equipment that had not been maintained.
Yeah. This boss took the position that not only did he not want
any more of my roulette business, which was fine, he didn't even
want his employees to associate with me anymore. He went out of
his way to ostracize me from the people who worked at his
company. Just as an added coincidence, I had the criminal
investigation division of the IRS investigating me for four and a half
years. I took a hundred percent of the proceeds in the form of a
check in my name. I deposited it in the bank in my name and paid
income tax on the win, and still went through four and a half years
of one of the most unbelievable witch hunts you can ever imagine.
Well this happened in New Jersey, but it was a casino that was
represented both in New Jersey and in Nevada. A week prior to me
winning this money, I'd lost $1,047,000 in the same casino playing
blackjack. I paid it off like a man and that was fine. On top of this,
there were some [financial] incentives that had been promised me
by the casino and I got stiffed for that. The guy refused to pay. When
I saw this side of the casinos, I just got to where I hated them. I
couldn't lose a hundred-dollar bill in a casino now if my life
depended on it, unless I felt I had the best of it. It took me a while
to realize that the casinos operated this way, because I'd always done
the majority of my gambling at the Horseshoe. You couldn't do
business with any classier people than Benny and Jack Binion. If
you won or you lost, the treatment was consistent. They were nice,
friendly, and professional. I believed all casinos were that way.
When I ran into this experience with roulette, it was like a little boy
who finds out for the first time there's no Santa Claus. That incident
had as much or more to do with me becoming a good manager as
anything.
Sounds like they may have shot themselves in the foot. You
were a sucker who lost a million dollars in the same casino
playing blackjack.
And it wasn't any secret to the people who had the casino that I
thought I had this method [for roulette]. I told them, and they all
laughed at me. Then, after the fact, the boss said that there was
something wrong with the wheel. Okay, what was wrong with it?
He didn't know. Well, I didn't do anything to it. I offered to take a
polygraph test. If I didn't pass the test, I'd give them all the money
back. I represented the following: I didn't do anything to the roulette
wheel; I wasn't involved with anybody who did anything to the
roulette wheel; there weren't any employees who did anything to the
roulette wheel; if there was anything wrong with the roulette wheel,
I don't know what it was. And up until today I guarantee you the
casino doesn't know what was wrong with the roulette wheel.
A boss said to me, "Some of these numbers were biased." So I
asked him a really important question: "What if I had bet on some
of these numbers that were biased against me, that were about 70-1
against the ball landing on them? If I lost all my money and you
found out about the bias, would you give me my money back?" He
said, "No. There's no way I would give you your money back."
The other casino owners had to hear about this when it
happened. But you got action in other casinos playing other
roulette wheels. You'd think they would have seen you coming
and said, "Stop all the wheels."
What about when you were with the Computer Group and
you were massacring these sports books in Las Vegas? At some
point they must have decided to stop you.
When the hotels got into the sports book business, the guys that
knew the business couldn't get licensed. Either that or the hotels
didn't understand how important they were. They wouldn't pay
qualified people enough money to come in and run their books.
What they ended up with was a bunch of kids who were wet behind
the ears, guys that really couldn't even clerk for a good bookmaker.
When they got interviewed by the gaming bosses, who didn't know
anything about sports betting themselves, they knew you had to lay
11-10, and in the interview they sounded like they knew what they
were talking about. Plus, they would work cheap. So these guys got
hired and since day one they've run the sports book industry in Las
Vegas.
There's a guy who runs all the race and sports books for one of
the major casino chains. He's even written a book about being a
bookmaker. I don't mean any disrespect to the man, but the facts are
the facts. He doesn't know anything at all about bookmaking. He
knows that he doesn't know anything about it, so what he does is
put up a great front that he's knowledgeable. He has a Gestapo force
inside all the hotels that he's responsible for. Anyone who comes in
and doesn't look just right to him, or walks up and makes a bet using
the wrong lingo [sounds sophisticated], or somehow looks like a
professional, he'll throw them out and tell them not to come back to
his sports book.
He throws people out just from the vibe he gets from them?
Yeah. My friend Gene Mayday used to own a casino called
Little Caesar's. It was the laughing stock of Las Vegas. He had this
little hole-in-the-wall sports book and he wrote more business than
Caesars Palace and the Las Vegas Hilton put together. This guy who
wrote the book on bookmaking used to send his own customers over
to Gene Mayday's casino in a limousine to bet teasers, because he
was afraid to book teasers. Gene Mayday used to sit back and make
millions of dollars and laugh at him. Yeah, if you walk in there and
he thinks you're any threat at all he will 86 you and tell you not to
come back.
Las Vegas was built on, and continues today to thrive on, people
that we in the gambling business refer to as half-sharps. Probably
one-thousandth of one percent of the people that bet sports can win.
The rest of them are all losers. So all those people that went into this
man's sports books over the years that were half-sharps, he's thrown
out. If a smart guy goes into one of his books, he doesn't have the
advantage of knowing it's a smart guy and pricing his product
accordingly. Smart people are smart for a reason. If they can't go in
and bet directly, they'll get someone else who can. Instead of him
getting bet once or twice, he'll get bet four times on the sharp side.
The game will kick off and he still won't know it's the sharp side.
Whereas, a guy like Bob Martin wanted the smart guy betting him,
and when he did, Martin moved his line a point and a half. When a
sucker bet him he might not move the line at all. Bob Martin made
a lot of money.
The sports bettors over the years have become a lot more
sophisticated than they ever were. The good news for the bettor is
the bookmaker in the last fifteen years has regressed instead of
progressed. They're not as smart as the bookmakers were fifteen
years ago.
No, I quit playing poker about twelve years ago. When I had the
controversy with the FBI in the '80s, I ended up being indicted in
1990. In the middle of that, around '87 or '88, I decided that I was
going to reposition myself. I was going to continue to bet sports, but
I would discontinue a lot of other things in gambling. Poker was one
of those things. I became much more involved in business. I formed
a company called Berkeley Enterprises and I did a lot of
acquisitions and things like that. Since '88, I've made a concerted
effort developing and operating that company.
I had ten golf courses, now we have six. In '92 we changed the
name of the company to the Walters Group. The Walters Group is a
holding company for several other companies. I've done a lot of
building and development. We own a hotel. I've built some mobile-
home parks, some industrial parks, and a lot of homes. I own some
commercial office buildings and some warehouses.
When I was five or six years old, I got dumped my first time in
a pool room. I took a friend for a partner and he dumped me. I was
playing penny nine ball. The pool room is the greatest place in the
world to learn what life is all about. More skulduggery goes on in a
pool room than anywhere.
Couple million.
Chip is right, but for every trap in the gambling world, there are
ten in the corporate world. For every gambler that comes to you
with a proposition that's basically taking a shot at you, in the
business world there are ten of them. You almost get to the point
where you become paranoid.
They say that the nerds are going to take over the world.
With all these people with their computer models, have the lines
been getting better? Is sports getting harder to beat?
As long as there's a guy making a line and people are out there
betting, there's going to be an opportunity for the astute
handicapper. The guy that's making the line to book with has a
different goal than the guy that's creating the line to bet with. The
guy making the line to book with has to come up with a number that
will attract as much business on one side as the other. That doesn't
necessarily mean that that's the right number [in terms of gauging
the teams' relative strengths].
I'll give an example. Let's say Notre Dame is a powerhouse;
they won the national championship the previous year. Late in the
year they're playing Northwestern, which last year was one in
eleven and are one in seven this year. Let's say that the linemaker
does know the right line on the game, and it's Notre Dame favored
by 28. Well, he would know, or should know, that the public is only
going to bet on the favorite. So what he would do is jack the game
up to 30 or 31 to start with. If he put it out at 28, the bookmakers
would get clobbered with one-sided action. If he starts the line at 30
or 31, the public is still going to bet on the favorite. But now the
game is going to go up to 32 or 33, which will create enough value
for the professional handicapper to bet on the other side. Now the
bookmaker has a chance to get balanced out. For that reason, there
will always be opportunities.
balanced out—To have approximately equal amounts bet on both
sides of a game. If a bookmaker can balance a game, he'll pay off the
winning bets from the losing bets and still have the 10% juice as his
profit.
The computer wiz kids who are involved in sports today don't
have a clue, and I mean a clue, about how to bet their money. They
don't have a feel at all for which way the line is going to move.
There's a big difference in knowing how to bet and when to bet your
money in sports. It's almost as important as handicapping is. When
the lines come out on Sunday night, I'd like to bet you a million
dollars that I can tell you where ninety-five percent of the games are
going to close on Saturday. Ninety-five percent of the time I'm right.
I see it all the time. There's a game that opens and the non-
professionals, the suckers, are all on one side. The game is moving
one way, and these idiots are going out on Monday or Tuesday to
bet; [the nerds] just can't wait to take the other side. For example,
Virginia Tech was playing Florida State. That game opened at 7.
Well, [the nerds] couldn't stand it. They all ran in and bet on Virginia
Tech. They bet the game all the way down to 4. The game still ended
up closing at 6,6.5. If they'd let that game alone, it would have been
seven and a half or eight. They could have bet all the money they
would have wanted at game time, but they couldn't help themselves.
On the other side, Notre Dame is playing Northwestern. The
game comes out 30. [The nerds] have a play for the favorite. They
should bet right away on this game because the public is going to
bet on that side. But that's a non-technical advantage that I have. I'm
not as smart as these kids today, and I'm not saying that they won't
figure it out, but I've got thirty-some years of experience in buying
and selling. Knowing which way the line is going to move on these
games is extremely important. Probably eighty percent of the time
I take a better number on these games on Saturday than these guys
took on Tuesday.
So, do I think the handicapping is going to become better? Yeah.
But let me say this to you, I've been doing this for a long long time.
I've seen flashes in the pan. I've seen lots of guys that can win for a
year. Lots of guys win for two years. But when I look back, I don't
know anybody that has won year in and year out. It's a lot more
difficult than it appears to be. If it ever gets to the point where the
bettors do have an advantage, obviously the casinos will have to
protect their market. It will get to the point where bookmakers will
go to six to five or they'll cut limits back to where there's no profit
for the bettors.
For all these years I've bet sports, I've gone out of my way to try
to camouflage what I do. I don't want the public to know what I'm
betting on. If the public were to know what I'm betting on, then
everybody would end up betting on the same side, and the
bookmakers wouldn't get any two-way action. If I happen to be
going good, they'll lose large amounts of money and when that
happens, they'll cut back their limits and it affects the market.
Well, these new guys today, that doesn't even enter their minds.
The good news is, not enough have come along who know what
they're doing to have a real adverse effect on the market.
Now, the last three years, some guys have beat baseball. But
because of the way they move their money and because of the
people that have been involved with moving their money, they
basically burned up the baseball market.
I've played golf for a long time and I've made bigger bets on
golf than anybody I know. The thing that I saw was, personal ego
took over more with golf than anything I've ever done. I've seen
some of the smartest people in the world, both from the business
and the gambling worlds, people who had no gamble to them at all,
get out of line on golf. Unlike poker or sports betting or anything
else, it all boils down to being able to perform under pressure to
whatever your abilities allow you to do. I was never the greatest
player at golf, and I can't explain why, but the more pressure, the
more heat I was under, the better I played. I played better than I was
capable of playing. Even back in the days when I wasn't a great
manager in gambling, in golf I've always been a real good manager.
I've always had a very good ability to evaluate my ability, and the
ability of others. The mistake that most people make in evaluating
golf matches is they consistently underestimate their opponent's
ability and overestimate their own talent.
I beat one player out of a million dollars at golf. We were
playing poker and started talking about golf. This guy said he was
going to start playing. A bunch of players bet him that within a
year's time he couldn't break 90 at La Costa. He went down there
and got a place and started playing every day and taking lessons. I
went down there and started gambling with this guy. In no time at
all he was shooting 95 or 96. I started playing him $10,000 Nassaus
and gave him a handicap that, on paper, looked like he had the nuts.
But there's an intangible that he wasn't aware of, which was the
potential for dogging it.
He'd never played no-limit hold 'em in his life, but within a
year's time he was the best no-limit player in the world.
Management skills are just as important as ability, but he didn't have
those.
That's what's made Chip Reese such a great player. He's as good
a manager of himself and his money as anyone I have ever known
in gambling.
Number one, don't even think about it unless it's something you
absolutely love and are really intrigued by. In order to become
successful, regardless of your IQ, you have to be incredibly
motivated. Is it a life that I would recommend to someone? It
depends on what you're looking for. You're going to meet a lot of
interesting, colorful, very nice people. There are going to be some
real peaks and real valleys. The old saying is true: Chicken one day
and feathers the next. A lot of people have a stomach for gambling
and lots don't. Are you willing to get broke? How are you going to
function once you're broke? I see a lot of people who, when
everything is going good, they're successful gamblers, but the
second they hit a bump in the road and run into some adversity, they
can't handle it. They end up on alcohol or drugs or they abandon the
principles that made them successful.
A lot of movies have been done about gambling. You've seen
the Cincinnati Kid and Jackie Gleason in The Hustler. It's all bullshit.
There's a lot of fun and, to a certain extent, there's a lot of glamour.
But when it's all said and done, you better have an unshakable will
and a commitment or you are not going to make it.
Books that can teach you the basics. But I think the most
important things in gambling you're only going to learn by living
them, through experience. The good fortune I had, there was an old-
time pool player named Hubert Coates. They called him "Daddy
Warbucks." He was a friend of my father's and I learned a lot from
him when I was a kid. I had cousins who were professional poker
players. When I moved to Las Vegas, there was a guy named Fred
Ferris; they called him "Sarge." He and I became good friends and
he was like a father figure to me. He went out of his way to try to
school me. I learned a lot from Chip Reese and from Stuey Ungar.
I didn't learn a lot about management from Stuey, but I learned a lot
regarding card play. I learned a lot from Doyle Brunson. But the
majority of what I learned in gambling I learned the hard way. I got
broke.
If you got enough bark on your tree and you're that committed
to it, then fine. Anything short of that, don't get serious about it. And
forget the idea, "I'm going to double up and catch up, and when I
get even, I'm quitting." I know what every sucker thinks, because I
used to be one.
Walters Notes
2—Bob Martin
The dean of Las Vegas bookmaking, Bob Martin moved to Las
Vegas in 1963 planning to bet sports for a living. In 1967 he was
offered a job at the Churchill Downs Betting Parlor and soon sports
betting in the United States revolved around Bob Martin. Martin set
the line. He was so good at it that for 20 years, bookies across the
United States used Martin's point spread, rarely having to adjust it
to balance their books. Martin claimed that in setting the line, he
tried to come up with a point spread against which he wouldn't know
how to bet himself. In 1975, Martin set up the Union Plaza sports
book, with was the first book in a major casino. For budding
professional sports bettors, Martin offered one piece of advice:
"Marry a rich wife." When Bob Martin died in March 2001, the elite
of the gambling world—from casino CEOs to wisest of the wise
guys—showed up at his funeral to pay their respects.
3—The Line
The "line" in sports betting means the point spread placed on a
game. If the line is 7, to bet the favorite you must give up ("lay") 7
points while to bet the underdog you get ("take") 7. When
formulating a line, the bookmaker isn't trying to predict the final
score of a game as much as he's trying to choose a number that will
cause the public to bet equally on both sides. A bookmaker charges
$11 win $10. This extra dollar on losing bets is called the "juice" or
"vie " If the public bets both sides equally, the bookmaker has no
risk- he'll collect from the losers and pay the winners, keeping the
extra 10% vig as his profit. When more money is being bet on one
side of a game, the line will be adjusted. For example, say Green
Bay is playing Chicago and the line opens at Green Bay -7. If money
pours in on Green Bay, the bookmaker would move the line to
Green Bay -7.5 or -8. The bookmaker hopes more money will now
come in on Chicago to balance his books.
4—Messenger Betting
In 1998 the Nevada Gaming Commission made it illegal to
place a bet for another person at a sports book in return for
compensation. This was in direct response to organized sports
bettors who used teams of people (sometimes called "beards") to
simultaneously place bets at books all over Nevada in an attempt to
get the most dollars bet before the lines were changed.
CHIP REESE
rake — A fee charged by the house for dealing the game. The
house rakes a specified amount, often a percentage, from each pot.
Was that the first time you had played for those stakes?
Oh yeah.
I've heard that back in the '70s there was a lot of cheating
going on in the poker rooms. How did they cheat?
How was it that they didn't bust you? Or did they a few
times?
They did many times. But you hear things; people come and tell
you things about what happened to you. The way I learned to protect
myself back in those days was to be a tremendous manager. I'd sit
down in a game with people that I knew I was supposed to beat, and
if I didn't beat them, I set a number for myself and that was all I
would lose. If I didn't beat them, chances were something was
wrong in the game. As I got more experienced I could feel it. It's
very difficult, if you're playing with marked cards, to see the marks.
You have to train your eyes for hours and hours to see marked cards,
and some people can never see them. So the way you learn to protect
yourself is to feel it. If a guy is playing and you never get to see his
hand, there might be a good reason for that: You're folding because
he's raising you when you have nothing, and whenever you have a
good hand, he folds.
Some of the cheaters were colorful figures who gambled, too.
They wanted to cheat you, but if they couldn't they'd play you
anyway. They were guys that everybody liked. If you got cheated
you didn't get that mad, because when they weren't cheating, it was
like you were cheating them—you were so much better than they
were. What happened with guys who were cheaters is they never
learned how to play. They only learned how to cheat and they were
bad players. It was a double-edged sword. You'd sit in the poker
room saying, I know I could be getting cheated here but if I'm not...
this guy is pumped up right now and I can break him. There were
many instances where guys were cheaters and I would break them.
When they got me, they would break me. But every time you got it
put to you, you kind of learned over time what it was [that they did].
Somebody always told you later on or something like that. The only
way you could really protect yourself was to set a number and quit
the game no matter how great it looked.
That kind of all went away after it got to a point where it got
kind of bad.
About 1979 or 1980. When I had the poker room at the Dunes,
I had run-ins with a lot of guys. A bunch of us decided enough was
enough. We made a pact to clean it up. Meanwhile, big players who
were cheats were older guys and they died off or drifted away. Now
it's totally clean in the casinos. In the casinos here and in California
the camera systems are good. Guys can't hold out. Occasionally you
have to worry about your shift bosses putting marked cards in or
something like that, but most of the established places are squeaky
clean. Then you have to worry about teams and playing partners in
the game. But if you have any experience at all you'll notice that
right away. In the big games we police ourselves. At that level it's
very easy to feel it when something's not right. It doesn't really
happen anymore.
holding out — Palming cards and taking them out of the game.
The cheat then brings those cards back into his hand when they'll
help him.
It seems that a lot of people play in games that are too tough
for them.
It's the nature of the beast. It's hard to do. Once you've tasted
the grape, you can't go back.
That's the way it was back in the '70s. The '70s were the most
fun times for me out here. I was naive, I was a kid, and so much was
happening. It was exciting. It was like being in the Wild West and
going into the Dunes every day with your gun on. You were either
going to win a lot of money or you were going to get broke.
But your reputation is that you aren't one of those guys who
get broke all the time.
The knife-and-fork?
That's your nut. Your rent and everything come due and you're
out of action, because they aren't playing your game. It turned out
to be a blessing in disguise that I learned how to play all those
games. Of course, when you're twenty-three years old, getting broke
is no big deal.
I heard that Archie was playing all the best poker players in
the world heads-up, and beating everybody.
I'll tell you what he did. You heard the whole story about the
pool game?
He did for a while. Everybody beat him. After his roll, there was
a story about him in Cigar Aficionado magazine saying that he beat
everybody and he beat my brains in. I never disputed the story.
"You're the best," I told him. It was good for me, actually. I'm used
to taking heat the other way. Everybody knew I slaughtered him
after that.
It must be a big problem dealing with that much cash.
Also, you don't have to fly with it. A lot of money gets
confiscated in airports.
It was the last fling in his life. The day we left he was so
gracious. We never talked to him about death. He put on a suit and
was going to the hospital. He very graciously said goodbye to each
of us. He knew that he wasn't going to see us again and we knew
we wouldn't see him. It wasn't anything flowery. It was, "See you
next time."
Oh my God!
Really?
Yeah. The only time I ever play is if the game is huge. I haven't
played tournament poker in years, because I bet on baseball. I'm so
rusty or out of stroke that I don't even know any of the players. You
can't play poker and do it right unless you play all the time. Aside
from learning what hands to play, poker is all about people,
especially at the top levels. To be able to read the players, you have
to sit down and put your hours in. It's like going into war. You
probably heard stories about "The Greek."
No. There's a guy from Greece, and there are some huge games
when he comes to town. That's really about the only time I go play.
He comes for two or three weeks, and I take that time to go play
every day at the Bellagio or the Mirage. Since I got married and
have kids, I'm a full-time dad and husband. Luckily, I've done well
at betting sports. I can stay in my house and do that. I'll make games
with guys and bring them over here to play. I don't even go to the
casinos anymore and haven't for a long time.
Yeah, I think we're the only ones who've ever figured out
baseball. I was originally involved with the Computer Group when
it started back in the '80s (see "Walters Notes" ). Back then the
program did very well for college basketball and football. They
tried to do baseball, but they got slaughtered. There have been other
groups that have attempted to do baseball. The only other group
that's been successful is called the "Kosher Kids." They really
weren't computer guys. They were just really good at handicapping
baseball for several years. They've lost their edge now, I think.
There's never been another computer group that's been good at
baseball.
There are ways to beat football. You can beat it by having access
to [information about] injuries. There are computer programs out
there for football. But a pro-football season does not constitute a
very big sample size. You can have a fluctuation over the course of
a season and get destroyed. Whereas in baseball, it lasts for six
months and there are a bunch of games every day. You have a lot of
fluctuations, but baseball is the best sport because you get a truer
reading at the end of the season. One baseball season might be six
or seven football seasons if you look at the number of events.
Any game, I think, is like that. Mike Svobodny says that guys
who were considered great backgammon players ten years ago
can't play at all now (Mike Svobodny is interviewed in Chapter
4).
Yeah, eventually they would have, but still, the way of thinking
has to be there. In 7-card stud no one had a clue. The concepts I of
eliminating players, and playing different kinds of hands in different
ways. In Vegas, everybody played backwards. It's interesting,
because you'd think it would evolve, but it doesn't. If people I don't
have a point of reference to go to for the right answers, it doesn't
happen nearly as quickly as people think. They probably would
have learned, but now there are a lot of really fabulous poker
players. They're all over the place, even in small games, because
they've read every book. They know everything.
Of course there's more to it. You can take the top eight poker
lavers in the world and put them in a room for a month, and probably
the same guy is going to wind up with the money every rime It's not
just knowing how to play, it's character. It's [being above] all the
things in Las Vegas that created traps for people who had
tremendous talent, but couldn't win for one reason or another. I've
always maintained in gambling ... being what people call the best
player isn't what it's about. It's not about superstar plays. In
backgammon it's not about, oh, that was a genius move. Those
creative genius moves come up once in a blue moon, and what's the
difference between that and some other play? It's minuscule. It
might not show up again in your lifetime. It's the guys that do it
every day. Whether you're a hundred points winner or a hundred
points loser, you're going to play the same way. You're not going to
get flustered. You're not going to fire off your money when you're
stuck. Maybe you have a fight with your wife or your girlfriend;
you're not going to come to the poker room and just fire your money
off, or drink and shoot it off in the pit. It's like the game you're
playing is almost irrelevant. You learn the basics; you do your basic
training.
You take two guys on a football field. They're both 6'4" and 250
pounds. They both run the 40-yard dash in 4.2 seconds, or whatever.
They both bench-press 400 pounds. They both try out for a team
and one guy you never hear from again, while the other guy goes
into the Hall of Fame. They both have all the same talents and
potential. But there's something that makes some people win. It's a
will to win. It's ... I don't know how to describe it.
The longest I ever lost in my life was about two or three weeks.
Really?
The worst streak I can remember, I had the poker room at the
Dunes and we were playing $150-$300 limit. I think we were
playing 7-card stud and limit hold 'em, half and half. I lost for about
three weeks straight and lost about $300,000, which is a tremendous
amount playing in that game. It drove me nuts in the sense that I
knew how unlucky I had been. The funny part was I think I got it
back in about six weeks. I got just as lucky coming back the other
way.
These guys that lose all year ... I'll stake guys, try to help out
players who used to be good, or I thought were good. There's just
something not right when they lose, lose, lose. I think in poker, you
get back what you are. You don't have to wait too long to get your
reward. If you really are doing the right thing in poker— playing
the best hand, not chasing, knowing where you're at in a hand,
getting away from hands when you're beat—it's hard to lose, that's
from my perspective. I'm sure people are going to say I'm crazy, but
that's for me. I just can't imagine going out and playing Poker for a
long time and losing. For me it's something to fall back on. I always
feel I can go out and win a million dollars a year playing poker if I
have to.
Did you play gin with Stu Ungar [see "Walters Notes"]?
What do you think of guys like David Sklansky who are still
playing middle limits?
No.
Danny was always the best 7-card stud player in the medium I
games, maybe the best ever. Danny never played enough in the I big
games to really test it, but he's a great player. But Danny is one of
those guys who figures out a way not to keep his money. He'll I
make great plays in a 7-card stud game, and I certainly know how I
he plays because we used to discuss hands when we were partners.
Back when we used to play $30-$60, there was nobody better! than
Danny. He could get people to call bets, and do things that I were
outside the game itself, like splitting pots and those kinds ofB
things. He was like a magician the way he mesmerized his
opponents. But in the big games it didn't really work for him that
well. He plays differently in the big games than he does in those
$75-I $150 games. He's got some great stories. He's been through
the ups and downs.
Certainly the time you looked over and saw that $400-$800
high-low game was a turning point.
It's interesting that you say that because I've had moments in my
life that are so huge, but they weren't defining moments. I've had
million-dollar decisions so many different days—win or lose a
million or two. That's a huge amount of money, and certainly it can
affect your life, but they weren't defining moments. Once your I
structure is in place, it's like a casino. You have a bad day, big deal-
Or a good day, big deal. I'm a casino, just like any other professional
gambler. You're the house, with the edge every time you make a bet.
Or at least you think you have an edge. The outcomes are really that
important anymore, because it's all part of the daily tine. They're not
defining moments, because your defining moments have already
occurred [to get you there].
That $400-$800 game is much more a defining moment because
it was exciting to me and it took me to the level that I'm at. It was a
quantum leap from one atmosphere to another. I remember it, it
must have been a defining moment. I have giant decisions every
day. I can tell you about days where I won thirteen out of thirteen
baseball games and won a million something dollars, or lost eleven
out of thirteen and lost a million dollars. Those are happy and sad
moments in a career, but not defining.
Yeah.
So if your son got out of high school or college and said, "I
want to be a professional gambler ..."
Maybe, but so far it seems that the nerds need someone else
to get the money down.
Don't you think some people want to play with you because
of my your reputation?
Some do. But more don't. With the lifestyle that I lead ... I spend
a I lot of money. I need to make a lot of money. I can't go and play
$200-400 or $300-$600.1 have to find other venues to make bigger
money. It just got to the point where the games were too small for
me. The game of poker is too small for me now. There just aren't
games every day where you win or lose two- or three-hundred
thousand. I can do that betting sports. I've always been, personality-
wise, very good at getting guys to sit in the chair with me and make
a handicap game, but you can only do it so many times. There is a
finite number of guys.
And it's a lot of work traveling all over. If the action is in L.A.,
you go to L.A., and if it's in New York you go to New York. I can't
do that anymore. My son is in Little League and my little girl is in
ice-skating. I'm really involved with their schoolwork. If I'm gone
two days, I feel like I'm being a bad dad. It's just not worth it to me
anymore to do that. That doesn't mean that I won't play anybody in
the world.
There's nobody I won't play if the conditions are right.
It s all good. A guy can read the books, depending on what his
game is, and come out here and let the Peter Principle take its
course. You'll find out how good you are.
People say, "I'm as good as those guys." If you are, you'll be
there. There's nothing to stop anybody. Start at $10-$20 and go to
H40, $40-$80, then to $80-$160. The games are there all day, every
day. The money is there to be made if a guy is good enough to make
it.
ring game — A full (or near-full) table. In hold 'em a ring game
would consist of nine or ten players. In 7-card stud, it would be eight
players.
Reese Notes
1—Poker Variations
There are hundreds of different types of poker games, but only
a few are played in casinos. The most popular are: hold 'em, 7-card
stud, Omaha, and Omaha high-low split. Also found are 7-stud
high-low split, deuce-to-seven lowball, and razz.
Casino poker has three different betting structures, the most
common being split-limit. Split-limits can range from $2-$4 to
$3,000-$6,000 and higher. What this means is that the early betting
rounds are in increments of the lower limit, and later betting rounds
are in increments of the higher limit. In a $3-$6 hold 'em game, a
player may bet $3 increments before and after the flop (the first
three cards in hold 'em's community board), then $6 increments on
the turn (fourth community card) and the river (final community
card). The other two betting structures are pot-limit and no-limit. In
no-limit, a player may bet all the money in front of him at any time.
In pot-limit, a player may bet as much money as is already in the
pot.
3—Color Code
In casinos, gamblers play with chips, which are color-coded
according to denomination. The colors vary somewhat, but
typically, silver (metal tokens) or white chips are worth $1, reds are
$5, greens are $25, blacks are $100, purples or grays are $500, and
amounts above that are subject to the color whims of the sponsoring
casino. Players often refer to the level they play at by color, as in, "I
bet black," or "I play green."
Chips are also nicknamed for the denomination of coins. A $5
chip is often called a nickel, while a $25 chip is a quarter. A big
nickel is a slot term for a $5 token. A nickel is also a sports betting
term for $500, and a dime in sports betting means $1,000.
4—Cash Culture
Gamblers at the level of Chip Reese (and the seven others in
this book) tend to have a blase attitude toward cash. They win it,
lose it, store it, carry it, play it, flash it, and loan it to each other, all
in huge amounts, without a second thought. Chip Reese thought
nothing of going to his son's soccer game with a million dollars in
cash in the trunk of his car. In other interviews, Alan Woods
discusses walking around with $400,000 in a paper bag and Tommy
Hyland uses a treasure map to dig up $140,000 that a teammate
buried in the Bahamas.
Gambling is a game, and cash is the way the score is kept, tot a
gambler, cash is nothing more than a tool. And since gamblers deal
with such large amounts of money every day they become
desensitized to its value. One gambler made a comparison to auto
mechanics, who think nothing of loaning a wrench to a fellow
mechanic. "You loan him the wrench and expect he'll return it in
good condition. If he breaks it or loses it, you expect him to replace
it. Well, my wrench may be a bundle of fifty-thousand dollars." Do
the big players ever worry about someone not returning their
wrench? Tommy Hyland said, "We've made a lot of money by
trusting each other.'
Having and carrying cash has caused problems of some sort
every one of these players. Even before September 11,2001, the
eminent and law enforcement were highly suspicious of anyone
carrying large amounts of currency. Since then, it's gotten worse
Anyone with cash is believed to be a drug dealer, money launderer,
tax evader, or criminal of some kind. Cash is often seized, based on
flimsy "probable cause," and modern-day civil-forfeiture
procedures can make it extremely difficult and costly to get it
returned, even if the cash-carrier is never charged with a crime. As
of this writing, Billy Walters is still trying to get back $2.8 million
in seized cash. One gambler put it this way, "It's just something you
have to deal with if you want to be in this business. It's another part
of the game."
TOMMY HYLAND
Seems like the first gambling I ever did might have been a bet
on some sports event. We also used to pitch coins against the wall
at times.
At what age?
I'm going to guess I was in fifth grade, maybe ten or eleven year
old.
Pitching nickels, dimes?
Did the players practice at all? Did you try to get an edge?
New Jersey.
parlay card — A card listing all games and their point spreads
for a given weekend. A player may select two or more games, and all
games selected must cover the point spread in order to win. Payoffs
increase with each game added.
Well, it's pretty much the only time I've ever been the house.
I've always been a player. Some guy at my dad's work had them, so
he'd bring them home. The payouts were so bad, I raised them. I
think there were other guys doing it, but they were just returning the
standard payouts, so I eliminated the competition.
first base--The first seat to the dealer's left and the first to play.
The ' at to the dealer's right and the last to play is called "third
base."
canceling — While counting cards, matching a plus- and minus-
value card to zero out. There is no change in the count, because the
two cards cancel each other.
getting barred — Being excluded from playing by casino
personnel.
By this point, did you guys know anything about how much to
bet?
A little bit. I could figure out a little, but I'm not super sharp at
math. I think that by the end of the "Experiment" we had a forty-
fifty-thousand-dollar bankroll. That was in December 79. We
crushed them during the Experiment. After the Experiment, I
wanted to keep playing, maybe go to Vegas. The other guys had
gotten Sanford Wong's book, Blackjack in Asia. They decided to go
to Asia. That's when I started teaching all my friends from the golf
course. That's kind of how I got into the whole team thing. We had
fifteen or twenty guys by the end of 1980. I'd teach them, test them,
and put them on the team.
Many people say they want to learn, but they don't really
want to put in the effort.
After awhile I just gave people a basic strategy card and showed
them how to count, then said, "Come back when you have basic
strategy memorized and you can count down a deck within thirty
seconds." Some of those people never came back, but most were
able to learn.
Yeah, [back] then we'd just play with my money and when we
dl win a certain amount we'd whack it up. We did it in a really
simplistic fashion, and I know there were lots of inequities in the
way we did it. It was either unfair to the investors or the players. I
didn't really know much about bankroll requirements. Sometimes
the way I structured it we had the wrong incentives. You've got to
be re ally careful how you structure a bankroll. It can be pretty bad
something extreme happens. If you start losing real bad and you
don't have it structured properly, nobody wants to play. That's
happened a lot in the past.
These things all seem to run together. I was always pretty lucky.
I remember meeting a couple of other guys who were much better
blackjack players than we were. They were much more
knowledgeable but they were having some tough luck and were
struggling. They couldn't believe how we just always won. During
some fight--maybe the Holmes-Cooney fight, or one of those fights
a long time ago—we won several hundred thousand over just a
weekend. I think we had twenty players out there, and eighteen or
nineteen of them won.
So what happened?
Yes, these were people who played for me. I tried to go up there
and get them out of it, and I was talking to the press. Public
sympathy was obviously on our side. The incident was a big deal fl
Windsor. It was the front-page story three or four days in a row; all
about this trial and about these people who'd been accused of
cheating. Once the press got hold of it and interviewed the people
involved, the press and public were on our side. I think the casino
tried to bring up the incident in the Bahamas to stop our momentum.
They tried to make me out to be a convicted felon.
Yeah, I've been fortunate. The ones I've been associated with
are incredibly honest. We've had a few bad incidents, but most of
the time we've been pretty successful. We've made a lot of money
by trusting each other.
St. Kitts. It's an island in the Caribbean. That's been pretty much
where all my foreign play has taken place. I've played most every
place in the Caribbean. So I went to this island, St. Kitts. They had
only one casino. They had a pretty good game, maybe six or eight
blackjack tables. I got friendly with the casino owner, who took an
active role in running the casino. He was always on the floor;
sometimes he'd push the dealer out of the way and say, "Let me deal
for awhile." He got to like me while I was there. I played golf with
him every day. I was also doing pretty well; I won almost $30,000
in the course of four or five days.
Do you think this guy really would have shot you? Killed
you?
Have you had other incidents where money has been stolen
from you like that?
You would think so. Some other card counters and I have tried
to sue Griffin. We never seem to get anywhere. Libel and slander
are some of the toughest cases to win. If they can prove you're a
public figure, you have to prove it's deliberately malicious.
Somebody like me, even though my name wouldn't be known by
the general public, is a public figure for purposes of the case,
because I'm a well-known blackjack player.
Someday, I'm sure, someone will win a big case against Griffin.
For example, if some sheriff in the middle of Kansas sees this
picture that looks like a mug shot and finds out the casino is holding
you, he's going to treat you like some sort of criminal. Right on the
top of the page [of the Griffin report] it says, "Cheating Activity,"
and then it has your picture. Then it just happens to mention that
you're a card counter. Someday this [mislabeling] will backfire on
them.
But I don't want to overemphasize the effectiveness of the
Griffin agency. They've hurt us a little bit, but I can still play more
blackjack than I have time for. I can't play in every single casino
that I want to. I'm really well known, particularly in Atlantic City,
but that's not because of Griffin. They're not a big factor for us. We
just have to move around.
That was back in Atlantic City, where they used to have this
three-step process. The first time you got barred they'd tell you that
you were welcome to play any other game except blackjack. The
second time they barred you, they'd say you weren't welcome on the
premises at all. And if you got barred a third time, you'd get arrested
for trespassing.
I think at the time I had already gotten to the second step at
Harrah's, so I got the bright idea on Christmas Eve of dressing as
Santa Claus. I was just going to fire away from minimum to
maximum. If they barred me, it would be treated as the first step,
because they wouldn't have any idea who I was. And that's what
happened.
There were four or five of us in there at once. One guy heard a
floorperson on the phone say, "I got a guy betting two hands of a
thousand down here. Another guy is betting purple chips. And Santa
Claus is really going crazy." It was pretty funny and it worked out
perfectly. They just read me the first warning, and they were
laughing while they did it. They thought it was pretty funny. They
took it in the Christmas spirit.
I never did that. The best disguise I ever had was when I went
to Hollywood and got a couple of wigs from this guy Ziggy, who's
a famous wig maker. I guess he made wigs for a lot of the Holly-
Wood celebrities. This was a long time ago, fifteen years, maybe.
He was the only guy who could make a realistic-looking bald wig.
I paid $2,500 for this balding blond wig. It looked really good.
Nobody ever realized it was a wig. I got a lot of play out of that. It
was worth more than the $2,500 I paid for it. I also got fake teeth
from Mike Westmore, who I believe won an Oscar for the makeup
in the movie Mask.
And did that hurt the games? Was it better for you when
they could bar you?
I'll play out of the country. I won't play in those ridiculous places
anymore. I won't play in the Bahamas or any of those islands, but
I'll play in Canada. I've played in Australia. I don't plan on going to
Europe, but I'd play in some of those countries. All the countries
that I view as civilized. It shocks me that some of these guys with
all kinds of money will go to these crazy places to play blackjack,
just because they have a good rule or something. It just doesn't seem
worth it to me.
I'm sure these guys do computer work. I'm not really privy to it.
I'm not an active participant. I just bet my money and they get a
share.
How did your parents feel when you first started playing?
Some people who play on their own also do other things. There
aren't really many people out there who use blackjack as their sole
source of income and play on their own.
I'll tell you my famous one. It's not really famous, but [Stanford]
Wong asked me if he could use it when he was giving one of his
talks. This was when we were playing mostly in Atlantic City. I had
these old friends who grew up in my neighborhood. They had a son
who was a little younger than me, and he was going to college. As
a way to make money in the summer, he asked if he could come and
play blackjack for me. He was a real smart kid and I knew he was
honest. So I said, "Sure, I'll teach you how to play."
I taught him, and he played Atlantic City and did well. Toward
the end of the summer he decided to make a trip to Las Vegas. One
of his first plays was at the Sands. He was winning and winning and
he couldn't lose a hand. They didn't have anything bigger than
hundred-dollar chips in the rack, so he had all these black chips
piled up, maybe $7,000 or $8,000 worth in front of him.
The shoe went negative and he decided to count his money to
see how much he was winning. He took all his chips off the table,
and as he was heading to the restroom, he noticed a security guard
looking at him. Now he'd heard about getting barred in Las Ve-
gas, and he'd heard about counters getting roughed up in the back
rooms. So he ducked into the restroom, went into a stall, and shut
the door. He pulled out his chips and was counting his money while
sitting on the toilet. All of a sudden there was a knock on the stall
door. He opened up the stall, and there was this big security guard.
The guard looked down at him and said, "What are you doing?" He
had all his chips, and he was fumbling around, and he said, "I was
just counting my money." And the security guard said, "In the ladies'
room?"
That's classic.
In general.
What about in these little places that have sprung up all over
the country?
Your son has the benefit of having you to teach him. But if
someone wrote you a letter from out in the hinterlands saying, "I
want to become a professional gambler," what would you tell
him to do?
I actually get that a lot. The thing I really get a lot is strangers
asking to get on my team, or for me to back them. I'm not interested
in that. Unfortunately, there's a lot of really bad stuff written on
blackjack. I'd try to steer them to the right books. Emphasize that
you nave to have a bankroll that's discretionary money. It's a tough
grind. It's not a sure thing. I'm more optimistic than most people
about blackjack. I think it's clearly possible for somebody starting 't
at blackjack to make quite a bit of money. It's certainly not as good
as playing poker or trying to beat sports betting. The good thing
about blackjack is that it's cut-and-dried. There's not much activity
to it. If you follow the books and you're a reasonably intelligent guy,
there really isn't any reason you can't make money.
To me the contrast between blackjack and poker is clear. In
poker you have the benefit that you can put in as many hours as you
want. You're not going to get barred. But, to make twenty or dollars
an hour at poker you have to be quite good. You beat a lot of real
sharpies, guys who have been playing for o make twenty or thirty
dollars an hour at blackjack is easy. You can do that after one month
of study, as long as you don't make mistakes. As long as you learn
properly and you have the bankroll, that's a very low win rate at
blackjack.
How do you think the game has changed? Do you think it's
gotten better or worse?
Hyland Notes
1—Card Counting
Once a blackjack player has mastered basic strategy, the next
step is to learn to count cards. Because the house advantage swings
back and forth between the player and the dealer, a counter can
obtain an edge. If more big cards (tens and aces) remain in the deck,
the advantage is with the player. If there are more small cards in the
deck, the edge grows larger for the house. A card counter keeps
track of the ratio of small to big cards by assigning them values and
"counting" them as they're played.
Many different counts have been devised, but one of the most
popular is called the High-Low. In this count, the player counts a
value of +1 for every 2, 3,4, 5, or 6 that he sees, -1 for tens (10, jack,
queen, king) and aces, and 0 for each 7, 8, and 9. If a player sees a
ten-value card and a 6, he would count -1 for the ten and +1 for the
6, giving him a count total of 0. The two cards "cancel" each other
out. If he sees 10,4, 3,5, 7, he assigns counts of -1, +1, +1, +1, and 0
for a "running count" of +2.
The player continues to count all cards dealt, which yields what
counts to a weighted average of what's left to be played. Many
refinements and adjustments are necessary, but in a nutshell, the her
the count goes to the plus side, the bigger the player's advantage.
The more minus the count, the larger the casino's advantage. Card
counters try to bet as much as possible when the count is ply as little
as possible when the count is minus.
2--Stanford Wong
A legendary name in the blackjack community, Stanford Wong
is the author of several blackjack books, including his classic
Professional Blackjack; he's also written books on video poker,
gambling, tournament play, and sports betting; produced software
for blackjack and video poker; and now sponsors one of the most
popular blackjack Web sites (www.bj21.com).
3—Team Play
Blackjack players often band together in teams. This is done f
many reasons, but the primary one is the mathematics of "joint-
bankrolls." By combining money into a common "bank," members
of a team can play for larger stakes and win much faster.
Consider two card counters, each with $10,000. Individually
they can each bet $25 chips and earn $50 per hour. But if they
combine their money into a $20,000 bank, they can both bet twice
as much, allowing both to earn $100 per hour. Add a third player
with $10,000 and all three can now bet at a level that earns $150 per
hour for each player. You can see why team play is very beneficial.
Teams the size of Tommy Hyland's are no different from
multimillion-dollar corporations. They have attorneys, accountants,
and lobbyists. Some of the biggest teams through the years, other
than Hy land's, have been the Czechs, the Greeks, and the MIT
team, which was originally started by a group of students at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
4—Blackjack Computers
The first hidden blackjack computers were developed by Keith
Taft in the mid-1970s. The earliest model, which was cumbersome,
was named George. After refining the machine, Keith made a
second version, which he named David. These computers played
perfect blackjack and were hidden on the player's body. The
computer was strapped to one leg and a power supply was strapped
to the other, with wires running up and down pant legs between
them-More wires fed into the player's boots, where switches were
operated with the toes. The player input every card seen and the
computer signaled back how to correctly play each hand and how
much money to bet. Use of these devices was outlawed in Nevada
in1985.
5--Griffin Book
Griffin Investigations is a detective agency originally formed to
protect casinos from cheats. The Griffin Book contains pictures of
suspected perpetrators, as well as their height, weight, aliases, and
associates. Once card counting became popular, Griffin
Investigations began listing card counters in its book, even though
cart counting is not cheating. Griffin sends out regular activity
reports based on its latest intelligence. If a card counter is spotted
Las Vegas, for example, the agency may fax a picture to all of
service's subscribers to let them know that the player is active and
in the area.
7—Uston's Victory
Reacting to the problems with card counting when Resorts
International opened, the New Jersey casinos sought the right to bar
counters. Famous card counter Ken Uston sued them, arguing that
casinos should not be allowed to bar players simply because they
their brains. Since card counters neither cheat in any way nor alter
the random outcome of the game, the New Jersey Supreme Court
ruled in Uston's favor. To this day, the casinos in Atlantic are not
allowed to bar players for counting cards. They are, however,
allowed to shuffle as often as they like and restrict the amount that
a card counter can bet.
8—Comps
"Comps" or "complimentaries" are gifts given to players to
entice them to gamble. Most often these include free meals, drinks,
and hotel rooms. Larger players receive show tickets, limousine
rides, and airfare. Taking advantage of casino freebies has been
turned into an art form by some players. The definitive work on this
subject is Comp City, by Max Rubin.
MIKE SVOBODNY
Psychology.
If they get lucky they're going to enjoy it when they beat me. If
they know they're going to lose in the long run, what else are they
playing for? They want to be happy and say, "I crushed Mike today."
Or, "I beat Magriel1 today."
1
For this and subsequent numeric references 2-5, see "Svobodny Notes" at the end of this chapter.
At what point did you decide that this was your profession?
It's not that it has no value. It just has much less value than if
you were out digging a ditch for a month. If you lost $80,000 that
day, what difference does it make if you leave a forty-five dollar
tip?
Also, you don't produce anything when you gamble. A garbage
man provides a lot more to society than I do. I'm skimming off the
fat of society.
I just started working less and less. It was very gradual. They
said, "You call us when you want to work."
They grind.
Yeah. I'm a nit, too. I really am a dyed-in-the-wool nit, but I'm
a very polished one. For example, you'll never see a really nitty guy
spending $1,000 on a dinner. It's just not in him. He'll think, "This
is a thousand dollars and I calculate that it takes X hours to earn
blah, blah, blah." A nit won't have any loss leaders. I'll give you an
example from sports betting.
A friend of mine, Joe, is a bookie. One day the office called and
said a basketball bettor was past posting him. This guy was always
trying to get a little edge. Just after the tip-off, he'd see a basket or
two baskets and then he'd try to get down. It's hard to know exactly
[a game's] starting time, and you don't want to cut it off right at the
gate; if there's a big flood of people [waiting to bet] you want to
take all the action you can get.
Joe called the guy and said, "Are you past posting us or are you
just stupid?" He was teasing him. The next time the guy bet, Joe
said, "You have no juice for today, because you're such a good
customer." The next time the guy called up and tried to bet, it was
night at post time and Joe wouldn't let him. The guy said, "Why
can't I bet?" And Joe said, "Because the game hasn't gone on long
enough. Call us back in a little bit." So he called back about a minute
later and said, "I want to bet this game." Joe said, "No, wait until
the second quarter and bet." He limited him to a dime. The guy
made four different bets that day and lost all of them, even though
he didn't bet until the second quarter. This guy had broken even all
year. He was a very careful bettor. Joe did that more as a joke than
anything else, but since then the guy has lost $25,000. It's not like
Joe trapped him in, but a nitty guy would never have done that.
You don't seem nitty at all. In fact, you seem the opposite.
I'm not now. I've changed. Now I'm very sporty. Especially
when I first meet a guy, I'll make a dumb bet. I'm very happy when
he collects the first bet from me. You can always control how many
dumb bets you make. Later on you can tighten up. It's intuitive to
me now.
I play paddle tennis with this guy. I have a great deal. He owed
money to someone in England. The guy in England owes me a lot
more money than this guy owes him. We play paddle tennis for a
hundred dollars a game and I can't win. I'm probably a 2-1 dog every
time. Anytime I want to play, he's on call, because he'll make five
hundred by playing me, but I'm taking it off what the guy in England
owes me. My girlfriend says, "You're his pigeon." I say, "He's our
pigeon. We just don't want to let him know it." Doing things like
this allows you to last in game situations.
Where is this?
Yes.
It seems from the people I'm interviewing that there are two
types of gamblers. One plays against other players, as in poker
or backgammon. The other is playing against the house—the
casino or a racetrack.
No. Maybe twenty years ago that was the case, but I don't think
so anymore. I have a high faith in the honesty of the casinos. The
last thing a casino needs is rumors of cheating at poker. They have
an eye in the sky that's trained to watch for that type of thing. They
filter out the cheaters and bar them. In private games, though, there's
a much greater chance of being cheated.
One group I find interesting is the halfway con artists. I'm
fascinated by the balls they have and how shameless they are. They
meet whomever casually, and suddenly they're that person's best
friend. I like to study it almost from a sociologist's point of view. I
have a background in psychology anyway, so for me it's interesting
to watch and listen to them, and discover their motivations.
I'll give you an example. I met this one con artist in Monte
Carlo. This guy was high-end. He was trying to sell some energy
system based on perpetual motion. They had this computer room
and a wheel that would spin using magnets—it was a very complex
plot. I'm not even sure that he knew that his partner, some German
mad-scientist, was bogus. They were courting Prince Albert, and
Monaco chucked these guys out after awhile. It was quite amusing.
One day this guy gives me a sad story that he needs to make
rent. I gave him the money and now I was their victim. All the time
it was, "Mike, can you give us this?" I gave him money—a couple
thousand dollars here and there. In my mind I wasn't really lending.
I was just giving it to them; I didn't think these guys were good
credit risks. But on the other hand, every night they were trying to
schmooze potential customers. They didn't go after anyone that
wasn't worth a hundred million plus. They were after a big score.
I didn't get the money back.
Now I go to an opening of a movie in Hollywood and I see this
guy. He sees me, and he doesn't know that I'm not mad about it. I
would care if it were a respectable guy I gave the money to and he
purposely stiffed me. But this didn't bother me, because I knew the
guy was a crook. But he didn't know that. He runs over and starts
screaming, "Mike, you're my baby! You're my homey!" He's kissing
me like he's so happy to see me. I realize what this is about. He
doesn't want me to be mad at him and make a scene in front of all
these people. He tells me, "You saved my life in Monaco. You don't
know how you helped me. But that other guy screwed us."
stiffed— Not getting paid. When someone doesn't pay a bet, the
winner gets "stiffed."
But after you won Monte Carlo things changed for you. Did
you just flow to where life took you? Or did you sit down and
plan how you would attract the high-rolling players?
I'd like to have a million-dollar day. I used to say I'd like to have
a $100,000 day. I've had those, both winning and losing, many times
since then. Now I say I want a million-dollar losing day, which
means I'm wealthy enough to have million-dollar winning days.
Yes. The good tournament players who are bad money players
have some sort of personality defect. They're either steamers or they
don't have the heart to bet the money.
Why is that?
Was there any one tournament you won that sticks out above
the others?
That's it. That's why there are a lot of very strong players now.
They mimic the computer.
They decided not to have me arbitrate. I think the kid and the
father thought I was going to make him pay. But it was the
professionals' fault. I thought it was grossly irresponsible on their
part. Anyway, they agreed to play the dad a hundred-point match
double or nothing [the match had not been played at the time of this
interview].
You've got a pretty big reputation as a gambler who's been
involved in a lot of interesting adventures.
You know, I'm sure a lot of stories have been told about me that
aren't true. But sometimes truth is stranger than fiction. Mainly
there've been kind of funny things that have happened.
Right after I won Monte Carlo, I was invited to Sweden for a
tournament. They treated me like a celebrity and comped every,
thing. I started playing a prop4 with some guy. It was a vicious prop,
where I would almost always lose one point, but once in awhile I'd
redouble and win gammons [see "Backgammon Points" in
"Svobodny Notes"]. I lose one, one, one, one, and then pow, I win
nine. I was stuck twenty points, and one of the tournament directors
said, "You like giving money away. I should get in your suitcase." I
said, "You don't have to get in my suitcase. You can bet me right
now [on the game in progress]." I didn't know him that well, so I
said I'd play for cash. He started handing over cash and he lost
$10,000.1 was surprised. I was thinking, where does this young kid
get $10,000 in cash? He ran out of money, so I quit. The guy I was
playing stiffed me, but I didn't care, because I was getting cash from
this guy kibitzing.
Yes, often. The word "hubris" means being so proud you'd kill
yourself. It also means a plant that grows over itself and the inside
of it dies. I've seen hubris kill a lot of professionals—guys that are
much smarter and more talented than I am, and great all-around
games players. A guy named Horatio is that way. He doesn't want
to beat anybody but me at backgammon. At poker he wants to beat
Chip Reese (Chapter 2). He wants to be the fastest gunslinger in the
West, and that broke him. I just want that deaf, dumb, and blind guy.
I'll always play any game. I like playing backgammon, but I bet
horses, sports.
So you look for any opportunity where you know you have
an edge?
Yeah. But again, here's what has won me a lot of money: I'll do
something I don't have an edge at. I'll give you an example. I played
guy gin, and I'm a very bad gin player. If I rate my backgammon,
I'll rate myself a nine. If I rate my gin, I rate myself a one ... or a
half.
There's only one way for him to get this money back now, so
we played some backgammon prop, and he lost $60,000. Now, he
wasn't unlucky in the prop. That was my earn, $60,000, maybe even
higher. I gave away a few hundred in juice playing gin, and I picked
up $60,000 in juice playing backgammon. My expected return that
day was over $59,000.
People often say, "It's just like Mike. He won from the wrong
side " A lot of times I'd say I had the wrong side when I really didn't
This is against pros. But you can beat guys from the wrong side too,
if they're not very good. You can get their nose open. You get them
into action. You don't have to beat them that minute. If you're a
professional gambler, you really can't be seen as someone who is
peddling the nuts all the time. You have to give close gambles and
even gambles where you have the worst of it sometimes. You don't
have to stay there forever.
So I play a guy and he chooses the right side and beats me for
seven points. I see that I can't beat him. Okay, I give up. I play him
the next day. He chooses the right side and I lose seven points. The
next day I lose seven points, and the next day I lose ten points. But
the next day I win 93 points. That's not so bad.
This is a very interesting part of human psychology. People
want to book winners every time. That's the pigeon mentality. What
you should really want to do is win. It doesn't have to be that day.
You always have tomorrow. A pigeon wants to win that day. How
many times have you heard someone say, "Come on, let's [quit
gambling and] do something else," and heard another guy respond,
"No, I'm stuck." That's the wrong reason to stay. If you're stuck, you
should want to leave. If you're a winner you should want to stay. If
you say to me, "Let's go to a movie," you're apt to hear, "I can't, I'm
crushing him." But if I'm stuck, I'm much more inclined to leave.
People say all the time, "I want to get my money back." What they
don't understand is that the instant they lost that money, it wasn't
theirs anymore. They gambled it and they lost it.
Yeah, I do.
Yeah.
Is he a good player?
Yeah. He doesn't play all the time. The only learning he's done
comes from playing me.
You're kidding.
The market went down more and more and more. He was in
agony. One day he walked into the Coterie in New York and he was
wearing a sport coat. He opened it and showed me he had on a bra
with big tits. It was weird. You're tied up in your own male sexuality,
and it seemed so bizarre, it made me sick to see that. It was like
seeing a road accident or something. It also made me sick that I lost
the $100,000. I offered him $60,000 and he could take them out. He
said no. Then maybe I offered him $70,000. He said no, so I said,
"Okay, you're stuck with them. You have to wear them the whole
year." He still wears them. He doesn't care.
Yeah, and Brian is very heterosexual. He gets girls all the time.
I'm sure that's true. The first month he comes over to my hotel
room about three in the morning. I'm sleeping and he throws a girl
on the bed, takes her clothes off, then he takes his bra off. They both
have tits there bouncing together. Brian is not shy. He just got
married.
I don't know if it's just me, but I think a lot of gamblers have
short attention spans. They need stimulation. Maybe that's why they
gamble. That's why someone wants to bet a dime on a football
game. A friend of mine who's a professional gambler [but not in
sports] bets only on football games he can watch. This is like some
badge or something that he's not a pigeon. He knows that if he bets
$5,000, he's giving away two hundred fifty dollars to make that bet.
But as long as he's watching it's okay, because it's some form of
entertainment. My point is, a lot of gamblers need stimulation. I
think that's true of myself. I have a low boredom threshold, so I like
new places. I haven't lived in a regular home in eight or nine years.
I live in hotels.
No. I recently had a very extensive blood test. One of the tests
measured a hormone that prevents stress, and my count was very
high. The doctor said, "You don't have much stress." And he's right,
I don't worry much at all. But now that I'm having a kid, I find that
I worry about whether he'll be okay. What's going to happen to my
future? I don't remember worrying before. Maybe when I'm a parent
I'll be worried all the time.
I think, in general, it's true that the gambling life is not
conducive to marriage. In my case, I'm not married and I'm forty-
eight years old. On the other hand, I'm not sure that if I wasn't a
gambler it would be any different. But I do think there's a
correlation. I know so many single gamblers, and the ones that do
marry tend to marry late. I've been all over the world and I don't
have a home. What kind of marriage material am I? Women want
stability and security to some degree. Being a gambler isn't secure
or stable. It's the antithesis of those things.
Mainly backgammon.
Computers have been terrible for me, because a lot of the money
I've won has been playing propositions. With computers now,
players just plug in the position and get the answer. They won't play
these props anymore.
Computers have also raised the bar. I was just talking to Magriel
about this. We were talking about a guy who's considered a very bad
player now, while ten years ago he would have been considered a
very good player. Ten years ago he might have been thought to be
as good as us, and now he's considered a real fish.
What happened?
And he didn't.
No. Paul Magriel has gotten better, a lot better. I think I've
gotten better, too. Ten years ago we weren't that good.
Yes, but now there are a lot of players that are better than I was
ten years ago. It's kind of like evolution. You have to get better to
stay the same.
No. I'm very lazy. Almost all of my learning comes from either
playing propositions, which are a good learning tool, or from
Magriel. I might hire him to comb through my games. I especially
like when he points out thematic mistakes. He showed me a
thematic mistake the other day that I seem to make over and over
again, and I realized he was right.
There's one thing about my own ability that I like. If I'm shown
the right play, I can see it. That's why I'm good at playing props. I
can see when I'm wrong while I'm playing. It's funny, because I have
a big ego, but I want to know what's right, as opposed to being right.
A lot of good players are not that way.
I think I'm both. Without any false modesty, I think I'm a great
Player, but I think I would grade myself a better gambler than a
player.
I'm weakened.
weight—Advantage.
I was living in L.A. at the time, and there was a girl who was
staying with me. So Dave says, "Why don't you get her for this
experiment?" It's kind of an indelicate question to ask someone, but
I figured what the hell. And she said okay. I couldn't believe she
went for it.
So I tried to make the setting as nice as possible. We put the
table in front of the fireplace. I was in a bathrobe and she got under
the table while I played. I couldn't think about the game at all—she
happened to be really good at what she was doing. I remember one
time—she must have really been going to town—and I moved the
checkers backwards. I tried to go the wrong way. Dave just cracked
up. No one ever makes that mistake; it just doesn't happen. He was
beating me and beating me and I knew I couldn't win the money
back in the time I had left. I said, screw this! I quit playing and took
the girl to the bedroom. Dave brought the backgammon board into
the bedroom and put it on the bed. He said, I'll give you a 3,1 spot
to play now." I just pushed the board away. We've done that
experiment many times since then.
Backgammon has taken me to a lot of interesting places, and
introduced me to a lot of interesting people. About two years ago, I
was playing a Saudi Prince in Monaco. He couldn't play at all, but
he enjoyed the game. He was a very funny guy. He would spend
$10,000 a day on hookers. He had three or four with him all "he
time. He might screw them, he might not. He might play
backgammon and the girls would just wait. Every one of them
looked like Miss America. He had these professional ass-kissers
around him. They were professional friends—at $5,000 a week.
He'd pull out a cigar and ten of these guys would jump to light it. It
was sickening, because it was so disingenuous.
I like to be the one giving—taking people to dinner and the
like—I enjoy that. I was invited everywhere with him, on his boat
to parties. But I could never pick up a check. I tried to do it and he'd
get mad. He'd say, "I'm a Prince, that's my job. Don't ever do that
again." He'd lose face.
He invited me to Saudi Arabia, and he knew I was a professional
gambler. When we played backgammon we played cheap, a
hundred dollars a point. He'd want to play for an hour or so and he'd
lose maybe thirty points. It was entertainment for him. I would
aspire to be a rich sucker. Everybody treats you nice.
About six weeks, but I was around him for a long time. He got
sort of dependent on me for entertainment. If he wanted me at four
in the morning, he'd call. "Let's play backgammon." I hardly ever
refused, but if I didn't want to do it, I had to hide out. He had all
these bodyguards and I couldn't hide from him. I'd be in a tent on
the beach in Monaco and his bodyguards would come up: "The
Prince wants you." One time I was in Cannes and they went
searching all over Cannes to try to find me. All the restaurants, all
the bars. He said, "Don't come back until you find him." It was a
royal order.
The Prince was very likable, but it gave me an insight into what
that world is like. He's not like a normal human being. He's almost
like a deity. I learned not to sit down before he sat down. And when
he stood up, everybody stood up. This was just proper etiquette.
So many funny things happened with the Prince. The first night
I met him, I went to play him backgammon, but he said, "Play my
cousin instead," because he was too lazy. Then I played the Prince,
but I wouldn't play him for money. I knew he was out of cash. His
relationship with money is as sick as you can imagine. In nine
months, he spent over $20 million dollars. He would periodically
get broke. Then he'd wait for a fresh batch of money to come from
his family and spend that. To go on vacation he'd need $10 mil' lion.
That's not an exaggeration, because I saw him spend the money.
A lot of people were on the pad and got slow paid. The hotel
would turn off his phone and lights. Then he'd pay them some of the
bill. I lent him $40,000 because he needed it for a friend of his. He
hasn't paid me back and I don't really care. He actually owes me
about $500,000 right now, but I don't really care, because I had so
many nice experiences with him. He bet the World Cup with pie and
lost a couple hundred thousand doing that. I beat him for so much I
started reversing the juice so he had about a twelve percent
advantage built in. He still lost.
Do you think that blew the friendship? The number got too
big.
No. I don't think it's on his mind. I think he's a little embarrassed
by it. I always kept my numbers with him really small. I told him in
the beginning, "I will always pay you and I want to be paid. If you
don't have money, we don't need to bet." Truthfully, my idea wasn't
to gamble with him, because in a very calculating way, that wasn't
the best way to make money. Maybe five years from now I might
play King Fahd. I knew that I couldn't win a million dollars from
the Prince and collect it. I could win $100,000 and collect it, but not
a million. It was just fun hanging around with him.
I bought him a laptop as a gift and hired a guy to teach him how
to use it. We logged on to Games Grid from Saudi Arabia and were
playing backgammon with some guy. [Games Grid is an Internet
backgammon site.] He told the guy he was playing that he was a
shoe salesman in Ohio. We were laughing. Do you think this guy
would ever believe he's playing some Saudi Prince?
When we flew from Monaco to Saudi Arabia, he lent me one of
the Saudi gowns, and I put on the burnoose. I have pictures of me
lying in King Fahd's bed in this luxurious suite on the airplane.
No. Gambling in Japan still has a stigma attached. All the big
Japanee gamblers like to come to Las Vegas to play. But if they
gamble in public, they lose face. There was some CEO of Sony or
one of those companies that would come to the backgammon club
there and play for ten dollars a point. I was hoping there would be
some high-stakes action there, but there wasn't. It's considered
gauche to play for big stakes. I really like Tokyo. I might go to
Lebanon soon. I like going to places I haven't been.
Don't do it.
Really? Why?
No one, when they really get lucky, realizes how lucky they
were. I beat the guy for a hundred twenty points, but he played bad
and I played good. Now when you lose sixty points to the same
bozo, you think that's unbelievable. But that's what should happen:
You win a hundred twenty, he wins sixty. When you gamble every
day, 100-1 shots come in three times a year. People think losing to
a 100-1 shot is pretty bad luck. If you're using your bankroll to pay
the rent and make car payments, all of a sudden it's all dried up,
because you've spent a lot of the money that you won.
Maybe I'm just partial to Magriel, but I just love his book,
Backgammon. That was the first really good book I read on
backgammon. I haven't looked at it in awhile, but I don't think it's
out of date even now. Doyle Brunson wrote a book of gambling
stories that I thought was very good. It's a book of parables about
gambling that are supposed to give you some wisdom. They're
obvious stories, but I remember it was quite interesting when I read
it. It's called According to Doyle. It's quite good.
I'd still rather play bad players. Though I don't mind playing
good players; I don't feel like I'm a dog to anybody.
No, it seems too hard to me. You have to have a very organized
group. It's not something you can do on your own. It takes a lot of
organization and a lot of computer expertise. Then you have to
translate that expertise into getting the money. Plus, there are
problems with the law. If you give me a hundred dollars and say go
to a casino and bet this on the Knicks tonight, you're committing a
crime. We both are and it's not even the law that's the issue. It's
whether you're successful or not. I really do think that happens. If I
made $50 million at some completely legal gambling endeavor I'd
be under total scrutiny. They'd find something wrong.
That's right. They want to get their slice. You can become guilty
of your own success. If you're a great blackjack player, you get
kicked out of every joint. You have to hide the fact that you're good.
There's a real diminishing return for getting better and better at
something.
Oh yeah. You can't get on planes with it. I know a guy who was
carrying a half-million. He was going from New York to Vegas. The
money was totally legal. This guy pays about a million dollars a
year in taxes. He wouldn't fly a commercial plane, because he was
worried he'd have too many problems.
Not that I know of. I'm pretty careless; I know I've misplaced
money-I was staying at a friend's house once. About a month after
I left, he called me and said he found $20,000 behind the TV. I'd
hidden the money there and forgotten about it.
The breast bet was one thing. Do you make these crazy
proposition bets like gambling on raindrops running down a
window-pane?
Huck Seed has made a lot of crazy bets. He's a very good
athlete, but not good with racquets. Playing basketball, I would have
zero chance of ever beating him. But he's not very good at tennis.
One day Huck says, "What will you bet me that I can't beat you in
tennis this year?" We bet $25,000. About a month before the year
was up, he hadn't beaten me and he'd been doing badly gambling.
He said, "Let's call off our bet." I said, "Huck, I'm not going to call
off the bet just because you're going broke. Even if you go broke,
you still owe me the money." He said, "I can beat you anyway." I
said, "How can you beat me with a month to go, and you've never
come close to beating me?" He said, "I can play every day for eight
hours a day, and just before the time is up I'll be able to beat you." I
said, "You couldn't play eight hours a day for a month." Another
bet—-$10,000. He had to play every single day for eight hours, which
he did, but he still didn't beat me.
Not for him. He's a very good poker player. I told him, "You'll
make $25,000 if you use that time to play poker. Why would you
take the cut in pay?" He said, "Call the [25k] bet off." I said, "m
give you $1,500." He wanted $4,000, and this went on through-out
the month. Our bid and ask was always too far apart. In the middle
of this he asked, "How much will you bet me that I can't stay in the
Crazy Horse [Las Vegas topless club] for 24 hours?" I said, "I'll bet
you $5,000," because I knew that to win that, he'd have to
automatically lose the tennis bet. He thought about it and said, "I'll
bet I can stay in the Crazy Horse for fifteen and a half hours." That
would give him just enough time to get to the tennis court.
But he'd have to stay up all night and then play tennis for
eight hours.
That's right. I figured he'd be really tired. I said, "If you step
outside the Crazy Horse, you lose." He agreed, and we made the
bet. Well, he ran out of money and they were going to kick him out.
He called up a friend to bring him more money. He stayed up all
night, then went and played his tennis. He won the bet, then asked,
"You want to bet again?" I almost did it to him, but I couldn't. I said,
"Go get some sleep."
You must think you have an edge when you make a bet like
that.
What edge did I have when I bet the $100,000 on the tits? That
was a free roll.
One time we were playing backgammon and I bet a guy he
couldn't run the mile in eight minutes and twenty seconds. Huck
overheard me and said, "Are you kidding? I could do that
backwards." So Chip [Reese] and I bet him $5,000. It was four in
the morning and we went to the track with a stopwatch. He ran it
backwards in nine minutes, which is pretty good.
Yeah. It's fun to make money. It's how you keep score as a
gambler, really. We're not in normal society. If I ask someone how
much money he makes, that's a very rude question. But if I ask a
gambler, "How did you do last night," and he says he won $20,000
or lost $30,000, that's a normal question for gamblers.
I think I would have done better financially as a stock trader. I
Was sitting with two traders I know the other day who both will
become centi-millionaires. These two are very smart, extremely
hard-working, good gamblers. They were both backgammon
players when they were younger. I wouldn't trade my life for theirs.
I don't want to get up at five in the morning and look at some
computer screen all day long. I want to go to the pool. I want to fly
to Hong Kong.
That's right. When they made the movie Casino, I saw Robert
DeNiro, Joe Pesci, and Paul Anka ask permission to sit with Doyle
Brunson and Chip Reese to watch them play poker. A lot of people
even very rich people, would love to be that professional poker
player.
Yes, but I think that often the nerds don't know how to get the
money down. I think there's a good marriage to be made with them.
I consult mathematicians when I make bets. What do you think
about this? What sort of edge do I have? I'm not smart enough to
figure it out. I use them as a resource.
Chip said something when someone said the nerds are going to
end up with all the money. He said, "Yeah, but they aren't going to
have as much fun." I think that's true.
Svobodny Notes
1—Paul Magriel
On the drawsheets of elite backgammon tournaments,
sandwiched between the more conventionally named top players,
like Nack Ballard, Mike Svobodny, or Dirk Schiemann, you might
spot one entrant with the unlikely name X-22 ("X" to his friends!).
How did a former math professor and one-time New York Junior
Chess Champion named Paul Magriel evolve into backgammon
World Champion X-22?
In the late 1960s, Paul, like many young New York City
gamesmen, frequented the Mayfair Club (see "Tomchin Notes,"
Chapter 5). It was there that he learned to play backgammon.
Obsessive behavior and genius are often linked, and both traits
are found in abundance in the upper echelons of game players— not
all expert game players are geniuses, but almost all are obsessive.
Still, even in this world, so heavily populated by the weirdly
obsessive, Paul stood out. For a while he played with mirrored
sunglasses, and his jerky movements suggested that he really was,
as another of his nicknames had it, a "Human Computer." Even
today, Paul is known for his tics while playing. He has a tongue
more unruly than Michael Jordan's; like an escaped boa, it wags at
passersby as he calculates.
Realizing that tournament play had several unquantified
nuances, he set out to solve the tournament puzzle. At the time there
Were no books on match play; the backgammon books then in print
offered little more than coverage of the rules and a set of
recommendations for playing the opening rolls. Paul created a 64-
player tournament drawsheet, labeled the entries X-l through X-64,
and played both sides of every game in every match. It took him
months, but he painstakingly recorded the results and developed a
feel for the strategic differences that characterize match play.
Finally, it came down to a duel between X-34 and X-22, and when
the latter triumphed, Paul assumed X-22 as his nom de guerre.
It quickly became apparent that Paul was an unusually talented
player, and after winning a World Championship in the early '70s,
his reputation was confirmed. During the backgammon craze of the
'70s, many newspapers carried backgammon columns (similar to
the bridge columns that survive today). Paul became the
backgammon columnist for the New York Times, which also
published his book, Backgammon (1976). In it, Paul coined the
vocabulary and created the working methods that have been used
ever since for thinking and writing about the game. While
computers in recent years have discovered the few problem
positions (out of hundreds) that were misanalyzed, Paul's book
stands today as the foundation of modern backgammon and is
universally acknowledged as the greatest work ever penned on the
game.
By the early 1980s, quite a few players had reached Magriel's
level. Far from diminishing his reputation, it enhanced it—more
than half the world's best players were his students! He began
playing poker and won Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker.
Today, he still plays poker, flies around the world holding seminars,
and gives private lessons to the well-heeled. Though he plays
backgammon only occasionally, Paul Magriel is still considered a
formidable opponent. In June 2002, he won a premier event—
defeating Mike Svobodny in the Las Vegas Masters.
2—Backgammon Points
The basic unit of backgammon scoring for tournament or
money games is 1 point. A point is won when a player either
removes all checkers (playing pieces) from the board before his
opponent, or offers a double, which the opponent chooses to pass
(see "Doubling Cube"). A win is doubled—a "gammon"—if, when
the player removes his last checker, his opponent has not yet
removed any of his. A win is tripled—"backgammon"—if the
opponent has not yet removed any checkers and at least one of his
pieces is still in the winner's home area of the board.
3—Doubling Cube
No one knows the who, when, or where regarding the invention
of the doubling cube—it might have been in the mid-'20s, and it
probably happened in a New York City bridge club—but its
function represents one of the most perfectly conceived wagering
concepts ever devised. In a nutshell, the doubling cube is used to
raise the stakes in a wager, though its skillful use is much better
described as a leveraging of advantage. While variations are used in
many gambling situations, including such diverse games as
Scrabble, pool, and golf, its primary milieu is, without question,
backgammon.
The initial value of the doubling cube is usually 1, though in
money games players may agree to start higher. A player may,
during his turn but before rolling the dice, offer to double the stakes.
The opponent can choose to concede 1 point, thereby ending the
game, or "take" the double and agree to play for 2 points. Having
six faces, the cube's markings are 2-4-8-16-32-64, and the taker
assumes control of the cube, and may redouble (or not) at his option.
(Obviously, in a 15-point match, any turn beyond the 16-point level
is redundant, and even at money play, 16- and 32-cubes are
somewhat rare. Certainly, cube levels beyond 64 have been
achieved, though the more "unreal" the cube level, the more the
winner should worry about whether he will be paid.)
The mathematics of doubling seems quite simple—at first. If
the doubling option is offered, you must accept it if you have a 25%
chance of winning the game. Assume that in two four-game
samples, you have exactly a 25% chance of winning. The first time
around you pass on the doubling option, ceding 1 point each time,
for a net loss of -4. The second time around you accept the double
each time, then lose three games while winning once. Again, your
net is -4. If you pass when your chances are less than 25% and take
when they are more, in the long run you'll come out far ahead of
alternate strategies, such as "always take," "always pass," or
"operate randomly."
In real life, however, doubling is enormously complicated. First,
now do you know when you're above or below 25%? Some simple
endgame positions may be precisely calculated and some situations
lend themselves to fairly accurate measurement. Beyond that
though, it gets messy. Handling the cube in tournament play ;' even
tougher. In money play, each point is worth a fixed and real value.
In tournaments, points beyond the score needed to win a match are
worthless, so there are oddities and exceptions, especially near the
end of the match. America dominated world competition for many
years, in great part because players from other parts of the world
had no idea how to properly use the doubling cube.
4—Props
The term prop is gambler-speak for a "proposition bet," which
is a wager that is outside the normal rules of a game (for example,
"I'll bet I can beat you at golf using only my putter"). In
backgammon, props involve specific positions or doubling-cube
decisions. The player offering the proposition will set up a position
and ask, "Which side do you think is the favorite?" If a wager is
arranged, the game will be played out over and over from that spot
with the agreed-upon wager at stake each time. "Proposition
hustlers" offer props that appear to greatly favor the opponent, but
actually give the prop hustler a big edge.
Props involving sports prowess and bizarre challenges are also
common.
5—Banking
In many jurisdictions, casinos or card rooms are prohibited from
accepting wagers. They provide the game (table, dealer, chips, etc.)
and charge a fee to play. The players must bet among themselves,
with someone assuming the typical role of the casino and "banking"
the game. The bankers—either individuals or organized groups—
make their money as a casino usually does, by playing with the
built-in house advantage.
STAN TOMCHIN
We sat down and started playing, I think for $1,000 a point. y[y
strategy at that point was to make the game as complicated as
possible. Either I made a prime or I had a back game. Those were
my choices. Back in those days, if you really made the position
complicated, people didn't know how to dig their way out. It's like
chess. Some masters won't make the best move; they make the most
complicated move. I applied a lot of chess principles to my
backgammon game, which is why I think I was as good as I was.
I never got into a race. Say you look at a situation and think,
hey, I'm fifty-five percent in the race—I'll go for a race. Bullshit!
Why do you want to be [only] fifty-five percent against a pigeon in
a race? You're going to win seventy percent of the games if you just
throw the checkers on the board and let them land. I kept grinding
and grinding and I must have won $15,000 or so. Slow but steady.
Ezra got up from the table after a day or two and said, "You're too
good. I don't want to play." He knew, he could feel, that it was an
uphill battle. In his mind he was supposed to win these positions,
and he wasn't winning them.
So we'd done well, won some money, and we were in London
at a place called the White Elephant. It was a casino owned by a
gambler who liked to play backgammon. We were trying to get a
game with this guy, because he had plenty of money. It was an ideal
situation, because again, Paul was the player and I was the backer.
If they didn't want to play Paul, they played the backer. So Paul was
in the casino playing some roulette, which at that time Was his
favorite game. He'd come up with the idea that if you doubled up
after every loss3...
Oh no!
So I had to take the money away from Paul and get a different
safe-deposit box—he was about to lose it all.
I remember bankrolling Paul in these backgammon
tournaments. We would go down to St. Martin or Paradise Island. It
was pitiful. The pigeons were lined up. There were no sharpies. It
wasn't like today. There was Arthur Dickman maybe. Eventually,
Chuck Papazian got involved a little bit and he would come to a
tournament; Chuck was a great player. Paul would be broke. I'd
have to give him plane fare and set him up with people who had
millions and millions. If you sat down with these people, you were
going to win a hundred points. I'd set him up in these games and at
the end of the week I'd have to cover his losses. He lost! I said, "Paul
how could you lose to these people?" "Well, the cube got to sixty-
four." I said, "You're not here to gamble with them. You're here to
beat them. They want to write you a check. What are you doing?"
There was an older woman who was very wealthy. One night
we played, and at one point I must have been up a couple hundred
thousand. One of the things you learn as a gambler is that you have
to look at the person you're playing and make a judgment. What
does that person expect to lose? You don't want to beat them for
more than they expect to lose. If it's too much, you have to lose it
back until you get to a level where they're willing to pay. Part of
playing is, you have to get paid. I remember, I was up maybe 30,000
points. My girlfriend at the time was sitting next to me and she
couldn't believe it. She had never seen action like this.
We played into the night and the woman won and won and we
wound up within a few points of even. It didn't bother me, because
I knew she would play the following week. We both got up from the
table and my girlfriend said, "That's all? I want more." So we looked
at each other and sat back down. She ended up writing me a check
for three or five thousand. It didn't really matter what I won, because
all she was going to pay was what she was comfortable paying.
I wasn't cheated [to a great degree]. But yes, there was cheating
going on.
It turned out that Scoundrel was very popular in London and tad
a big following of wealthy people who were betting enormous
founts of money on him. I knew I was cheated, but I paid. I always
try to put my bad feelings aside as quickly as possible. I resolve my
conflicts. I've learned how to overcome my emotions with regard to
people who try to take advantage of me. And people have advantage
of me all the time. I'm the biggest pigeon there is.
In what way?
How could you not want the information? You're right; some of
them are pretty stupid.
Gradually I shifted my interest from backgammon to sports
betting. One of my bridge partners was a sports bettor at a time
when they thought nobody could beat sports. All the bookmakers
would laugh, but he knew what he was doing. He would bet on
Saturday, twenty or thirty games. He'd bet a couple of games for me
and I'd root with him. I started developing an interest in sports
betting. In time it overshadowed backgammon. I loved playing
backgammon and winning the money, but sports betting had
uninvited potential; there was no competition.
The bookmakers got a line from some other bookmaker. There
were different lines in different parts of the country. Nobody really
knew what the line should be. There wasn't a lot of research. Most
people who bet lost.
I had a good friend who would go down to Times Square and
buy all the out-of-town newspapers. Remember, there was no
Internet. He would buy thirty or forty out-of-town newspapers and
discard everything but the sports sections, then bring them to my
apartment. All I would do was read sports sections. I became
absorbed with keeping statistics and tracking what was happening
with all the teams. Say a sports writer for the Atlanta Journal
decided that the Atlanta Hawks were beaten up and were going to
have a bad road trip. This was great, because it wasn't reflected in
the line. That's really what sports betting is: making a better line
than the bookmakers do.
The bookmakers never believed it. There was an old guy at the
Mayfair that befriended me. He said, "Don't bet. You're going to
lose all your money. Everybody loses."
We became the biggest sports bettors in the country over time.
But the line was terrible. It could be off by a full touchdown in
football. We built an organization around the country to help us bet.
Eventually, we hooked up with the Computer Group in Las Vegas
[see "Walters Notes," Chapter 1]. It became more important for me
to be able to bet than to handicap. I still handicapped, but the
Computer Group did it with computers in a much broader way. They
could handle every game, all the time. We ended up betting huge
amounts of money for years. I guess I started betting in the early
'70s. I moved to Las Vegas for a year.
Back then, would Las Vegas sports books let you bet all you
wanted?
Ian and I were around at the same time and we developed a lot
of the same tactics and discussed a lot. We were friends. I haven't
talked to him in years, but back then we talked a lot. We stayed alive
a long time. I had a small group of players who counted for me. I
would play very high, $500 to $5,000.
You were using them to count shoes for you and call you in?
Right. It was more for the lark and the comps. But I did it
sporadically, maybe half a dozen times a year. Even betting $5,000
a hand, you're not talking about a huge edge.
For me it took two years to attain a level that kids today can get
to in a month. You get a bright kid with a computer, and with the
interchange of data and information, he can become a proficient
backgammon player in three to six months.
That wasn't true. Sometimes I'd bet early in the week. It was
really an art. I used to monitor thirty lines around the country.
Bookmakers are smart. When the world has -7 and a bookmaker in
Dallas has Dallas -6.5, something is wrong there. He's supposed to
be getting Dallas money and he's got -6.5. He knows something. I
don't have to know what he knows. I only have to know that he's
got -6.5 when the rest of the world has -7. I know he thinks that
betting against Dallas is the right place to be. Now, if the computer
says that the game is supposed to be -6,1 would elevate that into a
much bigger play [against Dallas]. If the game is supposed to be -8
or -8.5, I don't want to play. We bet so many games that we didn't
need it. I was very good at that, "reading lines" it's called.
I would think that all the computer teams out there have
made sports a lot more difficult to beat.
It goes against what you said earlier about how they should
want the information.
In the old days, a guy named Bob Martin was the linemaker. He
was a very bright man. He would make the line and the first thing
he would do was call his sharpest bettors and offer his line to them.
When I lived in New York, he would call me, through an
intermediary, to offer me his football line on Sunday afternoon. Say
he had Rams -7 and I took the Rams. Now he knew he should move
it [away from my direction]. On Monday morning when the line
opened around the country it would be Rams -8.5. He would take a
chunk [book a big wager], $10,000 or $20,000, just to get the
information.
Would you say that casinos have the attitude that anything
that's good for the player must be bad for them?
Well, there are a lot of gray areas. Can I call London and have
a friend of mine place a bet? Or call Ladbrokes in London and place
a bet myself from California? It doesn't seem like that should be
illegal. The bet is taking place in London.
You have to know the people behind the casinos and know that
it's okay. Yes, there are some bad people in the industry.
It also seems that many people get an edge and make a lot
of money, but then throw it away at some other form of
gambling where they have no edge.
Forget the money. How about the action? Do you miss that
pump that you get from the action?
Do you remember what the biggest bet you ever made was?
The biggest bet I've made was in real estate. I put eighty percent
of my bankroll in. The biggest bet I ever made at sports for myself
was about $400,000. It was probably '84. Bo Jackson played for
Auburn against Michigan. We'd had a fabulous football season and
won untold amounts of money. Then it was Bowl season and that's
where our strongest edge was. There were two games. A partner of
mine took a vacation, but my other partner and I were more
aggressive, so we were betting larger and larger amounts.
Now we get this game where UCLA is playing Illinois. Half the
team has the flu. I'm not talking about a bridge player or
backgammon player who has the flu and can't think. This is a three-
hundred-pound guy, and he's a little sick. They opened the game at
Illinois -4, which was ridiculous because we made UCLA a 7-point
favorite. The first thing we did was play Illinois -4, because we
knew the pigeons would follow it. The game went to 6 and we
bought UCLA taking 6.5 and 7. The bookmakers were being
overwhelmed with public money on Illinois. I said, "Okay, let's go
bet more." We took 7, we took 7.5, and the bookmakers were dying
for us to take it, because they were loaded on the other side. You
should look up the score, because I don't remember what the score
was. [UCLA won 45-9.]
Now, I think it was the same day, or maybe that night, the last
game of the season. It was Auburn and Michigan. Auburn opened
about -4 and the line runs to -7. We'd already won this other bet and
I said, "What are we supposed to do?" We were way out of our
league as far as money management was concerned, but this was
what I call a gambling opportunity. I'm up so much it doesn't matter
if I lose the game. What should I bet? I have no idea.
We ended up taking 4.5,5,5.5,6,6.5,7,7.5. It was a great game.
Michigan was up one point late in the game and Auburn was
driving. If the game falls 6,1 think we lose a little bit. No, probably
lose a lot, because we took a lot of 4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5. They got the
ball and it was third and goal on the five-yard line and they give the
ball to Bo Jackson. If Michigan can stop Auburn, we know Auburn
will kick a field goal and win by two. That means we win all the
bets. Bo Jackson goes into the line and bumps back. Instead of going
down, he pulls away and runs to the outside and, oh shit, it looks
like he's going in. Some linebacker comes and pounds him and he
goes backwards, but he doesn't fall down. He goes back the other
way and another guy comes and they tackle him on the one-yard
line. The clock had ten seconds left and they kicked a field goal.
Auburn won by two. We won all the bets.
My partner, who was out of the country at the time, comes back
and looks at the books. He says, "What the hell happened? How
could you bet that amount of money?" I said, "I couldn't help it."
The opportunity was there. I knew I had the right side. We made
Michigan a reasonable favorite. The public was all against it, so I
knew we were going to get paid. The bookmakers were making a
fortune. If we lost, it didn't make a difference financially. What's the
difference? A zero here, a zero there.
I didn't. I read about all these people who were buying from
Resolution Trust. All the smartest people who were in the stock
market were getting out and going into real estate. It was the asset
of the '90s. The stock market was terrific in the '90s also, but real
estate is riskless, because you're buying an asset that's undervalued
with income.
The more you know, the more you can take advantage of.
I think you have to find the right people. You sense these things.
You do find them in the business world. How do you know which
bookmakers to bet with? What we tried to do was put people
between us. We had agents. We paid the agents very well to find the
bookmakers and guarantee them. The agents made a lot of money,
but they stood as a guarantee. You had to know that they would do
that.
Gambling is a tough business. You have to have a lot of
discipline. Most young gamblers I see just don't have the discipline.
First of all, they have to go broke. If they haven't gone broke once,
you don't even want to bet on them yet, because they haven't had
that experience. The best businessmen are people who make things
clear in the beginning. What is our deal? What happens if? What
happens if something comes up that neither one of us thought of?
Gambling can be a stepping stone to other areas. I don't think you
can say to yourself, "I'm a poker player and that's it." You have to
go on.
No. I can't bet legally in California, and if I can't bet, I'd rather
watch my daughter play volleyball. I always looked at games as a
tree. You climb the tree and you get to the highest branch you can
possibly get to. When you're there you climb down and go on to
another tree. You go on to the next adventure in life.
Tomchin Notes
1—Bridge Culture
Contract bridge evolved from an old game called whist.
Beginning in the 19th century, refinements were added to whist, and
with each change came a new name to distinguish the altered game
from its predecessors. In 1925, for example, Harold Vanderbilt,
playing "auction bridge" aboard his yacht, dreamed up a new and
more exciting method for keeping score. He named his creation
"contract bridge" (the players contracted to win a certain number of
tricks). Soon after, a young card-playing hustler named Ely
Culbertson, newly arrived in New York from the Soviet Union,
seized on the game as a means of making a name and fortune for
himself. Culbertson had a genius for promotion and within a decade,
bridge players numbered in the tens of millions. (A measure of the
fanaticism inspired by bridge can be found in the 1930 Bennett
murder case, in which Mrs. Bennett shot her husband after he bid a
hand poorly and failed to make his contract.)
Bridge professionals can earn money in a few different ways.
The first is as a paid partner. Today, bridge has nearly vanished from
the home-entertainment scene, but it's still a popular tournament
game. The American Contract Bridge League organizes
tournaments small and large, including several national events held
annually that draw as many as 20,000 tables over 10 days of play.
Bridge tournaments for the most part charge minimal entry fees and
don't award cash prizes. So what's at stake? "Master points."
Accumulate enough points through tournament winnings and you
earn various designations of "master." Though there are now other
ranks above and below it, the rank most familiar to the outside
World is "life master." For the bridge fanatic, the acquisition of
points is a consuming passion. Since you must win events to obtain
points, it's important to have a good partner, and that's where the pro
comes in. He (or she) is a hired gun, paid for partner services. An
established professional gets at least $500 for a day of play, with
name players earning considerably more.
A pro's second way to earn money at bridge is, simply, to
gamble on it. In clubs or private games, stakes usually run from lc
to 10c a point. The nickel and dime games are most common, but
stakes of $1 or more are not unheard-of. Serious players crank
through four hands in a half-hour or less, and an average result
might be 1,000 points, with occasional rubbers (rubber bridge:
Vanderbilt's original method) swinging several thousand points. In
the course of an evening, even a dime game can lead to a $1,000
win or loss; when the stakes climb north of $1 a point, serious
money is being exchanged.
A third, though less common, way to earn money at bridge is
through team play, as national or international championships are
primarily team events, and occasionally a rich patron will sponsor
a team. Texas businessman Ira Corn hired a half-dozen young pros
in the late 1960s and put them on a full-time payroll. This team,
known as the Dallas Aces, was formed to challenge the dominant
Italian Blue Team, which was virtually unstoppable from 1957 until
the '70s. The Blue Team disbanded for a few years and the Aces
won the world championships in 1970, '71, and '72. The members
of the Aces all went on to continued success, with one pair, Bobby
Wolf (now a syndicated columnist) and Bob Hamman, considered
to be one of the greatest partnerships of that era.
While many storied gamblers have turned their talents on
bridge, the game has also attracted notable names from the world of
high finance, including Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, Ace Greenberg
(of Bear Stearns), and the late Malcolm Forbes. Players such as these
often hire entire teams of famous pros as partners.
2—Mayfair Club
Bridge clubs have been around since the days of Cavendish, an
18th century Englishman who was an expert whist player. Within
the confines of these clubs, bridge, backgammon, and other games
are often played for stakes.
One modern-day bridge club was the Mayfair in New York City.
During the 1960s and '70s, it was run by an irascible bridge legend
named Alvin Roth. Far from upper-crust English card clubs, the
Mayfair was known to its denizens as the "Dump," the sort of place
where some of the more impoverished inhabitants, after a long spell
between winning rubbers or a series of setbacks involving
unreliable steeds, would surreptitiously scrounge through the sofas'
deflated cushions for change, hoping the vermin lurking therein
were not as hungry as they were. Scrofulous it may have been, but
Roth was acknowledged, even by those who disliked him, as
possessing one of the finest minds ever to focus on bridge, and
several generations of the game's best players slouched through the
Mayfair's doors.
It was at the Mayfair that modern backgammon was born. In the
1960s, backgammon's big-name players included Oswald Jacoby,
Johnny Crawford (who wrote the New York Times Book of
Backgammon), and Tobias Stone, co-creator of the Roth-Stone
bidding system. But by the late '70s, only Stone was mentioned in
the same breath with the young elite: Paul Magriel (known as X-
22), Chuck Papazian, Mike Senkiewicz, and Stan Tomchin. Magriel
had written his landmark Backgammon in 1976, and talented young
players flocked to him: Eric Seidel, Roger Lowe, Jason Lester, and
Billy Horan among them, four of the best players of 20 years ago,
and all Mayfair habitues.
During the same era, another backgammon club emerged, much
more genteel than the Mayfair. The Park 65 was founded by Tim
Holland, a golf hustler who'd won three consecutive backgammon
world championships in the 1960s. (See Fast Company, by Jon
Bradshaw, for a profile of Holland.) Plenty of wealthy duffers were
happy to pay for the privilege of playing a three-time world
champion and Holland stocked the exclusive Park 65 like a private
fish pond; for years it was joked that no one with a pulse was
allowed to enter. (In the mid-'80s, after his world-championship
win, Mike Svobodny amazed his friends by charming his way in.)
Louise Goldsmith, a former Mayfair player who'd been running
Park 65 for Holland, later opened a club called the Coterie, home to
the best in the late '80s and early '90s.
All of these clubs are now gone from the scene. Of the several
dubs that provide "action" in New York today, the heir to the
Mayfair is Alan and Lourdes Steffens' Ace Point Club, which
attracts not just New Yorkers, but Danes, Russians, Israelis, and
other Players from around the world. These players may be better
heeled than their counterparts of 20 years ago (some special
chouettes are said to require a $40,000 cash buy-in), but they have
two things in common with their forebears: They still dress like they
make their livings returning soda bottles for the deposit, and they're
unquestionably among the best players in the world.
3—Martingale Folly
Sooner or later all gamblers are enticed by a betting system.
These systems are also called "progressions," because they call for
bets to get progressively larger as a sequence goes on. The oldest
and most famous of these systems is called the "Martingale." It
entails betting an even-money proposition, such as red or black on
the roulette wheel. The bettor bets one unit, and if he loses, he then
bets two units. If he loses again, he wagers four units, and continues
to double the bet until he wins. Once he wins, he will recover all
losses and be ahead by the original one unit. After winning, the
Martingale player withdraws his bet and begins again with a one-
unit bet. The problem with this system is that you will eventually
hit a bad streak that runs long enough to produce a catastrophic loss,
on average exceeding the sum of all the small victories. The
important thing to remember about all systems is that no method of
betting your money, by itself, can overcome a negative-expectation
game.
4—Using Magnets
One way that players cheat in games involving dice is to insert
tiny weights, called "loads," into one side of the dice. The side with
the load is heavier, causing the dice to land more often with that side
down. A more subtle and sophisticated method is to use a much
smaller load that's affected by a magnet. Then a magnet is
positioned under the game board to affect the dice as they're rolled,
or the board can be wired with an electromagnet. In this case the
current, or "juice," can be turned on and off. These are also called
"juice dice."
6—Expected Value
Also called "expected win/loss," "expected return,"
"expectation," or simply "EV," expected value is an assessment of a
gambling proposition's mathematical worth. An indispensable
measure for proficient pros, most major gambling decisions are
ultimately made based on expected value.
CATHY HULBERT
Non-professional, as a kid.
No, it wouldn't have been as a kid. It would have been in Las
Vegas.
From five years old on, all I ever wanted to do was play games
And I was always the best.
Twenty-four.
Was that the idea? I'm going to go to Las Vegas and ...
Yep.
Right.
Didn't you think you should try playing at home to see if you
even liked it?
I knew that all I liked doing was playing cards. And poker is the
only card game where you can gamble for large amounts of money.
I was thinking about this the other night and laughing. I went to
the Stardust and began talking to a blackjack dealer. I was pretty
intimidated, sitting there and getting acclimated to the environment,
and he said, "Blackjack is so simple. I can teach you. On my break
let's go back to your room."
On his break.
Right.
That's amazing.
You'd been in town five minutes. I'm sure you could have
had the guy fired immediately.
Do you remember the first time you went to the poker table
in Vegas?
Mid-'70s.
Right.
Just from scratch. I met the other members of his blackjack team
and learned the concepts of team play and standard deviation1 and
fluctuation.2 I seemed to absorb this type of information. Even
though I don't have a mathematical background, Peter, who's a
mathematical genius, says I have an intuitive ability to understand
what's correct without being able to do the computations myself. I
know the right questions to ask and the right person to ask them of.
1
For this and subsequent numeric references 2-4, see "Hulbert Notes" at the end of this chapter.
So, you were still dealing blackjack at the Union Plaza while
studying counting?
For about three months.
Peter was ready to travel to Europe, but that was also when
Resorts International first opened in Atlantic City3 [in 1979]. Up
until then I'd played only a short amount of time for very small
stakes.
Peter was going to team up with Ken Uston. Ken's and Peter's
life philosophies were so different that there was no chance these
two people would ever get along outside the specific need of the
time, which was to put a bankroll together. But Ken needed a
bankroll. His group didn't have any money.
They did, but not enough because they wanted to flat-bet the
maximum.
OK, so Ken and Peter get together, and Peter says, "I have
this girl who can play." And Ken said ...
Were you paid for that? Or did you just have the "honor" of
sitting there with Ken Uston?
Wow.
Poor guy. So you went to Europe with Peter and the Czechs?
Maybe I've forgotten the way the world was twenty years
ago, but it's amazing to me that they wouldn't even test you to
see if you knew how to play.
The world was amazing twenty years ago. I do have to give
Peter a lot of credit for standing up for me even though we were in
a personal relationship. Now we went back to Europe and we
hooked up with Alan Woods and some others.
When we came back from that first European trip, that's when I
started playing. It was in Vegas.
Right.
How did they pick you off so quickly? I would have thought
like Peter: A woman in Vegas playing against four decks? They'll
never figure this out.
Very quickly.
There was one situation at the Hilton where I had been barred.
I guess I didn't keep very careful track of which shift I was barred
on, because I was being barred so frequently. A situation occurred
where I was meekly sitting there pushing out my quarter chip. I'd
only been at the table five minutes when a pit boss came by and
said, "Deal past that girl." I felt like Mario Thomas. "That Girl." The
attention it brings from the other players is amazing. They're like,
"What did she do? She's just sitting there." Then I looked at the
bosses and I realized I was on the same shift I'd gotten barred the
day before. That's when two security guards grabbed my shoulders
and I went for a scuttling ride across the casino floor. They took my
head, stuck it in the crap table and said, "Why don't you play some
craps with that cheating money of yours? How about some roulette?
But don't you ever, ever, come in this casino and play blackjack
again." And then they just Picked me up by the shoulders and
dragged me out. I was literally pushed out the front door. Women
don't like going through that type of thing.
Trespassing.
What was that about? They'd barred you and you went back
in, so they had the right to arrest you?
You went back to Europe and now you were a real player.
I always felt like we were slightly behind the big money. The
Czechoslovakians had gone through Spain just burning every
casino. Our group was using Peter's strategy of gingerly hitting
them. If you take a big score, move on the next day. But the
Czechoslovakians' approach was, "We don't care. We're never
coming back here again. Just burn it to the ground." So we were
always following the trail of the Czechoslovakians. While we were
in Europe, they were making a big score as the Samurai Seven, as
we called them, in Macau. So we went in their Samurai wake. We
were always right behind their tracks.
Months and months. The only time I ever got to stay put was in
Salzburg for a few months and in Berlin for several months.
Yeah, I made a lot of money. I did bottom out at one time after
we broke a bankroll.
I got that back, but it took six months, because Barclay's had to
do their own investigation into whether this was set up. How do you
explain to a British bank that, oh, I just happened to have $70,000
in my purse. It sounded so hokey. They did pay it off, but told me
never to buy Barclay's traveler's checks again. I've never been able
to buy a traveler's check since then, because I have that record of
having that amount of money stolen from me.
Is this just part of the business? Were you ripped off other
times?
I've never known anyone ripped off more than me. Which is
why the Czechoslovakians had a good point. They didn't want to
have a young woman on their blackjack team, because she had to
carry large amounts of money and she might fall prey to anybody
who Wanted to rob her. She'd be an easy mark. I've been robbed
several times. Nothing compared to the Spanish monstrosity.
Ever at gunpoint?
Let's get back to Europe after you had your money stolen.
How many days a week were you playing? How many hours
a day?
But then you also lived the good life of the big player. What
is it like to be treated like a high roller?
I've done team play with poker. I don't mean going out and
cheating together. But pooling our resources. It was an experiment.
We tried it and it was a gigantic flopperoonie. I would never play
blackjack on my own. The fluctuations are just devastating. The
fluctuations in poker are much less.
I guess not, because I never think about it. But poker is very
solitary. I've certainly made the differentiation between the
suffering. I've felt pain in taking blackjack losses, but because it's
so mathematically rote, there aren't any mistakes. In blackjack I was
used to falling back on a mathematical formula. You always come
away saying, I did the best I could. I knew what the proper plays
were. I made them. I lost. So there wasn't the pain of thinking, I've
made an error.
In poker, you always come out of a session saying, I think I
made an error. You start analyzing every hand you played. It turns
into a different kind of pain when you lose. It gnaws at you. In poker
there isn't a mathematical formula. So if you're the type of person
who doesn't recover from errors quickly, you have a big lesson to
learn [how to recover quickly] before you get any better. There are
so many stumbling blocks.
In going from being a hotshot blackjack player to the world of
Poker, I had to face emotional deficiencies in my personality. I had
to realize that if I didn't overcome them, I would never be a winning
player. It took me years to become a winning player.
Really? Years?
I've kept records for every single day I've played poker for
twelve years.
Three years.
Slot machines were the grimiest, dirtiest, hardest work I've ever
done. It's the lowest form of gambling you can do. I can't take credit
for any of this. Someone else introduced me to it. In gambling,
certain situations arise and die very quickly. You have to take
advantage of a situation when it's ripe, because it's not going to last.
At that point there was money to be made in slots. Even though it
meant getting my hands dirty, staying up for twenty-four hours at a
time, stretching myself out, having problems with the IRS, and
being forced to trust other people who were probably stealing left
and right. I decided at that point in time to work really hard again.
I'd worked hard playing blackjack going through Europe. Then I
took a vacation. When my vacation was over it was time to make
money again. I had someone instruct me on the proper machines to
play. We had a team of slot players. Eventually, I formed my own
geriatric slot team, which was really funny.
So you had these little old men and ladies that you hired to
pull the handle ...
You would think that the casino would love to have you.
I know, because they can only make more money, and more
money, and more money. I guess if I had to play devil's advocate I'd
say their reasoning was, if the jackpot was going to be hit, they
wanted it to be hit by someone who would spend that jackpot in the
same casino. If it was hit by a professional slot player—in my case,
for example—it was going to be spent at Nordstrom's.
That was pretty short-lived. But it was brutal because if you had
a bank of eighteen machines, and I had two of my geriatrics on it, I
was afraid they were going to die before the jackpot was hit. It was
just nerve-racking. The last thing I ever wanted to do was leave a
machine before that jackpot was hit. But sometimes the jackpot
wouldn't hit for forty hours. You'd have to exchange players, and
worry about whether there had been any cheating done by the
casino. It was an expensive venture. Then dealing with the IRS, and
the paperwork—it was a nightmare. There are lots of people who
still do it.
Right, and they watched their life savings being emptied into a
slot machine. It has to be the lowest form of gambling. It was so
much stress and so much hard work, only to meet up with the IRS
at the end of the tunnel.
Was the money worth it? What kind of money could you
make playing slot machines?
If I was doing it, I must have thought the money was worth it.
That's not a bad living. There are a lot of people reading this
book who I think would be ready to pack their bags and move to
Las Vegas and start playing slot machines—dirty hands and all.
While you were playing the slots you were living in Vegas
and started playing poker?
I had just gotten back from my slot play and I had this curiosity
about anyone in the games world who was known as "The Best." I
was playing recreationally at Caesars Palace at the time, and that's
where he played. His guru-like manner fascinated me, and he was
going to speak at the Hilton on 7-card stud. I went with a friend. We
call what happened the "world's greatest gambling renege."
We were sitting there before the lecture began, and I was trying
to coax my friend into asking out a girl he'd liked for over a year.
He said, "You don't understand what it's like for me to ask
somebody out. It would be like you asking Dave Heyden out in front
of these four hundred people." And I said, "If I ask Dave Heyden
out in front of all these people, will you ask Lily out?" Cut to the Q-
and-A period after the lecture. Even though I have a lot of
fearlessness, I was becoming paralyzed at the idea of actually doing
it.
I thought, how ridiculous that I'm even thinking this. But I felt
like I'd been dared, and I hate to turn down any dare. I remember
putting my hand up a tiny little bit and immediately David said,
"The young woman in the back of the room." I stood up, and I
remember my legs shaking, and I called him Mr. Heyden. I said,
"Could you give me the exact odds on my chances of getting a date
with you?" The whole room cracked up. This was on video and
when we saw it later it was like there was an immediate connection.
Even though he's blind as a bat and couldn't see me in the back of
the room, his whole demeanor changed. It makes you believe in a
psychic connection. There were hands up all over the room and he
called on me. A week later we were living together.
But you had records to show how much you were losing per
hour.
Yes, but I sure was having fun. You know, "I lost $10,000 today
but had lots of fun—it was a four-star fun day!" All of a sudden I
had the great fortune of being with the world's greatest poker
teacher.
What was that like, going from blackjack, where people are
very honest and scrupulous, to this world of...
Was there ever an epiphany? Did you wake up one day and
say "I'm a winning player"?
Really? You could lose for a year? Poker players play a lot of
hours.
Those are separate records I keep. But now, after doing this for
ten years, I have a PMS chart. I discovered that my results were very
shaky for four days every month. I said "Damn! Why didn't I realize
this ten years ago?"
Do you take those days off?
That's fascinating.
It's not fascinating, it's infuriating. I'm not saying this is true for
all women. I just have to recognize it's true for me. And being a
feminist, I don't want to say now we can never have a female
president. You could never have me as a woman president, because
I'd blow something up.
Was that because the level of the other players was so much
better?
Even really terrible players at that level still had the savvy to
bet marginal hands on the end, which means there were bets I was
having to pay off that I didn't have to pay off at the middle limits.
People, even when they're bad, are usually aggressive at the higher
limits. You'd rather be with someone passive.
You just have to give up all ego, which is another reason I've
stayed in action while other people of equal skill level are on the
rails now. They can't get over themselves. Of course, the first time
others see me drop down limits, there's going to be whispering,
gossiping, full of happiness that I've failed. That's upsetting for a
couple of days, then who cares? I'm still in action and they're on the
rail. In the poker world, like in many worlds, people feel personal
success watching someone else's failure. It makes them feel good.
Right.
That's the nature of the poker world, isn't it? This year it's
here and next year it's somewhere else?
Oh no, $40-$80.
I don't know about the vice versa. I can only comment on the
many tournament winners who go into a ring game and are a
complete joke. They lose all their tournament winnings there. The
vice versa I don't have the information to discern if that's true or not.
There are certain skills, but they're pretty easy to adapt to
tournament play: mainly to scrunch up and become really tight in
the beginning hours and then just wait, wait, wait. Plus, you have to
have a huge amount of stamina to play tournaments. My thought
processes break down after about six-and-a-half hours. At the end
of a tournament I'm always more weary than I want to be. I've
played tournaments, and being at the final table is an incredible
adrenaline rush. I think that's what keeps them so popular. There's a
lot of recognition.
I did that recently and I enjoyed myself. But it's quite a zoo
atmosphere and I like familiarity when I play. Whenever you go to
a new casino there's a whole period of adapting to its rules, its
floormen. I like the special attention I get by going to the same place
every day, being a big fish in a small pond.
I've always remarked that most women don't gravitate to it. It's
a very hostile world. There are a lot of reasons more women don't
play poker. First of all, I think women equate chips with money.
When I put four hundred dollars into the pot in one round, it's an
investment to me and I expect a certain return on it. Other women
put in four hundred dollars and think, that could buy something
new—maybe a washer-dryer. They don't have the ability to separate
the two. We're a more protective gender. We want to keep things.
Also, to be really good, you can't have compassion at the table.
Or if you do, you have to stifle it. There was a player who had thirty
dollars in chips in front of him. He was sitting next to me and
shaking his head and he said, "My wife is going to leave me. She
said that if I came out to the casino today, she was going to leave
me. I've got a two-year-old child. I can't even buy groceries. This is
all the money I have left." I thought, this is going to make it harder
taking that last thirty dollars. But if it's not me, it's going to be
somebody else.
That was another thing I had to overcome when I was first
playing: feeling sorry for people. There is no room. There isn't
enough earn-per-hour to have sympathy for anyone you're playing
with. I have problems playing with my friends. It's another hurdle I
have to go over. And it's the opposite of what you think: I can't stand
to lose to my friends.
I cannot bear it! There's nothing that infuses me with anger more
quickly than to have a friend win money from me. I have to walk
away from the table to calm down, to shed those feelings. My
friends are very forgiving, which I don't think I would be in return.
I'm always calling them that night saying I'm sorry I said such and
such.
I asked a friend who is very much into yoga and spiritualism
"What draws you into poker?" She said there's something about
each hand that presents itself as a problem to work through. She said
every single hand fascinated her. She said that she's addicted to that
process. People tell me that if I hit a $100 million lottery, I'd still
come in and play poker. I probably would.
Read, watch movies, pet the dogs, shop. I spend a lot of money
in the service industries. It takes a lot of time to get to the masseuse,
the hairdresser, the manicurist, the chiropractor, the psychiatrist.
That's what I'm doing with my time off, spending money. You think
it's easy to show up in a different outfit every day?
Do you think that men can work [take advantage of] women
players, the way women work some men?
I've only met one man, and this was a long time ago, that had
the capability of doing that. He was a pimp. I remember going away
thinking, I fell victim to him because he knew what I wanted to hear.
Isn't that interesting that he had that ability and that I was led astray
in a poker game by him? I've never had anyone else try. Sometimes
people hit on a weakness by accident. Anything that can upset you
at the poker table I consider a weakness. Nothing anyone has ever
said about me being female at the poker table has even dented me.
Oh yes. It's like I sleep with David Sklansky—his book that is.
He's the greatest theorist there is. [David Sklansky is the author of
some of the best known and respected books about poker, including
The Theory of Poker, and Hold 'Em Poker For Advanced Players, with
Mason Malmuth.] Mike Caro is a good writer. He comes up with
original ways of looking at the game. For instance, I once asked
him, "Do you think one color flush is more intimidating than
another color flush? That is, if I have ace, king, queen of spades on
the board, do you think an opponent is more likely to fold than if I
have diamonds, because they're not as intimidating to look at?" He
said he'd thought of that. [Mike Caro is known as "The Mad Genius
of Poker." He has written The Book of Tells, Caro on Gambling, and
many other books on poker.]
Do you have any rules about when you quit for the day?
Like if you've lost a certain number of hands?
Yes, if I'm winning I'll sit there until I fall out of the chair.
Incredibly hard.
Even at low levels. I'm attempting to do it now and it's very very
hard. There has to be innate talent. There are so many parts to being
a winning poker player that can't be taught. At the lower limits, the
rake is so high that the best person in the world may not be able to
win. You have to be in the middle limits to have a chance to survive
the rake.
I own the Wilson Turbo Texas Hold 'Em, and Mike Caro's Poker
Pro. Do I use them? Yes. Especially while I was learning hold 'em.
I use Mike Caro's a lot.
These, and the books, have changed the game. But when it
comes down to it, if you put eight people at the table who have all
read and understood the books, all of the same intelligence, it will
come down to character.
Character?
Hulbert Notes
1—Standard Deviation
Standard deviation, or "SD," is a statistical measure of the
spread of values from their expected result—in layman's terms, a
measure of the boundaries of good and bad luck. Suppose you flip
a coin 400 times. You know that, on average, you should get 200
heads and 200 tails. But you're unlikely to land on exactly 200 of
each. Standard deviation tells us how far off you could land in either
direction. It turns out that you're 95% likely to flip heads between
180 and 220 times (a range of +/-2 standard deviations). Gamblers
use standard deviation to determine how bad (or good) things can
be expected to get when playing a given proposition. If the gambler
is a tails bettor and loses to 250 heads out of 400, standard deviation
alerts him to suspect the honesty of the coin, or the flipper.
2—Fluctuation
To fluctuate means to rise and fall like the waves, which is
exactly what a gambler's bankroll does—even when he's betting
with an advantage. When a gambler hits a losing streak, he may
question whether he has calculated his advantage correctly.
Standard deviation tells him whether his fluctuation falls within a
reasonable range. Negative fluctuation (excessive losses) is one of
the primary reasons for the high failure rate among prospective
professional gamblers. Positive fluctuation is often viewed as the
manifestation of the layman's term "good luck."
ALAN WOODS
A big winner with a big bankroll, Alan Woods bets millions the
way the rest of us bet dollars. He made his first million shorting the
Hong Kong stock market in 1987. He lost it back the next year
shorting the Japanese market. In 1994, he picked up $8 million from
bets on World Cup soccer, betting more than $3 million on a single
game. This is a man who's not afraid of risk.
In his gambling career, Alan has been a world-class bridge
player, a sports bettor, a globetrotting blackjack player, and a market
speculator. But it's betting the horses that made him one of the most
successful gamblers in history. His two-story penthouse atop one of
Hong Kong's most exclusive apartment buildings looks across the
harbor to Kowloon, the New Territories, and into China. Directly
below is Happy Valley, one of Hong Kong's two racetracks, where
Alan has won more than $150 million using a sophisticated
computer model to handicap the races.
Alan grew up in Murwillumbah, Australia, a small town on the
northeast coast of New South Wales. After a brief stint in the
actuarial department of a Melbourne insurance company, he faced
a major life decision. He had three options: He could make $5 an
hour as a professional bridge player, move to Sydney and go to
Work on the newly opened futures exchange, or try to make it as a
professional blackjack player. Blackjack won out.
After five or six years of traveling the world as a card counter,
he and a teammate moved to Hong Kong to bet the horses. They
believed that a computer program designed to model horse racing
Would give them a big advantage. They were right.
The way Alan and his team play the horses doesn't look at all
like gambling. There's no excitement over which horse wins or
loses. Alan often doesn't even watch the race. It's all about numbers
traveling across a computer screen.
Still active in the stock market, at one point during our interview
he glanced over at a Bloomberg monitor set up in his living room
and smiled: "I might be losing half a million dollars here while we're
talking."
You jump right in, don't you? My first experiences were at age
seventeen or eighteen, while home on holidays from University. I
played a card game called solo with my parents and brother and
sister. It's quite a good gambling game.
Yes, but very small money, although my sister would often cry
if she lost. This was five-cent stuff. If my sister lost playing poker
or solo, she would end up in tears.
Not really. I'd played chess prior to this, but on relatively few
occasions. I grew up in a country town, so I would never have heard
of bridge, for example. Now Monopoly I'd probably heard of, but I
didn't play it much. Age seventeen was probably my introduction to
games.
Was blackjack the first game you looked at and thought, "I
can make money at this?"
By this time I was in Sydney and other places, but I don't think
I was aware of how-to books about anything. If I went into a
bookstore, I'd look at the fiction. But even if I had gone looking for
them, there probably wouldn't have been anything worthwhile
there. A lot of the poker that we played was dealer's choice, wildcard
rubbish. I used to play bingo with a couple of friends in a beachside
resort not far from where I lived. We usually won at that—I think
because most of the other players were so old and senile they would
miss the numbers. Despite the house rake of fifty percent, these
players were so dim-sighted or senile, we might have actually had
an advantage there.
I'd also gotten involved in horses by this time. For a brief period
I was semi-addicted to them, so I lost far more on them than I should
have. I don't remember paying horses much attention until one
particular day. One of Australia's top-class races was on with two
very good horses in it, champion horses. There was a third horse
that was a mudlark, and it was pissing down rain and muddy.
Mudlark?
Yes.
Did you have a book? How did you know how to count?
The Canadian guys had a book, but I don't remember ever seeing
it. They probably gave us a basic strategy table photocopied out of
it.
So they told you that 2s through 6s are plus one, tens and
aces are minus one, and here is basic strategy... bet more when
the count is plus?
Yes.
You still hadn't read a book? Did you know anything about
Kelly otrproportional betting?
Yes. I'm sure I had Beat the Dealer by then. [Beat the Dealer, by
Edward O. Thorp, contained the first thorough presentation of a
mathematically based card-counting system and was responsible for
popularizing the technique, and the game of blackjack in general.]
Would I have been playing Hi-Opt 2 that long ago? Probably yes.
When I went to the States, I'm sure I was playing Hi-Opt 2 [see
"Hulbert Notes," Chapter 6]. I think someone just gave me the
system.
Who gave it to you? Someone you met there in the casino?
Someone from bridge?
I don't know. I've got no memory of where I got it. But I'm sure
I was playing Hi-Opt 2 and side-counting aces, because that's what
I was doing when I first ended up in the States. I would have
switched to playing the simple High-Low count maybe in late '80 or
'81.
In December of 19791 headed off to Vegas with the friend who
had originally done the calculations for the consulting actuaries.
So you won $16,000 and set off for Vegas. Was the plan to
stay there as long as you were making money or were you just
going for a set amount of time?
Yes.
No, Peter and Ken Uston had fallen out by that point in time.
Uston's book was already out by then.
Out of a $100,000 bankroll I might have had twenty or twenty-
five thousand invested, and Peter probably had fifty or sixty
thousand. How much did we make in those two weeks? I guess
approximately $100,000.
I'm really not sure that he knew at that point how they were
cheating; I found out years later from a guy in Korea how they did
it. There were girls stationed next to the dealer. There was a flap
covering the front of the shoe, which had to be pushed up in order
to pull the next card out. When they pushed up the flap, they also
pushed up the next card so the girl could see it and tell them what it
was. Now they had a choice of pulling the known card down into
their hand or dealing it to you. If you're hitting a twelve and they've
got a ten saved up there, they can bust your hand with it.
That was my only one. No, actually I had another one in Manila
later, when I gave a guy I'd just met $20,000 to carry on the plane
with him. When we went to catch the plane, he'd left his baggage at
some other hotel along Rojas Boulevard.
Wait, you just gave some guy you'd never met $20,000 and
asked him to carry it on the plane?
It sounds like you were more worried about him missing the
flight than you were about him ripping you off.
Of the three times I'm sure I was cheated, twice were in illegal
casinos, one in Seoul and one in Sydney, and the third was that time
in Jakarta. In any of the legal casinos in the States, I think not. The
major casinos aren't going to risk it.
As for losing money backing blackjack players, I guess if you're
part of a team that you're sure has all good and honest players, then
it's okay. But if you start, as I did, backing all and sundry ... I guess
people wouldn't have a very successful record doing that.
Yes. I'd wired $400,000 to the casino. After the session was over
I withdrew the $400,000 in cash and got it in a brown paper bag. So
I'm walking through the casino with $400,000 in a brown paper bag
to deliver to a friend who was also a counter. In retrospect, given
the cameras they have everywhere, and given that my friend was so
well known as a blackjack player, it wasn't a good thing to be doing.
Exactly. As I said, the Protestant work ethic was rearing its ugly
head.
Do you still have that today? You told me many years ago
that all you ever wanted was to have enough money not to work.
But the more money you got, the harder you seemed to work.
That's pretty amazing that this guy hasn't been in any hurry
to collect $9.8 million that he's been owed for four years.
punter—A gambler.
In 1984 just Fred from the blackjack team and I came here.
Well, not working on the model. His partner was setting up the
database. They had girls in Vegas typing things in from yearbooks
that we sent them from over here. How much work Pitts did on the
model or modeling before he came here a year later I don't know.
Probably only five or ten percent was done before he got here in
October '85. After another year, he'd written a fair amount of code.
I'd found a way of winning on the horses that involved selecting my
favorite in the race and betting it if I thought it was an overlay. My
ratings wouldn't win if I tried betting quinellas and tierces and
everything else. This method of just picking the best horse and
betting it if it was an overlay is the American-type method, but I
found I could win doing that. In the latter part of the '85 season,
that's what we were doing, rather than using the computer model.
Well, it was an arbitrage thing using the win tote in the States to
indicate advantageous bets in the show pool. Only, Ziemba's system
was faulty. He'd used a straight mathematical formula to work out
the chance of running second and third given the horse's probability
of winning. But reality is different. Favorites don't run second and
third anywhere near as often as the straight mathematical formula,
which is called Harvel. Harvel was a mathematician who, I guess,
first published a paper on this, although anyone could work it out
independently. It's very simple.
Not too much. The Hong Kong stock market peak was
somewhere around 3,900 at the time. I shorted at 3,800 so there
hadn't been anything like the three five-percent drops. I set up my
position early Monday morning. The Hong Kong market went down
twenty-five percent that day. America followed, crashing another
twenty-five percent that night. I think it dropped five hundred
points. Then they closed the Hong Kong stock market for the rest
of the week. There was some suggestion that the futures exchange
was going to go bankrupt, because some of the people who were
long the futures weren't going to be able to pay. For a little while
there was some suggestion that the people who profited out of this
weren't going to get paid. Eventually, the Hong Kong government
put together a $2 billion dollar buy-out package for the futures
exchange.
Have you set up any kind of rules for yourself about your
entry or exit, or is it all just by feel?
I'm not very scientific about it. I still use an old Australian
method of deciding on a bankroll size, multiplying the bankroll
times the probability, and making that bet. The bankroll size that I
use would be determined partly by the total pool size. To give you
an example, the bankroll that I use for calculating the bets into the
quinella pool might be five percent of the total pool. Sometimes if
the horse is a big overlay on our model, with three times
expectation, this means I might take fifteen percent of the quinella
pool. I've taken more than that. I would guess that my biggest collect
on a single quinella was around thirty percent. It was the last race
of a meeting as well and it paid HK$21 million. That one quinella
was worth US$2.7 million.
Our betting levels now, and for some years, are limited by the
pool size.
I find it funny, though, that you had this comfort level about
betting the horses, but were willing to plunge into shorting the
market for such a huge figure.
But I wasn't risking that much. When I shorted the Hong Kong
market, it wasn't suddenly going to go up by fifty percent. I'd done
it a couple of times before and lost limited amounts of money.
No. I put my head in the sand. I should have gotten out earlier.
In January 1990 I did it again. A couple of weeks later I closed it
out, losing about $15,000, for fear of the same thing that happened
years before. If it started losing $100,000 or $200,000, I'd just not
think about it, find some way of ignoring it, and the money would
have dribbled away as before. Two weeks later, Japan went off the
cliff. I'd been waiting for that for years. I had plans of shorting more
as the market went down. I'd even worked out how much I was
going to make—between US$5 million and US$10 million. There
are a couple of financial things I regret in life. They're both missed
opportunities, rather than the loss on the Japanese markets.
It fell off the cliff and you didn't jump in? Why not?
I wouldn't do it. It's too instinctual. I did another one in '95, and
this is my second regret about lost opportunity. When the U.S. dollar
went down to close to 80 yen, I set up a long dollar position at about
82.5. It briefly went below that to 79 or something. Then it
gradually edged upward. I sold at about 87.4 and made US$2.4
million. At the time, I thought this was a pretty neat little score. But
I should have held it. It capped at 147.
So back to horses.
Right. In those years I didn't work very hard. I'd get prepared
for the race meeting, do the race meeting, be forced to do whatever
accounting I had to do the next day, then forget about it until the
next race meeting.
Anyway, having been up approximately $2.5 million, I'd lost
$2.9 million going into the last race day. I think I won about $400,000
that day to break even for the season. This is what led me to join up
with the Australians. They wanted me to give them the Tele-Quote
information that I'd been saving over the years so they could start
building a model. Instead of selling it, I made them an offer to team
up, which I wouldn't have done if they weren't here already. They'd
come here with Winchester. I needed programmers at the time. [At
this point in the interview, Alan glances at the Bloomberg's screen
set up in his living room] I might be losing $500,000 here while
we're talking.
Yes [he's shorting again]. So in '93, for the first time, I started
programming. It was partly because of that loss that I decided to do
some work on the system. The next year I was with the Australians
and we won about $1.5 million. The next season we won $10
million, and the next season we won significantly more than that.
Are you still winning eight figures a year?
You also bet a lot of money on World Cup soccer didn't you?
It seems that not only are you now beating the races, but it's
also become sort of a poker game figuring out what the other
teams are doing.
I suspect others have given this a lot more thought than I have.
Because of the way we save data to build future models, I can't
generally bet too early. I can't play this strategy game very well. We
would need to get far more sophisticated software to take our bets
back out of the pool and assume they weren't there in order to make
other bets. If I bet too early, it will distort my betting in other pools.
Yes, but it's not one that I worry about too much. Another team
did something far more horrific than anything I've ever done.
Essentially, they overwrote some data for one race meeting that was
crucial to the probabilities for the rest of the season. There were
maybe six race meetings to go, and every time a horse from that
race meeting raced thereafter he would get a very low probability
regardless of how he performed at that meeting. So the last race
meeting they ended up betting on the wrong horses because of this.
But they still won about US$1.5 million.
One day we were betting the double trio, but with very
unsophisticated betting software that wouldn't merge the bets. It
would just print out 8,000 bets and then someone would put a big
bracket around sixty bets and effectively say, "You can combine
these," etc. By mistake, one of the guys double bracketed the same
combination. He bet the same thing twice. This combination
promptly got up (won). Our collect out of the pool was going to be
$5 million anyway, but I think we collected $13 million.
Recently, after I'd printed the bets out in time, one of the girls
[placing the wagers] put down a bet as $50,000, but the operator
repeated it back as $500,000. The girl said, "No, it should be
$50,000." It took a minute or so to correct, so she didn't get all the
bets down. One was a quinella for $30,000 that paid 300-1. We
missed a $9 million collect through her not getting the bet down.
When we don't get bets down, sometimes they don't win and we
save money. But you want to get them down because the advantage
is reasonably big.
He was right.
I would hope I'd retire. It's been my plan for years to retire to
the Philippines and have seven wives.
Woods Notes
1—Overlay
The concept of an "overlay" is an important one in the world of
professional-level gambling. In horse racing, an overlay is a bet in
which the payoff odds are greater than the odds of the horse
winning. For example, if the true chance of a horse winning is one
in three, but the horse is paying 5-1, there's an overlay. Assuming
you bet this horse and the race was run three times, you would lose
one betting unit twice and win five betting units once, for a net gain
of three units. So the winning handicapper is not necessarily looking
for the horse that will win, but the horse that will yield an overlay.
The term overlay has come to be used in many areas of
gambling, describing any situation in which the bettor has an
advantage in a proposition.
2—Pari-Mutuel Betting
Horse betting is based on a pari-mutuel system. Unlike sporting
events, where gamblers bet against a bookmaker, a race bettor is
actually betting against the other bettors. When money is wagered
at the track (or in casino race books), it goes into a pool. The
racetrack takes a percentage of the pool as its fee for providing the
betting service—this fee ranges from 17% to 25%, depending on
the pool type. The remaining money is then disbursed to the winners
in proportion to the amount bet.
For example, if $12,000 is bet in the win pool, the racetrack
takes $2,000 and $10,000 is left. If the wagers on the winning horse
totaled $1,000, those bettors would receive their $1,000 back, plus
$9,000 profit divided among them. The winning bettors receive
odds of 9-1. If $2,000 had been bet on the winner, there would be
$8,000 profit, and the same horse would return 4-1.
DOYLE BRUNSON
No. I was going to coach and teach, but the pay scale was so
bad that I never went into it.
They didn't like it at all. In fact, I hid it from them. My dad never
really knew. He knew that I played poker, but he didn't know that I
was doing it professionally. My mother never really said much
about it. Of course, once you get to be a big success at something,
people are different than they are when you're struggling, starting
off. Most people do struggle when they start off in the poker
business. There are a few exceptions, like Chip Reese [Chip Reese
is interviewed in Chapter 2]. He came to town and he immediately
was one of the better players and has remained so. Most of us have
paid our dues.
Many. That was always one of the perils you faced. You had to
win the money. You had to collect it. You had to keep from getting
cheated at the table. You had to keep from getting robbed. Then you
had to keep from getting arrested by the police. It was an interesting
combination of things that you had to overcome.
That was part of it. Another part was that I'd gotten so far above
the average player that I was becoming unwelcome in some places.
I just won all the money all the time. I had some theories that were
ahead of their time. Most of the good players now know them all,
because of the book [Super/System, by Doyle Brunson], and playing.
Back in those days I almost never lost.
Oh yeah, a lot more skill in no-limit. You have more things you
can do.
I don't agree with that. When I've been playing regularly, I've
never gone loser more than a month. Anytime I lost five times I
would take a week or two off, and reevaluate things to see what I
was doing wrong. I don't believe it's possible to play poker for a
year and lose if you're playing correctly.
When did you come to Las Vegas?
I came here in 1973 to live. I first started coming here in the late
'60s.
Did you have problems with the mob when you moved to
Las Vegas? I've heard they were a problem for the professional
poker players back in the early days.
I think when the World Series of Poker started. It's been getting
bigger and bigger ever since. It's phenomenal the growth it's had. If
I were a young man now I'd be killing myself playing. There are so
many good games and so many tournaments. They have them
worldwide.
Yes, it is, but I won't play in it. To start with, I usually like them
to be a little bit bigger. I like it to be a $10,000 buy-in and this one
is $5,000. Also, I hear the room is smoky; I don't want to go in and
make myself sick.
A little bit. I'm trying to curtail it as much as I can. I've got trips
scheduled to Tunica [Mississippi] and Austria in the near future.
Yeah. I went to France for a poker game. I've been to the Isle of
Man, Australia, Ireland. There are games everywhere. If I were a
young man, as much as I liked to play when I was young, I'd be
going all the time.
I think it's beneficial. Some of the really good players will shy
away sometimes from games that I'm in. But the reputation causes
moneyed people that have read and heard about me to seek me out
to play.
You weren't one of those guys who were rich one week and
broke the next?
I never plunged off and got myself in real bad shape, no. You
have to have discipline. If you don't have it, you can't be a successful
gambler, or a poker player at least. You have to discipline yourself
to do certain things. I think I got all my discipline from athletics. I
was a miler, a long-distance runner, and I was a basketball player.
For my time I was really good. I think I developed a discipline that
carried over into other phases of my life. I love to play. Ten years of
my life are almost a blur where I did nothing but play, sleep, and
eat.
When did you take up golf?
There wasn't when I first started playing. But there came a time
when there was a lot of money. We played some of the biggest
games that have ever been played anywhere. We played for
hundreds of thousands of dollars.
No, I blew out my leg and I can't play. It's been seven or eight
years since I've played. I really miss it. It was good exercise, whether
people say it is or not. I won a lot of money playing golf and I
enjoyed it. There was a group of us around America who were the
real high players. We got together pretty regularly and it was a great
thing.
Yeah, they were better players than we were, but we beat them.
We kept them broke for about a year.
I was working at a gypsum plant and a big pile of sheet rock fell
on me and crushed my leg. If that hadn't happened, I never would
have gotten into the gambling business, so I don't know if it was
good or bad. I was on crutches for two years. It got better. I could
do things on it for thirty years, I guess. But it's why I have problems
now. I walk with a cane or crutch. Since I stopped playing golf I
gained weight, and the knee and ankle have gotten bad. I need an
operation on it, but I hate to go through it.
So I always had an interest in football, baseball, and basketball.
I always bet them, but it was more for pleasure. Then the last ten
years we've gone into computer programming and all that stuff.
Chip and I bet on baseball every year and we've been very
successful. Football too, but not as much as baseball.
Do you have the same kind of problems that Bill Walters
talked about? Problems with the casinos not letting you bet?
It's like blackjack. There are very few people that can
actually beat the game, but the casinos are so afraid of them that
they end up running more good business out the door.
Right.
I don't see it doing anything but getting bigger and better. It's
obvious that the American people like to gamble. It's a crying shame
that we can't get Congress to legalize it and get the taxes from it. I
said that years ago, before they started legalizing it in other states.
The government should step in and legalize gambling everywhere,
but in order to open up a casino, they'd have to be your partner. You
talk about not having a deficit. We'd have so much money in the
treasury, we couldn't spend it.
Yeah.
In movies, tells, like the thing with the Oreo cookie, are
always very overt. In high-level poker, are there tells that are this
distinct?
Sure.
That's all.
You have to do that to pay your taxes, which I have always been
very conscientious about. In fact, my accountant told me one time
that if I ever had any problems he would get up on the stand and
testify that I was the most conscientious taxpayer he'd ever had as a
client. He said that because I wouldn't take some deductions I was
entitled to. I just didn't want problems. These guys that don't pay
their taxes are crazy. The only way you can accumulate things over
time is to pay your taxes. I've always preached that to the young
guys. I tell them just close your eyes and pay. It hurts, but it's the
way to do it.
You said when you came to Vegas the games were revolving
around Puggy Pearson. Was Johnny Moss here at that time?
Moss came a little after I did. Johnny had been out here about
twenty years prior to that and he had some trouble with the mob. He
had to leave to keep from getting killed. He didn't come back for
twenty years.
It was way before my time, but the way I understand it, he had
a problem at the old Flamingo after Bugsy Siegel had been killed.
There was a guy running the place named Gus Greenbaum, and he
was a poker player. All the big games were there and Johnny had
somehow put a couple of guys in the ceiling that were looking at
the cards through a telescope. I don't know the whole story, but I
heard Johnny tell it. Anyway, they caught the guys. They brought
them down and Johnny was sure they were going to kill them, so he
stepped forward and said, "Listen, those guys [in the ceiling] were
just doing this for me. I'm the one who did all this. Let them go." So
they let those two guys go and they still had Johnny there in the
casino. These two guys went out and got shotguns and marched
back into the casino and got Johnny and left with him. So Johnny
didn't go back to Las Vegas for twenty or twenty-five years.
Back in the early '70s when you got to Las Vegas, was there
still cheating going on?
In the '70s, yes. That's when the mob guys were here.
Yes.
I think you're right that the worst thing for Vegas would be
a reputation that people are being cheated.
You get some of that anyway, even in the honest games. People
lose and can't accept the fact that they lost to a better player. So
sometimes they claim that this happened or that happened, when
these games are as honestly run as possible. They have surveillance
cameras on every table, plus the players are watching each other.
I'm convinced that in the upper limits they are one hundred percent
honest. I don't know about the lower limits, because I'm not there.
What advice would you have for the guy who is in college
playing poker who thinks he has what it takes to be a
professional?
Yeah.
Oh yeah. You keep learning as you go. The exact numbers are a
little bit different. For example, in hold 'em I knew about what the
odds of making a flush were. But this tells you one point eight one
to one that you don't make a flush with two cards to come. That's
helpful. You can figure out your pot odds and whether it's
advantageous to call.
No, I was forced into the pot as the big blind. It was down to
two of us. I didn't even think of it, that it was the same hand. The
flop came ten, eight, five. The other guy had the eight and five of
spades. I had two tens and I checked it. He made some small bet and
I called it. Here came a deuce, and at that point I remember thinking,
Here it is again. I checked it and he bet. I moved in on him and he
called it and I caught another ten.
big blind—A forced bet in hold 'em that starts the action.
Typically, the person to the left of the dealer puts up half a bet, called
the small blind, and the next person puts up a complete bet, the big
blind.
flop — In hold 'em five community cards are dealt in the middle
of the table. Three are turned over initially; this is the flop. After a
round of betting, the fourth card, known as the turn, or fourth street,
is dealt. The last card is known as the river, or fifth street.
move in — To bet all your chips. Also known as "going all in."
The first time was it also a case of you being in the blind?
No. The first time it was down to Jesse Alto and me. Jesse was
a notorious steamer. I had just beaten him out of a nice pot and I
knew he was steaming. You understand what I mean by steaming?
He was agitated and really ready to play. He raised the pot and I
called it, which I ordinarily wouldn't have done. I had ten, deuce of
spades that time. He had an ace, jack. The flop came ace, jack, ten.
He made some kind of small bet and I called, and off came a deuce.
He still had aces and jacks against tens and deuces. He bet and I
moved in on him. He called it and the last card was a ten.
Do you now get into situations where the flop comes ten,
deuce and people start to worry and throw their hand away just
because they know the story.
They talk about it, and I attempted to play that hand for years.
Finally, I gave it up, because it's just such a bad hand.
I guess a poker game can last more than a day. What about
the biggest loss?
When you win the World Series, I think that's the ultimate for a
poker player. I don't think there's anything better than that. There
have been times when I needed to win, but that was an awfully big
thrill. Some of the biggest thrills I've had have been playing golf.
There's nothing better than birdying the last hole to win all the
money.-That's a thrill you can't hardly equal. I was lucky enough
that I did win a lot. Like I said, I always matched up where I had a
very tough game, as opposed to most players, who match up where
they have almost a cinch. People wanted to play me because they
knew that I did match up that way.
There were golf games everywhere I went. I had different places
across America that I could go play and have good games. Games
where I thought I could win and usually did. I really had a good time
doing it. I enjoyed playing golf more than playing poker.
You got more action because you gave more gamble; do you
do the same thing at poker?
If the right people are here I play every day. That happens two
or three times a year. Otherwise, I play in the bigger tournaments
and just occasionally.
You mentioned that you play more in the side games than in
the events?
Well, last year I didn't play in it for the first time in thirty years.
I have eight bracelets and I like to play in it. But Jack Binion is one
of my best friends. They had a family fight and I sided with my
friend. There were some hard feelings there. Not on my part, but I
guess on their part. I just didn't feel comfortable going to play. It
was the first one I ever missed.
No, I didn't. I saw how much time it took. I saw Chip start
playing and they would do nothing but play for a month straight. I
thought, my time is full now. So I never even made an attempt to
learn and I'm kind of glad that I didn't.
I'm a good gin player. I wouldn't say I'm great. That was another
game I never really took the time with. I'm better than the average
country-club player. Against the real top players—most of them can
beat me.
I've had a lot of that. The upper echelon of gamblers are the
most honorable people I've ever known. I'm sure they're the most
honorable people in the world. Every time I've gone into business
I've run into problems. Somebody is always trying to screw you.
Their word is no good. You have to have everything spelled out in
contracts. With gamblers, their word is their bond. I'm not saying
that all gamblers are that way, but most of the ones that I deal with
are. If they say, "Let me have $50,000 and I'll get it to you
tomorrow," you'll get it tomorrow. You can't do that in the business
world.
What occupies your time now that you can't golf and don't
play poker that often?
I don't know. I hang out on the Internet and bet sports and trade
in the stock market. I have a couple of dogs that are out getting
groomed. I play with them a lot. My wife and I spend a lot of time
together. We go out to dinner every night. I swim every day.
Poker playing is a great way to live. You don't have to answer
to anybody. You don't have a boss. You don't have any set hours. I
can't imagine a better life. Benny Binion used to say, "If you got
talent, Las Vegas is the land of milk and honey. If you don't, it's a
burial ground." That's the story.
Brunson Notes
1—Puggy Pearson
One gambler who garners tremendous respect from the
Gambling Wizards is Puggy Pearson. Along with Doyle Brunson's
comments in this chapter, Chip Reese and Billy Walters also
discussed Puggy. It's interesting to note the similarities in the
assessments from Reese and Walters.
From Billy Walters: One of the guys I have as much respect for
as anyone in gambling is Pug Pearson. I met Puggy thirty years ago.
Just guessing, he's got about a fifth- or sixth-grade education. I'm
not even sure if Puggy can write, but he's a world-famous poker
player and has been very successful throughout the years. He lived
in Las Vegas when it was controlled by the mob and he's been
exposed to everything a guy could be exposed to in terms of
cheating, teams, and everything else. He's been here for thirty-some
years, and I've seen him get hold of hundreds of thousands of dollars
and then get broke, and start back playing five and ten [limits]. It's
the equivalent of climbing a mountain, getting within two steps of
the top, and getting knocked down about a thousand times. But now
he's got money, he's got a beautiful home, and he's done that by
having an incredible feel, an incredible work ethic, and being able
to navigate and survive in times that most people couldn't. Puggy
has what I call a jungle feel, as good as any man in gambling.
From Chip Reese: When I first came to town Puggy was on his
way to going broke. He went through a bad divorce. He had a nice
family and he just kind of got ruined and fired off all his money.
Then he made a comeback. I used to break Puggy playing
backgammon all the time. He'd get hold of twenty grand, and he'd
come over and we'd play. I'd beat him out of all his money, then I'd
loan him two thousand to go back and scuffle with. But I'll tell you
what he did. He went down to a lower level, which took a lot of
guts, because he'd been king of the hill for a long time around here.
He went one notch down and started hustling around there and he's
a millionaire now. To be sixty years old and broke and put those
kind of hours in—I give him a lot of credit for that. He's an
interesting guy. Puggy's not educated, but he's got a sense about
nature and about people that's as good as anybody I've ever played
against.
Notes Index
Glossary
86ed—To be thrown out.
action—Betting; when money is on the line.
advantage player—A gambler who looks for a mathematical
edge at any game and, upon finding it, exploits it.
all in (going)—To bet all of your chips.
backer—Someone who puts up money for gambling.
backgammon—To win a game of backgammon by removing all
checkers from the board before your opponent removes any of his,
and while he has at least one piece remaining in your home area.
back room—To be "back roomed" is to be taken to the casino
security office if suspected of counting or cheating.
balanced out—In bookmaking, to have approximately equal
amounts of money bet on both sides of a game.
bank—The money put up to play with.
barred (getting)—To be excluded from playing by casino
personnel.
basic strategy—In blackjack, the mathematically correct way to
play every hand based only on the player's total and the dealer's
upcard. Basic strategy varies slightly for different rules and
numbers of decks.
beard—A person used to place bets, especially sports bets,
without being detected by casino personnel.
big blind—The second of two forced bets in hold 'em that starts
the action. The player to the left of the button puts up half a bet
("small blind"), then the next player puts up a complete bet, the big
blind.
big nickel—Five-dollar tokens for video poker or slots.
black (chips)—Hundred-dollar chips.
board—The upcards in 7-card stud or the community cards in
hold 'em.
button—The last player to act in a poker hand.
camouflage—Making bets and plays that may not be optimal,
in order to render the professional indistinguishable from an
ordinary gambler.
canceling—While counting cards, matching plus- and minus-
value cards to zero out.
chalk—A horse favored to win. These horses offer the smallest
odds. In sports, "betting chalk" means betting the favorite.
checkers—The playing pieces in backgammon.
check-raise—A poker tactic that entails first checking, then,
when a player bets, raising that bet. Also known as "sandbagging,"
it's considered (by beginners) to be a hostile action in a game.
Chouettes—A backgammon game for more than two players.
cinch—A bet that can't lose.
cover—Making less-than-optimal bets to look unsophisticated
to casino personnel. Also called "camouflage."
crew—A group of gamblers who work together as a team.
deal around the corner—In blackjack, to deal an entire deck to
the bottom, then shuffle even if in the middle of a hand.
dime—A thousand-dollar bet.
dog—Short for "underdog." Opposite of the "favorite."
dogging it—Choking or playing poorly under pressure.
drop-in—A player who in not a regular.
dumped (getting)—To be set up by a trusted partner.
earn—The expected win.
eye in the sky—Surveillance in a casino.
fade—To cover a bet.
favorite—The team or player believed to be most likely to win.
fifth street—The last of five community cards dealt in hold 'em.
Also called "the river."
fill or kill—A stock-trading term that means to execute a
transaction immediately or cancel it.
firing off—Playing badly and with such reckless disregard that
the player loses all his money. Also called "going on tilt" and
"steaming."
first base—In blackjack, the first seat to the dealer's left and the
first to play.
flat-betting—Never changing the amount of your wager.
flattened out—When a bookmaker puts up a bad line and
handicappers bet it to a point where there's no longer an edge.
floor—The casino playing area.
flop—In hold 'em, the initial three of five community cards
dealt in the middle of the table.
followers—Players who try to bet along with the smart money.
fourth street—The fourth of five community cards dealt in hold
'em. Also called "the turn."
free roll—Proposition in which a player has no liability for
losses, but some portion of the win.
freeze-out—A match in which players put up an agreed-on
amount of money and play until one player wins the entire stake.
front money—Money put on deposit in the casino's cashier
("cage") to gamble with.
game—In sports betting, a bet on the game (sometimes called
the "side") means choosing a team against the point spread.
game maker—Player who arranges a proposition.
gammon—To win a game of backgammon by removing all
checkers from the board before your opponent removes any of his.
get broke—To lose all your money.
get in your suitcase—A phrase that means a player loses so
much, you'd like to travel with him wherever he goes (in order to
play him all the time).
getting down—Placing a bet.
getting your nose opened—Losing badly. Often leads to
gambling wildly.
giving (or having) gamble—The willingness to bet when you
may have no advantage.
going for a number—To take a big loss.
green (chips)—Twenty-five-dollar chips.
grinding—Trying to make a small amount of money with little
risk.
grounded—Busted, broke.
handicap—To evaluate a horse's, team's, or player's chances of
winning.
handicap game—A game in which the opponents do not start
equally.
have an accident—To lose a lot of money, or to "get broke."
heads-up—Playing against only one opponent.
hedge—Make a bet to reduce risk.
holding out—A cheating maneuver in which the cheat palms
cards so they can be reintroduced into the game at a later time.
jam—To bet aggressively. It often means big or fast action, as
in "a jam-up game."
joint bankroll—When two or more players combine their
bankrolls into one.
juice—The amount a bookie charges to wager above the base
amount of a bet, often 10%. Also called "vigorish" or "vig."
juice dice—Dice with loads that are affected by magnets.
Kelly Criterion—A mathematical formula that quantifies what
percentage of a bankroll to bet in order to achieve the maximum
gain with the minimum chance of going broke.
knife-and-fork—Monthly expenses. Also called "nut."
leak—A weakness in a player's game or abilities.
line—A point spread or odds used for betting on a sporting
event.
load—Weights put into dice to make certain numbers roll more
frequently.
lock—A bet that can't lose. Also called a "cinch."
loss leader—Playing a game or proposition in which you are not
the favorite in order to arrange a better game later.
money management—The proper application of funds in
gambling.
move in—To bet all your chips. Also known as "going all in."
moving money—Getting bets placed, usually a large amount.
Nassau—A betting proposition in golf. A Nassau consists of
three bets that apply to the first nine holes, the second nine holes,
and the entire 18 holes.
nickel—Five-dollar chips.
nit—A cheap player who is unwilling to tip or make any
negative-expectation bets.
nut peddler—Someone who wants to bet only on sure things.
An unbeatable hand is called "the nuts."
off the top—The first hand of a new deck or shoe.
on the rails—Refers to players with no money who lean on the
rails around a poker room and watch the games; they're called "rail
birds."
on volume—A consideration of total money wagered. To win a
percentage on volume means to apply that percentage to the total
amount wagered.
order—A list of bets for a given day.
parlay card—A card listing all games and their point spreads for
a given weekend. Gamblers can wager on the results of two or more
games.
past post—To bet after a game has started or finished.
pick off—To detect a skilled, or a cheating, play.
pigeon—A bad player or a bad gambler; an easy mark. Also
known as a "fish."
post—The start of a game or race.
press—To double a bet.
price—The odds or line on a proposition.
pumped up—When a player wins (or gets) a lot of money.
punter—An English term for a gambler.
race meeting—Horse races are grouped into race meetings.
Racetracks generally have seven to ten races at a meeting.
rail bird—A player who is broke and watches games from the
rail that encloses a gaming area.
rake—A fee charged by the house for dealing the game. The
house rakes a specified amount, often a percentage, from each pot.
reading lines—Watching the movement of point spreads to
determine where the smart money is being bet.
red (chips)—Five-dollar chips. Also called "nickels."
rich (deck)—In blackjack, a deck containing many tens and
aces.
ring game—A full (or near-full) table. In hold 'em, a ring game
would consist of nine or ten players. In 7-card stud, it would be eight
players.
river—The last of five community cards dealt in hold 'em, also
called "fifth street."
sandbag—To act weak when really strong.
shoe—A box that holds multiple decks of cards, often used in
blackjack.
short-handed—A game with few players.
short-stack—Refers to players with a small number chips, a
disadvantage in a poker game.
shuffle point—Often applied to blackjack: the point at which a
dealer shuffles the cards.
sky—Casino surveillance. Also known as the "eye" or the "eye
in the sky."
small blind—The first of two forced bets in hold 'em. Typically,
the person to the left of the button puts up half a bet.
smart money—The wagers of expert players who bet with an
advantage.
splitting pots—A deal made to divide a pot before a hand is
over.
sport—Someone willing to take the worst of a proposition.
spot—A handicap.
spread—1) In blackjack, the variation between a card counter's
small bets and big bets. 2) In sports, the differential in points by
which one team is favored over another. 3) In poker, to deal a
particular game.
steaming—Playing badly or betting wildly when losing.
"Steam" can also mean gamblers following betting momentum.
stiffed—Not getting paid.
stop-loss—A predetermined stopping point designed to limit
losses.
stuck—Losing money; usually used in the context of a single
session.
taken off—Usually, to be cheated. Also, to be beaten by other
players.
taking a shot—Trying to take advantage of a person or situation.
tell—In poker, a habit or mannerism that gives away
information about a player's hand.
test out—In blackjack, prospective team members are often
tested on their playing skills.
third base—The seat to the dealer's right and the last to play.
tilt—Playing badly or wildly when losing.
total—In sports betting, a bet on whether the total points scored
by both teams in a game will go above or below ("over/under") a
number made by the bookie.
tote (tote board)—The large racetrack scoreboard. The name is
taken from the Totalisator Company, which operated at most
racetracks in North America.
tout—A service that sells sports picks to bettors.
turn—The fourth of five community cards in hold 'em. Also
called "fourth street."
under a peek—A player's cards are spied and conveyed to his
opponent.
vigorish—The commission charged by the casino on sports
bets, or, more generally, the casino's mathematical edge on a bet.
waffled—To take a big loss.
weight—Advantage.
whack up—Divide money.
wheel—In poker, a hand of A2345. The best hand when playing
for low. Also called a "bicycle."
world's fair (showing me the)—A lucky run of cards; every
hand is a winner.