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    England 1988 Mam Voice PDF

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    TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES IN LANGUAGE (TL) A companion series othe journal “STUDIES IN LANGUAGE" Honorary Edo: Joneph M. Greenberg “General Ein Givin torial Board Aton Becker (Michigan) asl Hopper (Binghamton) ‘WallceChafe (Santa Barbra) Matgarerrangdon (San Diego) BemnardCommie (Los Angcies} Charles Li (Santa Barbar) ScottDeLanoey (Oregon) “ohana Niehot (Berkeley) Gerard Difoth (Chi RAMAW. Dison (Caner » ‘Andrew Pavey (Aveta) ) Pan (Konstanz) Iohntisman (Winnipes) Glan Sambo (Piadepbis) KennethHale (Cambridge, Mass) Dan loin (Berkley) Beimdsine (Koln) Sates Tompson (Santa Barbra) ‘Volumes in ths series wl be funionaly an epolgial created, cove Tintspcticopcs language by collecting opeter ta froma wide variety bflanguges and ngage typos. The orenttion ofthe volumes wl be {ststinve rater than formal, with te am of vesting universal of inman language vias broadly defined dat hase ss possible, ean toward croelingustic, daclroni, developmental and tve-dscourse data. “Thessrcs ty nspnt ot well arn fac,s continuation he wadton initiated tye. Li {Word Onder and Word Order Change, Subject and Tope, ‘Mechanisms for Syntactic Change) andsontnoedty Gin (Discourse ana ‘Shntas) and P, Hoppe (TemesAgpe: Batwen Semants and Pragati). Vetune 16 Masayoshi Shibata od) PASSIVE AND VOICE PASSIVE AND VOICE cited by MASAYOSHI SHIBATANL Kobe University JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY ‘Amsterdan/ Philadelphia 1988 ey “YWESCHARLES MORIN & ETIENNE TFFOU “Tlfou, Eieme, 1977 “Lelaement de Vergatif en bourouchasi". Stadia Linguca 311 1837. = La las ete gese: apts atel du probleme”. Conrasve “Linguisdes 2) 4835. Soi, “Tous Etienne and Yves-Chales Morin. 1982. "A aot on split exgtvity in Baruhash", Bulletin of the Schoo! of Oneal and APrican Stes 5:89 “fo, tine and Jargen Pot, 1986. "Contes de Yasin introston au ourouchankl de Yasin” To appest. Pats SELA. ‘Wanner, 1978 "The typlogl background of the egntive construc tion" In; Proceedings ofthe Royel Ish Academy (Dublin) 7(C.3):37- ‘Mam voice Nora C. England University of fowa “Mam san Eastern Mayan inguge ofthe Mame branch, spoken by cover 480,000 people in Western Guatemala and Chiapos, Mexico (Kast tman, 199) Like other Mayan languages i has 20 ergatie patern of urement betwoen NPs and verb, morpolgiallywarked onthe ver alo has sya rules which ae responsive fo the erative stem (Eg Tan, 198). Changes invoice sur through the use of am antasive, with sever dllerent fnstion, o through the use of four (or psy fis) dit {erent pasties several with primarily lexical rather than satctic antions (Eland, 183), 1. eRGATIVITY “Mam cross-references the pine arent ofthe sentence (transi tive subject, herein ealed A; tranaiive objet (patient), herein called ©; inranstve subject, hein clled ) onthe ver tough we Sets of pre fied persion marks, One ofthese, the egtive fuacios as A and a, ‘en refined to nous, marks aoun possession. The ater set the abso tive, mae Sand O functions on the ver. There ae ain 0 sim Tar set of preon masters which funtion with nonverbal predicates (st tner and leatieexsenias) and which clslyeesemble th abstuive peson markers, Mam only distinguishes four persons through the pets, brat these in combination with person eneitis define a seven-vay person syste? 26 [NORAC. ENGLAND rgutive —Absolutive —Enclinc —Sttives Located ref prefic extents egw ci (a gina sim mt Oriani Qa Ge aa Set rasta oa?) Tex © sya gory at Iptin g e wrt ay ah on teyn eye Sky = ‘Te order of elements onthe vr is spect + aboluve + (ection! a Bompls re! 9) + (erative) + stem + enti (1) transve ve, 15g 10258 ma tok miter an fe swontrom acereitoriso0 2) teansive ve, 2 to 19g In chin ok hee (©) intransitive vee, ag ima chin Deere ‘Talked (8) ineansive ver, 2 ne O-Beeta "You willed 1 Spit ergy As fr most exgatve languages (Dison 1979; Silverstein 1976, there are creumstoncs in which Mam does follow tly erative agrceent Drncpes, The major clause types im which ths occurs ae when eawes Und purpose and result causes, Several minor constuction also Wager ‘ange in the agrecnent otter, these dala clases introduced by Man voce ES focused adverbial, by several specific adverbs, by foesedgeneie qual ier, and relative lass with completive (stave) ser. ‘Wien ergative agreement prinples ate not followed, al dec aga rents are rose refeenced om the ver with ergatve markers: (5) inuanstive Ichi coq’ tpoon byte! rmocamam cy soec-arrive wemother "They were eying when their mother ave (6) trasitve ok go taalg-al ok bgt "7 fur sncam behapprtcr when seacineexsee book fe yool te Maa Somes word eoasvoss Intabuacan "We wil be happy when we se the Itahuscan disonay. In sentence (5) 8G ERG" erowseforences the Sergey, wil in (6) [F'3SG ERG andg-"IPL ERO’ erossroference both the O and the Aer tively. Normally, of couse, only the A fancon takes exptive cross tefercncing. Ths the distinc between diferent pes of arguments i Completely neutralized in certain clase types. Nowhere is here an aus tive aaeement pattern. Either the A function i ifeventated from the S find © functions (eitive pater), o al fncins are marked the same 1.2. Sya xt “There ate several sytacti les which can best be aay respon sive to dtintion beeen egative and sboltine. One type of ele as to do with the extraction ofan argument fr foes, neztion, oF question. ‘Unmarked word order in Mam isan invariable V-ERG: ABS: (ma chi bb? exertion sliag 2007 “The man ut the tees. Comer onders are ungrammatia: (8) a Pena mae Aub’ cman ce? “te? march ub xee?man nag 4 ‘nag tte? a ci kab ee7an ove nag nach kab’ tera 28 NORA. ENGLAND [Al nomial consents except A, S, oF O ae indicated by oblique NP‘ inteuced by relational nouns, Relational nouns ae a st of nouns ‘which fnction to turk case and locave relationships. They are always possessed athe posesive pfs cos references the person inetd in the lationship, Far example, the relational noun fr date i) ©) ama Oud eyo-7n Cheep pwag te Mal ee woansom wenogine Jose money sonwexr Maria ‘Jose gave the money t Maria” by, ma Ori t4'0.7a Cheep pag Rees “Jou gave the money to youll” ‘A. and function nominal can also osu in clique NPs introduced by ‘elitonat nouns under certain ceumstances. For instance, the agent of pusie vet, if enpresed, appears aan oblige NP, while he patient of ntpasive very if expressed, appears nan obique NP Fouused,nopied or questioned NPs psede the Serb Mf he NP i ‘oblique the entire NP wth relational noun precedes the verb. Direct, NPs in' function are simply preposd tothe verb. Direct NP'sinO fe tion ate preposed to the ver sully witha demonstrative or other qual- ier. With al of these types of NP the ver, si the pastor Ycent past ‘pest, is optionally marked with dependent forms ofthe pastor eee pas ‘spect, but no other changes our. (40) prepsed oblique NP Tak maachit ma Ota —coveeTman Kyel tse? nonwoers machete nec noamrom soenacutos Miguel tee Miqel cut the woe witha machete (at) preposed fo che) ma Ou? yaya nag few horse Rec ‘soantom wesnograbas man “The men raed the horses (02) peeposed s ‘nay ad teu no tacoenc amative here The man rived hee MAM Vouce Ey IP's in A function canst be so easly focused, negated, oF ques tioned, Is ungrammaticl to prepa them to ase Vero (03) “inag ma O-ad!—y-emTn ches tan arc oasson senegrab-os howe “The men grated the horse Instead, the NP A funtion can be prepese as a oblique NP introduced bythe elton noun 47 (19) hye imag mr O-Kub’ —kytsyTn chee) ‘muanno Man Ree woaneou sLeaaprab-os horse "Te men grabbed the hose ‘Not in (14 that the A funtion non sil cross-referenced onthe verb. (the verb an be made fatansve trough the apse su (05) snag ht ub ten ech man secturtans om grbsar asomsesr bore “The men gre the hose.” {In (15) the verb only cos-eferenes one argument, 0 the oignal A (er ste) iin S function (beste) and can be prepored for fens. nes $n, question ‘A second type of syntactic rule which recopnizes the diference ‘beeen erative and sbuoluties involves the conta of deletion oper tions The complements of certain vets or of some statves are tae ifn tives, marked fr nether sspet nor personnumber (06) ma chin sala [a’naed fhe woats comesso [worker "Teame [to wor] “Typically the vers which control such deletion ae (intransitive verbs of ‘motion, sch a in (16) i whieh the absoluive Sin the main clase com {tos dceion in the subordinate caus, and (3) tanstve verbs of forcing fr causation, in which the abuoltive On the min cause contol deletion ‘nthe sbordiate clase: (17) ma te-0k —elajocrn toa [veemet a te soamsom noercobliateos Miguel Leutnt wood, ‘Miguel oblige! hi [0 cu wood 50 NORA ENGLAND (i mw gent uy So tea [iter fae) ar gale Spree [oman een cate ee aon it west wo) uate “Thus, wile any absolve argument can contol NP deletion in a comple rent clase, an egatie argument never docs. “Tere ae ono types of consrtons which ivolve detrasivzation of transitive vere an the comequentcrssrefetencing of onl one argu ‘ment onthe verb n oth coastruton the single argument ofthe deta [viz vet feos referenced aboluvely as an S. The anfipassive crs references only the orginal gent (A) onthe detransized verb, whe the pase ersereferences only the orga objector patient (©) on the ‘etansiveed yer. There are cumstances when the eemaaing arg iment can occur inthe sentence, but ft then always oblique, in an NP headed bya latina! noun Both types of conseucin involve e change in Yerblargument relations, in that the yer changes from a two-argument fer oa cme-argumeat ver an one ofthe pina et arguments must Te expressed obliquely iat all only withthe antpansive tha there i fh actual change i the typeof eros elerencing ofthe argument om the veoh MAM VOICE so antipasive Ww A(ergatie) ——_Ofabstutve) antipahive VS (absolve) lave pasve j A(eratve) © ablative) passe V btigue S(absotaive) Tes eny the patie, however, hat changes grammatical relations i "elation ate defined as relations between the verb ait si Jeet (A oF S) and object (0). Hete the distinction between grammatical Felons and ceselerencing is important. Dissing voce interme of ‘srarmatil eltions neutralizes the diinetion between A and S and , agent question Alyee 0-O-eyuuen ve snag trho. esrrornscanegrab-ar uray ma "Who grabbed the men” agent negation niga? Kwan -O-zyuen bye nag "Toman Juan who grabbed the men, 4. agent fous won O-Oz9uen ke ina m grabbed the men.” I (24a he plural absoluie marker, chicos references the paint wile the gular erative marker, romelerences the agent. In @1b<) The vet crosreferences only one argument trough the singular abl tive marke. Tht argament corresponds tothe orga agent, while the Patient appersin an oblique phrseintoduced by apr rational noun ‘any ofthese sentences i grammatical with a tans vers alk o chi nj eyeing “The anipasive is alo wed to answer a question aout the agent Man vorce 50. 22) ant Cheep triat oxno-do Joe "What i fone do” b. ma O-Kaayen Cheep 7} echee) fe noanseltar Jone owen sehore "Soe ol is ore. The ase ofthe antpssve i elative dass on the agent ony curs to sho thatthe acon inthe relative clause take place before the action the main clause. If the action in he two clauses takes place simultaneously, thn an ative transitive er raed inthe main else (23) a antpssive (fing O-0-4u-x aman ye larch rot man oroer no atsoucom planar SeLRNPAT OFaNgE Ime Ort tote hab! oi geeky fe eantom monorgie-ot two plant sncANOATA. "The man who planed the orange ees gave us some plans” (after he ante) eH dur tawe-Tn——aanch oon dem man pasraera.ats ooo mceno plate orange Ima Ors) "go. kab’ wi? geeky ee woaasom scencrge-os two plant in-mnarire The man who planed the orange wees gave Us some las” (ile he was planing) ‘A second tation ofthe antpassive the absolute futon (Smith Stak, 1978). In this futon 4 Wansive verb has no known or implied tint, equrag a vice change (08) a, transitive ima Oow-agine Tne tee nese eo-workos 50 ‘worked it” (something) amtipasive Ima chin onan fre woass wodleano "Tworked” (no impication about what was worked) su NORA. ENGLAND, “The third function of the aotipasive isthe incoporative function (Smith Stark, 1978; Craig, 179), im which the antpusive i required by etait rts wth ata set of goneie patients Here the pint tlays expressed in dret noun phrase, andthe verb cross-references the ‘gen abuoutvely. No crosefeteacing of he patiens is posible, (25) ma O-iinckan —gojae fhe noanrmakea® pohowse ‘He contrat houses, Although syntactically diferent, sentences such these are similar ema ‘ely to the English “He wae 1 home-budee” The object incorporation function ofthe antipassive valves the lscaliaton of V+ 0. ‘A tinal futon ofthe amtpasve purely lai. ts wed to derive ‘eis tom noun, The ves thus desved semantically nelade the nouns Patients and there is no evidence tht there are coreeponding ative ans Five sentences othe atipasive forms. For example, th noun makane typeof ete rasan be sed as aver th the anipasive sue meas inp lak for grubs (25) ma go mataayan taj sero’ Toone fee reas look for grobear cin sand Antonio "We grabed on Antonio's and.” 22, Passives Mam has four passives marked by diferent sixes. onthe verb, and an gens transite constriction which betes in some way ike a passive “The regular syntactic passive formed wth he stix-eet. Almost al ans itive ve sens can fake this panne, which then functions to crete an intransitive verb which exssreferences the original patient and demotes the agent oan oblige phase. Certain tant tes in ht passive forms permit an abligue agent of any person wl oer do nt permit an slhigue agent tall The sitbation of which stems do or do ot permit ‘oblique agents depends largely on derivatioal processes in Mam. Certain types of derived stems do not pei oblique ageats in the passive 2D a eansive ua Djow —yeceeTme-n xtinag ‘cee? The men tthe tee Mam voice 3 ». passive Ima Ors'comat tae? bps sina “The te wa ct bythe men (211) crosereferencs the object absoluivly wit the singular, andthe Stal sah sete sintmchgu pc cesby Cigna objeat wth, whe the agers an oblique pase induced by ‘he plural elatioaal noun. "Tere ae several tative ver) sls whish ae never wed tani tively, but ited we aly usd i the pane or unpesie. Among. them are some very commonly cecrng vers, sich as Aan most which oecar ether asthe passive kane! or the antipaivekasnae- Thse [excl pecans of Mam skew the dstbution of aun type that sur The oer passives ae les purely static and much move reste In occurence or dstbution, Two passives are quite similar im meaning and ave lal funcions. These ate formed by suing js o (bic 6 sith CVC roots) fo the trstive ver stem, Both india that the agent Tas toa orf to have contol over the aca. The two suns are only semiprouctive; there are some sem which take only one, sem which take Both with apparety 0 diferencia ean, and stom whch take neither. estes an agent in an oblique phrase to thid person while 28) a, one passive rma Drusnts—chb'j tame Mel tec woaueburn-as food. soimeaa Maria “he fod was burned by Maria” (b esdent) bs fpasive tn Or} heb Mat “The food was burned by Maria” (by scent) set passive ime Ora chien Mal The food wae cooked welldone by Maria” (on purpoe ‘therefore not umes hecxie ne ne hind on pape) 536 NORA C.ENGLAND “Their pase has one we it does 08 share with the # passive. Te ‘ccusin generic statements ofthe frm its goodbad to do X- Here it hoes not permit an agent, sine the statement of the general tah ox “The verb eos-telerences argument with an ergtive rather than abo tive marker, in one of tbe more speiizd oezurences of pit xptny (2%) auch Kaas a? tad soracdinkrss water ‘bad wo dink wate ort’ bal tha water is drank, ‘A fourth pasine is syntactic and producive but ices the ies of process that the action described by the verb happens Becase someone oo to dot, The suf fr this passive and forms a set wit 140 ‘the procesve sties one of which indicates an active transtve procs Sive and the otber of which ists am imperative processive, The Pa pusve can tke an oblique agent of thd person onl and requires the we ta directional on the wer. The thee sues topether create proesies in ny mode o vice (excep antpasive: G0) active tramsitive processive“ Chal bythe aly Teusweomsor anencbringtake acon hen ‘owl wil go an bing the bens. 1 inperativeprcesine: Ze oh yi iew hy’ “ream on ncbringtake noc. he "Yous go and bring the hens! passive processive: 4) card ghey Invats our bringhtakesass hen "The hens wil be brought. “The ageless rastve contraction has partly transitive morphology and port posse spate. The ergtve makin is mitted from a ransiive ‘Serb with no oer thangs infor, bu thi person agents ca be expres Sea in oblique NPs. The verb stall takes etonal (aos all ans tive ver take dietionsh), and marked with the dietonal su 7m, ‘which accompans oer trastve verbs with dictions, but does nt co- ‘ecu with inranstvesovoter passives with echonals. The ver ros Feferences one argument (the O) absolutely, ke other pases, and p= an vorce m7 mits an oblique agent abo ke other pasives. The constuction i wed then the agent is unknown o¢t answer a question abou he patient G1) ma chrok —B90-7n ab nag (eae Cheep) te mason ites 0 men womno Jom) The men wer i (by Jo) “The conscton is fly productive. It sorespond rather closely tthe solute anipassve, for unknown oe unmentioned agents eater thas Uunknowa pens. sya, Both oie change relations between NP's and vers, although in ferent ways, Antipasne involves 2 change in erseseferenciag the agent changes fom ergatvecrossrefrence On IWo-arpument Verb {0 absolve erosseference on 2 ore-argumeat verb. Pave inves change in argument relations without change in crss-efrenciag the O. absolutely eroseferenced on atwoargument vet, Desomes the, sill bsolaively rose referenced but ona one argument Yr. “The agent promotion futon ofthe alps Is purely sytacticlly moiated, Certain sytatic operation cannot be performed on NPP in A fonction 20 they must be in (abject of an arate verb) function ‘before the application of ules such as question, negation, oF focus. Other sideration. Thy esl from factors sch whether an agent or patient known or unknown, whether asentenc ners a question about one a+ ment another, and 0 on, Several uses of antiasive or pasve ony pet mit the lea expression ofthe een-eferene argument cers pert the second argument as wel, in an oblique NP. Thus all wes of voce fiwolve the rearangement of arguments with respect othe ver, aad se ‘veal uses adtionalynvove the omision fone ofthe arguments ‘Several uses ofthe anipasive or pase ae primarily lexical. The ex ical sntipenives ae Ine incorporate anpasive, where the patent implied by the ver, and the lenal aipasve, whore the patient i {ndded inthe verb. Bath ke the sblutivesntipsive, cite patient, although from differen mivations. Lexis emantis consideration result fa syatactc onstruction which dosely paral that ofthe absoluve anipasive 538 NORA ENGLAND The two passive contusions which have lsc funetions nts and 1 inp st oe n,n ae erage wih ees 12 Ctanstive ves as result of such Jose of contr. This volves syntactic ‘Spent demorio to parle th exes gent dematin, an results syntact aly in a onstruction sat he-ct ytace) passe ‘The lexical fantins ofthe atpasive and passive ae exphinble in terms or being expansion ofthe more wu syntactic options. Arguments fe earanged with respect tthe yr as result lex agento patent ‘Semation 1 ISCOURSE, tn an analysis of narrative discourse the sage mos sent character tie to emerge that the overwelning majority of cause ype are limited {o tho mth absolute consents, In an anal of two nretves with [7 clauses, only 8% ofthe clases were ound toe ative transitive, 2nd ‘nly 3 ofthe clases ad lex ergtors. Anipasive and pase causes fe aot however, very prevalent, only accounting for 7 and S% ofthe ‘lause ype espetvely. The clause breakdown sas follows: clause pe eons locate 0 transitive 1s antpasive 7 passive 5 sootaive 8 ‘the (complex, minor) B “The two text ae highly consistent well one uses quottvs les than the ter bt has more minor use types ne has a somewt ower perce tage of tas clauses (19% vy 19%) but compensates with iher pe centage of anipasives (0% v3). Other else spss ae equal between the two, "What can be conde rom the analy of ease types that tere ae fil tong constraints agaist ranstve clauses, These may be gener sted both ty dicoure and by language spec symtactic preference. ‘Amipasive and possive clauses add, but not ovrihclnigly, to the steady song preference for one argument predates the prey xc ses ofthe antipasive and passe ae removed fom consideration, thn ‘only 7% ofthe clause types ae nofesalanpasive or passive {An anal ofthe ntrodaction of ne characters arative sows a ven stronger constraint against ergators for this purpose. The evo texts Introduce new characters total of 39 times, Of these, oly one (2%) i Jnuroduced as the agent ofa tanstve verb. All other absolve ps sibilities, as well ax subject ofa eatonl noun phrase, are used more ‘een Argument Clausetype Number Pernt occurence s aatipasve 3 ® s pasve 2 5 ° trative un * s intransitive 8 21 s locate 6 is s sttve $ 15 s ‘elatonal noun 3 * Comparing these Sure wih the late type breakdown shows new characters introduce asthe subject of antipassive or passive malmost the Same proportion as thereat clases ofthese types. The major eapropor tion i tat new character ae Introduced as objects of tansiive erty ‘more fequontl than i expste fom caus type percentages. ‘Although the eytacic actions of the seiprsve nd pasive were

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