ME6101 Combustion

Combustion Basics
Combustion Stoichiometry
Fuels & Combustion

Cα Hβ Oγ Nδ + as (O2 + 3.76N2 ) −→ n1 CO2 + n2 H2 O + n3 N2
| {z } | {z } | {z }
fuel air complete combustion product
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
β γ
C: α = n1 as = α+ 4 − 2
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering H: β = 2n2 n1 =α
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
⇛ n2 = β/2
O: γ + 2as = 2n1 + n2
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

β γ
N: δ + 2 · 3.76 · as = 2n3 n3 = δ/2 + 3.76 α + 4 − 2
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/
(A/F )s ≡ stoichiometric air-fuel ratio
−1
A F 28.85(4.76as )
ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics = =
F s A s 12α + β + 16γ + 14δ
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 6101 (2017) 1 / 16 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 6101 (2017) 2 / 16
Combustion Basics Combustion Basics
Mole fraction of fuel in stoic fuel-air mixture Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
1
Ys =
1 + 4.76as (a) When an endothermic process occurs in
Mass fraction of fuel in stoic fuel-air mixture an adiabatic system, temperature falls;
1 (b) if the process is exothermic, then

Xs = temperature rises.
1 + (A/F )s
φ ≡ fuel-air equivalence ratio, simply equivalence ratio (c) When an endothermic process occurs in a
λ ≡ relative air-fuel ratio or excess-air factor diathermic container, energy enters as
 heat from the surroundings, and the
(A/F ) (F /A)  < 1 : lean mixture
−1 s a system remains at the same temperature;
φ=λ = = : φ= = 1 : stoichiometric mix.
(A/F )a (F /A)s  (d) if the process is exothermic, then energy
> 1 : rich mixture
leaves as heat, and the process is
Major products of lean combustion are H2 O, CO2 , O2 and N2 ; isothermal.
while, for rich combustion these are H2 O, CO2 , CO, H2 and N2 .
T306
Bond Energies & Heat of Formation Heat of Formation & Combustion
The enthalpy of formation of a

compound represents the amount of
energy absorbed or released as the
component is formed from its stable
T302
elements during a steady-flow process
at a specified state.
The enthalpy of combustion

T804 T802
represents the amount of energy
released as a fuel is burned during a
steady-flow process at a specified
T303 state.
X X
Heating Value = |hc | = |HP − HR | = | ni Hi − ni Hi |
T803
P R
X X X X
∆Hf = ∆Ha − ∆H (X − Y ) − ∆Hres − ∆Hlatent Fuels in vapour form and enthalpy of vaporization:
Name Formula hfo (MJ/kmol) hfg (MJ/kmol)
Heat of formation of H2 O: H2 (g) + 12 O2 (g) → H2 O(g) Methanol CH3 OH -201.17 37.92
X X Ethanol C2 H5 OH -234.81 42.34
(∆H )H2 O = ∆Ha − ∆H (X − Y ) Gasoline C7 H17 -267.12 38.15
1 Iso-Octane C8 H18 -224.14 35.11
= ∆Ha (H − H ) + ∆Ha (O − O) − ∆H (H − OH ) − ∆H (O − H )
2 Diesel C14.4 H24.9 -100.00 74.08
= 435.4 + 0.5(498.2) − 497.5 − 428.7
= −241.7 MJ /kmol [−241.6 MJ /kml ] Gaseous fuels/species:
Gas H2 N2 O2 CO2 CH4
Heat of formation of CH4 : Cgraphite + 2H2 (g) → CH4 (g) o
hf (MJ/kmol) 0.0 0.0 0.0 -393.52 -74.85
X X
(∆H )H2 O = ∆Ha − ∆H (X − Y )
Water:
= ∆Ha (Cgraphite ) + 2∆Ha (H − H ) − 4∆H (H − C )
hfo = -241.83 MJ/kmol
= 717.2 + 2(425.4) − 4(414.5)
hfg = 44.02 MJ/kmol = 2.445 MJ/kg
= −70.0 MJ /kmol [−74.78 MJ /kml ]
Heating Values of Fuels QHV ,P − QHV ,V = −P (Vprod − Vreac ) = −Ru (nprod − nreac )To
Reactants
U
or
H
Products
−(U )V,To
or
−(H)P,To
To T
T296 d001
The heating value is the heat release per unit mass of the fuel
initially at 25o C reacts completely with oxygen (or air) and the
products are returned to 25o C. T308
T307
Heating value at constant pressure ≡ QHV ,P = −(∆H )P ,To Constant Pressure Flame
Heating value at constant volume ≡ QHV ,V = −(∆U )V ,To Constant Volume Bomb Calorimeter Calorimeter
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Reactants
U
or
H
Products
or URo = Uprod (Tad , V = constant)
URo HRo
HRo = Hprod (Tad , P = constant)

T299 T304 To Tad T
d003
Adiabatic Flame Temperature is the product temperature in an ideal adiabatic

mH2 O
QHHV ,P = QLHV ,P + hfg,H2 O combustion process. Actual peak temperatures in engines are several hundred
mf
degrees less due to:
QHHV ,P ≡ Higher (Gross) Heating Value heat loss from the flame
QLHV ,P ≡ Lower (Net) Heating Value combustion efficiency is less than 100%: a small fraction of fuel does not get
mH2 O /mf ≡ mass ratio of water produced to fuel burned. burned, and some product components dissociate (endothermic reaction) at
high temperatures.
Combustion Basics Fuels
Fuels
⊲ Example: Methane-Air Combustion

CH4 + as (O2 + 3.76N2 ) −→ n1 CO2 + n2 H2 O + n3 N2
as = 2.0, n1 = 1.0, n2 = 2.0, n3 = 7.52
=⇒ Lower Heating Value (LHV): Water is in gaseous form i.e. H2 O(g)
LHV = |HP − HR | = |{(−393.52) + 2(−241.83)} − (−74.85)| = 802.33
LHV = 802.33 MJ/kmol = (802.33/16.0) MJ/kg = 50.14 MJ/kg ◭
=⇒ Higher Heating Value (HHV): Water is in liquid form i.e. H2 O(l )
HHV = LHV + mm H 2O
f
hfg = 50.14 + 2 × 18 /16 × 2.445 = 55.64 MJ/kg ◭
T300
Most liquid hydrocarbon fuels are obtained from crude oil by distillation
Fuels Fuels
Data for some Fuels

A comparison of some alternative fuels to the traditional petroleum-based
fuels used in transportation
Fuel Symbol (A/F )s as LHV Tad,P

(MJ/kg) (K)
Hydrogen H2 34.01 0.5 119.95 2383
Methane CH4 17.12 2.0 50.0 2227
Methanol CH3 OH 6.43 1.5 19.9 2223
Gasoline C7 H17 15.27 11.25 44.5 2257
Octane C8 H18 15.03 12.50 44.4 2266
Diesel C14.4 H24.9 14.3 20.63 42.94 2283
T301

ME6101 Combustion

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ME6101 Combustion

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Combustion Basics

Fuels & Combustion

Combustion Basics Combustion Basics

1 (b) if the process is exothermic, then

Bond Energies & Heat of Formation Heat of Formation & Combustion

The enthalpy of formation of a

The enthalpy of combustion

Combustion Basics Combustion Basics

Combustion Basics Combustion Basics

Adiabatic Flame Temperature

HRo = Hprod (Tad , P = constant)

Adiabatic Flame Temperature is the product temperature in an ideal adiabatic

⊲ Example: Methane-Air Combustion

Data for some Fuels

Fuel Symbol (A/F )s as LHV Tad,P

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