New Mastering 1000 IELTS, TOEFL iBT Vocabulary1 PDF

MASTERING 1000 IELTS, TOEFL IBT VOCABULARY MASTERING 1000 IELTS, TOEFL IBT VOCABULARY
fragile easily broken; breakable; weak; The handle is fragile; it will easily
Word Meaning Typical Use [adj]
frail. break if you use too much pressure.
/ˈfrædʒ.aɪl/
civilian person who is not a member of the Eight of the passengers were
armed forces, or police, or fire- soldiers and one was a marine; the
[n,adj]
fighting forces. rest were civilians.
/sɪˈvɪl.jən/
galore plentiful; abundant (galore always There were no failures on the final
follows the word it modifies). test, but on the midterm there were
[adj]
failures galore .
/ɡəˈlɔːr/
complicated not simple or easy; intricate. If some of the requirements for

graduation seem complicated,
[adj]
see your guidance counselor. He
/ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/
will be glad to explain them to you.
genuine actually being what it is claimed or Jeannette wore an imitation fur
seems to be; true; real; authentic. coat that everyone thought was
[adj]
made of genuine leopard skin.
/ˈdʒen.ju.ɪn/
concur agree; be of the same opinion. Good sportsmanship requires you

to accept the umpire’s decision
[v]
even if you do not concur with it. of or relating to an enemy or It was not immediately announced
/kənˈkɜːr/ hostile
enemies; unfriendly. whether the submarine reported off
[adj, n]
our coast was of a friendly or a
/ˈhɒs.taɪl/
hostile nation.
confirm state or prove the truth of; My physician thought I had broken
substantiate. my wrist, and an X ray later
[v]
/kənˈfɜːm/ confirmed his opinion. impatient not patient; not willing to bear Five minutes can seem like five
delay; restless; anxious. hours when you are impatient.
[adj]
/ɪmˈpeɪ.ʃənt/
digress turn aside, get off the main subject At one point in his talk, the speaker put into the earth or in a grave; Many American herores are
in speaking or writing. digressed to tell us of an incident inter
[v] [v] bury. interred in Arlington National
in his childhood, but then he got
/daɪˈɡres/ /ɪnˈtɜːr/ Cemetery.
right back to his topic.
2 4
mitigate make less severe; lessen; soften; With the help of novocaine, your resume begin again. School closes for the Christmas
relieve. dentist can greatly mitigate the recess on December 24 and
[v] [v, n]
/ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/ pain of drilling.
/rɪˈzjuːm/ resumes on January 03.
shrink draw back; recoil. Wendy shrank from the task of

telling her parents about her low
[v]
One who is new to a field or activity; Our Dance Club has two groups; French mark, but she finally got the
novice /ʃrɪŋk/
beginner. one for experienced dancers and courage and told them.
[n]
one for novices.
/ˈnɒv.ɪs/
sober 1. not drunk. Our driver had refused all strong

drinks because he wanted to be
[v]
/ˈsəʊ.bər/ sober for the trip home.
original 1. a work created firsthand and Most of us can buy copies of a

[adj, n] from which copies are made. masterpiece, but few can afford the
/əˈrɪdʒ.ən.əl/ original.
2. serious; free from excitement or When he learned of his failure,
exaggeration. George thought of quitting school.
But after sober consideration, he
realized that would be unwise.
2. belonging to the beginning; first; Miles Standish was one of the

earliest. original colonists of
Massachusetts; he came over on
the “Mayflower”. suffice be enough, adequate, or sufficient. I told Dad that $3.50 would suffice
[v] for my school supplies. As it turned
out, it was not enough.
/səˈfaɪs/
rarity something uncommon, infrequent, Rain in the Sahara Desert is a

or rare begin again. rarity.
[n]
vacant empty; unoccupied; not being use. I had to stand for the first half of
/ˈreə.rə.ti/ the performance because I could
[adj]
not find a vacant seat.
/ˈveɪ.kənt/
6 8
Word Meaning Typical Use

adjourn close a meeting; suspend the When we visited Washington, D.C.,
business of a meeting; disband. Congress was not in session; it had
[v]
/əˈdʒɜːn/ adjourned for the Thanksgiving
weekend.
astute shrewd; wise; crafty; cunning. The only one to solve the riddle
before the five minutes were up
[adj]
was Joel; he is a very astute
/əˈstʃuːt/
thinker.
censure act of blaming; expression of Cathy was about to reach for a third
disapproval; hostile criticism; slice of cake but was stopped by a
[n, v]
rebuke. look of censure in Mother’s eyes.
/ˈsen.ʃər/
demolish tear down; destroy, raze. It took several days for the
wrecking crew to demolish the old
[v]
building.
/dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/
discharge unload. After discharging her cargo, the

ship will go into dry dock for repairs.
[v]
/dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/
10 12
dissent differ in opinion; disagree; object. There was nearly complete forfeit lose or have to give up as a penalty Our neighbour gave a $20 deposit
agreement on Al’s proposal to raise for some error, neglect, or fault. on an order of slipcovers. When
[n, v] [n, v, adj]
the dues. Enid and Alice were the they were delivered, she decided
/dɪˈsent/ /ˈfɔː.fɪt/
only ones who dissented. she didn’t want them. Of course,
she forfeited her deposit.
equitable fair to all concerned; just. The only equitable way for the
three partners to share the $60 illegible not able to be read; very hard to Roger ought to type his reports
[adj] read; not legible. because his handwriting is
profit is for each to receive $20. [adj]
/ˈek.wɪ.tə.bəl/ illegible .
/ɪˈledʒ.ə.bəl/
free from blame; clear from The other driver exonerated Dad inadvertently Not done on purpose; First I couldn’t locate my math
exonerate unintentionally; thoughtlessly; homework; but after a while I found
accusation. of any responsibility for the [adv]
[v] accidentally. it in my English notebook. I must
/ɪɡˈzɒn.ə.reɪt/ accident. /ˌɪn.ədˈvɜː.təntli/
have put it there inadvertently.
extemporaneous composed or spoken without It was easy to tell that the speaker’s
[v] preparation; off-hand; impromptu; talk was memorized, though he
Not fitting; unsuitable; Since I was the one who nominated
/ekˌstem.pəˈreɪ.ni.əs/ improvised. tried to make it seem inappropriate
extemporaneous. unbecoming; not appropriate. Bruce, it would be inappropriate
[adj]
for me to vote for another
/ˌɪn.əˈprəʊ.pri.ət/
candidate
extricate free from difficulties; disentangle If you let your assignments pile up,
you will get into a situation from
[v] Money-making; profitable. This year’s school dance was not so
/ˈek.strɪ.keɪt/ which you will not be able to lucrative
extricate yourself. [adj]
lucrative; we made only $17,
compared to $41 last year.
/ˈluː.krə.tɪv/
14 16
permanent lasting; enduring; intended to last; When my friend moved to San

stable. Francisco, he asked me to write to
[n, adj]
him at his temporary address, the
/ˈpɜː.mə.nənt/
Gateway Hotel. He promised to
send me his permanent address
as soon as his family could find an
apartment.
prohibit forbid; ban. Our library’s regulations prohibit

the borrowing of more than four
[v]
books at a time.
/prəˈhɪb.ɪt/
punctual on time; prompt. Be punctual. If you are late, we

shall have to depart without you.
[adj]
/ˈpʌŋk.tʃu.əl/
rebuke express diapproval of; criticize Our coach rebuked the two
[v] sharply; censure severely; players who were late for practice,
reprimand; reprove. but praised the rest of the team for
/rɪˈbjuːk/
being punctual.
transient 1. not lasting; passing soon; It rained all day upstate, but here
fleeting; short-lived; momentary. we had only a transient shower; it
[adj]
was over in minutes.
/ˈtræn.zi.ənt/
2. visitor or guest staying for only a The hotel’s customers are mainly
short time. transients; only a few are
permanent guests.
18 20
edifice building, especially a large or The huge edifice under

Word Meaning Typical Use [n]
impressive building construction near the airport will be
a modern hotel.
/ˈed.ɪ.fɪs/
cache hiding place to store something. After his confession, the robber led
detectives to a cache of stolen
[n]
gems in the basement.
/kæʃ/
era historical period; period (of time). The atomic era began with the
dropping of the first atomic bomb in
[n]
1945.
/ˈɪə.rə/
commend praise; mention favorably. Our class was commended for

having the best attendance for
[v]
January.
/kəˈmend/
initiate 1. begin; introduce; originate The Pilgrims initiated the custom
of celebrating Thanksgiving Day.
[v]
/ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/
cur worthless dog. Lassie is a kind and intelligent

animal. Please don’t refer to her as
[n]
a “cur”. 2. admit or induct into a club by Next Friday our club is going to
/kɜːr/
special ceremonies initiate three new members.
despotic of a despot (a monarch having The American colonists revolted pirate’s flag; black flag with white The Jolly Roger flying from the
absolute power); domineering; against the despotic government Jolly Roger
[adj] skull and crossbones. mast of the approaching ship
dictatorial; tyrannical. of King George III. [n]
/dɪˈspɒt.ɪk/ /ˌdʒɒl.i ˈrɒdʒ.ər/ indicated that it was a pirate ship.
dispute argue about; debate; declare not Charley disputed my answer to crowd; throng; horde; swarm. There was such a multitude
true; call in question; oppose. problem 9 until I showed him multitude
[n, v] outside the store waiting for the
definite proof that I was right. [n]
/dɪˈspjuːt/ /ˈmʌl.tɪ.tʃuːd/ sale to begin that we decided to
shop on another day.
22 24
perceive become aware of through the When the lights went out, I couldn’t spine chain of small bones down the The ribs are curved bones
senses; see; note; observe. see a thing, but gradually I was able middle of the back; backbone. extending from the spine and
[v] [n]
to perceive the outlines of the enclosing the upper part of the
/pəˈsiːv/ /spaɪn/
larger pieces of furniture. body.
stroll idle and leisurely walk. It was a warm spring afternoon,

and many people were out for a
door; entrance; especially; a grand The original doors at the main [v]
portal /strəʊl/ stroll on the boulevard.
or impressive one. entrance to our school have been
[n]
replaced by bronze portals.
/ˈpɔː.təl/
timorous full of fear; afraid; timid. I admit I was timorous when I

began my speech, but as I went
[adj]
along, I felt less and less afraid.
/ˈtɪm.ər.əs/
reserved restrained in speech or action; Mark was reserved at first but
uncommunicative. became much more communicative
[adj]
when he got to know us better.
/rɪˈzɜːvd/
tuition payment for instruction. When I go to college, I will probably

work each summer to help pay the
[n]
/tʃuːˈɪʃ.ən/ tuition.
restrain hold back; check; curb; repress. Mildred could not restrain her
desire to open the package
[v]
immediately, even though it read,
/rɪˈstreɪn/
“Do not open before Christmas!”
version 1. account of description from a Now that we have Sam’s description

particular point of view. of the accident, let us listen to your
[n]
/ˈvɜː.ʃən/ version.
/ˈvɜː.ʒən/
retract draw back; with draw; take back. You can depend on Frank. Once he
has given his promise, he will not
[v]
/rɪˈtrækt/ retract it. 2. translation. THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO
was written in French, but you can
read it in the English version .
26 28

aggressor person or nation that begins a In her war with the United States,
quarrel; assailant. Japan was the aggressor; her
[n]
surprise attack on Pearl Harbour
/əˈɡres.ər/ started the conflict.
altitude height; elevation; high position; Mount Washington, which rises to

eminence. an altitude of 6,288 feet, is the
[n]
highest peak in the White
/ˈæl.tɪ.tʃuːd/ Mountains.
calamity great misfortune; catastrophe; The assassination of President

disaster. Kennedy was a national calamity.
[n]
/kəˈlæm.ə.ti/
congregate come together into a crowd; Some homeowners near the school
assemble; gather. object to pupils’ congregating on
[v]
their property in the morning;
/ˈkɒŋ.ɡrɪ.ɡeɪt/ others don’t mind.
convene meet or come together in a group The board of directors will convene
for a specific purpose. next Tuesday to elect a new
[v]
corporation president.
/kənˈviːn/
30 32
cordiality friendliness; warmth of regard. Dan’s parents greeted me with dubious doubtful; uncertain; questionable. There is no doubt about my feeling
cordiality and made me feel like better, but it is dubious that I can
[n] [adj]
an old friend of the family. be back at school by tomorrow.
/ˌkɔː.diˈæl.ə.ti/ / ˈdʒuː.bi.əs/
crony close companion; intimate friend; Some students associate only with very end; utmost limit. Key West is at the southern
extremity
chum. their cronies and rarely try to make extremity of Florida.
[n] [n]
new friends.
/ˈkrəʊ.ni/ /ɪkˈstrem.ə.ti/
forecast predict; foretell; prophesy. Mr. Walsh gave a short vocabulary

deliberately 1. in a carefully thought out We deliberately kept Glenda off quiz today, as you had forecasted.
[n]
manner; on purpose; purposely. the planning committee because we
[adv]
didn’t want her to know that the /ˈfɔː.kɑːst/
/dɪˈlɪb.ər.ət.li/ party was to be in her honor.
hibernate spend the winter. If my grandparents had had the

funds to hibernate in Florida, they
[v]
would not have spent the winter at
/ˈhaɪ.bə.neɪt/ home.
2. in an unhurried manner; slowly. Dad was late because he had to
drive deliberately; the roads were
icy.
host 1. person who receives or Dad treats his guests with the
entertains a guest or guests. utmost cordiality; he is an excellent
[n]
host.
/həʊst/
dispense with do without; get along without. When our club has a guest speaker,
we dispense with the reading of
[v]
the minutes to save time.
/dɪˈspens wɪð/
2. large number; multitude; throng; The merchant had expected a host
crowd. of customers, but only a few
appeared.
34 36
intimidate frighten; influence by fear; cow; A few of the children were reflection 1. thought; especially careful When a question is complicated,
overawe. intimidated by the lion’s roar, but thought. don’t give the first answer that
[v] [n]
most of them were not frightened. comes to mind. Take time for
/ɪnˈtɪm.ɪ.deɪt/ /rɪˈflek.ʃən/ reflection.
preface 1. introduction (to a book or Begin by reading the preface; it

speech); foreword; prologue. will help you to get the most out of
[n]
the rest of the book. 2. blame; discredit; reproach. Yesterday’s defeat was no
/ˈpref.ɪs/ reflection on our players; they did
their very best.
2. introduce or begin with a Usually, I begin my speech at once,

preface; usher in; precede. but this time I prefaced it with
amusing anecdote.
tolerate endure; bear; put up with; allow; Some young children will cry when
permit. rebuked; they cannot tolerate
[v]
criticism.
/ˈtɒl.ər.eɪt/
recoil draw back because of fear; shrink; Jerry recoiled at the thought of
wince; flinch. singing in the amateur show, but he
[v]
went through with it because he
/rɪˈkɔɪl/ had promised to participate.
relinquish give up; abandon; let go; release; When an elderly lady entered the
surrender. crowded bus, one of the students
[v]
relinquished his seat to her.
/rɪˈlɪŋ.kwɪʃ/
38 40

capsize overturn; upset When Sam’s canoe capsized , I
swam over to help him turn it right
[v]
side up.
/kæpˈsaɪz/
contend 1. compete; vie; take part in a Every spring some baseball writers
contest; fight; struggle. try to predict the two teams that will
[v]
contend in the next world series.
/kənˈtend/
2. argue; maintain as true, assert. Don’t argue with the umpire. If he

says you are out, it’s no use
contending you are safe.
decease death Shortly after President Kennedy’s

decease Vice President Johnson
[n]
was sworn in as the new Chief
/dɪˈsiːs/ Executive.
din loud noise; uproar. I couldn’t hear what you were

saying because the jet plane that
[n]
was passing made such a din.
/dɪn/
42 44
distinguish tell apart; differentiate. The twins are so alike that it is hard inaudible incapable of being heard; not The only part of your answer I could
to distinguish one from the other. audible. hear was the first word; the rest
[v] [adj]
was inaudible.
/ dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ / /ɪˈnɔː.də.bəl/
make known; reveal; disclose Yesterday our teacher read us a incense make extremely angry; enrage; Some of the members were so
divulge
composition without divulging the madden; infuriate. incensed by the way Jack opened
[v] [n]
name of the writer. the meeting that they walked right
/daɪˈvʌldʒ/ /ˈɪn.sens/ out.
long period of dry weather; lack of While some regions are suffering inundate flood; swamp; deluge. A number of streets in low-lying
drought
rain; dryness. from drought, others are areas were inundated by the
[n] [v]
experiencing heavy rains and rainstorm.
/draʊt/ floods. /ˈɪn.ʌn.deɪt/
starve; be or make extremely The missing hikers were famished jeopardy danger; peril. If you are late for the employment
famish
hungry. when we found them; they had not interview, your chance of getting
[v] [n]
eaten for more than twelve hours. the job will be in serious jeopardy.
/ˈfæm.ɪʃ/ /ˈdʒep.ə.di/
light up; make bright with light. The bright morning sun magnify cause to be or look larger; enlarge; The bacteria shown in your
illuminate
illuminated the kitchen, there was amplify textbook have been greatly
[v] [v]
no need for the lights to be on. magnified; their actual size is
/ ɪˈluː.mɪ.neɪt/ /ˈmæɡ.nɪ.faɪ/ considerably smaller.
46 48
municipal of a city or town. Your father works for the city? How survive live longer than; outlive. After landing at Plymouth, the
interesting! My father is also a Pilgrims suffered greatly; about half
[adj] [v]
municipal employee. of them failed to survive the first
/mjuːˈnɪs.ɪ.pəl/ /səˈvaɪv/ winter.
puncture make a hole with a pointed object; Our neighbor swept a nail off his
pierce; perforate. curb, and later it punctured one of
[n]
his own tires.
/ˈpʌŋk.tʃər/
traverse pass across, over, or through; The Trans-Siberian Railroad,

cross. completed in 1905, traverse the
[v]
Asian continent.
/trəˈvɜːs/
rummage search thoroughly by turning over Someone must have rummaged
all the contents; ransack. my desk; everything in it is in
[v]
disorder.
/ˈrʌm.ɪdʒ/
velocity speed; swiftness; rapidity. Do you know that light travels at a

velocity of 186,000 miles a
[n]
at the same time; concurrently. The twins began school second?
simultaneously /vəˈlɒs.ə.ti/
simultaneously, but they did not
[adv]
graduate at the same time.
/ˌsɪm.əlˈteɪ.ni.əs.li/
subsequently later; afterwards. When I first saw that dress, it was

$14.95; subsequently it was
[v]
reduced to $10.95; now it is on sale
/ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/ for $6.95.
50 52

accommodate 1. hold without crowding or The new restaurant will
inconvenience; have room for. accommodate 128 persons.
[v]
/əˈkɒm.ə.deɪt/
2. oblige; do a favor for; furnish I’m sorry I have no pen to lend you.
with something desired. Ask Norman. Perhaps he can
accommodate you.
apprehend 1. anticipate (foresee) with fear; Now I see how foolish I was to
dread. apprehend the outcome of the
[v]
test. I passed easily.
/ˌæp.rɪˈhend/
2. arrest The escaped prisoner was

apprehended as he tried to cross
the border.
cleave stick; adhere; cling; be faithful. Some of the inhabitants are hostile
to new ways; they cleave to the
[v]
customs and traditions of the past.
/kliːv/
54 56
conceal keep secret; withdraw from I answered all questions truthfully, fatigue tire; exhaust; weary. Why not take the elevator? Climbing
observation; hide. for I had nothing to conceal. up the stairs will fatigue you.
[v] [n]
/kənˈsiːl/ /fəˈtiːɡ/
content satisfied; pleased. If you are not content with the

merchandise, you may return it for
[adj, n, v]
an exchange or a refund. infallible incapable of error; sure; certain; When Phil disputes my answer or I
/ kənˈtent / [adj]
absolutely reliable. question his, we take it to our math
teacher. We consider her judgment
/ɪnˈfæl.ə.bəl/ infallible .
culprit one guilty of a fault or crime; The last time we were late for the
offender. party, I was the culprit. I wasn’t
[n]
ready when you called for me.
/ˈkʌl.prɪt/
pilfer steal (in small amounts). The shoplifter was apprehended
with a number of pilfered articles
[v]
in his possession.
/ˈpɪl.fər/
eliminate drop; exclude; remove; get rid of; The new director hopes to reduce
[v]
rule out. expenses by eliminating
unnecessary jobs.
/iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
province proper business or duty; sphere; If your brother misbehaves in

jurisdiction. school, you have no right to punish
[n]
him; that is your parent’s province.
/ˈprɒv.ɪns/
facetious given to joking; not to be taken Bob meant it when he said he was
seriously; witty quitting the team. He was not being
[adj]
facetious.
/fəˈsiː.ʃəs/
58 60
reflect think carefully; meditate; I could have given a much better surmount conquer; overcome; climb over. At the end of the third quarter, the
contemplate. answer if I had had time to reflect. visitors were ahead by 18 points, a
[v] [v]
lead that our team was unable to
/rɪˈflekt/ /səˈmaʊnt/ surmount.
reverse 1. turn completely about; change to If I found guilty, a person may

the opposite position; revoke; annul appeal to a higher court in the hope
[v]
that it will reverse the verdict. urban having to do with cities or towns. In the United States today, the
/rɪˈvɜːs/ [adj]
urban population far outnumbers
the farm population; 100 years ago,
/ˈɜː.bən/ the reverse was true.
2. a defeat. In 1805, Napoleon’s fleet met with

a serious reverse at the Battle of
Trafalgar.
vicinity neighborhood; locality; region Lost: Black cat answering to

about or near a place. “Blackie”. Vicinity of Main Street
[n]
and First Avenue. Reward. Call 92-
/vɪˈsɪn.ə.ti/ 0146.
shallow not deep. Non swimmers must use the

shallow part of the pool.
[adj]
/ˈʃæl.əʊ/
vocation occupation; calling; business; Ruth is going to be a nurse. Bob

trade; profession. plans to enter teaching. I, however,
[n]
have not yet chosen a vocation .
beyond what is necessary or Mr. Mason already has enough book /vəʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/
superfluous
desirable; surplus; needless. monitors; additional helpers would
[adj]
be superfluous.
/suːˈpɜː.flu.əs/
62 64

abate 1. become less; decrease; diminish. The water shortage in abating, but
it is still a matter of some concern.
[v]
/əˈbeɪt/
2. make less; reduce; moderate. Mike’s close defeat in the tennis

tournament has not abated his
zeal for the game.
accord 1. agreement; understanding. If both sides to the dispute can be

brought to the conference table,
[n, v]
can come to an accord .
/əˈkɔːd/
2. agree; correspond. Check to see if your definition

accords with the one in the
dictionary.
66 68
aggravate make worse; intensify. If your sunburn itches, don’t craven cowardly. Henry Flemming thought he would
scratch; that will only aggravate be a hero, but as the fighting began
[v] [adj]
it. he fled from the field in craven
/ˈæɡ.rə.veɪt/ /ˈkreɪ.vən/ fear.
belligerent fond of fighting; warlike; Bert still likes to settle his

combative. arguments with his fists. When will
[adj,n]
he learn that it’s childish to be so something in circulation as a The Indians of New England used
/bəˈlɪdʒ.ər.ənt/ belligerent? currency
medium of exchange; money; coin; beads as currency.
[n]
bank notes.
/ˈkʌr.ən.si/
conspicuous noticeable; easily seen; prominent; Among of Manhattan’s skyscrapers,

striking. the Empire State Building is
[adj]
conspicuous for its superior turn aside through fear; discourage; The heavy rain did not deter
/kənˈspɪk.ju.əs/ height.
deter
hinder; keep back people from coming to the school
[v]
play. Nearly every seat was
/dɪˈtɜːr/ occupied.
craft 1. skill; art. The weavers of Oriental rugs are

famous for their superior craft.
[n, v]
/krɑːft/
duplicate one of two things exactly alike; If I had had carbon paper, I could
copy. have made a duplicate of my
[adj, n, v]
history notes for my friend who was
/ˈdʒuː.plɪ.keɪt/ absent.
2. skill or art in a bad sense; The Greeks took Troy by craft; they
cunning; guile. use the trick of the wooden horse.
70 72
fictitious 1. made up; imaginary; not real. In JOHNNY TREMAIN, there are intervene 1. occur between; be between; More than two months intervene
fictitious characters like Johnny come between. between a President’s election and
[adj] [v]
and Rad, as well as real ones, like the day he takes office.
/fɪkˈtɪʃ.əs/ Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. /ˌɪn.təˈviːn/
2. come between to help settle a Ralph is unhappy that I stopped the

quarrel; intercede. fight between him and his brother.
He did not want me to intervene.
2. false; pretended; assumed for The suspect said he lived at 423

the purpose of deceiving. Green Street, but he later admitted
it was a fictitious address.
miniature small; tiny. Joan has a miniature stapler in her

purse. It takes up very little room.
[adj, n]
/ˈmɪn.ə.tʃər/
immaculate spotless; without a stain; absolutely The curtains were spotless; the
clean. tablecloth was immaculate , too.
[adj]
group of five Because it has five players, a
/ɪˈmæk.jə.lət/ quintet
basketball team is often called a
[n]
quintet.
/kwɪnˈtet/
reconcile cause to be friends again. It was a surprise to see that Herb

and Jerry are friends again. I
[v]
wonder who reconciled them.
/ˈrek.ən.saɪl/
74 76
rural having to do with the country (as Six inches of now fell in the city and
distinguished from the city or town) up to fourteen inches in the rural
[adj]
areas upstate.
/ˈrʊə.rəl/
security safety; protection. Passengers were advised to deposit

their valuable in the ship’s vault for
[n]
greater security.
/sɪˈkjʊə.rə.ti/
stamina strength; vigor; endurance. Swimming the English Channel is a

feat that requires considerable
[n]
stamia.
/ˈstæm.ɪ.nə/
volition act of willing or choosing; will; Did your employer dismiss you, or
accord. did you leave of your own volition?
[n]
/vəˈlɪʃ.ən/
78 80
custody care; safekeeping; guardianship. Our treasurer has custody off our
club’s financial records.
alternative choice; one of two or more things If I were given the choice of making /ˈkʌs.tə.di/
offered for choice. either an oral or a written report, I
[adj, n]
should pick the second
/ɒlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv/ alternative.
diminutive below average size; small; tiny. To an observer in an airplane high

over the city, the largest buildings
[adj]
beverage drink; liquid for drinking. Orange juice is a healthful seem diminutive .
beverage. /dɪˈmɪn.jə.tɪv/
[n]
/ˈbev.ər.ɪdʒ/
dispel drive away by scattering; scatter; The two officers were commended
mistake or error caused by stupidity Have you ever committed the disperse. for their skill in dispelling the mob
blunder [v]
and preventing violence.
or carelessness. blunder of mailing a letter without
[n, v] /dɪˈspel/
a postage stamp?
/ˈblʌn.dər/
dormant inactive; as if asleep; sleeping; In early spring, new buds begin to

controversy dispute; quarrel; debate; strife. The Republicans and the Democrats
quiet; sluggish; resting. appear on trees and shrubs that
have been engaged in a [adj]
[n] have been dormant all winter.
controversy over which party is
/ˈkɒn.trə.vɜː.si/ /ˈdɔː.mənt/
responsible for the increases taxes.
82 84
exclusively solely; without sharing with others; Mrs. Carter had bought the major greater; larger; more important; When the major companies in an
undividedly. encyclopedia for all of her sons, but principal. industry raise prices, the smaller
[adv] [adj, n, v]
the oldest behaved as if it was ones usually follow suit.
/ɪkˈskluː.sɪv.li/ exclusively his. /ˈmeɪ.dʒər/
exempt freed or released from a duty, Three students are exempt from objective 1. aim or end (of an action); goal. Our fund has already raised $650;
liability, or rule to which others are taking the spelling retest; they got its objective is $1000.
[v, adj] [adj, n]
subject. 100% in the original test.
/ɪɡˈzempt/ /əbˈdʒek.tɪv/
2. involving facts, rather than When a college considers your

imperil endanger; jeopardize. The fishing vessel was imperiled personal feeling or opinions. application, it examines two kinds of
by high winds, but it managed to data: subjective evidence, such as
[v]
reach port safely. letters of recommendation; and
/ɪmˈper.əl/ objective evidence, such as your
scores on college-entrance tests.
lineage descent (in a direct line from a If you study Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
common ancestor); ancestry; lineage, you will find that he was
[n]
family; extraction. descended from a Dutch ancestor
/ˈlɪn.i.ɪdʒ/ who settled in America about 1638. opinionated unduly attached to one’s own It’s hard to reason with an
opinion; obstinate; stubborn. opinionated person; he won’t
[adj]
change his mind even if you show
/əˈpɪn.jə.neɪ.tɪd/ him objective evidence.
86 88
presently in a short time; soon; before long. We won’t have to wait long for our
bus . It will be here presently.
[adv]
/ˈprez.ənt.li/
procrastinate put things off; delay; postpone; When a book is due, return it to the
defer. library promptly. Otherwise you will
[v]
be fined 2# for every day you
/prəˈkræs.tɪ.neɪt/ procrastinate .
prodigious extraordinary in size, quantity, or The average American city requires

ex-tent; vast; enormous; huge; a prodigious amount of fresh milk
[adj]
immense. daily.
/prəˈdɪdʒ.əs/
protract draw put; lengthen in time; My aunt had planned to stay with us
prolong; extend. for the weekend only, but mother
[v]
persuaded her to protract her visit
/prəˈtrækt/ for a full week.
retain keep; continue to have, hold, or The department store is closing

use. down its restaurant but retaining
[v]
its lunch counter.
/rɪˈteɪn/
90 92
aptitude natural tendency to learn or Eric is clumsy with tools; he has

understand; bent; talent. little mechanical aptitude.
[n]
/ˈæp.tɪ.tʃuːd/
adroit expert in using the hands or mind; Out adroit passing enabled us to
skillful; clever; deft; dexterous. score four touchdowns.
[adj]
/əˈdrɔɪt/
craftsman skilled workman; artisan. To build a house, you need the

services of carpenters, bricklayers,
[n]
plumbers, electricians, and several
/ˈkrɑːfts.mən/ other craftsmen.
ambidextrous able to use both hands equally well. Russ is an ambidextrous hitter;
he can bat right-handed or left-
[adj]
handed.
/ˌæm.bɪˈdek.strəs/
dexterity skill in using the hands or mind; You can’t expect an apprentice to
deftness; adroitness. have the same dexterity as a
[n]
master craftsman.
/dekˈster.ə.ti/
apprentice person learning an art or trade Young Ben Franklin learned the
under a skilled worker; learner; printing trade by serving as an
[n, v]
beginner; novice; tyro. apprentice to his half brother
/əˈpren.tɪs/ James. capable of doing many things well; Leonardo da Vinci was remarkably
versatile
[adj]
many-sided; all-around. versatile. He was a painter,
sculptor, architect, musician,
/ˈvɜː.sə.taɪl/ engineer and scientist.
94 96
financial having to do with money matters; People who keep spending more
monetary; pecuniary; fiscal. than they earn usually get into
[adj]
financial difficulties.
/faɪˈnæn.ʃəl/
Word Meaning Typical Use /fɪˈnæn.ʃəl/
affluent very wealthy; rich; opulent. The new wing to the hospital was
made possible by a gift of $500,000
[adj]
from an affluent contributor.
/ˈæf.lu.ənt/
fleece (literally, to remove the wool from a If your brother paid $400 for that
sheep or a similar animal) deprive car, he was fleeced. The mechanic
[n]
or strip of money or belongings by says it is worth $150.
/fliːs/ fraud; charge excessively for goods
excessive desire for wealth; People who suffer from avarice or services; rob; cheat; swindle.
avarice
greediness. spend much less and save much
[n]
more than they should.
/ˈæv.ər.ɪs/
covet desire; long for; crave, especially Chicot coveted his neighbor’s farm
something belonging to another. but could not get her to sell it.
[v]
/ˈkʌv.ɪt/ hoard save and conceal; accumulate; Silas Maner had a reputation as a
amass. miser who hoarded every penny
[v]
he could get his hands on.
/hɔːd/
dowry money, property, etc…, that a bride With his wife's dowry, the young
brings to her husband. attorney was able to open a law
[n]
office.
/ˈdaʊ.ri/
98 100
lavish 1. too free in giving, using, or The young heir was warned that opulence wealth; riches; affluence. Dickens contrasts the opulence of
speding; profuse. he would soon have nothing left if France’s nobility with the indigence
[adj] [adj]
he continued to be lavish with of her peasants.
/ˈlæv.ɪʃ/ money. /ˈɒp.jə.lənt/
2. given or spent too freely; very Vera's composition is good, but it

abundant; more than enough; doesn't deserve the lavish praise
profuse. that Linda gave it.
sumptuous involving large expense; luxurious; The car with the leather upholstery
costly; lavish. and thick rugs is beautiful but a bit
[adj]
sumptuous for a person of my
/ˈsʌmp.tʃu.əs/ simple tastes.
lucrative profitable; moneymaking Because his gas station did not

produce a sufficient profit, the
[adj]
owner decided to go into a more
/ˈluː.krə.tɪv/ lucrative business.
means wealth; property; resources. To own an expensive home, a

yacht, and a limousine, you have
[n]
to be a man of means.
/miːnz/
102 104

destitute not possessing the necessaries of The severe earthquake killed
life such as food, shelter, and hundred of persons and left
[adj]
clothing; needy; indigent. thousands destitute .
/ˈdes.tɪ.tʃuːt/
economize cut down expenses; be frugal. Housewives can economize by

buying their milk in gallon
[v]
containers.
/iˈkɒn.ə.maɪz/
frugal 1. barely enough: scantly. The old man had nothing to eat but
bread and cheese; yet he offered to
[adj]
share this frugal meal with his
/ˈfruː.ɡəl/ visitor.
2. avoiding waste; economical; An allowance of $5 a week for

sparing; saving; thrifty. lunches and fares isn’t much, but
you can get by on it if you are
frugal.
106 108
impoverish make very poor; reduce to poverty. The increase in dues is only 10 craven coward A hero risks his life to help others; a
cents. It will not impoverish any craven runs from the scene.
[v] [adj]
member.
/ɪmˈpɒv.ər.ɪʃ/ /ˈkreɪ.vən/
dastardly cowardly and mean It was dastardly of the captain to

poverty. By handwork, countless thousands desert the sinking vessel and leave
indigence [adj]
of Americans have raised the passengers to fend for
[adj]
themselves from indigence to
/ˈdæs.təd.li/ themselves.
/ˈɪn.dɪ.dʒənt/ wealth.
intimidate make fearful or timid; frighten; The younger boys would not have
force by fear; cow; bully. given up the playing field so quickly
[v]
if the older boys hadn’t
/ɪnˈtɪm.ɪ.deɪt/ intimidated them.

apprehensive expecting something unfavorable; Several apprehensive parents
afraid; anxious. telephoned the school when the lacking courage or self-confidence; If the other team challenges us, we
[adj] timid
children were late in getting home fearful; timorous; shy. should accept. Let’s not be so
/ˌæp.rɪˈhen.sɪv/ from the museum trip. [adj]
timid!
/ˈtɪm.ɪd/
trepidation nervous agitation; fear; fright; I thought Carol would be nervous

cower draw back tremblingly; shrink or Brave men defy tyrants, instead of trembling. when she made her speech, but she
crouch in fear; cringe; recoil. cowering before them. [n]
[v] delivered it without trepidation .
/ˌtrep.ɪˈdeɪ.ʃən/
/ˈkaʊ.ər/
110 112
fortitude courage in facing danger, hardship, The captain showed remarkable

or pain; endurance; bravery; pluck; fortitude in continuing to lead his
[n]
backbone; valor. men despite a painful wound.
/ˈfɔː.tɪ.tʃuːd/
audacious 1. bold; fearlessly daring. Risking serious injury, the outfielder
made an audacious leap against
[adj]
the concrete wall and caught the
/ɔːˈdeɪ.ʃəs/ powerfully hit ball.
indomitable incapable of being subdued; Columbus had an indomitable

unconquerable; invincible. belief that he would reach land by
[adj]
sailing west.
/ɪnˈdɒm.ɪ.tə.bəl/
2. too bold; insolent; impudent. After we had waited for about

twenty minutes, an audacious
freshman came along and tried to
get in at the head of our line.
plucky courageous; brave; valiant; Though defeated, our team put up

valorous. a plucky defense against their
[adj]
taller and huskier opponents.
/ˈplʌk.i/
dauntless fearless; intrepid; very brave; The frightened sailors wanted to

valiant. turn back, but their dauntless
[adj]
leader urged them to sail on.
/ˈdɔːnt.ləs/
rash overhasty; foolhardy; reckless; When a person loses his temper, he

impetuous; taking too much risk. may say or do something rash and
[n, adj]
regret it afterwards.
/ræʃ/
exploit heroic act; daring deed; feat. Robert E. Peary won worldwide
fame for his exploits as an Arctic
[n,v]
explorer.
/ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
114 116

alias 1. assumed name Inspector Javert discovered that
Monsieur Madeleine was not the
[n, preposition]
mayor’s real name but an alias for
/ˈeɪ.li.əs/ Jean Valjean, the ex-convict.
2. otherwise called; otherwise Jean Valjean, alias Monsieur

known as. Madeleine, was arrested by
Inspector Javert.
clandestine carried on in secrecy and Before the Revolutionary War, an

concealment; secret; concealed; underground organization, known
[adj]
underhand. as the Sons of Liberty, used to hold
/klænˈdes.tɪn/ clandestine meetings in Boston.
enigma puzzling statement; riddle; I have read the first homework

mystery; puzzling problem or problem several times but can’t
[n]
person. understand it. Maybe you can help
/ɪˈnɪɡ.mə/ me with this enigma.
118 120
latent present but not showing itself; A good education will help you
hidden but capable of being discover and develop your latent
[adj]
brought to light; dormant; talents.
/ˈleɪ.tənt/ potential.
apprise inform; notify. The magazine has apprised its
readers of an increase in rates
[v]
beginning January 1.
/əˈpraɪz/
lurk be hidden; lie in ambush. General Braddock’s troops,

marching in column, were easy
[v]
targets for the Indians lurking
/lɜːk/ behind trees.
avowal open acknowledgement; frank The white flag of surrender is an

declaration; admission; confession. avowal of defeat.
[n]
/əˈvaʊ.əl/
seclude shut up apart from others; confine To find a quiet place to study, Bruce
in a place hard to reach; hide. had to seclude himself in the attic.
[v]
/sɪˈkluːd/ divulge make public; disclose; reveal; tell. I told my secret only to Margaret
because I knew she would not
[v]
/səˈkluːd/ divulge it.
/daɪˈvʌldʒ/
/dɪˈvʌldʒ/
stealthy secret in action or character; sly. The burglar must have been very
[adj]
stealthy if he was able to get past
the two watchmen without being draw forth; bring out; evoke; By questioning the witness, the
/stelθ/ noticed. elicit
extract. attorney elicited the fact that it
[v]
was raining at the time of the
/iˈlɪs.ɪt/ accident.
122 124
enlighten shed the light of truth and The new student was going in the
knowledge upon; free from wrong direction until someone
[v]
ignorance; inform; instruct. enlightened him that his room is
/ɪnˈlaɪ.tən/ at the other end of the hall.
accede (usually follow by to) agree; assent; When I asked my English teacher if
consent; acquiesce. I might change my topic, he readily
[v]
acceded to my request.
/əkˈsiːd/
manifest 1. show; reveal; display; evidence. My art teacher told my parents that
I have failed to manifest any
[n, v, adj]
interest in her subject.
/ˈmæn.ɪ.fest/
accord agreement; harmony Though we are in accord on what
our goals should be, we differ on
[n]
the means for achieving them.
/əˈkɔːd/
2. plain; clear; evident; not It is now manifest that, if I do not

obscure; obvious. do my work, I will fail the course.
compact agreement; understanding, accord; The states bordering on the

covenant. Delaware River have entered into a
[adj]
compact for the sharing of its
/kəmˈpækt/ water.
overt open to view; not hidden; public; The teacher didn’t believe that Ned
manifest. was annoying me until she saw him
[adj]
in the overt act of pulling my hair. compatible able to exist together harmoniously; Miss Evans knows that Arthur and I
/əʊˈvɜːt/ [adj]
in harmony. can't be on the same committee.
We're not compatible.
/kəmˈpæt.ə.bəl/
126 128
compromise settlement reached by a partial At first, the union and management dovetail to fit together with, so as to form a Gilbert’s skill as a writer dovetailed
yielding on both sides. were far apart on wages, but they harmonious whole; interlock with. Sullivan’s talent as a composer,
[n,v] [n, v]
finally came to a compromise. resulting in the famous Gilbert and
/ˈkɒm.prə.maɪz/ /ˈdʌv.teɪl/ Sullivan operettas.
conform be in agreement or harmony with; When a new style in clothes

act in accordance with accepted appears, women usually hasten to
[v]
standards or customs; comply. conform.
/kənˈfɔːm/
reconcile cause to be friendly again; bring After our quarrel, my brother and I
back to harmony. refused to talk to each other until
[v]
Mother reconciled us.
/ˈrek.ən.saɪl/
consistent keeping to the same principles By bringing up an unrelated matter

throughout; showing no you are not being consistent with
[adj]
contradiction; in accord; your previous statement that we
/kənˈsɪs.tənt/ compatible. should stick to the topic.
relent become less harsh, severe, or strict; The Mayor has banned all lawn
soften in temper; yield. sprinkling because of the water
[v]
shortage. However, if the reservoirs
correspond be in harmony; match; fit; agree; The rank of second lieutenant in the /rɪˈlent/ fill up, he may relent somewhat.
be similar. Army corresponds to that of
[v]
ensign in the Navy.
/ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒnd/
130 132

altercation noisy, angry dispute; quarrel; The teacher halted the altercation
wrangle. by separating the two opponents
[ n]
before they could come to blows.
/ˌɒl.təˈkeɪ.ʃən/
antagonize make an enemy of; arouse the The official antagonized the
hostility of. leader of his own party by accusing
[v]
him of cowardice.
/ænˈtæ ɡ.ə.naɪz/
cleavage split; division. Our party hopes to repair the

[n]
cleavage in its ranks so that it may
present a united front in the coming
/ˈkliː.vɪdʒ/ elections.
discord disagreement; conflict; dissension; Billy Budd put an end to the

strife. discord aboard the right-of-man.
[n]
He was an excellent peacemaker.
/ˈdɪs.kɔːd/
134 140
discrepancy difference; disagreement; variation; Eighty students came to the dance friction conflict of ideas between persons or At the budget hearing, there was
inconsistency. but only seventy-four tickets were parties of opposing views; considerable friction between the
[n] [n]
collected at the door. Can you disagreement supporters and the opponents of
/dɪˈskrep.ən.si/ account for this discrepancy? /ˈfrɪk.ʃən/ higher taxes.
dissent differ in opinion; disagree; object. The vote approving the amendment
irreconcilable unable to be brought into friendly It is doubtful whether anyone can
was far from unanimous; six
[n, v] accord or understanding; hostile make peace between the estranged
members dissented. [adj]
beyond the possibility of partners; they have become
/dɪˈsent/ /ˌɪr.ek.ənˈsaɪ.lə.bəl/ reconciliation; not reconcilable. irreconcilable.
embroil involve in conflict. Motorists who disregard traffic

regulations eventually become litigation lawsuit; act or process of carrying Some business disputes can be
[v] on a lawsuit. settled out of court; others require
embroiled with law. [n]
/ɪmˈbrɔɪl/ litigation.
/ˌlɪt.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/
estrange turn (someone) from affection to A quarrel over an inheritance

dislike or enmity; make unfriendly; estranges the brothers for many in disagreement; at odds. Cynthia is an independent thinker.
[v]
separate, alienate. years.
at variance
Her opinions are often at variance
[adj]
/ɪˈstreɪndʒ/ with those of the rest of the class.
/ætˈveə.ri.əns/
142 144
wrangle quarrel noisily; dispute angrily; When I left, two neighbors were glutton greedy eater; person in the habit of I had a second helping and would
brawl; bicker. quarreling noisily. When I returned eating too much. have taken a third except that I
[n,v] [n]
an hour later, they were still didn’t want to be considered a
/ˈræŋ.ɡəl/ wrangling. /ˈɡlʌt.ən/ glutton.
luscious delicious; juicy and sweet. The watermelon was very

luscious. Everyone wanted
[adj]
another slice.
Word Meaning Typical Use /ˈlʌʃ.əs/
condiment something (such as pepper or There is a shelf in our kitchen for

spices) added to or served with food pepper, salt, mustard, catsup, and
[n]
to enhance its flavor; seasoning. other condiments.
/ˈkɒn.dɪ.mənt/
palatable agreeable to the taste; pleasing; The main dish has little flavor, but I
savory made it palatable by adding
[adj]
condiments.
/ˈpæl.ə.tə.bəl/
devour eat up greedily; feast upon like an The hikers were so hungry that they
[v]
animal or a glutton. devoured the hamburgers as fast
as they were served.
/dɪˈvaʊər/
slake (with reference to thirst) bring to On a sultry afternoon you may find
and end through refreshing drink; a long line of people at the drinking
[v]
fit for human consumption; eatable; Never eat wild mushrooms, even satisfy; quench. fountain, waiting to slake their
edible /sleɪk/ thirst.
nonpoisonous. though they look edible. They may
[adj]
be poisonous.
/ˈed.ə.bəl/
146 148
succulent full of juice; juicy. The steak will be dry if you leave it
in the oven longer. Take it out now
[adj]
if you want it to be succulent.
/ˈsʌk.jə.lənt/
voracious having a huge appetite; greedy in Chester would not be overweight if

eating; gluttonous. he were not such a voracious
[adj]
eater.
/vəˈreɪ.ʃəs/
150 152
infinite without ends or limits; boundless; In our science lesson tomorrow we

endless; inexhaustible. shall consider whether space is
[adj,n]
bounded or infinite .
/ˈɪn.fɪ.nət/
colossal huge; enormous; gigantic; The game will be played in a
mammoth; vast. colossal sports arena with a
[adj]
seating capacity of more than
/kəˈlɒs.əl/ 60,000.
infinitesimal so small as to be almost nothing; If there is any salt in this soup, it

immeasurably small; very minute. must be infinitesimal. I can’t taste
[adj,n]
it.
/ˌɪn.fɪ.nɪˈtes.ɪ.məl/
commodious spacious and comfortable; roomy; Even during change of classes there
ample not confining. is no crowding because the halls
[adj]
and stairways are commodious.
/kəˈməʊ.di.əs/
inflate swell with air or gas; expand; puff Since the football has lost air, we
up shall need a pump to inflate it.
[v]
/ɪnˈfleɪt/
gamut entire range of anything from one After the test I thought at first I had
extreme to another. done very well, then quite well, and
[n]
finally, poorly. I ran the gamut
inordinate much to great; not keep within Alex kept my book for such an
/ˈɡæm.ət/ from confidence to despair.
reasonable bounds; excessive; inordinate length of time that I
[adj]
immoderate. shall never lend him anything again.
/ɪˈnɔː.dɪ.nət/
154 156
iota (ninth and smallest letter of the If you make the same mistake puny slight or inferior in size, power, or The skyscraper dwarfs the
Greek alphabet) very small again, despite all my warnings, I will importance; weak; insignificant. surrounding buildings. By
[n] [adj]
quantity; infinitesimal amount; bit. not have one iota of sympathy for comparison to it, they seem puny.
/aɪˈəʊ.tə/ you. /ˈpjuː.ni/
superabundance great abundance; surplus; excess. Our committee doesn’t need any
size; greatness; largeness; Shopping for clothes can be a small more help. We have a
magnitude [n]
superabundance of helpers.
importance. matter for some, but a problem of
[n] /ˌsuː.pər.əˈbʌn.dənt/
the greatest magnitude for others.
/ˈmæɡ.nɪ.tʃuːd/
picayune concerned with trifling matters; The trouble with your studying is

petty; small; of little value. that you spend too much time on
[adj]
picayune details and not enough
/ˌpɪk.əˈjuːn/ on the really important matters. impair the strength of; enfeeble; The patient had been so
debilitate
[v]
weaken. debilitated by the fever that he
lacked the strength to sit up.
/dɪˈbɪl.ɪ.teɪt/
decadent marked by decay or decline; falling When industry moves away, a

pittance small amount; meager wage or At those low wages, few will apply off; declining; deteriorating. flourishing town may quickly
[adj]
allowance. for the job. Who want to work for a become decadent.
[n]
pittance? /ˈdek.ə.dənt/
/ˈpɪt.əns/
158 160
decrepit broken down or weakened by old Billy Dawes rode past the redcoats frail not very strong; weak; fragile. To be an astronaut, you must be in
age or use; worn out. on a horse that looked decrepit robust health. It is not an
[adj] [adj]
and about to collapse. occupation for a frail person.
/dɪˈkrep.ɪt/ /freɪl/
dilapidated falling to pieces; decayed; partly Up the road was an abandoned

ruined or decayed through neglect. farmhouse, partially in ruins, and incapacitate render incapable or unfit; disable. Ruth will be absent today. She is
[adj] incapacitated by a sore throat.
near it a barn, even more [v]
/dɪˈlæp.ɪ.deɪ.tɪd/ dilapidated.
/ˌɪn.kəˈpæs.ɪ.teɪt/
enervate lessen the vigor or strength of; Enervated by the heat, we rested
weaken; enfeeble. under a shady tree until our
[v] weakness; feebleness; frailty. On leaving the hospital, the patient
strength was restored. infirmity
felt almost too weak to walk, but he
/ˈen.ə.veɪt/
soon overcame this infirmity .
/ɪnˈfɜː.mə.ti/
flimsy lacking strength or solidity; frail; Judy understands algebra well, but
unsubstantial. I have only a flimsy grasp of the
[adj]
subject.
/ˈflɪm.zi/
162 164

bulwark wall-like defensive structure; For centuries the British regarded
rampart; defense; protection; their navy as their principal
[n]
safeguard. bulwark against invasion.
/ˈbʊl.wək/
citadel fortress; stronghold. The fortified city of Singapore was

once considered unconquerable. In
[n]
1942, however, this citadel fell to
/ˈsɪt.ə.del/ the Japanese.
cogent forcible; compelling; powerful; Excuses for not handing work in on

convincing. time vary. Some are flimsy, as, for
[adj]
example, “I left it at home.” Others
/ˈkəʊ.dʒənt/ are more cogent , such as a
physician’s note.
166 168
dynamic forceful; energetic; active. If you elect Audrey, you may be invigorate give vigor to; fill with life and If you feel enervated by the heat,
sure she will present our views energy; animate; strengthen. try a swim in the cool ocean. It will
[adj] [v]
forcefully and energetically. She is a invigorate you.
/daɪˈnæm.ɪk/ very dynamic speaker. /ɪnˈvɪɡ.ər.eɪt/
robust strong and healthy; vigorous; The lifeguard was in excellent

exciting fear by reason of strength, Our hopes for an easy victory sank sturdy; sound. physical condition. I had never seen
formidable [adj]
anyone more robust.
size, difficulty, etc.; hard to when our opponents took the field.
[adj] /rəʊˈbʌst/
overcome; to be dreaded. They were much taller and huskier,
/fɔːˈmɪd.ə.bəl/ and they looked formidable.
tenacious holding fast or tending to hold fast; After the dog got the ball, I tried to
not yielding; stubborn; strong. dislodge it from her tenacious
[adj]
strong point; that which one does I am better than Jack in English and jaws, but I couldn’t.
forte /təˈneɪ.ʃəs/
with excellence. social studies but not in math; that
[n]
is his forte.
/ˈfɔː.teɪ/
vehement showing strong feeling; forceful; Your protest was too mild. If it had
impregnable incapable of being taken by assault; Before World War II, the French violent; furious. been more vehement, the dealer
unconquerable; invincible. regarded their Maginot Line as an [adj]
[adj] might have paid attention to it.
impregnable bulwark against a /ˈviː.ə.mənt/
/ɪmˈpreɡ.nə.bəl/ German invasion.
170 172
vigor active strength or force; strength; The robust young pitcher ignore refuse to take notice of; disregard; The motorist was given a ticket for
force; energy. performed with his usual vigor for overlook. ignoring a stop sign.
[n] [v]
seven innings, but he weakened in
/ˈvɪɡ·ər/ the eight and was removed from /ɪɡˈnɔːr/
the game.
inadvertent (used to describe blunders, Unfortunately, I made an

mistakes, etc., rather than people) inadvertent remark about Irma’s
[adj]
heedless; thoughtless; careless. failure while she was present.
/ˌɪn.ədˈvɜː.tənt/

default 1. failure to do something required; The Royals must be on the playing
neglect; negligence. field by 4 p.m. If they do not
[v,n]
appear, they will lose the game by 1. give little or no attention to; leave Some of the students in the play
neglect
/dɪˈfɒlt/ default . undone; disregard. neglected their studies during
[v,n]
rehearsals, but after the
/nɪˈɡlekt/ performance they caught up
quickly.
2. fail to pay or appear when due. The finance company took away Mr.
Lee’s car when he defaulted on
the payments.
2. lack of proper care or attention; For leaving his post, the guard was
not taking heed; inattentive; Before his injury, Mike used to jump disregard; negligence. charged with neglect of duty.
heedless
careless; thoughtless; unmindful; from the stairs, heedless of the
[adj]
reckless. “No Jumping” sign. Now he pays
/ˈhiːd.ləs/ attention to it.
174 176
remiss negligent; careless; lax. The owner of the stolen car was meticulous extremely or excessively careful Before signing a contract, one
himself remiss. He left the keys in about small details; fussy. should read it carefully, including
[adj] [adj]
the vehicle. the fine print. This is one case
/rɪˈmɪs/ /məˈtɪk.jə.ləs/ where it pays to be meticulous.
slovenly negligent of neatness or order in You would not expect anyone so

one’s dress, habits, work, etc.; neat in her personal appearance to
[adj]
slipshod; sloppy. be slovenly in her housekeeping.
/ˈslʌv.ən.li/
scrupulous having painstaking regard for what Mr. Brooks refused to be a judge
is right; conscientious; strict; because his wife’s niece is a
[adj]
precise. contestant. He is very
/ˈskruː.pjə.ləs/ scrupulous.
Word Meaning Typical Use scrutinize examine closely; inspect. The guard at the gate scrutinized
Harvey’s pass before letting him in,
[v]
discreet showing good judgment in speech You were discreet not to say but he just glanced at mine.
[adj]
and action; wisely cautious. anything about our plans when /ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/
Harry was here. He can’t keep a
/dɪˈskriːt/ secret.
solicitude anxious or excessive care; My brother’s solicitude over

take notice of; give careful Our teacher said that we might concern; anxiety. getting into college ended when he
heed [adj]
attention to; mind. have a test, but I didn’t heed her. received word that he had been
[v, n]
That’s why I was unprepared. /səˈlɪs.ɪ.təs/ accepted.
/hiːd/
178 180
vigilance alert watchfulness to discover and The night watchman who

avoid danger; alertness; caution; apprehended the thief was praised
[n]
watchfulness. for his vigilance .
/ˈvɪdʒ.əl.əns/
wary on one’s guard against danger, General Braddock might not have
deception, etc.; cautious; vigilant. been defeated if he had been
[adj]
wary of an ambush.
/ˈweə.ri/
182 184
inmate person confined in an institution, When the warden took charge, the
prison, hospital, etc. prison had fewer than 100
[n]
inmates.
/ˈɪn.meɪt/
abroad in or to a foreign land or lands. After living abroad for a time,
Robert Browning became homesick
[adv]
for his native land. 1. move from one place to settle in Because they were persecuted in
migrate
/əˈbrɔːd/ another. England, the Puritans migrated to
[v]
Holland.
/maɪˈɡreɪt/
commute travel back and forth daily, as from Hundreds of thousands of

2. move from one place to another In winter, many European birds
a home in the suburbs to a job in suburban residents regularly
[v, n] with the change of season. migrate to the British Isles in
the city. commute to the city.
search of a more temperate climate.
/kəˈmjuːt/
native 1. person born in a particular place. The entire Russo family are natives
inhabitant; dweller, resident, On their safari, the hunters stalked of New Jersey except the
denizen [adj, n]
occupant. lions, tigers, and other ferocious grandparents, who were born in
[n]
denizens of the jungle. /ˈneɪ.tɪv/ Italy.
/ˈden.ɪ.zən/
2. born or originating in a particular Tobacco, potatoes, and tomatoes

place. are native American plants that
domicile house; home; dwelling; residence; The announcement read: “The
were introduced into Europe by
abode. Coopers have moved and invite
[n] explorers returning from the New
you to visit them at
World.
/ˈdɒm.ɪ.saɪl/ their new domicile, 22 Apple
Street.”
186 188
nomad member of a tribe that has no fixed Nomads have no fixed homes but infraction breaking (of a law, regulation, etc.); Parking at the bus stop is illegal.
abode but wanders from place to move from region to region to violation; breach. Motorists committing this
[n] [n]
place; wanderer. secure their food supply. infraction are heavily fined.
/ˈnəʊ.mæd/ /ɪnˈfræk.ʃən/
insubordinate not submitting to authority; Do as Mother says. If you are

disobedient; mutinous; rebellious. insubordinate, Father will
roaming from place to place; Would you like to give up your [adj]
nomadic probably hear of it.
wandering; roving. permanent residence for the
[adj] /ˌɪn.səˈbɔː.dɪ.nət/
nomadic adventures of
/nəʊˈmæd.ɪk/ trailer living?
insurgent rebel. When the revolt broke out, the

government ordered its troops to
[n]
arrest the insurgents.
temporary stay On his trip home, Gerald will stop in /ɪnˈsɜː.dʒənt/
sojourn
St. Louis for a two-day sojourn
[n, v]
with relatives.
/ˈsɒdʒ.ən/
insurrection uprising against established Troops had to be used in 1794 to

authority; rebellion; revolt. put down an insurrection in
[n]
Pennsylvania known as the Whisky
/ˌɪn.sərˈek.ʃən/ Rebellion.
Word Meaning Typical Use malcontent discontented person; rebel. The work stoppage was caused by
a few malcontents who felt they
[n]
defiance refusal to obey authority; The union showed defiance of the had been ignored when the
[n]
disposition to resist; state of court order against a strike by /ˈmæl.kən.tent/ promotions were made.
opposition. calling the workers off their jobs.
/dɪˈfaɪ.əns/
190 192
perverse obstinate (in opposing what is right Though I had carefully explained
or reasonable); willful; wayward. the shorter route to him, the
[adj]
perverse youngster came by the
/pəˈvɜːs/ longer way.
sedition speech; writing or action seeking to The author of the pamphlet

overthrow the government. advocating the overthrow of the
[n]
government was arrested for
/sɪˈdɪʃ.ən/ sedition.
transgress go beyond set limits of; violate; Ronald’s previous record showed he
break; overstep. had been an obedient student and
[v]
had never transgressed school
/trænzˈ ɡres/ regulations.
trespass encroach on another’s rights, The owner erected a “Keep Off”

privileges, property, etc. sign to discourage strangers from
[v, n]
trespassing on his land.
/ˈtres.pəs/
194 196
docile easily taught; obedient; tractable; Dan is easy to teach, but his brother
submissive. is not so docile .
[adj]
/ˈdəʊ.saɪl/
acquiesce (used with in) accept by keeping Though I wasn’t enthusiastic about submissive; yielding without Only two of the girls protested when
meek
silent; submit quietly; comply. Tom’s plan to go fishing, I resentment when ordered about or they were ordered off the filed. The
[v] [n]
acquiesced in it because there hurt by others; acquiescent. rest were too meek to complain.
/ˌæk.wiˈes/ seemed nothing else to do. /miːk/
allegiance loyalty; devotion; faithfulness; Every school day, millions of easily bent or influenced; yielding; We tried to get Joe to change his
pliable
fidelity. children “pledge allegiance to the adaptable. mind, but he was not pliable.
[n] [adj]
flag of the United States of America Perhaps you can influence him.
/əˈliː.dʒəns/ and to the republic for which it /ˈplaɪ.ə.bəl/
stands.”
submit yield to another’s will, authority, or Though he boasted he would never

yield to another out of respect, Husbands as a rule do not decide on power; yield; surrender. be taken alive, the outlaw
defer [v]
authority, courtesy; submit politely. the colors of home furnishings but submitted without a struggle
[v] /səbˈmɪt/ when the police arrived.
defer to their wives in these
/dɪˈfɜːr/ matters.
tractable easily controlled, led, or taught; For his cabinet, the dictator
docile. wanted tractable men. Therefore,
[adj]
train in obedience; bring under Mr. Walker, who had been told that he appointed no one whom he
discipline
control. he was getting a disciplined class, /ˈtræk.tə.bəl/ could not control.
[n]
was surprised to find it unruly.
/ˈdɪs.ə.plɪn/
198 200
incipient beginning to show itself; Certain serious diseases can be

commencing; in an early stage; successfully treated if detected in
[adj]
initial. an incipient stage.
/ɪnˈsɪp.i.ənt/
chronic 1.marked by long duration and Carl’s sore arm is not a new
frequent recurrence. development but the return of a
[adj]
chronic ailment.
/ˈkrɒn.ɪk/ coming and going at intervals; There were intervals when the sun
intermittent
stopping and beginning again; broke through the clouds, because
[adj]
recurrent; periodic. the showers were intermittent.
/ˌɪn.təˈmɪt.ənt/
2. having a characteristic, habit, Rhoda is a chronic complainer. She
disease, etc. , for a long time; is always dissatisfied
confirmed; habitual.
perennial 1. lasting indefinitely; incessant; Don’t think that war has plagued
enduring; permanent; constant; only our times. It has been a
[adj, n]
perpetual; everlasting. perennial curse of man.
/pəˈren.i.əl/
concurrent occurring at the same time; When a strike is settled, there will
simultaneous. probably be an increase in wages
[adj]
and a concurrent increase in
/kənˈkʌr.ənt/ prices.
2. (of plants) continuing to live from Some grasses last only a year.
year to year. Others are perennial.
dawdle waste time; loiter; idle. My sister dawdles over the dishes.
Mother gets them done without
[v]
wasting time.
/ˈdɔː.dəl/
procrastinate put off things that should be done Most of the picnickers took cover
until later; defer; postpone. when rain seemed imminent. The
[v]
few that procrastinated got
/prəˈkræs.tɪ.neɪt/ drenched.
imminent about to happen; threatening to By the sudden darkening of the
occur soon; near at hand. skies and the thunder in the
[adj]
distance, we could tell that rain was
/ˈɪm.ɪ.nənt/ imminent.
202 204
protract draw out; lengthen in time; We had planned to stay only for essence most necessary or significant part, The union and management held a
prolong; continue; extend. lunch but at our host’s insistence, aspect, or feature; fundamental lengthy meeting with out getting to
[v] [n]
we protracted our visit until after nature; core. the essence of the men’s
/prəˈtrækt/ dinner. /ˈes.əns/ dissatisfaction – low wages.
sporadic occurring occasionally or in Though polio has been practically gratuitous uncalled for; unwarranted. Were it not for your gratuitous
scattered instances; isolated; wiped out, there have been interference, the children would
[adj] [adj]
infrequent. sporadic cases of the disease. have quickly settled their dispute.
/spəˈræd.ɪk/ /ɡrəˈtʃuː.ɪ.təs/
imperative not to be avoided; urgent; If you have failed a subject you

necessary; obligatory; compulsory. need for graduation, it is
[adj]
imperative that you go to summer
Word Meaning Typical Use /ɪmˈper.ə.tɪv/ school.
compulsory required by authority; obligatory. State law makes attendance at

school compulsory for children of
[adj]
certain ages.
/kəmˈpʌl.sər.i/
incumbent (with on or upon) imposed as a Dan felt it incumbent on him to

duty; obligatory. pay for the window, since he had hit
[adj, n]
the ball that broke it.
entail involve as a necessary Can your family afford the extra /ɪnˈkʌm.bənt/
consequence; impose; require. expense that a larger apartment
[v]
entails.
/ɪnˈteɪl/
206 208
indispensable absolutely necessary; essential. We can do without luxuries and prerequisite something required beforehand. A mark of at least 75% in Basic Art
entertainment. However, food, is a prerequisite for Advanced Art.
[adj] [n]
shelter, and clothing are
/ˌɪn.dɪˈspen.sə.bəl/ indispensable. /ˌpriːˈrek.wɪ.zɪt/
necessitate make necessary; require; demand. Mr. Gans told Ellen that her refusal pressing requiring immediate attention; Before preparing for tomorrow’s
to work necessitates his sending urgent. party, I have some more pressing
[v] [adj, n]
for her parents. matters to attend to, such as
/nəˈses.ɪ.teɪt/ /ˈpres.ɪŋ/ finishing my report.
oblige compel; force; put under a duty or If your friend were in trouble, superfluous more than what is enough or Since we already have enough food
obligation wouldn’t you feel obliged to go his necessary; surplus, excessive; for the picnic, please don’t bring any
[v] [adj]
help. unnecessary. because it will only be
/əˈblaɪdʒ/ /suːˈpɜː.flu.əs/ superfluous.
obviate make unnecessary; preclude. Karen has agreed to lend me a book

I need. This obviates my trip to the
[v]
library.
/ˈɒb.vi.eɪt/
210 212

forearm (literally, “front part of the arm”) Henry protected his face from
part of the arm from the wrist to the George’s blows by raising his
[n]
elbow. forearms.
/ˈfɔː.rɑːm/
forebear (literally, “one who has been or John F. Kennedy’s forebears

existed before”) ancestor; migrated to America from Ireland.
[n]
forefather.
/ˈfɔː.beər/
foreboding feeling beforehand of coming The day before the accident, I had
trouble; misgiving; presentiment. a foreboding that something
[n]
would go wrong.
/fɔːˈbəʊ.dɪŋ/
forecast estimate beforehand of a future Have you listened to the weather

happening; prediction; prophecy. forecast for tomorrow?
[n, v]
/ˈfɔː.kɑːst/
forefront (literally, “front part of the front”) In combat the officer was always in
foremost place or part; vanguard. the forefront of the attack, leading
[n]
his men on to victory.
/ˈfɔː.frʌnt/
214 216
foregoing going before; preceding. Carefully review the foregoing

chapter before reading any further.
[n, adj]
/ˈfɔː.ɡəʊ.ɪŋ/
misbelief wrong or erroneous belief. People thought the earth was flat
until Columbus corrected that
[n]
misbelief.
foremost standing at the front; first; most Did you know that Benjamin
/ˌmɪsbɪˈliːf/
advanced; leading; principal; chief. Franklin was one of the foremost
[adj]
inventors of the eighteenth
/ˈfɔː.məʊst/ century?
misdeed bad act; wicked deed. The wrongdoer was punished for
his misdeed by a fine and
[n]
indicate beforehand. Our defeat in the championship imprisonment.
foreshadow
game was foreshadowed by /ˌmɪsˈdiːd/
[v]
injuries to two of our star players in
/fɔːˈʃæd.əʊ/ a previous game.
misfire (literally, “fire wrongly”) to fail to The bear escaped when the
be fired or exploded properly. hunter’s rifle misfired.
power of seeing beforehand what is Foresight is better than hindsight. [v]
foresight
[n]
likely to happen; prudence. /ˌmɪsˈfaɪər/
/ˈfɔː.saɪt/
misgiving uneasy feeling; feeling of doubt or Dad has no misgivings when

foreword front matter preceding the text of a Before Chapter 1, there is a brief
suspicion; foreboding; lack of Mother takes the wheel, because
book; preface; introduction. foreword in which the author [n]
[n] confidence. she is an excellent driver.
explains why he wrote the book.
/ˌmɪsˈɡɪv.ɪŋ/
/ˈfɔː.wɜːd/
218 220
mishap bad happening; misfortune; Right after the collision, each driver
unlucky accident; mischance. blamed the other for the mishap.
[n]
/ˈmɪs.hæp/

outgrow to grow beyond or too large for. The jacket Dad bought me last year
is too small. I have outgrown it.
[v]
/ˌaʊtˈɡrəʊ/
mislay to put or lay in an unremembered Yesterday I mislaid my biologoy
place; lose. book, and it took me about a half
[v]
hour to find it.
/ˌmɪsˈleɪ/
outlandish looking or sounding as if it belongs A masquerade is always interesting

tp a (foreign) land beyond ours; because people come in such
[adj]
strange; fantastic. outlandish costumes.
/ˌaʊtˈlæn.dɪʃ/
mislead to lead astray (in the wrong Some traffic signs are so confusing
direction); deceive; delude; beguile. that they mislead the traveler.
[v]
/ˌmɪsˈliːd/
outlast to last longer than; outlive; survive. Our kitchen table is more solidly
constructed than the chairs and will
[v]
probably outlast them.
/ˌaʊtˈlɑːst/
misstep wrong step; slip in conduct or Quitting school is a misstep that

judgment; blunder. you may regret for the rest of your
[n]
life.
/ˌmɪsˈstep/
outlook a looking beyond; prospect for the The outlook for unskilled laborers
future. is not bright, as their jobs are
[n]
gradually being taken over by
/ˈaʊt.lʊk/ machines.
222 224
output (literally, what is "put out") a yield The output of the average
or product; an amount produced. American factory worker is steadily
[n]
increasing.
/ˈaʊt.pʊt/
outrun to run faster than. We scored a touchdown when Joel

caught a forward pass and outran
[v]
his pursuers.
/ˌaʊtˈrʌn/
outspoken speaking out freely or boldly ; frank; Marty sometimes hurts others when
not reserved. he criticizes their work because he
[adj]
is too outspoken.
/ˌaʊtˈspəʊ.kən/
outwit to get the better of by being more In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's
clever. detective stories, Sherlock Holmes
[v]
manages to outwit the cleverest
/ˌaʊtˈwɪt/ criminals.
226 228
overestimate to make too high an estimate Joe overestimated the capacity of

(rough calculation) of the worth or the bus when he thought it could
[n, v]
size of something or someone; hold 60; it has room for only 48.
/ˌəʊ.vəˈres.tɪ.meɪt/ overvalue.
overbearing domineering over others; inclined to When the monitor gave too many
dictate. orders, the teacher scolded him for
[adj]
being overbearing.
/ˌəʊ.vəˈbeə.rɪŋ/ too liberal in giving; excessively Because the service was poor,
overgenerous
openhanded. Mother thought Dad was
[adj]
overgenerous in leaving the
/ˌəʊ.vəˈdʒen.ər.əs/ waiter a 15% tip.
overburden to place too heavy a load on; It would overburden me to have

burden excessively; overtax. my piano lesson Thursday because
[v]
I have so much homework on that
/ˌəʊ.vəˈbɜː.dən/ day. overshadow to cash a shadow over; be more Gary’s errors in the field
important than; outweigh. overshadowed his good work at
[v]
the plate.
/ˌəʊ.vəˈʃæd.əʊ/
overconfident too sure of oneself; excessively I was so sure of passing that I

confident. wasn’t going to study, but Dad
[adj]
advised me not to be
oversupply too great a supply; an excessive We have a shortage of skilled
/ˌəʊ.vəˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt/ overconfident.
supply. technicians but an oversupply of
[n]
unskilled workers.
/ˌəʊ.və.səˈplaɪ/
overdose quantity of medicine beyond what is Do not take more of the medicine
to be taken at one time or in a given than the doctor ordered; an overwhelm to cover over completely; The department store guards were
[n, v]
period; too big a dose. overdose may be dangerous overpower; overthrow; crush. nearly overwhelmed by the
[v]
/ˈəʊ.və.dəʊs/ crowds of shoppers waiting for the
/ˌəʊ.vəˈwelm/ sale to begin.
230 232
undeceive free from deception or mistaken If you think I can get Mr. Owens to
ideas; set straight. hire you because he is my cousin,
[v]
let me undeceive you. I have no
/ˌʌn.dɪˈsiːv/ influence with him.

unabridged not abridged; not made shorter; Though an abridged dictionary is
complete. convenient to use, it contains far
[adj]
fewer definitions than an
/ˌʌn.əˈbrɪdʒd/ unabridged dictionary.
ungag remove a gag from; release from With the dictator’s downfall, the
censorship. censorship decrees were abolished
[v]
and the press was ungagged.
/ʌnˈɡæɡ/
unbiased not biased; not prejudiced in favor Don’t ask the mother of a
of or against; fair. contestant to serve as a judge
[adj]
because it may be hard for her to
/ʌnˈbaɪəst/ remain unbiased.
unnerve deprive of nerve or courage; cause The unsportsmanlike noises of the
to lose self-control; upset. fans so unnerved our star player
[v]
that he missed two foul shots in a
/ʌnˈnɜːv/ row.
unconcern lack of concern, anxiety, or interest; The audience was breathless with
indifference. anxiety during the daring tightrope
[n]
act, though the acrobats
/ˌʌn.kənˈsɜːn/ themselves performed with
seeming unconcern for their own
safety.
unquenchable not quenchable; not capable of Many teenagers have an

[adj]
being satisfied; inextinguishable. unquenchable thirst for
adventure stories; they read one
/ʌnˈkwen.tʃə.bəl/ after another.
234 236
unscramble do the opposite of scramble; restore The previous secretary had mixed
to intelligible form. up the files so badly that it took my
[v]
sister about a week to unscramble
/ʌnˈskræm.bəl/ them.
unshackle release from a shackle (anything When mutinous sailors were put in
that confines the legs or arms); set irons in the olden days, nobody was
[v]
free from restraint. allowed to unshackle them.
/ʌnˈʃækəl/
unwary not wary; not alert; heedless. An unwary pedestrian is much

more likely to be struck by a car
[adj]
than one who looks both ways and
/ʌnˈweə.ri/ crosses with the light.
238 240
underpayment insufficient payment. If too little is deducted from Dad’s

weekly wages for income tax, it
[n]
results in an underpayment at the
/ˈʌndəˌpeɪmənt/ end of the year.
underbrush shrubs, bushes, etc., growing On its way through the dense
beneath large trees in a wood; jungle, the patrol had to be
[n]
undergrowth. constantly wary of enemy soldiers
/ˈʌn.dəˌbrʌʃ/ concealed in the underbrush.
underprivileged insufficiently privileged; deprived The underprivileged child from

through social or economic the crowed slum tenement has
[adj, n]
oppression of some of the many more problems to overcome
/ˌʌn.dəˈprɪv.əl.ɪdʒd/ fundamental rights supposed to than the child from the middleclass
belong to all. home.
underdeveloped insufficiently developed because of Our country has spent billions of

a lack of capital and trained dollars to help the
[adj]
personnel for exploiting natural underdeveloped nations improve
/ˌʌn.də.dɪˈvel.əpt/ resources. their standard of living.
underscore draw in line beneath; emphasize. When we take notes, our teacher
wants us to underscore items that
[v, n]
are especially important.
/ˌʌn.dəˈskɔːr/
undergraduate (literally, “lower than a graduate”) Most undergraduates take four

a student in a college or university years to earn a degree, but some
[n] sell at a lower price than. When discount houses tried to
who has not yet earned his first achieve it sooner by attending undersell
/ˌʌn.dəˈɡrædʒ.u.ət/ degree summer sessions. undersell department stores, the
[v]
latter reduced prices too, and
/ˌʌn.dəˈsel/ adopted the slogan “We will not be
undersold.”
242 244
undersigned person or persons who sign at the Among the undersigned in the update bring up to date. Our world geography teacher has
end of (literally, “under”) a letter or petition to the governor were some just received an updated map that
[n] [v, n]
document. a of the most prominent persons in shows the latest national
/ˌʌn.dəˈsaɪnd/ the state. /ʌpˈdeɪt/ boundaries.
understatement a statement below the truth; a Frank’s remark that he was “slightly upgrade raise the grade or quality of; To qualify for better jobs, many
restrained statement in mocking bruised” in the accident is an improve. employees attend evening courses
[n] [v, n]
contrast to what might be said. understatement; he suffered two where they can upgrade their skill.
/ˌʌn.dəˈsteɪt.mənt/ fractured ribs. /ʌpˈɡreɪd/
understudy one who “studies under” and learns While the star is recuperating from
[n]
the part of a regular performer so her illness, her role will be played by
upheaval violent heaving up; commotion; The prime minister’s proposal for
as to be his substitute if necessary. her understudy. extreme agitation. new taxes created such an
/ˈʌn.dəˌstʌd.i/ [n]
upheaval that his government fell.
/ʌpˈhiː.vəl/
upkeep maintenance (“keeping up”) ; cost Our neighbor traded in his old car
of operating and repairing. because the upkeep had become
[n]
Word Meaning Typical Use too high.
/ˈʌp.kiːp/
upcoming coming up; being in the near future; The management wil be glad to
forthcoming; approaching. mail you its “Future Attractions”
[adj]
leaflet which contains news of
/ˈʌpˌkʌm.ɪŋ/ upcoming films.
246 248
upright standing up straight on the feet; When knocked off his feet, the
erect. boxer waited till the count of nine
[adj, adv, n]
before returning to an upright
/ˈʌp.raɪt/ position.
withdraw take or draw back or away. Tom is my principal backer; if he
withdraws his support, I don’t see
[v]
how I can be elected.
/wɪðˈdrɔː/
uproot pull up by the roots; remove The love of liberty is so firmly

completely; eradicate; destroy. embedded in men’s hearts that not
[v]
tyrant can hope to uproot it.
/ʌpˈruːt/
withdrawal act of taking back or drawing out My uncle paid for his vacation trip
from a place of deposit. by making a withdrawal from his
[n]
bank account.
person who has suddenly risen to When the new representative /wɪðˈdrɔː.əl/
upstart
wealth and power, especially if he is entered the legislature, some older
[n]
conceited and unpleasant. members received him coldly
/ˈʌp.stɑːt/ because they regarded him as an
upstart.
withdrawn drawn back or removed from easy We talked to the neighbor’s

approach; socially detached; youngster and tried to be friendly,
[adj]
upward turn toward better Most merchants report a slowdown uresposive; introverted. but he didn’t say anything; he
upturn
conditions. in sales for October, but confidently /wɪðˈdrɔːn/ seemed to be withdrawn.
[n]
expect an upturn with the
/ˈʌp.tɜːn/ approach of Christmas.
250 252
withhold hold back; keep from giving; Please don’t interrupt me. If you
restrain. have something to say, withhold
[v]
your comment until I have finished
/wɪðˈhəʊld/ speaking.
withholding tax sum withheld or deducted from Your employer is required to deduct
wages for tax purposes. a certain amount from your salary
[n]
as a withholding tax payable to
/wɪðˈh əʊl.dɪŋ ˌtæks/ the federal government.
withstand stand up against; hold out; resist; The walls of a dam must be strong
endure. enough to withstand tremendous
[v]
water pressure.
/wɪðˈstænd/
notwithstanding (literally, “not standing against”) in Notwithstanding their advantage

spite of; despite. of height, the visiting players were
[adv, preposition]
unable to beat our basket-ball
/ˌnɑːt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/ team.
254 256
abrasion scraping or wearing away of the The automobile was a total wreck
skin by friction. but the driver, luckily escaped with
[n]
minor cuts and abrasion.
/əˈbreɪ.ʒən/
abdicate formally remove oneself from; give The aging king abdicated his
up; relinquish, surrender. throne and went into retirement.
[v]
/ˈæb.dɪ.keɪt/ broken off; sudden; unexpected. Today’s art lesson came to an

abrupt
abrupt end when the gongs
[adj]
sounded for a fire drill.
/əˈbrʌpt/
abduct carry off by force; kidnap. The Greeks attached Troy to

recover Helen, who had been
[v]
abducted by the Trojan prince
steal off and hide; depart secretly; A wide search is under way for the
/æbˈdʌkt/ Paris. abscond
flee. manager who absconded with
[v]
$10,000 of his employer’s funds.
/æbˈskɒnd/
abhor shrink from; detest; loathe; hate. Janet is doing her best to pass
English because she abhors the
[v] 1. set free from some duty or The fact that you were absent when
thought of having to repeat it in absolve
/əˈbɔːr/ summer school. [v]
responsibility. the assignment was given does not
absolve you from doing the
/əbˈzɒlv/ homework.
abnormal deviating from the normal; unusual; We had three absences today,
irregular. which is abnormal. Usually, 2. declare free from guilt or blame Of the three suspects, two were
[adj]
everyone is present. found guilty and the third was
/æbˈnɔː.məl/ absolved.
258 260
absorbing fully taking away one’s attention; That was an absorbing book. It
extremely interesting; engrossing. held my interest from beginning to
[adj]
end.
/əbˈzɔː.bɪŋ/
adapt 1. (literally, “fit to”) adjust; suit; fit. People who work at night have to
adapt themselves to sleeping in the
[v]
daytime.
abstain withhold oneself from doing My dentist said I would have fewer /əˈdæpt/
something; refrain. cavities if I abstained from eating
[v]
candy.
/æbˈste ɪn/
2. make suitable for a different use; Clarence Day's book LIFE WITH
modify. FATHER was adapted for the stage
by Howard Lindsay and Russel
averse (literally, “turned from”); opposed; I am in favor of the dance, but I am Crouse.
disinclined; unwilling. averse to holding it on May 25.
[adj]
/əˈvɜːs/
addicted given over (to a habit); habituated. You will not become addicted to
avert turn away; ward off; prevent. The mayor promised to do smoking if you refuse cigarettes
[adj]
everything in his power to avert a when they are offered.
[v]
strike by newspaper employees. /əˈdɪk.tɪd/
/əˈvɜːt/
adequate equal to, or sufficient for, a specific The student who arrived ten
avocation occupation away from one’s My uncle, an accountant, composes need; enough; sufficient. minutes late did not have
[adj]
customary occupations; hobby. music as an avocation. adequate time to finish the test.
[n]
/ˈæd.ə.kwət/
/ˌævəˈkeɪʃən/
262 264
adherent one who sticks to a leader, party, You can count on Martha’s support advent a "coming to"; arrival, approach. The Weather Bureau gave adequate
etc.; follower; faithful supported. in your campaign for re-election. warning of the advent of the
[adj, n] [n]
She is one of your most loyal hurricane.
/ədˈhɪə.rənt/ adherents. /ˈæd.vent/
adjacent lying near; neighboring; bordering. The island of Cuba is adjacent to adversary person “turn toward” or facing Before the contest began, the
Florida. another as an opponent; foe; champion shook hands with his
[adj] [n]
contestant. adversary.
/əˈdʒeɪ.sənt/ /ˈæd.və.sər.i/
adjoin be next to; be in contact with. Mexico adjoins the United States.
[v] adverse in opposition to one’s interest; Because of adverse reviews, the
hostile; unfavorable. producer announced that the play
/əˈdʒɔɪn/ [adj]
will close with tonight’s
/ˈæd.vɜːs/ performance.
adjourn put off to another day; suspend a The judge adjourned the court to
meeting to resume at a future time; the following Monday.
[v]
defer.
/əˈdʒɜːn/
266 268

antecedent ancestors; forefathers. Ronald’s antecedents came to this
country more than a hundred years
[n, adj]
ago.
/ˌæn.tiˈsiː.dənt/
antedate 1. assign a date before the true If you used yesterday’s date on a
date. check written today, you have
[v]
antedated the check.
/ˌæn.tiˈdeɪt/
2. come before in date; precede. Alaska antedates Hawaii as a

state, having gained statehood on
January 3, 1959, seven months
before Hawaii.
postdate assign a date after the true date. This is postdated check; it has
tomorrow’s date on it.
[v]
/ˌpəʊstˈdeɪt/
/ˈpəʊst.deɪt/
270 272
ante meridiem before noon. In 9 a.m., the abbreviation a.m. postscript note added to a letter after it has After signing the letter, I noticed I
stands for ante meridiem, been written. had omitted an important fact.
[adj, adv] [n]
meaning “before noon". Therefore, I mentioned it in a
/ˈæntɪ məˈrɪdɪəm/ /ˈpəʊst.skrɪpt/ postscript.
post meridiem after noon. In 9 p.m., the abbreviation p.m.

stands for post meridiem,
[adv]
meaning “after noon”.
/ˈpəʊst məˈrɪdɪəm/

anteroom room placed before and forming an If the physician is busy when
bicameral consisting of two chambers or Our legislature is bicameral; it
entrance to another; antechamber; patients arrive, the nurse asks them
[n] legislative houses. consists of the House of
waiting room. to wait in the anteroom. [adj]
Representatives and the Senate.
/ˈæn.ti.ruːm/
/ˌbaɪˈkæm.ər.əl/
/ˈæn.ti.rʊm/
bicentennial two hundredth anniversary. The bicentennial of George

postgraduate having to do with study after After college, Marvin hopes to do Washington’s birth was celebrated
graduation from high school or postgraduate work in law school. [n]
[n, adj] in 1932.
college. /ˌbɑɪˌsenˈten·i·əl/
/ˌpəʊstˈɡrædʒ.u.ət/
biennial occurring every two years. A defeated candidate for the House
of Representatives must wait two
[adj, n]
postmortem thorough examination of a body The purpose of a postmortem is years before running again,
[n]
after death; autopsy. to discover the cause of death. /baɪˈen.i.əl/ because the elections are biennial.
/ˌpəʊstˈmɔː.təm/
274 276
semiannual occurring every half year, or twice a Promotion in our school is bilingual 1. speaking languages equally well. Montreal has a large number of
year; semiyearly. semiannual; it occurs in January bilingual citizens who speak
[n] [adj]
and June. English and French.
/ˌsem.ɪ'ænjʊəl/ /baɪˈlɪŋ.ɡwəl/
bimonthly occurring every two months. We receive only six bills a year 2. written into languages. Some school in Spanish-speaking
because we are billed on a communities send bilingual
[adj, adv]
bimonthly basis. notices, written in English and
/ˌbaɪˈmʌnθ.li/ Spanish, to the parents.
semimonthly occurring every half month, or twice Employees paid on a semimonthly bipartisan representing two political parties. Congressional committee are
a month. basis receive two salary checks per bipartisan; they consist of both
/ˈsem.iˈmʌn.θli/ [adj]
month. Democratic and Republican
/ˌbaɪˈpɑː.tɪ.zæn/ members.
bilateral having two sides. French forces joined the Americans bisect divide into equal parts. A diameter is a line that bisects a
in a bilateral action against the circle.
[adj] [v]
British at the Battle of Yorktown in
/ˌbaɪˈlæt.ər.əl/ 1781. /baɪˈsekt/
278 280
semicircle half of a circle. At the end of the lesson, a group

gathered about the teacher in a
[n]
semicircle to ask additional
/ˈsem.iˌsɜː.kəl/ questions.
semiconscious half conscious; not fully conscious. In the morning, as you begin to
awaken, you are in the
[adj]
semiconscious state.
/ˈsem.iˈkɒn.ʃəs/
semidetached partly detached; sharing a wall with All the houses on the block are
an adjoining building on one side, attached, except the corner ones,
[adj]
but detached on the other. which are semidetached.
/ˌsem.idɪˈtætʃt/
semiskilled partly skilled. Workers who enter a semiskilled

occupation do not have to undergo
[adj]
a long period of training.
/ˌsem.iˈskɪld/
282 284
enervate (literally, “take out the nerves or Irma was so enervated by the
strength”) lessen the strength of; broiling sun that she nearly fainted.
[v]
enfeeble; weaken.
/ˈen.ə.veɪt/

erosion gradual wearing away. Running water is one of the
emigrate move out of a country or region to In 1889, Charles Steinmetz, an
principal causes of soil erosion.
settle in another. engineer, emigrated from [n]
[v]
Germany.
/ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/
/ˈem.ɪ.ɡreɪt/
evoke bring out; call forth; elicit. The suggestion to lengthen the
move into a foreign country or In 1889, Charles Steinmetz school year has evoked
immigrate [v]
region as a permanent resident. immigrated to the United States. considerable opposition.
[v]
/ɪˈvəʊk/
/ˈɪm.ɪ.ɡreɪt/
invoke call on for help or protection; appeal Refusing to answer the question,
to for support. the witness invoked the Fifth
standing out; conspicuous; Steinmetz’s discoveries in the field [v]
eminent Amendment, which protects a
[adj]
distinguished; noteworthy. of electricity made him one of the /ɪnˈvəʊk/ person from being compelled to
eminent scientists of the twentieth testify against himself.
/ˈem.ɪ.nənt/ century.
imminent hanging threateningly over one’s At a first flash of lightning, the

excise cut out; remove by cutting out. With a penknife, he peeled the
head; about to occur; impending. beach crowd scurried for shelter
[adj] apple and excised the wormy part.
from the imminent storm. [n]
/ˈɪm.ɪ.nənt/
/ˈek.saɪz/
286 288
incise cut into; carve; engrave. The letters on the monument had inhibit (literally, “hold in”) hold in check; Ellen told the child not to cry, but he
been incised with a chisel. restrain; repress. could not inhibit his tears.
[v] [v]
/ɪnˈsaɪz/ /ɪnˈhɪb.ɪt/
expel drive out; force out; compel to Expelled from the university
exclusive 1. shutting out, or tending to shut An exclusive club does not readily
leave. because of poor grades, the student
out others. accept newcomers. [v]
[adj, n] applied for readmission the
/ɪkˈskluː.sɪv/ /ɪkˈspel/ following term.
2. not shared with others; single; Before the game, each team had
impel drive on; force; compel. Gregg’s low mark in the midterm
sole. exclusive use of the field for a ten-
[v]
impelled him to study harder for
minute practice period.
the final.
/ɪmˈpel/
inclusive (literally, “shutting in”) including the The film will be shown from August implicate (literally, “fold in or involve”) show The accused is not the only guilty
limits (dates, numbers, etc.) 22 to 24, inclusive, for a total of to be part of or connected with; party; two others are implicated .
[adj] [v]
mentioned. three days. involve.
/ɪnˈkluː.sɪv/ /ˈɪm.plɪ.keɪt/
(literally, “hold out”) show; display. The art department is exhibiting impugn (literally, “fight against”) call in The treasurer should not have been
exhibit question; assail by words or offended when asked for a financial
the outstanding posters produced in [v]
[v, n] arguments; attack as false; report. No one was impugning his
its classes.
/ɪɡˈzɪb.ɪt/ /ɪmˈpjuːn/ contradict. honesty.
290 292
incarcerate put into prison; imprison; confine On July 14, 1789, the people of
Paris freed the prisoners
[v]
incarcerated in the Bastilles.
/ɪnˈkɑː.sər.eɪt/
inscribe (literally, "write on") write, engrave, The name of the winner will be
or print to create a lasting record. inscribed on the medal.
[v]
/ɪnˈskraɪb/
insurgent 1. one who rises in revolt against The king promised to pardon any
established authority; rebel. insurgent who would lay down his
[n]
arms.
/ɪnˈsɜː.dʒənt/
2. rebellious. General Washington led the

insurgent forces in the
Revolutionary War.
294 296
intramural within the walls or boundaries (of a The intramural program, in which
school, college, etc.); confined to one class competes with another,
[adj]
members (of a school, college, etc.) gives you a greater chance to
/ˌɪn.trəˈmjʊə.rəl/ participate than the interscholastic
program between teams of
competing schools.

extracurricular outside the regular curriculum, or Why don’t you join an
course of study. extracurricular activity, such as a
[adj]
club, the school newspaper, or a
/ˌek.str ə.kəˈrɪk.jə.lər/ team?
intraparty within a party. The Democrats are trying to heal

[adj]
intraparty strife so as to present a
united front in the coming election.
/ˌɪn.trəˈpɑː.ti/
extraneous coming from or existing outside; You said you stick to the topic, but
foreign; not essential. you keep introducing extraneous
[adj]
issues.
/ɪkˈstreɪ.ni.əs/
intrastate within a state. Commerce between the states is

regulated by the Interstate
[adj]
Commerce Commission but
/ˈɪntrəsteɪt/ intrastate commerce is supervised
extravagant 1. outside the bounds of reason; Reliable salesmen do not make by the states themselves.
excessive. extravagant claims for their
[adj]
product.
/ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡənt/
intravenous within or by way of the veins. Patients are nourished by

2. spending lavishly; wasteful. In a few months, the extravagant intravenous feeding when too ill
[adj]
heir spent the fortune of a lifetime. to take food by mouth.
/ˌɪn.trəˈviː.nəs/
298 300
controversy (literally, “a turning against”) Our controversy with Great Britain

dispute; debate; quarrel. over the Oregon Territory nearly led
[n]
to war.
/ˈkɒn.trə.vɜː.si/
Word Meaning Typical Use /kənˈtrɒv.ə.si/
con (short for contra)
[v, n, adj] 1. against; on the negative side. Are you on the pro or con side of
this argument?
/kɒn/
counter (followed by to) contrary; in the The student’s plan to drop out of
opposite direction. school ran counter to his parents’
[v, n, adj]
wishes.
/ˈkaʊn.tər/
2. opposing argument; reason Before taking an important step,

against. carefully study the pros and cons of
the matter.
countermand cancel (an order) by issuing a The monitor ordered the student to
contrary order. go to the end of the line, but the
[v]
teacher countermanded the
/ˌkaʊn.təˈmɑːnd/ order.
contraband merchandise imported or exported Customs officials examined the

contrary to law; smuggled goods. luggage of the suspected smuggler
[n]
but found no contraband.
/ˈkɒn.trə.bænd/
incontrovertible not able to be “turned against” or The suspect’s fingerprints on the

disputed; unquestionable; certain; safe were considered
[adj]
indisputable. incontrovertible evidence that he
/ɪnˌkɒn.trəˈvɜː.tə.bəl/ had participated in the robbery.
contravene go or act contrary to; violate; By invading the neutral nation, the
disregard; infringe. dictator contravened his earlier
[v]
pledge to guarantee its
/ˌkɒn.trəˈviːn/ independence.
302 304
intermediary go-between; mediator. For his role as intermediary in

helping to end the Russo-Japanese
[n]
War, Theodore Roosevelt won the
/ˌɪn.təˈmiː.di.ə.ri/ Nobel Peace Prize.
intercede (literally, “go between”) interfere to My brother would have lost the
reconcile differences; mediate; argument if Dad hadn’t interceded
[v]
plead in another’s behalf; intervene. for him.
/ˌɪn.təˈsiːd/
intermission pause between periods of activity; During the intermission between

interval; interruption. the first and second acts, you will
[n]
have a chance to purchase
/ˌɪn.təˈmɪʃ.ən/ refreshments.
intercept (literally, “catch between”) stop or We gained possession of the ball

seize on the way from one place to when Russ intercepted a forward
[v]
another. pass.
/ˌɪn.təˈsept/
intersect (literally, "cut between") cut by Broadway intersects Seventh

passing through or across; divide; Avenue at Times Square.
[v]
cross.
/ˌɪn.təˈsekt/
interlinear inserted between lines already It is difficult to make interlinear,
printed or written. notes if the space between the lines
[adj]
is very small.
/ˌɪn.təˈlɪn.i.ər/
interurban between cities or towns The only way to get to the next
town is by automobile or taxi; there
[adj]
anything filling the time between Between World War II and the is no interurban bus.
interlude /ˌɪn.təˈɜː.bən/
two events; interval. Korean War, there was a five-year
[n]
interlude of peace.
/ˈɪn.tə.luːd/
306 308
intervene 1. come between. The summer vacation intervenes

the close of one school year and the
[v]
beginning of the next.
/ˌɪn.təˈviːn/
2. come in to settle a quarrel; Let they boys settle the dispute by

intercede; mediate. themselves; don't intervence.
310 312
impunity state of being not punished; As a result of stricter enforcement,

freedom from punishment, harm, speeders are no longer able to
[n]
loss, etc. break the law with impunity.
/ɪmˈpjuː.nə.ti/
illegible not legible; not able to be read. I could read most of the signatures
but a few were illegible.
[adj]
/ɪˈledʒ.ə.bəl/ not accessible; not able to be For most of the year, the Eskimo
inaccessible
reached; hard to get to. settlements in northern Quebec are
[adj]
inaccessible, except by air.
/ˌɪn.əkˈses.ə.bəl/
illiterate not literate; unable to read and The new nation undertook to teach
write; uneducated. its illiterate citizens to read and
[adj]
write.
/ɪˈlɪt.ər.ət/
incessant not ceasing; continuing without It is almost impossible to cross our

interruption. street during the rush hour because
[adj]
of the incessant flow of traffic.
illogical not logical; not observing the rules It is illogical to vote for a /ɪnˈses.ənt/
of logic (correct reasoning). candidate whom you have no faith
[adj]
in.
/ɪˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
inflexible not flexible: not easily bent; firm; No compromise is possible when
unyielding. both sides remain inflexible.
not spotted; absolutely clean; Nearly every soap manufacturer [adj]
immaculate
stainless. claims his product will make dirty /ɪnˈflek.sə.bəl/
[adj]
linens immaculate.
/ɪˈmæk.jə.lət/
ingratitude state of being not grateful; Valerie refused to let me see her
immature not mature; not fully grown or Don’t use such baby talk! People will ungratefulness; lack of gratitude. notes, despite the fact that I have
[n]
developed. think you are mentally immature. always lent her mine. Did you ever
[adj]
/ɪnˈɡræt.ɪ.tʃuːd/ hear of such ingratitude?
/ˌɪm.əˈtʃʊər/
314 316
inhospitable not hospitable; not showing When the visitors come to our irrevocable not revocable; incapable of being When the umpire says you are out,
kindness to guests and strangers; school, we should make them feel recalled, past recall. it is useless to argue because his
[adj] [adj]
unfriendly. at home; otherwise they will think decision is irrevocable .
/ˌɪn.hɒsˈpɪt.ə.bəl/ we are inhospitable. /ɪˈrev.ə.kə.bəl/
insoluble 1. not soluble; incapable of being Scientists are finding solutions to

solved; unsolvable. many problems that up, to now
[adj]
were insoluble.
/ɪnˈsɒl.jə.bəl/
benediction (literally, “good saying”) blessing; Before beginning his difficult
good wishes. journey, the young man visited his
[n]
2. not capable of being dissolved. Salt dissolves in water, but sand is parents to receive their
insoluble. /ˌben.ɪˈdɪk.ʃən/ benediction.
malediction (literally, “evil saying”) curse. With her dying breath, Queen Dido
pronounced a malediction on
irreconcilable not reconcilable; not able to be After Romeo and Juliet died, their [n]
Aeneas and all his descendants.
brought into friendly accord. families, who had been
[adj] /ˌmæl.əˈdɪk.ʃən/
irreconcilable enemies, became
/ˌɪr.ek.ənˈsaɪ.lə.bəl/ friends.
benefactor (literally, "one who does good") The museum could not have been
person who gives kindly aid, money, built without the gift of a million
[n]
not relevant; not applicable; off the Stick to the topic; don't make or a similar benefit. dollars by a wealthy benefactor.
irrelevant /ˈben.ɪ.fæk.tər/
[adj]
topic; extraneous. irrelevant remarks.
/ɪˈrel.ə.vənt/
318 320
malefactor (literally, "one who does evil") Shortly after the crime, the maladjusted badly adjusted; out of harmony with Carlo was maladjusted in the
offender; evildoer; criminal malefactor was apprehended and one’s environment. early grades, not because of poor
[n] [adj]
turned over to the police. intelligence but because he couldn’t
/ˈmæl.ɪ.fæk.tər/ /ˌmæl.əˈdʒʌs.tɪd/ speak English.
beneficial productive of good; helpful; Rest is usually beneficial to a

advantageous. person suffering from a bad cold.
[adj]
malice ill will; intention or desire to harm I suspect Ronnie tripped me so that
/ˌben.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ another; enmity; malevolence. I wouldn’t be able to play tomorrow.
[n]
He did it not as a joke but out of
/ˈmæl.ɪs/ malice.
beneficiary person receiving some good, The sick and the needy will be the
advantage, or benefit. beneficiaries of your gift to the
[n]
community fund.
/ˌben.əˈfɪʃ.ər.i/
malnutrition bad of faulty nutrition; poor The lack of milk and fresh
nourishment. vegetables in the child’s diet was
[n]
responsible for his malnutrition.
/ˌmæl.njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən/
benevolent (literally, “wishing well”) disposed A benevolent employer has a
to promote the welfare of others; sincere interest in the welfare of his
[adj]
kind; charitable. employees.
/bəˈnev.əl.ənt/
maltreat treat badly or roughly; mistreat; Two news photographers were

abuse. attacked by the mob and their
malevolent (literally, “wishing ill”) showing ill In Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel [v]
cameras were smashed. It is
will; spiteful. KIDNAPPED. David Balfour visits a
[adj] /ˌmælˈtriːt/ disgraceful, that they were so
malevolent uncle who tries to kill
maltreated.
/məˈlev.əl.ənt/ him.
322 324

decadent (literally, “falling down”) The decadent downtown section
deteriorating; growing worse; was once a flourishing business
[adj]
declining. district.
/ˈdek.ə.dənt/
deciduous having leaves that fall down at the Maple, elm, birch, and other
end of the growing season; deciduous trees lose their leaves
[adj]
shedding leaves. in the fall.
/dɪˈsɪdʒ.u.əs/
demented out of (down from) one’s mind; Whoever did this must have been
[adj]
mad; insane; deranged. demented; no sane person would
have acted in such a way.
/dɪˈmen.tɪd/
demolish pull or tear down; destroy. A wrecking crew is demolishing

the old building.
[v]
/dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/
326 328
demote move down in grade or rank. For being absent without leave, the deviate turn aside, or down (from a route or Mr. Parker always notifies the
corporal was demoted to private. rule); stray. parents when a student neglects his
[v] [v]
homework, and he will not deviate
/dɪˈməʊt/ /ˈdiː.vi.eɪt/ from this rule in your case.
dependent (literally, “hanging down, from”) Children are dependent on their

unable to exist without the support parents until they are able to earn (literally, "gulp down") eat greedily; The children must have been
[adj, n]
of another. their own living.
devour
eat like an animal. starved when they came in for
/dɪˈpen.dənt/ [v]
dinner because they devoured
/dɪˈvaʊər/ their food.
depreciate 1. go down in price or value. Automobiles depreciate rapidly; a

$2500 car is worth less than $2000
[v]
within a year of purchase.
/dɪˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/

discontent (usually followed by with) opposite Dan was discontent with his
of “content”; dissatisfied; Spanish mark; he had expected at
2. speak slightingly of; belittle; The building superintendent feels [n]
discontented. least 10 points more.
disparage. depreciated if you refer to him as /ˌdɪs.kənˈtent/
the “janitor.”
discredit disbelieve; refuse to trust. The parents discredited the child’s

look down on; scorn; feel contempt Benedict Arnold was despised by story, since he was in the habit of
despise [v, n]
for. his fellow Americans for betraying telling falsehoods.
[v]
his country. /dɪˈskred.ɪt/
/dɪˈspaɪz/
330 332
discrepancy disagreement; difference, Ben should have had $8 in his dissident (literally, “sitting apart”) not The compromise was welcomed by
inconsistency; variation. wallet, but he had only $6. He could agreeing; dissenting. all the strikers except a small
[n] [n]
not account for the discrepancy. dissident group who felt that the
/dɪˈskrep.ən.si/ /ˈdɪs.ɪ.dənt/ raises were too small.
disintegrate do the opposite of “integrate” The explosion disintegrated an distract draw away (the mind or attention); Passengers should do nothing to
(make into a whole); break into bits. entire wing of the factory. divert. distract the driver’s attention from
[v] [v]
the road.
/dɪˈsɪn.tɪ.ɡreɪt/ /dɪˈstrækt/
dispassionate “passionate” (showing strong For a dispassionate account of

feeling); calm; composed; how the fight started, ask a neutral
[adj]
impartial. observer - not a participant.
/dɪˈspæʃ.ən.ət/

secede (literally, “go apart”) withdrawal When Abraham Lincoln was elected
from an organization or federation. President in 1860, South Carolina
[v]
seceded from the Union.
disrepair opposite of good condition or The bicycle I lent Tom had been in /sɪˈsiːd/
repair; bad condition. good condition; but he returned it in
[n]
disrepair.
/ˌdɪs.rɪˈpeər/
secession (literally, “a going apart”) South Carolina’s secession was

withdrawal from an organization or imitated by ten other states and led
[n]
federation. to the formation of the
dissent feel differently; differ in opinion; When the matter was put to a vote, /sɪˈseʃ·ən/ Confederacy.
disagree. 29 agreed and 4 dissented.
[n]
/dɪˈsent/
334 336
seclude keep apart from others: place in Monica was so upset by her failure
solitude; isolate. in math that she secluded herself
[v]
and refused to see anyone.
/sɪˈkluːd/
/səˈkluːd/
secure 1. apart or free from care, fear, or Are you worried about passing the
worry; confident. midterm exam, or do you feel
[adj, v]
secure?
/sɪˈkjʊər/
2. safe against loss, attack or Guests who want their valuables to

danger. be secure are urged to deposit
them in the hotel vault.
sedition going apart from, or against, an The signers of the Declaration of

established government; action, Independence, if captured by the
[n]
speech or writing to overthrow the enemy, would probably have been
/sɪˈdɪʃ.ən/ government. tried for sedition.
segregate (literally, “set apart from the herd”) In most high schools, boys and girls
separate from the main body. attend the same classes, except in
[v]
health education, where they are
/ˈseɡ.rɪ.ɡeɪt/ segregated.
338 340
circumspect looking around and paying attention Don’t jump to a conclusion before
to all possible consequences before considering all the facts. Be
[adj]
acting; cautious; prudent. circumspect.
/ˈsɜː.kəm.spekt/
circumference distance around a circle or rounded The circumference of a circle
body, perimeter. equals π times the diameter.
[n]
circumvent go around; get the better of; To circumvent local sales taxes,
/səˈkʌm.fər.əns/ frustrate. shoppers often buy in neighboring
[v]
communities that do not have such
/ˌsɜː.kəmˈvent/ taxes.
circumlocution roundabout way of speaking; use of The circumlocution “the game
excessive number of words to ended with a score that was not in
[n]
express an idea. our favor” should be replaced by
/ˌsɜː.kəm.ləˈkjuː.ʃən/ “we lost the game.”
circumnavigate sail around. Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition

[v]
was the first to circumnavigate Word Meaning Typical Use
the globe.
/ˌsɜː.kəmˈnæv.ɪ.ɡeɪt/ grow together; unite into one; During the Revolutionary War, the
coalesce
combine. thirteen colonies coalesced into
[v]
one nation.
/kəʊ.əˈles/
circumscribe 1. draw a line around. The principal has requested all

teachers to circumscribe failures
[v]
in red on the report cards. coherent sticking together; logically In coherent writing, every
/ˈsɜː.kəm.skraɪb/ [adj]
connected. sentence is connected in thought to
the previous sentence.
/kəʊˈhɪə.rənt/
2. limit; restrict. The patient was placed on a very

circumscribed diet; he was
forbidden to have coffee, spices, or collaborate work together. Rodgers collaborated with
raw fruits or vegetables. Hammerstein in writing the folk
[v]
opera OKLAHOMA.
/kəˈlæb.ə.reɪt/
342 344
collusion (literally, “playing together”) secret It was not known whether the price
agreement for a fraudulent increases resulted from higher costs
[n]
purpose; conspiracy; plot. or from collusion among the
/kəˈluː.ʒən/ producers.
obliterate (literally, “cover over letter”); erase; Today’s rain has completely
blot out; destroy; remove all traces obliterated yesterday’s snow; not
[v]
of a trace remains.
/əˈblɪt.ər.eɪt/
concord state of being together in heart or Neighbors cannot live in concord if
mind; agreement; harmony. their children keep fighting with one
[n]
another.
/ˈkɒŋ.kɔːd/
obsess (literally, “sit over”) trouble the The notion that she has forgotten to
mind of; haunt. lock the front door obsessed
[v]
congenital (literally, “born with”) existing at Helen Keller’s deafness and Mother all through the movie.
birth; inborn. blindness were not congenital /əbˈses/
[adj]
defects but were acquired after
/kənˈdʒen.ɪ.təl/ birth.
obstacle something standing in the way; If we beat Central High tomorrow,

hindrance; obstruction; we shall have removed the last
[n]
come together in a body; meet; The House and the Senate will impediment. obstacle between us and the
convene
assemble. convene at noon to hear an /ˈɒb.stə.kəl/ championship.
[v]
address by the President.
/kənˈviːn/
correspond (literally, “answer together”) agree; Chuck’s account of how the fight obstruct be in the way of; hinder; impede; The disabled vehicles obstructed
be in harmony; match; tally. started did not correspond with block. traffic until removed by a tow truck.
[v] [v]
the other boy’s version.
/ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒnd/ /əbˈstrʌkt/
346 348
obtrude (literally “thrust against”) thrust It is unwise for an outsider to perforate (literally, “bore through”) make a The physician said the tack had
forward without being asked; obtrude his opinions into a family hole or holes through; pierce; gone through Baby’s shoe and sock
[v] [v]
intrude. quarrel. puncture. without perforating her skin.
/əbˈtruːd/ /ˈpɜː.fər.eɪt/
(literally, “get in the way or”) meet By removing her hat, the lady in permeate pass through; penetrate; spread At breakfast the aroma of freshly
obviate through. brewed coffee permeates the
and dispose of; make unnecessary. front obviated the need for me to [v]
[v] kitchen and dining room.
change my seat.
/ˈɒb.vi.eɪt/ /ˈpɜː.mi.eɪt/
perplex confuse thoroughly; puzzle; I need help with the fourth

bewilder. problem; it perplexes me.
[v]
/pəˈpleks/

perennial 1. continuing through the years; Authors have come and gone, but
enduring; unceasing. Shakespeare has remained a
[adj, n]
perennial favorite. persist (literally, “stand to the end”)
/pəˈren.i.əl/ [v]
1. continue in spite of opposition; The teacher told Eric to stop
/pəˈsɪst/
refuse to stop; persevere. whispering. When he persisted,
she sent him to the dean.
2. plant that lives through the years. Perennials like the azalea and
forsythia bloom year after year.
2. continue to exist; last; endure. The rain was supposed to end in the
morning, but it persisted through
the afternoon and evening.
350 352
pertinent (literally, “reaching through to”) Stick to the point; don’t give
connected with the matter under information that is not pertinent.
[adj]
consideration; to the point; related;
/ˈpɜː.tɪ.nənt/ relevant.
perturb disturb thoroughly or consider ably; Sandra’s parents were perturbed

make uneasy; agitate; upset. when they learned she had failed
[v]
two subjects.
/pəˈtɜːb/
354 356
prefabricate construct beforehand. Prefabricated homes are quickly

erected by putting together large
[v]
sections previously constructed at a
/ˌpriːˈfæb.rɪ.keɪt/ factory.
precede go before; come before. Did your report follow or precede
Jane’s?
[v]
/prɪˈsiːd/
preface foreword, preliminary remarks; The preface usually provides

author’s introduction to a book. information that the reader should
[n, v]
know before beginning the book.
/ˈpref.ɪs/
preclude put a barrier before; impede; A prior engagement precludes my
prevent; make impossible. coming to your party.
[v]
/prɪˈkluːd/
premature before the proper or usual time; too Since less than half of the votes
early; untimely. have been counted, my opponent’s
[adj]
claims of victory are premature.
/ˈprem.ə.tʃər/
precocious (literally, “cooked or ripened before If Nancy’s three-year-old brother
its time”) showing mature can read, he must be a precocious /prem.əˈtʃʊər/
[adj]
characteristics at an early age. child.
/prɪˈkəʊ.ʃəs/
premeditate consider beforehand. The jury decided that the blow was
struck in a moment of panic and
[v]
had not been premeditated.
preconceive form an opinion of beforehand, My preconceived dislike for the
/ˌpriːˈmed.ɪ.teɪt/
without adequate evidence. book disappeared when I read a
[v]
few chapters.
/ˌpriː.kənˈsiːv/
358 360
presume (literally, “take beforehand”) take Nineteen of the sailors have been profuse pouring forth freely; exceedingly Despite a large income, the actor
for granted without proof; assume; rescued. One is missing and generous; extravagant. has saved very little because he is a
[v] [adj]
suppose. presumed dead. profuse spender.
/prɪˈzjuːm/ /prəˈfjuːs/
project throw or cast forward. Huge streams of water, projected

by the fireboat’s powerful engines,
view of something before it is Last night my parents attended a [n, v]
preview fell on the blazing pier.
[n, v]
shown to the public. preview of a play scheduled to /ˈprɒdʒ.ekt/
open next Tuesday.
/ˈpriː.vjuː/
prominent (literally, “jutting forward”) The Mayor, the Governor, and

standing out; notable; important. several other prominent citizens
[adj]
attended the preview.
/ˈprɒm.ɪ.nənt/

(literally, “move forward to Start working on the assignment propel impel forward: drive onward; force Jet-propelled planes travel at very
procrastinate ahead. high speeds.
tomorrow”) put things off from day without delay. It doesn’t pay to [v]
[v]
to day; delay. procrastinate .
/prəˈkræs.tɪ.neɪt/ /prəˈpel/
proponent person who puts forth a proposal or At the budget hearing, both the
(literally, “going forward") well When I fell behind in French, the argues in favor of something; proponents and the opponents of
proficient [n]
advocate; supporter. the tax increase will be able to
advanced in any subject or teacher asked one of the more
[adj] /prəˈpəʊ.nənt/
occupation; skilled: adept; expert. proficient students to help me. present their views.
/prəˈfɪʃ.ənt/
362 364
prospect thing looked forward to; To a freshman, graduation is a

expectation; vision. distant but pleasant prospect.
[n, v]
/ˈprɒs.pekt/
protract (literally, “drag forward”) draw out, Our cousins stayed with us only for
lengthen; extend; prolong. the weekend but promised to return
[adj]
in July for a protracted visit.
/prəˈtræk.tɪd/
protrude thrust forth; stick out. Keep your feet under your desk; do
not let them protrude into the
[v]
aisle.
/prəˈtruːd/
provoke 1. call forth; bring on; cause. Jeff’s account of his experiences on
a farm provoked much laughter.
[v]
/prəˈvəʊk/
2. make angry; incense. There would have been no fight if

you hadn’t provoked your brother
by calling him names.
366 368
amity goodwill; friendly relations. We must look ahead to the time

when the dispute is over and amity
[n]
is restored.
/ˈæm.ɪ.ti/
amateur (literally, “lover”)
[adj, n]
1. person who follows a particular The performance was staged by a
/ˈæm.ə.tər/ pursuit because he likes it, rather group of amateurs who have been
than as a profession. studying dramatics as a hobby. amorous having to do with love; loving; In the famous balcony scene, the
inclined to do. amorous Romeo expresses
[adj]
undying love for Juliet.
/ˈæm.ə.rəs/
2. one who performs rather poorly; When it comes to baking a cake,

inexperienced person. Mother's the expert; I’m only an
amateur. (usually followed by “of") inflamed John Rolfe, an English settler,
enamored
with love; charmed; captivated. became enamored of the Indian
[adj]
princess Pocahontas and married
/ɪˈnæm·ərd/ her
amiable lovable; good-natured; pleasant Charlotte is an amiable child;

and agreeable. everybody likes her.
[adj]
/ˈeɪ.mi.ə.bəl/

animosity ill will (usually leading to active Someday the animosity that led to
opposition); violent hatred. the war will be replaced by amity.
amicable characterized by friendliness rather Let us try to settle our differences in [n]
than antagonism; friendly; an amicable manner.
[adj]
neighborly; not quarrelsome.
/ˌæn.ɪˈmɒs.ə.ti/
/ˈæm.ɪ.kə.bəl/
370 372
animus ill will (usually controlled). Though Howard defeated me in the

election, I bear no animus toward
[n]
him; we are good friends.
/ˈæn.ɪ.məs/
/ˈæn.ɪ.məs/ Word Meaning Typical Use
affinity (literally, condition of being “near Because they share the same
the boundary” or “a neighbor”); language and ideals, Americans and
[n]
kinship; liking; sympathy; Englishmen have an affinity for
eveness of mind or temper; If you become extremely upset /əˈfɪn.ə.ti/ attraction. one another.
equanimity
emotional balance; composure; when you lose a game, it is a sign
[n]
calmness. that you lack equanimity.
/ˌek.wəˈnɪm.ə.ti/
confine keep within limits; restrict. I will confine my remarks to the

causes of the War of 1812; the next
[v]
speak will discuss its results
magnanimous showing greatness or nobility of The first time I was late, miss O’Neill
/kənˈfaɪn/
mind; above what is low or pretty; excused me with the warning that
[adj]
forgiving; generous. she would not be so
/mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/ magnanimous the next time.
definitive serving to end an unsettled matter; Remember that your answer will be
oneness of mind; complete In almost every discussion there is conclusive; final. treated as definitive. You will not
unanimity [adj]
agreement. bound to be some disagreement. be permitted to change it.
[n]
Don’t expect unanimity. /dɪˈfɪn.ɪ.tɪv/
/ˌjuː.nəˈnɪm.ə.ti/
of one mind; in complete accord. Except for one student, who voted finale end or final part of a musical Every skit in our class show was
unanimous composition, opera, play, etc. loudly applauded, from the opening
“no,” the class was unanimous in [n]
[adj] scene to the finale.
wanting the party.
/juːˈnæn.ɪ.məs/ /fɪˈnɑː.li/
374 376
finis end; conclusion. The word finis on the screen flux continuous flow or changing; When prices are in a state of flux,
indicates that the film has ended. unceasing change. many buyers delay purchases until
[n] [n]
conditions are more settled.
/ˈfɪnɪs/ /flʌks/
influx inflow; impouring. The discovery of gold in California in

1848 caused a large influx of
settlers from the East.
fluctuate flow like a wave; move up and Recently the price of a pound of /ˈɪn.flʌks/
down; change often and irregularly tomatoes has fluctuated from a
[v]
be unsteady. high 45¢ to a low of 29¢.
/ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt/
fluent ready with a flow of words; Do you have to grope for words, or
[adj]
speaking or writing easily. are you a fluent speaker? Word Meaning Typical Use
/ˈfluː.ənt/ degenerate sink to a lower class or standard; But for the skill of the presiding
grow worse; deteriorate. officer, the debate would have
[v, adj, n]
degenerated into an exchange of
/dɪˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/ insults.
fluid 1. substance that flows. Air, water, molasses, and milk are
all fluids.
[adj, n]
/ˈfluː.ɪd/ give birth to; create; generate; Name-calling engenders hatred.

engender
produce; cause.
[v]
2. not rigid; changing easily. During November, the military
/ɪnˈdʒen.dər/
situation remained fluid, with
advances and retreats by both
sides.
378 380
genre kind; sort; category. The writer distinguished himself in

two literary genres - the short
[adj, n]
story and the novel.
/ˈʒɑ ̃ ː .rə/
/ˈʒɒn.rə/
progenitor ancestor to whom a group traces its The Bibles states that Adam was the
birth; forefather. progenitor of the human race.
[n]
/prəʊˈdʒen.ɪ.tər/
regenerate cause to be born again; put new life The new manage regenerated the
into; reform completely. losing team and made it a strong
[v]
contender for first place.
/rɪˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/
382 384
segregation separation from the “flock” or main The warden believes in

body; setting apart; isolation. segregation of first offenders from
[n]
hardened criminals.
/ˌseɡ.rɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/
aggregate gathered together in one mass; The aggregate strength of the
total; collective. allies was impressive, though
[v, adj, n]
individually some were quite weak.
/ˈæɡ.rɪ.ɡət/

aggregation gathering of individuals into a body At the airport, the homecoming adhere stick; hold fast; cling; be attached. Apply the sticker according to the
or group; assemblage. champions were welcomed by a directions, or it will not adhere .
[n] [v]
huge aggregation of admirers.
/ˌæɡrɪˈɡeɪʃən/ /ədˈhɪər/
congregation “flock” or gathering of people for The minister addressed the cohere stick together; hold together firmly. I glued together the fragments of
[n]
religious worship congregation on the meaning of
[v]
the vase, but they did not cohere .
brotherhood.
/ˌkɒŋ.ɡrɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ /kəʊˈhɪər/
gregarious inclined to associate with the “flock” Except for hermits and recluses, coherence state of sticking together; If the relationship between the first
or group; fond of being with others. who shun company, most people consistency; logical connection. sentence and what follows is not
[adj] [n]
are gregarious. clear, the paragraph lacks
/ɡrɪˈɡeə.ri.əs/ /kəʊˈhɪə.rəns/ coherence.
370 372
cohesion act or state of sticking together; There can be no real cohesion in lateral of or pertaining to the side. The building plan shows both a
union; unity. an alliance if the parties have little front and a lateral view of
[n] [adj]
in common. proposed structure.
/kəʊˈhiː.ʒən/ /ˈlæt.ər.əl/
inherent (literally, “sticking in”) deeply Because of her inherent

infixed; intrinsic; essential. carelessness, I doubt my sister can
[adj] having many sides. A mother has to be a nurse,
ever be a good driver. multilateral
housekeeper, shopper, cook,
/ɪnˈher.ənt/ [adj]
teacher, etc. She plays a
/ɪnˈhɪə.rənt/
/ˌmʌl.tiˈlæt.ər.əl/ multilateral role.
quadrilateral plane figure having four sides and A square is a quadrilateral.

four angles.
collateral situated at the side; accompanying; After voting for the road building /ˌkwɒd.rɪˈlæt.ər.əl/
parallel; additional; supplementary. program, the legislature took up the
[n]
collateral issue of how to raise the
/kəˈlæt.ər.əl/ necessary funds.
unilateral one-sided; undertaken by one side Don’t judge the matter by my

only. opponent’s unilateral statement,
[adj]
equilateral having all sides equal. If one side of an equilateral but wait till you have heard the
[adj]
triangle measures three feet, the /ˌjuː.nɪˈlæt.ər.əl/ other side.
other two must also be three feet
/ˌiː.kwɪˈlæt.ər.əl/ each.
/ˌek.wɪˈlæt.ər.əl/
374 376
literate lettered; able to read and write; The school’s main goal in working
educated. with adults who can neither read
[adj]
nor write is to make them literate .
/ˈlɪt.ər.ət/
alliteration repetition of the same letter or Note the alliteration in the line
consonant at the beginning of “sing a song of sixpence.”
[n]
consecutive words.
/əˌlɪt.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

literacy state of being lettered or educated; When registering as a new voter, elucidate throw light upon; make clear; I asked the teacher to elucidate a
ability to read and write. take along your diploma as proof of explain. point that was not clear to me.
[adj] [v]
literacy.
/ˈlɪt.ər.ə.si/ /iˈluː.sɪ.deɪt/
literal following the letters of exact words We translate “laissez-faire” as lucid (literally, "containing light") clear; To obviate misunderstanding, state
of the original. “absence of government easy to understand. the directions in the most lucid way
[adj] [adj]
interference,” but its literal possible.
/ˈlɪt.ər.əl/ meaning is “let do.” /ˈluː.s ɪd/
literary having to do with letters or Mark Twain is one of the greatest luminary one who is a source of light or A number of luminaries, including
literature. figures on our literary history. inspiration to others; famous a Nobel prize winner and two
[adj] [n]
person leading authors, will be present.
/ˈlɪt.ər.ər.i/ /ˈluː.mɪ.nər.i/
378 380
luminous emitting light; shining; brilliant. With this watch you can tell time in
the dark because its hands and dial
[adj]
are luminous.
/ˈluː.mɪ.nəs/
translucent letting light through. Lamp shades are translucent but

not transparent.
[adj]
/trænzˈluː.sənt/
382 384
manipulate operate with the hands; handle or In today’s lesson, I learned how to
manage skillfully. manipulate the steering wheel.
[v]
/məˈnɪp.jə.leɪt/
emancipate (literally, “take from the hand” or The washing machine has
power of another) release from emancipated housewives from a
[v]
bondage; set free; liberate. great deal of drudgery.
manual 1. small, helpful book capable of Each student has a learner’s permit
/iˈmæn.sɪ.peɪt/ being carried in the hand; hand- and copy of the “Driver's Manual.”
[adj, n]
book.
/ˈmæn.ju.əl/
manacle handcuff. The manacles were removed from

2. relating to, or done with the Milking, formerly a manual
the prisoner’s wrists.
[v] hands. operation, is now done by machine.
/ˈmæn.ə.kəl/
manuscript document written by hand, or The author’s manuscript is now at

mandate (literally, something “given into [n]
typewritten. the printer.
[n]
one’s hand”)
/ˈmæn.jə.skrɪpt/
1. territory entrusted to the After World War I, Syria became a
/ˈmæn.deɪt/
administration of another country. French mandate.
2. authoritative command; order. The walkout was a clear violation of

the court’s mandate against a Word Meaning Typical Use
strike.
append (literally, “hang on”) attach; add as If you hand in your report late,
[v]
a supplement. append a note explaining the
reason for the delay.
/əˈpend/
386 388
appendix (literally, something “hung on”) A school edition of a novel usually suspend 1. hang by attaching to something. She wore a green pendant
matter added to the end of a book has an appendix containing suspended from a silver chain.
[n] [v]
or document. explanatory notes.
/əˈpen.dɪks/ /səˈspend/
impending overhanging; threatening to occur At the first flash of lightning, people

2. stop temporarily; make Train service will be suspended
soon; imminent. scurried for shelter from the
[adj] inoperative for a while. from midnight to 4 a.m. to permit
impending storm. repairs.
/ɪmˈpen.dɪŋ/
pendant hanging ornament. The pendant dangling from the

chain around her neck looked like a suspense condition of being left “hanging” or If you have seen the marks, please
[adj, n] in doubt; mental uncertainly: tell me whether I passed or failed;
medal, but it was really a watch. [n]
/ˈpen.dənt/ anxiety. don’t keep me in suspense!
/səˈspens/
pending (literally, “hanging”)

[adj] 1. waiting to be settled; not yet Has a decision been reached on a
decided. date for the game, or is the matter
/ˈpen.dɪŋ/
still pending?

depose (literally, “put down”) put out of Did the king abdicate or was he
office; dethrone. deposed?
[v]
2. until. Barbara agreed to conduct the /dɪˈpəʊz/
meeting pending the election of a
permanent chairman.
390 392
impose put on as a burden, duty, tax, etc.; Cleaning up after the job is the
inflict. repairman’s responsibility. Don’t let
[v]
him impose it on you.
/ɪmˈpəʊz/
conscript enroll (write down) into military When there are not enough
service by compulsion; draft. volunteers for the armed forces, the
[v]
government conscripts additional
/kənˈskrɪpt/ men.
postpone (literally, “put after”) put off; defer; Mr. Marx has postponed the test
delay. until tomorrow to give us an extra
[v]
day to study.
/pəʊstˈpəʊn/
/pəstˈpəʊn/ inscription something inscribed (written) on a The inscription on Paul’s medal
monument, coin, etc. reads “For excellence in English.”
[n]
/ɪnˈskrɪp.ʃən/
superimpose put on top of or over; attach as an Today’s snowfall superimposed a

addition. fresh two inches on yesterday’s
[v]
accumulation.
/ˌsuː.pə.rɪmˈpəʊz/ prescribe (literally, “write before”)
[v] 1. order; dictate; direct. The law prescribes that aliens may
not vote.
/prɪˈskraɪb/
transpose (literally, “put across”) change the There is a misspelled word on your
relative order of; interchange. paper, “strenght.” Correct it by 2. order as a remedy. Her physician prescribed some
[v]
transposing the last two letters. pills, a light diet, and plenty of rest.
/trænˈspəʊz/
394 396
scribe person who writes; author; Both candidates used professional dissimilar not similar; unlike; different. The gloves are not a pair; they are
journalist. scribes to prepare their campaign quite dissimilar.
[n] [adj]
speeches.
/skraɪb/ /ˌdɪsˈsɪm.ɪ.lər/
similarity likeness; resemblance. The two pills are alike in color and
shape, but there the similarity
written text of a play, speech, etc. How much time did the actors have [n]
script ends.
to memorize the script? /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlær.ə.ti/
[n]
/skrɪpt/
simile comparison of two different things Here is an unusual simile from

subscriber one who writes his name at the end The petition to nominate Sue for introduced by “like” or “as”. Coleridge’s THE RIME OF THE
of a document, thereby indicating president of the freshman class [n]
[n] ANCIENT MARINER: “The water,
his approval. already has forty-three /ˈsɪm.ɪ.li/ like a witch’s oils, / Burnt green and
/səbˈskraɪ.bər/ subscribers. blue and white.”
simulate give the appearance of; feign; Nancy was the star of the show; she
simulated the bewildered mother
imitate.
[v]
very effectively.
1. make similar or like. The letter n in the prefix in is often /ˈsɪm.jə.leɪt/
assimilate
assimilated with the following
[v]
letter. For example, “in” plus
/əˈsɪm.ɪ.leɪt/ “legible” becomes “illegible.”
simultaneous existing or happening at the same The flash of an explosion reaches us

time; concurrent. before the sound, though the two
[adj]
are simultaneous.
/ˌsɪm.əlˈteɪ.ni.əs/
2. take in and incorporate as one's A bright student assimilates
own; absorb. knowledge rapidly.
398 400

desolate 1. make lonely, deprive of After the war, the villagers hope to
inhabitants; lay waste. return to their desolated homes.
[adj]
/ˈdes.əl.ət/
2. left alone; deserted; forlorn. At 5:30 a.m., the normally crowded

intersection looks desolate.
sole one and only; single. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the sole
candidate to be elected President
[adj, n, v]
for a fourth term.
/səʊl/
soliloquy speech made to oneself when What an actor says in a soliloquy

alone. is heard by no one except the
[n]
audience.
/səˈlɪl.ə.kwi/
solitary being or living alone; without A hermit leads a solitary existence.

companions.
[adj]
/ˈsɒl.ɪ.tər.i/
402 406
solitude condition of being alone; loneliness; Though I like company, there are dissolve (literally, “loosen apart”)
seclusion. times when I prefer solitude.
[n] [v] 1. break up; disintegrate. Since the members lack mutual
interests, the club will be probably
/ˈsɒl.ɪ.tʃuːd/ /dɪˈzɒlv/
dissolved .
2. cause to disappear; end. After our quarrel, Grace and I

solo musical composition (or anything) Instead of singing a solo, Brenda dissolved our friendship.
performed by a single person. would prefer to join with me in a
[adj, adv]
duet.
/ˈsəʊ.ləʊ/
resolution (literally, “act of unloosening”) The resolution of our air and

solving; solution; answer. water pollution problems will be
[n]
difficult and costly.
/ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃən/
Word Meaning Typical Use resolve (literally, “unloosen”) break up; A witness provided the clue that
[v, n]
solve; explain; unravel. resolved the mystery.
absolute free ("loosened") from control or A democratic ruler is restricted by a
restriction; autocratic; despotic. constitution, a legislature, and /rɪˈzɒlv/
[adj]
courts, but a dictator has absolute
/ˈæb.sə.luːt/ power.
soluble (literally, "able to be loosened")

[adj] 1. capable of being dissolved or Sugar is soluble in water.
made into a liquid.
/ˈsɒl.jə.bəl/
dissolution act of “loosening” or breaking up When President Lincoln took office,
into component parts; the Union faced imminent
[n]
disintegration; ruin; destruction. dissolution.
/ˌdɪs.əˈluː.ʃən/ 2. solvable. Someone would have found the
answer by now if the problem were
soluble.
408 410
solvent 1. substance, usually liquid, able to In a salt water solution, the water is inundate flood; overflow; deluge; One Election Night, the victor’s
dissolve (“loosen”) another the solvent and the salt is the overwhelm. offices were inundated by
[adj, n] [v]
substance, know as the solute. solute. congratulatory messages.
/ˈsɒl.vənt/ /ˈɪn.ʌn.deɪt/
2. able to pay all one’ legal debts. The examiners found the bank
solvent, much to the relief of its
depositors.
redound flow back as a result; contribute. Our team’s sportsmanlike conduct
redounds to the credit of the
[v]
school.
/rɪˈdaʊnd/
(literally, “flowing back”) exceeding Remove the last word of the

Word Meaning Typical Use redundant
what is necessary; superfluous; following sentence because it is
[adj]
(literally, “rise in waves” or surplus. redundant: “My report is longer
abound /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/ than Bob’s report.”
“overflow”)
[v]
1. (with "in" or "with) be well Our nation abounds in
/əˈbaʊnd/
supplied; teem. opportunities for well-educated
young men and women.
2. be plentiful; be present in great Fish abound in the waters off

quantity. Newfoundland.
aver state to be true; affirm confidently; Two eyewitnesses averred they
assert. had seen the defendant at the
[v]
scene.
/əˈvɜːr/
abundant (literally, “rising in waves”) more Before Christmas, the stores have
than sufficient; plentiful flood; abundant supplies of toys.
[adj]
overflow; deluge; overwhelm.
/əˈbʌn.dənt/
412 414
veracity truthfulness (of persons). Since you have lied to us in the

past, you should not wonder that
[n]
we doubt your veracity.
/vəˈræs.ə.ti/
envision foresee; envisage; have a mental Coach Brown envisions for Marty a
picture of (something not yet a bright career as a collegiate
[v]
reality). sprinter.
(literally, something “truly said”) A hung jury is one that has been /ɪnˈvɪz·ən/
verdict
decision of a jury; opinion; unable to reach a verdict.
[n]
judgment.
/ˈvɜː.dɪkt/
improvise (literally, “do something without Did the entertainer prepare his
verify prove to be true; confirm; So far, the charges have been
having prepared or seen it jokes before the program, or
substantiate corroborate. neither disproved nor verified. [v]
[v] beforehand”) compose, recite, or improvise them as he went along?
/ˈɪm.prə.vaɪz/ sing on the spur of the moment.
/ˈver.ɪ.faɪ/
veritable true; actual; genuine; real; As the pretended heirs of Peter Wills
authentic. were disposing of his fortune, the
[adj]
veritable heirs arrived.
/ˈver.ɪ.tə.bəl/
invisible not able to be seen. The microscope enables us to see
organisms invisible to the naked
[adj]
eye.
/ɪnˈvɪz.ə.bəl/
verity truth (of things); something true; That smoking is injurious to health
true statement. is a scientifically established verity.
[n]
/ˈver.ə.ti/
416 418
revise look at again to correct errors and Before handing in your composition,
make improvements; examine and be sure to revise it carefully.
[v]
improve.
/rɪˈvaɪz/
video having to do with the transmission The audio (sound) and video
or reception of what is seen. signals of a television program can
[n, adj, v]
be recorded on magnetic tape.
/ˈvɪd.i.əʊ/
visibility degree of clearness of the With the fog rolling in and visibility
atmosphere, with reference to the approaching zero, it was virtually
[n]
distance at which objects can be impossible for planes to land.
/ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ clearly seen.
visual having to do with sight Radar tells us of an approaching

object long before visual contact is
[adj]
possible.
/ˈvɪʒ.u.əl/
420 422
automatic acting by itself; self-regulating. You do not have to defrost this

refrigerator because it is equipped
[adj, n]
with an automatic defroster.
/ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/
authentic (literally, “from the master himself”) When you withdraw money, the
genuine; real; reliable; trustworthy. bank compares your signature with
[adj]
the one in its files to see if it is
/ɔːˈθen.tɪk/ authentic. technique of making a process self- Many workers have lost their jobs
automation
operating by means of built in as a result of automation.
[n]
electronic controls.
/ˌɔ·t̬ əˈmeɪ·ʃən/
autobiography the story of a person’s life written In her autobiography THE STORY
by the person himself or herself. OF MY LIFE, Helen Keller tells how
[n]
unruly she was as a young child.
/ˌɔː.tə.baɪˈɒɡ.rə.fi/ automaton (literally, “self-acting thing”) purely An autocrat prefers his subjects to
mechanical person following a be automatons, rather than
[n]
routine; robot. intelligent human beings.
/ɔːˈtɒm.ə.tən/
autocrat ruler exercising self-derived, The autocrat was replaced by a

absolute power; despot. ruler responsible to the people.
[n]
autonomous self-governing; independent. The Alumni Association is not under
/ˈɔː.tə.kræt/
the control of the school. It is a
[adj]
completely autonomous group.
/ɔːˈtɒn.ə.məs/
autograph person’s signature written by The baseball star wrote his

himself. autograph for an admirer who
[n]
came up to him with a pencil and right of self-government. After World War II, many colonies
autonomy
/ˈɔː.tə.ɡrɑːf/ scorecard. were granted autonomy and
[n]
became independent nations.
/ɔːˈtɒn.ə.mi/
424 426
autopsy (literally, “a seeing for one’s self”) The cause of actor’s sudden death bureaucracy government by bureaus or groups The Mayor was criticized for setting
medical examination of a dead body will not be known until the autopsy of officials. up an inefficient bureaucracy
[n] [n]
to determine the cause death, has been performed. unresponsive to the needs of the
/ˈɔː.tɒp.si/ postmortem examination. /bjʊəˈrɒk.rə.si/ people.
democracy government, or country governed France helped the Thirteen Colonies

by the people; rule by the majority. establish the first New World
[n]
democracy.
/dɪˈmɒk.rə.si/

aristocracy 1. (literally, “government by the Before 1789, France was an
best”) government, or country aristocracy. plutocracy government, or country governed If only millionaires can afford to run
[n]
governed, by a small privileged, by by the rich. for office, we shall quickly become
[n]
/ˌær.ɪˈstɒk.rə.si/ a small privileged upper class. a plutocracy.
/pluːˈtɒk.rə.si/
technocracy government, or country governed, Many are opposed to a

2. ruling class of nobles, nobility; When the Revolution of 1789
by the rich technocracy because they do not
privileged class. began, many members of the [n]
wish to be ruled by technical
French aristocracy fled to other
/tekˈnɒk.rə.si/ experts.
lands.
aristocrat 1. advocate of aristocracy. An aristocrat would like to see

noblemen in control of the
autocracy government, or country governed, Germany under Adolf Hitler was an [n]
government.
by one individual with self-derived, autocracy.
[n]
unlimited power.
/ˈær.ɪ.stə.kræt/
/ɔːˈtɒk.rə.si/
2. member of the aristocracy; Winston Churchill was born an
nobleman. aristocrat; he was the son of Sir
Randolph Churchill.
428 430
democrat member of the Democratic Party. The Senator used to be a epidemic 1. affecting many people in an area Federal aid was granted to the de-
Republican but is now a Democrat. at the same time; widespread. pressed area where unemployment
[n] [adj, n]
has risen to epidemic proportions.
/ˈdem.ə.kræt/ /ˌep.ɪˈdem.ɪk/
2. outbreak of a disease affecting The high rate of absence in the

many people at the same time. lower grades last spring was caused
by the measles epidemic.

demagogue political leader who stirs up the No responsible leader, only a
people for personal advantage; demagogue, would tell the people
[n]
rabble-rouser. that, if elected, he will solve all their
/ˈdem.ə.ɡɒɡ/ problems.

panacea remedy for all ills; universal remedy. A two-week vacation is wonderful
for fatigue, but will not cure
[n]
democratic based on the principles of A nation cannot be considered baldness or improve vision. It is no
[adj]
democracy, or government by the democratic unless its leaders are /ˌpæn.əˈsiː.ə/ panacea.
people. chosen by the people in free
/ˌdem.əˈkræt.ɪk/ election.
make democratic. The adoption of the 19th pan-american of or pertaining to all the countries The Pan-American Highway links
democratize of North, South, and Central all of the countries of the Western
Amendment, giving women the [adj]
[v]
franchise, greatly democratized America. Hemisphere from Alaska to Chile.
/dɪˈmɒk.rə.taɪz/ our nation. /ˌpænəˈmer.ɪ.kən/
432 434
pandemonium (literally, “above of all the demons,” The huge crowds in Time Square
i.e., hell) wild uproar; very noisy grew noisier as the old year ticked
[n]
din; wild disorder. away, and when midnight struck
/ˌpæn.dəˈməʊ.ni.ə there was pandemonium.
m/ Word Meaning Typical Use
anachronism error in chronology or time order. It is an anachronism to say that
William Shakespear “typed” his
[n]
manuscripts.
/əˈnæk.rə.nɪ.zəm/
panoply complete suit of armor; complete The opposing knights, mounted and
covering or equipment. in full panoply, awaited the signal
[n]
for the tournament to begin. historical account of events in the One of the earliest accounts of King
/ˈpæn.ə.pli/
chronicle
order of time; history; annals. Arthur occurs in a 12th century
[n, v]
chronicle of the kings of Britain by
/ˈkrɒn.ɪ.kəl/ Goeffrey of Monmouth.
panorama complete, unobstructed view. The top of the Empire State Building arranged in order of time. The magazines in this file are not in
affords an excellent panorama of
chronological
[n] [adj]
chronological order. I found the
New York City and the surrounding February issue after the October
/ˌpæn.ərˈɑː.mə/ area. /ˌkrɒn.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ one.
chronology arranged in order of time. Bruce named all the Presidents, but
he made an error in chronology
[n]
when he placed Ulysses S. Grant
dramatic performance that is all Not until THE GREAT DICTATOR did /krəˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/ after Abraham Lincoln, instead of
pantomime after Andrew Johnson.
signs and gestures without words. Charlie Chaplin play a speaking
[n]
part. All his previous roles were in
/ˈpæn.tə.maɪm/ pantomime.
synchronize cause to agree in time; make The clocks in the library need to be
simultaneous. synchronized; one is a minute and
[v]
a half behind the other.
/ˈsɪŋ.krə.naɪz/
436 438

kleptomania insane impulse to steal. The millionaire who was caught
shoplifting was found to be
[n]
suffering from kleptomania.
/ˌklep.təˈmeɪ.ni.ə/
mania 1. madness; insanity. For a student with an A average to

quit school two months before
[n]
graduation is sheer mania.
/ˈmeɪ.ni.ə/
2. excessive fondness; craze. Though I am still fond of stamp

collecting, I no longer have the
mania for it that I originally had.
maniac raving lunatic; madman; insane The deranged behavior of the

person. narrator in "The Tell - Tale Heart"
[n]
leaves little doubt that he is a
/ˈmeɪ.ni.æk/ maniac.
440 442
maniacal characterized by madness; insane; The customer protested in such a pedagogue (literally, “leader of child”) teacher A new teacher usually receives a
raving. loud, violent, and maniacal of children; school master. great deal of help from the more
[adj] [n]
manner that onlookers thought he experienced pedagogues.
/məˈnaɪ.ə.kəl/ had lost his sanity. /ˈped.ə.ɡɒɡ/
pedagogy art of teaching. Mr. Dworkin’s lessons are usually

pyromania insane impulse to set fires. The person arrested for setting the excellent. He is a master of
[adj]
[n]
fire had been suspected of pedagogy.
pyromania on two previous /ˈped.ə.ɡɒdʒ.i/
/ˌpaɪ.rəˈmeɪ.ni.ə/ occasions.
pediatrician physician specializing in the When the baby developed a fever,

treatment of babies and children. mother telephoned the
[n]
pediatrician.
/ˌpiː.di.əˈtrɪʃ.ən/
/ˌpiː.di.əˈtrɪʃ.ən/
Word Meaning Typical Use branch of medicine dealing with the From the number of baby carriages
pediatrics
(literally, “well-rounded rearing of a There are four different care, development, and diseases of outside his office, you can tell that
encyclopedia [n]
child”) work offering alphabetically encyclopedias in the reference babies and children. Dr. Enders specializes in
[n] /ˌpiː.diˈæt.rɪks/ pediatrics.
arranged information on various section of our school library.
/ɪnˌsaɪ.kləˈpiː.di.ə/ branches of knowledge. /ˌpiː.diˈæt.rɪks/
orthopedic (literally, “of the straight child”) Patients recovering from broken
having to do with orthopedics, the limbs are housed in the hospital’s
[adj]
science dealing with the correction orthopedic ward. Word Meaning Typical Use
/ˌɔː.θəˈpiː.dɪk/ and prevention of deformities,
orthodontist dentist specializing in orthodontics, A student who wears braces on his
especially in children.
a branch of dentistry dealing with teeth is obviously under the care of
[n]
straightening and adjusting of an orthodontist.
/ˌɔː.θəˈdɒn.tɪst/ teeth.
444 446
orthodox (literally, “correct opinion”) There was no religious liberty in the

generally accepted, especially in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Roger
[adj]
religion; conventional; approved; William, for example, was banished
/ˈɔː.θə.dɒks/ conservative. because he did not accept
orthodox Puritan beliefs. Word Meaning Typical Use
genealogy (literally, “account of a race or Diane can trace her descent from an
family”) history of the descent of a ancestor who fought in the Civil
[n]
person or family from an ancestor; War. I know much less about my
/ˌdʒiː.niˈæl.ə.dʒi/ lineage; pedigree. own genealogy.
unorthodox not orthodox; not in accord with Vaccination was rejected as

accepted, standard, or approved unorthodox when Dr. Jenner first
[adj]
belief or practice. suggested it.
/ʌnˈɔː.θə.dɒks/
genesis birth or coming into being of According to legend, the Trojan War
something; origin. had its genesis is a dispute
[n]
between three Greek goddesses.
/ˈdʒen.ə.sɪs/
orthography (literally, “correct writing”) correct American and English

spelling. orthography are very much alike.
[n]
One difference, however, is in
/ɔːˈθɒɡ.rə.fi/ words like “honor” and “labor,”
which the English spell “honour” differing in kind; dissimilar; not Many different racial and cultural
heterogeneous
and “labour”. uniform; varied. groups are to be found in the
[adj]
heterogeneous population of a
/ˌhet.ər.əˈdʒiː.ni.əs/ large city.
orthopedist physician specializing in the A deformity of the spine is a

correction and prevention of condition that requires the attention
[n] homogeneous of the same kind; similar; uniform. The dancers for the ballet were
deformities, especially in children. of an orthopedist.
selected for similarity of height and
/ˌɔːθəʊˈpiːdɪ/ [adj]
build so that they might present a
/ˌhɒm.əˈdʒiː.ni.əs/ homogeneous appearance.
/ˌhəʊ.məˈdʒiː.ni.əs/
448 450
homogenize make homogeneous. If dairies did not homogenize meter 1. device for measuring. When water meters are installed, it
milk, the cream would be will be easy to tell how much water
[v] [n, v]
concentrated at the top instead of each home is using.
/həˈmɒdʒ.ɪ.naɪz/ being evenly distributed. /ˈmiː.tər/
/həˈmɑː.dʒə-/
2. unite of measure in the metric A meter is 3.37 inches longer than

system; 39.37 inches. a yard.

barometer instrument for measuring When the barometer indicates a
atmospheric pressure as an aid in rapid drop in air pressure, it means
[n]
determining probable weather a storm is coming.
/bəˈrɒm.ɪ.tər/ changes.
odometer instrument attached to a vehicle for All eyes, except the driver’s, were
measuring the distance traversed. fastened on the odometer as it
[n]
moved from 9,999.9 to 10,000
/əʊˈdɒm.ɪ.tər/ miles.
chronometer instrument for measuring time very Unlike ordinary clocks and watches,
accurately. chronometers are little affected
[n]
by temperature changes or
/krəˈnɒm.ɪ.tər/ vibration.
photometer instrument for measuring intensity The intensity of a source of light,

of light. such as an electric light bulb, can be
[n]
diameter (literally, “measure across”) straight Some giant redwood trees measure measured with a photometer.
[n]
line passing through the center of a 325 feet in height and up to 30 feet /fəʊˈtɒm.ɪ.tər/
body or figure from one side to the in diameter.
/daɪˈæm.ɪ.tər/ other; length of such a line;
thickness; width.
452 454
speedometer instrument for measuring speed; I advise Dad to slow down as we

tachometer. were in a 30-mile-an-hour zone and
[n]
his speedometer registered more
/spiːˈdɒm.ɪ.tər/ than 40.
symmetry correspondence in measurements, As the planes sped by, we were

etc., on opposite sides of a dividing impressed by the perfect
[n]
line; wellbalanced arrangement of symmetry of their V-formation.
/ˈsɪm.ə.tri/ parts.
456 458
antidote remedy that acts against the effects By telephone, the physician
of a poison. prescribed the exact antidote to be
[n]
given immediately to the poison
/ˈæn.ti.dəʊt/ victim.
antagonist 1. one who is against, or contends Great Britain was our antagonist in
with, another in a struggle, fight, or the War of 1812.
[n]
contest; opponent; adversary; foe.
/ænˈtæɡ.ən.ɪst/
antihistamine drug used against certain allergies The antihistamine prescribed for
and cold symptoms. my cold was not too effective.
[n]
/ˌæn.tiˈhɪs.tə.mɪn/
/ˌæn.tiˈhɪs.tə.miːn/
2. main opponent of the principal Brutus is the main character in

character in a play, novel, or story. William Shakespeare’s JULIUS
CAESAR, and Antony is his feeling against; distaste; A few of the neighbors have an
antipathy
antagonist. repugnance; dislike; enmity. antipathy to dogs, but most are
[n]
fond of them.
/ænˈtɪp.ə.θi/
antibiotic substance obtained from tiny living The antibiotic penicillin stops the
antiseptic (literally, “against decaying”) The wound was carefully washed;
organisms that works against growth of bacteria causing substance that prevents infection. then an antiseptic, tincture of
[n] [adj, n]
harmful bacteria . pneumonia, tonsillitis, and certain iodine, was applied.
/ˌæn.ti.baɪˈɒt.ɪk/ other diseases. /ˌæn.tiˈsep.tɪk/
antitoxin substance formed in the body as the We are injected with diphtheria
result of the introduction of a toxin antitoxin produced in horses
[n]
antibody substance in the blood or tissues When the body is invaded by (poison) and capable of acting because the antitoxin
[n]
that works against germs or poisons foreign agents, such as bacteria or /ˌæn.tiˈtɒk.sɪn/ against that toxin. manufactured by our bodies may
produced by germs. viruses, the antibodies go to work not be enough to prevent
/ˈæn.tiˌbɒd.i/ against them. diphtheria.
460 462
antonym word meaning the opposite of “Temporary” is the antonym of onomatopoeia use of words whose sound suggests Notice the onomatopoeia in these
another word; opposite. “permanent”. their meaning. lines by the poet John Dryden: "The
[n] [n]
double, double, double beat/Of the
/ˈæn.tə.nɪm/ /ˌɒn.əˌmæt.əˈpiː.ə/ thundering drum."
pseudonym (literally, "false name") fictitious O. Henry is the pseudonym of

name used by an author; pen name. William Sydney Porter.
[n]
/ˈsjuː.də.nɪm/
acronym name formed from the first letter or The word "radar" is an acronym
letters of other words. for Radio Detecting And Ranging.
[n]
synonym word having the same meaning as "Building" is a synonym for
/ˈæk.rə.nɪm/ [n]
another word. "edifice".
/ˈsɪn.ə.nɪm/
anonymous nameless; of unnamed or unknown When you write a letter to the

origin. editor, be sure to sign it.
[adj]
Responsible publications will not
/əˈnɒn.ɪ.məs/ print anonymous letters. Word Meaning Typical Use
dermatologist physician specializing in The patient with the skin disorder is
dermatology, the science dealing under the care of a
[n]
with the skin and its diseases. dermatologist.
/ˌdɜː.məˈtɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
homonym word that sounds like another but "Fair" and "fare" are homonyms.
differs in meaning.
[n]
/ˈhɒm.ə.nɪm/ dermis inner layer of the skin. The tiny cells from which hairs grow
are located in the dermis.
[n]
/ˈdɜː.mɪs/
464 466
epidermis outer layer of the skin. Although very thin, the epidermis astronomical 1. having to do with astronomy The first astronomical
serves to protect the underlying (literally, "distribution of the stars") observations with a telescope were
[n] [adj]
dermis. the science of the sun, moon, made by the Italian scientist Galileo.
/ˌep.ɪˈdɜː.mɪs/ /ˌæs.trəˈnɒm.ɪ.kəl/ planets, stars, and other heavenly
bodies.
hypodermic beneath the skin A hypodermic syringe is used for

injecting medication beneath the
[adj]
skin. 2. inconceivably large. It is difficult to conceive of so
/ˌhaɪ.pəˈdɜː.mɪk/ astronomical a sum as one
hundred billion dollars.
taxidermist one who practices taxidermy, the The lifelike models of animals that
art of repairing, stuffing, and you see in museums are the work of
[n]
mounting the skins of animals in a skilled taxidermists. economic having to do with economics The President’s chief economic
/ˈtæk.sɪ.dɜː.mɪst/ lifelike form. (literally, “household adviser expects that production will
[adj]
management”) the social science continue at the same rate for the
/iː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk/ dealing with production, rest of the year.
/ek.əˈnɒm.ɪk/ distribution, and consumption
Word Meaning Typical Use economical managed or managing without Which is the most economical fuel
waste; thrifty; frugal; sparing. for home heating-gas, electricity, or
[adj]
agronomy (literally, “land management”) The science of agronomy helps oil?
[n]
branch of agriculture dealing with farmers obtain larger and better /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪ.kəl/
crop production and soil crops. /ek.əˈnɒm.ɪ.kəl/
/əˈɡrɒnəmi/ management; husbandry.
468 470
gastronome one who follows the principles of Being a gastronome, my uncle is fancy imagination; illusion. We must be able to distinguish
gastronomy (literally, “management well acquainted with the best between fact and fancy.
[n] [v, adj, n]
of the stomach”), the art or science restaurants in the city.
/ˈɡæs.trə.nəʊm/ of good eating; epicure; gourmet. /ˈfæn.si/
nemesis (from Nemesis, the Greek goddess

of vengeance who distributes or
[n]
deals out what is due) fantastic based on fantasy rather than Robert Fulton’s proposal to build a
/ˈnem.ə.sɪs/ [adj]
reason; imaginary; unreal; odd. steamboat was at first regarded as
1. person that inflicts just The fleeing murderer escaped the
fantastic .
punishment for evil deeds. bullets of two pursuing policemen
/fænˈtæs.tɪk/
but ran into a third who proved to
be his nemesis.
2. formidable and usually victorious We would have ended the season

fantasy illusory image; play of the mind; Selma is not sure whether she saw
opponent. without a defeat if not for our old
imagination; fancy. a face at the window. Perhaps it
nemesis, Greeley High. [n]
was only a fantasy .
/ˈfæn.tə.si/
phantom something that has appearance but The phantom of the slain Caesar
no reality; apparition; ghost; appeared to Brutus in a dream.
Word Meaning Typical Use [n, adj]
specter.
/ˈfæn.təm/
cellophane cellulose substance that “shows When used as a wrapper,
through”; transparent cellulose cellophane lets the purchaser see
[n]
substance used as a wrapper. the contents of the package.
/ˈsel.ə.feɪn/
472 474
MASTERING 1000 IELTS, TOEFL IBT VOCABULARY
phenomenal extraordinary; remarkable; Young Mozart, a phenomenal

unusual. child, began composing music at
[adj]
the age of 5.
/fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nəl/
phenomenon (literally, "an appearance")

[n] 1. any observable fact or event. We do not see too many adults
traveling to work on bicycles, but in
/fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
some foreign cities it is a common
phenomenon.
2. extraordinary person or thing; Ralph is a phenomenon in math.

wonder; prodigy. He always gets 100% on tests.
476

New Mastering 1000 IELTS, TOEFL iBT Vocabulary1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

New Mastering 1000 IELTS, TOEFL iBT Vocabulary1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MASTERING 1000 IELTS, TOEFL IBT VOCABULARY MASTERING 1000 IELTS, TOEFL IBT VOCABULARY

complicated not simple or easy; intricate. If some of the requirements for

concur agree; be of the same opinion. Good sportsmanship requires you

shrink draw back; recoil. Wendy shrank from the task of

sober 1. not drunk. Our driver had refused all strong

original 1. a work created firsthand and Most of us can buy copies of a

2. belonging to the beginning; first; Miles Standish was one of the

rarity something uncommon, infrequent, Rain in the Sahara Desert is a

Word Meaning Typical Use

discharge unload. After discharging her cargo, the

permanent lasting; enduring; intended to last; When my friend moved to San

prohibit forbid; ban. Our library’s regulations prohibit

punctual on time; prompt. Be punctual. If you are late, we

edifice building, especially a large or The huge edifice under

commend praise; mention favorably. Our class was commended for

cur worthless dog. Lassie is a kind and intelligent

stroll idle and leisurely walk. It was a warm spring afternoon,

timorous full of fear; afraid; timid. I admit I was timorous when I

tuition payment for instruction. When I go to college, I will probably

version 1. account of description from a Now that we have Sam’s description

Word Meaning Typical Use

altitude height; elevation; high position; Mount Washington, which rises to

calamity great misfortune; catastrophe; The assassination of President

forecast predict; foretell; prophesy. Mr. Walsh gave a short vocabulary

hibernate spend the winter. If my grandparents had had the

preface 1. introduction (to a book or Begin by reading the preface; it

2. introduce or begin with a Usually, I begin my speech at once,

Word Meaning Typical Use

2. argue; maintain as true, assert. Don’t argue with the umpire. If he

decease death Shortly after President Kennedy’s

din loud noise; uproar. I couldn’t hear what you were

traverse pass across, over, or through; The Trans-Siberian Railroad,

velocity speed; swiftness; rapidity. Do you know that light travels at a

subsequently later; afterwards. When I first saw that dress, it was

Word Meaning Typical Use

2. arrest The escaped prisoner was

content satisfied; pleased. If you are not content with the

province proper business or duty; sphere; If your brother misbehaves in

reverse 1. turn completely about; change to If I found guilty, a person may

2. a defeat. In 1805, Napoleon’s fleet met with

vicinity neighborhood; locality; region Lost: Black cat answering to

shallow not deep. Non swimmers must use the

vocation occupation; calling; business; Ruth is going to be a nurse. Bob

Word Meaning Typical Use

2. make less; reduce; moderate. Mike’s close defeat in the tennis

accord 1. agreement; understanding. If both sides to the dispute can be

2. agree; correspond. Check to see if your definition

belligerent fond of fighting; warlike; Bert still likes to settle his

conspicuous noticeable; easily seen; prominent; Among of Manhattan’s skyscrapers,

craft 1. skill; art. The weavers of Oriental rugs are

2. come between to help settle a Ralph is unhappy that I stopped the

2. false; pretended; assumed for The suspect said he lived at 423

miniature small; tiny. Joan has a miniature stapler in her

reconcile cause to be friends again. It was a surprise to see that Herb

security safety; protection. Passengers were advised to deposit

stamina strength; vigor; endurance. Swimming the English Channel is a

diminutive below average size; small; tiny. To an observer in an airplane high

dormant inactive; as if asleep; sleeping; In early spring, new buds begin to

2. involving facts, rather than When a college considers your

prodigious extraordinary in size, quantity, or The average American city requires

retain keep; continue to have, hold, or The department store is closing

aptitude natural tendency to learn or Eric is clumsy with tools; he has

craftsman skilled workman; artisan. To build a house, you need the