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01basicsignal01 1 PDF
01basicsignal01 1 PDF
o Some properties:
Even function Χ odd function = odd function
Odd function Χ odd function = Even function
Even function Χ Even function = Even function
𝑎 𝑎
Area ∫−𝑎 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫0 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 and
𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑥0 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =0
Given any arbitrary signal x(t), odd and even parts can be found as
1
Even part of the signal xe(t) = 2[x(t)+x(-t)]
1
Odd part of the signal xo(t) = 2[x(t)-x(-t)]
o Signal size is the area under square of the signal x(t), i.e. x2(t)
o Signal energy should be finite and non zero for it to be a
meaningful measure of signal size
o Necessary condition is that amplitude of signal x(t) ----> 0 as
|𝑡| ---> ∞
Examples ???
x(t) = 2 : -1 ≤ t ≤ 0
2 e-t/2 : t≥0
Energy of the signal is 8.0018 units
Signal power:
o If the amplitude of the signal x(t) is not ----> 0 as |𝑡| ---> ∞, signal
energy is infinite.
o A more meaningful measure of signal size in such a case would be
Time average of the energy
𝑇 𝑇
1 2( 1
o Px = lim 𝑇 ∫ 𝑥 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
2
𝑇 OR Px = lim 𝑇 ∫ |𝑥 (𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑇
𝑇→∞ − 𝑇→∞ −
2 2
where T is the period of the periodic signal.
o Signal power should be finite for it to be a meaningful measure of
signal size.
𝐶1 2 𝐶2 2 2
𝑛=1 𝐶𝑛
1
Px = + OR Px = ∑∞
2 2 2
signal operation:
Amplitude operation : 2 x(t) OR 2 + x(t) e.t.c.
Time operation
o Time shifting :
delay -----> right shift
Advance ------> left shift
o Time scaling :
Compression -----> fast up ,
what happens to x(t) at some instant t also happens to
φ(t) = x(at) at the instant t/a , where a > 0
o Time reversal :
What happens to x(t) at some instant t also happens to φ(t) = x(-t)
at the instant –t.
o Arbitrary operation : x(-2t-3)
= x(-2(t-[3/2]))
---------------------→
Arrange the each operations in multiplication form and then the
sequence of operations are
Reversal
Compress by 2
Advance by 3/2
OR u(t-1) *u(2-t)
o It is useful in specifying a function with different mathematical
description over different intervals.
x(t) = t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 and
e-t for 1 ≤ t ≤ 4
can be written in single mathematical expression as
x(t) = t { u(t) – u(t-1) } + e-t {u(t-1) – u(t-4) }
Example :
𝑥
τ the denominator of the argument rect ( 𝜏 ), indicates the width of
the pulse.
𝑥
τ the denominator of the argument Δ (𝜏 ), indicates the
width of the pulse.
Half triangle:
Systems
Systems are used to process signals
They represents the input – output (signal) relationship
Systems are governed by the laws of interconnection.
Classification of systems
Linear and Nonlinear systems
o Superposition and Homogeneity property holds good
Eg: y = 5 x OR y = 5 x2
Time invariant and time varying systems
o Systems whose parameters do not change with time
o i.e physical phenomenon (parameters) will not change over
time.
Where, P(D) and Q(D) are respective operator polynomials for input
and output.
MATLAB code:
inline objects.
Ex: Consider a continuous time function: f(t) = e -tcos(2πt) can be
expressed as,
>>f= inline('exp(-t).*cos(2*pi*t)','t')
Once defined, f(t) can be evaluated simply by passing the input values
of interest.
Ex: >> t= 0;
>> f(t) ans = 1
f(t) can be plotted over the interval -2 ≤ t ≤ 2 as
>> t= [-2:.01:2];
>> f(t) ans = …… 100 values of f(t) …….
>> plot(t,f(t)); will plot the above function.
>> u=inline('t>=0','t') will create a unit step
function.
>> p=inline('(t>=0)&(t<1)','t') will create a unit pulse of
duration 1 sec
>> f=inline('exp(-t).*cos(2*pi*t).*(t>=-2)&(t<1)','t')
will create a function f(t) valid for interval -2 to 1secs.
>> p=inline('t.*((t>=0)&(t<1))+exp(-
t).*((t>=1)&(t<2))','t')
will create a single function made out of two different
functions valid for two different intervals.
signal operation
Amplitude operation
Time operation
o Time shifting
o Time scaling
o Time reversal
Ex:
𝟏
Odd part of the signal xo(t) = 𝟐[x(t)-x(-t)]